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Case Study Questions Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development

CBSE Class 10 Case Study Questions Social Science Economics Development. Important Case Study Questions for Class 10 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Development.

At Case Study Questions there will given a Paragraph. In where some Important Questions will made on that respective Case Based Study. There will various types of marks will given 1 marks, 2 marks, 3 marks, 4 marks.

Case Study 1:

Development and growth are often used interchangeably, however, they represent distinct facets of progress. Growth primarily pertains to quantitative expansion, such as an augmentation in GDP, population, or production. It is quantifiable and readily observable. Conversely, development encompasses a broader range of factors. It encompasses enhancements in living standards, education, healthcare, and overall well-being. Development places emphasis on the quality of growth rather than mere quantity. It is possible for a nation to experience growth without truly developing, resulting in disparities and inequalities. Consequently, the pursuit of sustainable development is paramount, ensuring not only economic growth but also social progress, equity, and environmental sustainability. Striking a balance between growth and development is the ultimate challenge for societies striving for comprehensive advancement.

Q1) Is development only calculated in monetary terms? Mark 2

Answer Quality of life also depends on non materialistic thing like quality of air, peaceful society , healthy environment and law and order condition which cannot be majorly buy by money. Development is majorly a subjective term and hence precise by different people differently.

Q2) Give an example where a situation is development for one but not for other? Mark 1

Answer An industrialist seek construction of dam for more electricity and more production however people who will required to migrate due to dam may not seek it as a development process in their life.

Q3) What are the two fundamental principle of development? Mark 1

Answer First different persons can have different developmental goals and second, what may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.

Case Study 2:

A developed country is a highly industrial growth oriented country where quality of life is high, presence of developed economy and advanced technology. While the developing countries are those that are in either pre industrialization or in industrialization process. These economies are mostly relies in agrarian form of economy and there per capita income is generally less than the others. Another aspect of the developed countries are their highly dominating tertiary and Quaternary Sector. While tertiary sector provides services such as entertainment, finance and retailers quaternary sector comprises of knowledge based activities like of Information technology , research and development as well as areas of consulting services etc.  There is no all-agreed definition of a developed country.

Agencies such as the United Nations, the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, and the World Economic Forum use their indicators to club developed and developing countries. For example, the UN classifies countries into low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries.

This classification is based on an individual country’s gross national income (GNI) per capita. Low –Income Economy: GNI per capita of up to $1,085 Lower Middle-income: GNI per capita up to $4,255 Upper-Middle-income: GNI per capita $13,205 High-Income economy: GNI per capita above $13,205.

Q1) What do you understand by the term per capita income? Mark 1

Answer  Average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income

Q2) What is the most important attribute to compare development of the countries? Mark 1

Answer Income is considered as the most important attribute while comparing development of the country.

Q3) Differentiate between development and growth? Mark 2

Answer  Development refers to a broader, multidimensional improvement in living standards, education, healthcare, and overall well-being. Growth is primarily quantitative and relates to an increase in factors like GDP, population, or production. While growth is measurable, development encompasses qualitative aspects and focuses on the quality of life.

Case Study 3:

The Human Development Report (HDR) by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a vital tool for assessing a nation’s progress beyond mere economic growth. In the context of India, the HDR provides a nuanced perspective. While India has made significant economic strides, socio-economic disparities persist. The report highlights challenges in health, education, and income inequality, reflecting the complexity of India’s development journey. It underscores the importance of inclusive policies to ensure that the nation’s remarkable growth benefits all citizens. As India continues its development path, the HDR serves as a crucial benchmark, guiding efforts towards a more equitable and prosperous future. A student’s BMI could be within the normal range or less than that (underweight) or more (obesity). For example, if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2, then she is undernourished. Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged 15 years and 6 months is 28, then he is overweight.

Q1) What do you understand by Body mass index? Mark 1

Answer BMI, or Body Mass Index, is a numerical measure that assesses a person’s body weight in relation to their height. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. BMI provides a rough estimate of whether a person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese, serving as a basic indicator of overall body composition and health.

Q2) What is ranking of India in human development index? Mark 1

Answer As of last knowledge update in September 2021, India’s ranking on the Human Development Index (HDI) was 131 out of 189 countries.

Q3) On what factors human development report based on. Mark 2

The Human Development Report (HDR) is based on several key factors and indicators that collectively assess the overall well-being and development of a country or region. These factors include:

Life Expectancy at Birth

Educational Attainment:

Per Capita Income

Case Study 4:

The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is an essential social welfare program with the primary objective of guaranteeing food security for a significant number of vulnerable citizens. Since its establishment in 1947, the PDS has undergone significant developments and now plays a pivotal role in the distribution of vital commodities such as rice, wheat, and sugar to those in dire need. This extensive network of fair price shops operates in both rural and urban areas, effectively bridging the gap between surplus production and food scarcity.

Despite the numerous challenges it faces, the PDS has proven to be a lifeline for low-income households, particularly during times of crisis. It serves to stabilize food prices and ensures that essential items are accessible to the needy at affordable rates. However, there are concerns regarding leakages and inefficiencies within the system that necessitate immediate attention. Continuous efforts to enhance the effectiveness of the PDS and reduce corruption are of utmost importance for its success in combating hunger and malnutrition in India.

Q1) Why Kerala has low infant mortality rate? Mark 1

Answer Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. Similarly, in some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

Q2) Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. Explain this statement Mark 2

Answer Normally, money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect us from infectious diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive steps

Q3) What do you understand by infant mortality rate? Mark 1

Answer Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a crucial demographic indicator that measures the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given population and time period

Case Study 5:

Despite being the first state in India to report COVID cases, Kerala was well-prepared due to its past experience in effectively managing the Nipah outbreak and Kerala floods. The state was able to initiate the necessary measures for containment because of its prior experience in mobilizing community-based groups, involving local self-government in decentralized planning, and participating in containment and relief measures, as well as having a well-equipped health system and infrastructure. The measures taken to “flatten the curve” in Kerala, which were unique to the state, and the factors that contributed to their success are described in detail using the framework developed after the Nipah outbreak containment experience. These insights are being shared with the hope that other regions can use them to replicate successful components.

Kerala’s remarkable success in managing the COVID-19 pandemic is a testament to its well-established infrastructure for social and human development. This foundation includes an efficient public healthcare delivery system that positions the state far ahead of the rest of India in numerous vital indicators.

Q1) Explain the term infant mortality rate , literacy rate and net attendance ratio? Mark 2

Answer Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one yearas a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-above age group.

Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group

Q2) Why kerala health infrastructure stand strong in times of covid? Mark 2

Answer  Kerala’s resilient health infrastructure during COVID-19 is a result of long-term investments, a high doctor-to-patient ratio, well-equipped healthcare facilities, and a robust public healthcare system. Effective governance, a focus on education, community engagement, and transparent data reporting further bolstered its ability to respond effectively to the pandemic.

Also See : Gender, Religion and Caste Chapter Case Study Questions

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Case Study Questions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development

• Last modified on: 1 year ago
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Here we are providing case study questions for Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development.

Case Study Question 1:

Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

(i) Developmental goals means (a) goals of weaker people (b) goals of women (c) goals of all sections of the society (d) goals of working Population

(ii) …………. goals lead to decreased GDP of the country. (a) Social (b) Economic (c) Developmental (d) None of these

(iii) If women are engaged in paid work then their (a) respect (b) dignity (c) prestige (d) all of these

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Tips to prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science.

Preparing for case study and passage-based questions in class 10 social science can be challenging, but it is important to remember that with the right approach, you can effectively tackle these types of questions. Here are some steps you can take to prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science:

• Understand the format of case study questions: Case study questions for class 10 social science usually require you to read a scenario or a passage and answer a set of questions based on it. These questions can be based on various topics like history, geography, economics, or civics.
• Read and analyze the case study or passage carefully: The first step in answering case study questions is to read the scenario or passage carefully. Try to identify the main idea or theme of the passage and note down any important details that you think are relevant. Pay attention to any maps, graphs, or charts that are included as they can be helpful in answering the questions.
• Identify the type of questions being asked: After reading the case study or passage, you should analyze the questions being asked. Try to identify the type of question, whether it is a factual question or an analytical question. Factual questions require you to provide specific details from the passage, while analytical questions require you to use your critical thinking skills to analyze the information presented in the passage.
• Use your textbook and notes: To prepare for case study questions for class 10 social science, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the topics covered in your textbook. Go through your notes and textbook to revise the relevant topics and concepts. This will help you to answer the questions more accurately.
• Practice sample questions: One of the best ways to prepare for case study questions is to practice answering sample questions. Try to find sample questions online or in your textbook and practice answering them. This will help you to get comfortable with the format of the questions and improve your speed and accuracy.

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Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science

Understanding Economic Development is a lesson in Class 10 Social Science from which case study questions are often asked in the Class 10 Social Science exam. There are several possible questions that can be asked from this alone chapter and therefore, for the practice purpose here we provide Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science.

Practising the case study questions on Class 10 Social Science Understanding Economic Development can benefit students in a variety of ways as well as enable them to feel confident in answering such questions. Continue reading to learn more about the Understanding Economic Development Case Study for Class 10 Social Science .

Understanding Economic Development Case Study for Class 10 Social Science with Solutions in PDF

The PDF file of the Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science is prepared by the Selfstudys subject experts team who has years of experience. They revise the case study questions on Understanding Economic Development very often with solutions. Here on this website, we offer Understanding Economic Development Case Study for Class 10 Social Science with solutions in PDF for free of cost.

The PDF file can be accessed for free of cost and it is available 24×7 to learn and practise the questions from.

Salient Features of Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science PDF

Some salient features of the Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science PDF are mentioned below:

• Questions with Answers: One of the best and most useful features of the Understanding Economic Development Case Study for Class 10 Social Science is that the PDF file contains case-based questions as well as answers. The answers are prepared by a subject matter expert.
• Available in PDF: Another great feature of Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science is that it is available in a PDF file format which students can download as well as can read them online for free of cost.
• Prepared by Subject Matter Experts: Above all the features mentioned, this feature is the most helpful because this feature ensures that students are only getting access to the Understanding Economic Development case study questions which have a higher level of accuracy and are prepared to keep in mind the syllabus of Class 10 Social Science.

How to Download PDF of Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science?

This step-by-step process will help you download PDF file of case study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science.

• Open Selfstudys.com and click on the navigation button available beside the Selfstudys logo

• Click on CBSE from the given options

• Navigate to the Case Study and click on that

• It will further open a webpage where you need to choose Class 10 
• At this stage, you are required to click on Social Science to expand it further and then get access to the case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science.

Why Practice Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science?

Case study questions are part of the Class 10 Social Science exam paper and therefore all the students should prepare and be ready for this type of question no matter the chapter name. However, there are certainly more reasons to practice case study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science discussed below:

• To Deepen the Understanding of Understanding Economic Development: Practising the Case Study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science questions is not only helpful for the board exam preparation but enables the students to deepen their level of understanding of Understanding Economic Development. Solving questions will also help students to clear their doubts about Understanding Economic Development.
• For Class 10 Social Science Board Exam Preparation: There is no doubt case study on Understanding Economic Development Class 10 Social Science PDF file is prepared for students so that they can better prepare for the exam because the more practice the better command of the case-based questions. Therefore, those students who are looking for a separate PDF file of the Case Study on Understanding Economic Development to better prepare for the exam can use the PDF file.
• To Boost Confidence in Understanding Economic Development Topic: A regular and thorough practice of Class 10 Understanding Economic Development case study questions help students gain confidence in answering the questions. Whether it is in the Class 10 Social Science board exam hall or in general. Not only in solving the case-based questions but practising the Understanding Economic Development Case Study for Class 10 Social Science boost the overall confidence of the students in the topic of Understanding Economic Development.

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Class 10 Social Science Case Study Questions

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If you’re looking for CBSE Class 10 Social Science case study questions, myCBSEguide provides all the resources you need. We have a wide range of Class 10 Social Science case studies covering various topics, and our team of experts is on hand to provide guidance and support to Class 10 students. Whether you’re struggling with a particular topic or just need some extra help, myCBSEguide is the perfect place to turn.

Purpose of Class 10 Social Science

Up to the secondary level of schooling, social science is a core course. It is an essential component of a general education because it assists Class 10 Social Science students in comprehending the environment as a whole and acquiring a broader perspective as well as an empirical, reasonable, and humanitarian outlook. This is critical because it helps Class 10 Social Science students into well-informed and responsible citizens with the required qualities and skills to effectively engage and contribute to the process of development and nation-building.

Case Study Questions in Class 10 Social Science

Class 10 social science curriculum includes a wide range of topics. One way to help students learn and retain information from these topics is to incorporate case studies into the classroom. Case studies can provide real-world examples of the concepts being taught, and help students to understand how the theory can be applied in practice.

Incorporating case studies into the Class 10 social science curriculum can also help to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By working through a case study, Class 10 social science students can learn how to identify key issues, consider different options and make decisions. These skills will be valuable in their future studies and careers.

Whichever way case studies are used, they can be a valuable addition to the Class 10 social science curriculum.

Class 10 Social Science Case Study Questions Samples

Students must solve a range of Class 10 Social Science case study questions in order to achieve good grades in Social Science. Students in Class 10 Social Science must be looking for some samples of case study questions in order to improve their grades. myCBSEguide has collected a variety of case study questions for Class 10 Social Science that will undoubtedly assist all students studying the subject. We’ve put created a collection of Class 10 Social Science case study questions for you.

Class 10 Social Science Case Study Question 1

Class 10 HISTORY: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow: Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them. The first print of the series shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass by it. Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure. She bears the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other. On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Leading the procession, way past the Statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Who was Frederic Sorrieu?

• French artist
• German Artist
• Italian Artist
• British Artist

In which year did Frederic Sorrier prepare a series of four prints?

Which of the following statements correctly describes “absolutist”?

• Monarchical Government
• Democratic Government
• Uncentralised Government
• Bureaucratic Government

Which of the following is correct with respect to “utopian vision”?

• Homogenous society
• Monarchical society
• Ideal society
• All are correct

Answer Key:

• (a) French artist
• (a) Monarchical Government
• (c) Ideal society

Class 10 Social Science Case Study Question 2

Class 10 GEOGRAPHY: Lifelines of National Economy

Read the extract and answer the question that follows:

We use different materials and services in our daily life. Some of these are available in our immediate surroundings, while other requirements are met by bringing things from other places. Goods and services do not move from supply locales to demand locales on their own. The movement of these goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport. Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. These are known to be traders who make the products come to the consumers by transportation. Thus, the pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development.

The movement of these goods and services can be over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, water and air. Based on these, transport can also be classified into the land, water and air transport. For a long time, trade and transport were restricted to limited space. With the development in science and technology, the area of influence of trade and transport expanded far and wide.

Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of an equally developed communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other.

• Explain the necessity of means of transport in modern times. (1)
• Enumerate the domains and means of transport. (2)
• Why are efficient means of transport pre-requisites for the fast development of the country? (2)
• The movement of goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport.
• The movement of these goods and services can be over three important domains of our earth i.e. land, water and air.
• Based on these, transport can also be classified into the land, water and air transport.
• (Any two relevant points)
• Efficient and good transport for speedy movement of goods and services to different parts of India and to fulfill the needs of the people is needed.
• Goods and services do not move from supply locations to demand locations on their own. This necessitates the need for transport.
•  Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. They go to traders who make the products and take them to the consumers by transportation.
• Thus, the pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movements over space.

Class 10 Social Science Case Study Question 3

Class 10 POLITICAL SCIENCE: Power-sharing

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model:

• Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of the majority of members from each linguistic group.
• Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.
• Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The French-speaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government.
• Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and German-speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

• India, Srilanka
• Belgium, Sri Lanka
• Wallonia, Brussels
• Flemish, Wallonia
• Which of the following is not the element of “Belgian model”?
• Equal number of ministers for both the groups
• Setting up of Community Government
• More power to the central government
• Equal representation at the state and central level
• “Apart from the Central and the State Government, there is a third kind of government”. Which of the following is incorrect with respect to this?
• The unique government is Community Government
• A single social group is given powers to handle community-related affairs
• Elected by people belonging to Dutch, French and German-speaking
• Power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues
• Which of the following title best describes the given passage?
• The ethnic composition of Belgium
• Accommodation in Sri Lanka
• Accommodation in Belgium
• The ethnic composition of Sri Lanka
• (b) Belgium, Sri Lanka
• (c) More power to central government. [Explanation: Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.]
• (b) Single social group is given powers to handle the community-related affairs. [Explanation: A community government is one in which different social groups are given powers to handle community-related affairs.]
• (c) Accommodation in Belgium

Class 10 Social Science Case Study Question 4

Class 10 ECONOMICS: Development

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: Besides seeking more income, oneway or the other, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect of others. They resent discrimination. All of these are important goals. In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than more income or more consumption because material goods are not all that you need to live. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends on non-material things. Consider an example: If you get a job in a far-off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Hence, the developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

• Opportunity to learn
• Working atmosphere
• Job security
• All of the above
• The approach of living a life in bungalows, with costly cars, bikes and international tours is ________ life.
• Materialistic
• Both a and c
• “Women, who are engaged in paid jobs are an example of persons who fulfil a mix of goals.” Which of the following statement is incorrect with the given statement?
• A secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
• If there is respect for women, there would be greater acceptance of women working outside.
• If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society decreases.
• “Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others”. What does the given statement signify?
• Mixed goals are important for people for development.
• Common goals are important for people for development.
• Conflicting goals are important for people for development.
• Similar goals are important for people for development.
• (d) All of the above
• (a) Materialistic
• (c) If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society decreases. [Explanation: If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases.]
• (a) Mixed goals are important for people for development.

Class 10 Social Science curriculum at a glance

The material of the Class 10 Social Science curriculum is mostly drawn from history, geography, politics, and economics. There are also elements of Sociology and Commerce. They provide a holistic vision of society in space and time, as well as in relation to one another. The numerous methods of inquiry used in each topic assist Class 10 Social Science students in understanding society from various perspectives and forming a comprehensive vision. Class 10 Social Science curriculum is designed to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of various disciplines like History, Geography, Economics and Political Science.

The table below provides the complete syllabus structure for Class 10 Social Science curriculum.

Class 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE COURSE CONTENT

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• Development Class 10 Notes CBSE Economics Chapter 1 (Free PDF Download)
• Revision Notes

Development Class 10 Notes Economics Chapter 1 - PDF Download

In Class 10 SST Economics Chapter 1, we’ll study the basic concept of development like  What development is? Is it the same for everyone? How do we compare development? How to measure it? What does sustainable development mean? and many other things. In higher classes, we study this concept very deeply because it is very important for the economy to develop continuously. Here, we’ll be covering the various topics of CBSE Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1, Development.

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Access Class 10 Social Science (Economics) Chapter 1- Development Notes

1. Introduction

Developmental goals of any particular idea vary from person to person. 

Apart from personal development, we should definitely think of a country's development.

Development is defined as the people’s economic growth, along with the growth of their basic needs like education, health, lifestyle, etc.

The main aim of development is to update as per the demand of time.

For example: to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where nearby mass is considered for construction resulting in the development of society and country.

It causes destruction for farmers and the lives of people living nearby.

2. Income and other goals

Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfill their daily requirements making money or income is very important.

Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom, security, treatment, respect to maintain a quality lifestyle.

Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and other things in life.

3. National Development 

It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.

For people, belief in nations' development is different.

Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like food, education, social service, medical aid, etc, and increase in per capita income, is referred to as National development.

4. How can you differentiate different countries or states?

Income is a key feature to compare countries.

Countries that have higher income are called developed countries and vice versa.

The income of a country is about the income of the citizens of that country.

National income: it is the sum of the total value of the country’s goods and services produced in a year. As every country has a different population rate, so National income cannot be considered to compare between different countries.

Per capita income: it is also called average income, defined as a country's total earnings divided by the whole population. It shows the living standard of the citizens of the country.

The average income of the country is the ratio of the overall income of the country to the overall population of the country.

5. Income and other criteria

To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and freedom.

If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most developed and Bihar is the least developed state in India.

Net attendance ratio: defined as the total number of children, the age group from 14 years attending the school from the total percentage of children in the same age group.

Literacy rate: it is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read and understand. If the literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.

Infant mortality rate: it is the total number of children that die in one year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how efficient health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya Pradesh has the highest mortality rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in India.

6. Human Development Index

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prepares this index, in which an annual report of human development is published every year.

The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and durability of a person’s life, which measure the countries’ development.

Countries are marked as very high, high, medium, and low developed countries respectively.

Apart from infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the BMI index also plays an important role.

7. Body mass index (BMI) is measured to measure the adults who are undernourished by calculating the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.

8. Public Facilities

Public facilities play a major role in the development of the country.

These are the facilities provided by the government like schools, transportation, electricity, hospitals, residences, community halls, etc.

These facilities are important as we cannot purchase every major facility.

9. Sustainable Development

It is the development that meets all needs of today’s generation.

It is the development of a nation without affecting the environment.

To achieve sustainable development, we should use non-renewable resources such as carbon-based fuel wisely.

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers

1. Write down the features of a developed country? Name the countries having the highest and lowest per capita income in 2019 (US Dollars).

Any country whose literacy rate, per capita income, and service rate is high, those countries are called a developed country.

The per capita income of a country is a measure of its number of people’s economic output.

Countries with per capita income having to be $128000 per annum are called developed countries. Example – Qatar.

Countries with a per capita income of $800 or less are known as developing countries. Example: Central African Republic.

2. What is IMR and why is it important? Which state has a high and low infant mortality rate?

IMR is the total number of children that die within 1 year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year.

This shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country.

Madhya Pradesh has a high infant mortality rate of 48 deaths per 1000 live births and Nagaland has a low infant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1000 live births.

3. What is India’s per capita income in 2020? Which is the richest state of India? And which state of India makes more income?

As per the world development indicators, India has $7680 per capita income.

Maharashtra is the richest state in India with a nominal GDP of 28.78 lakh crore.

Sikkim has the lowest GDP of 0.287 lakh crore.

Goa has the highest per capita income of $6698 (Rs. 4,30,081)

4. Other than income, what are the other factors that are important for our lives?

Ans: Important factors for our lives are:

Safe environment for women at their workplace.

Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.

Pollution-free environment.

Political rights

5. What do you mean by development? Write down the aspect of development.

Ans: Development is the improvement of citizens' lives in terms of income, lifestyle, etc.

Major aspects of development are:

Development for anyone can be destructive for others.

Different people have different goals in life.

6. Why is average income an essential criterion for development?

Average income is the basic criteria because it shows the earning of a person, it also gives a clear idea about the standard of living. The average income will be less if the number of people who are not working is less.

7. Which neighboring country of India has better performance in terms of Human development?

Sri Lanka performed better in terms of human development than India.

It’s per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rate, 93 HDI rank, 74 life expectancy at birth which is better than India and other neighboring countries that are Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.

8. Why do we use averages and what are their limitations? Provide some examples where the word “average” is used to compare situations.

Averages are used to compare different parameters of the same category, not people.

Averages do not provide information about the distribution of a particular thing between people.

Example: where the word average is used for comparing situations are:

To find out the literacy rates in the country.

Height and weight of students in a class with a total number of students.

To find the average income of people in the state.

9.  “A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Explain this statement with two examples.

Ans: Here are two examples are:

A businessman hires workers, those who are providing them more wages which is a development for workers, but on the other hand, it gives a loss for a businessman as he could have hired 2 or more workers at the same price.

Industrialists construct apartments and buildings for his/her personal development and for the nation. These apartments are destructive for farmers as they could have used this land for irrigation.

Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development Revision Notes

Class 10 sst economics chapter 1.

The topics covered in this chapter are discussed in brief below.

What Development Promises? - Different People, Different Goals

Society is a mixture of different people and different people have different goals and aspirations. This table shows that not all people have the same desires or goals. Buying a tractor can be said development for a farmer but not for a student or an employee. Thus, Different people can have different developmental goals.

Income & Other Goals

The aspirations or goals of a person can not only be just related to monetary aspects. Income is the most vital part to fulfill our goals and aspirations but people do have some non-material desires as well.

For example, You've got a job offer in company A and also in company B. A Provides a higher salary but no growth opportunities or a healthy job environment whereas B provides less pay with good working conditions and growth opportunities.

There are a lot of things that matter a lot but can't be measured. Thus, People also seek such non-material things besides seeking more income. Similarly, development is also a mixture of different sets of goals or desires.

National Development

As People have different goals, their notions of development will also be different. What should a country do for development? National development talks about this only.

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Class 10 social science economics chapter 1 does not talk about development in terms of individual or personal growth. It talks about Economic development and National Development.

How to Compare Different Countries?

Income is the most appropriate and important attribute to Compare different countries or states. The income of all the residents of the country is called the income of the country.

Different countries have different sizes of the population. Therefore, they can't be compared in terms of their total income.

Thus, Average income is used to compare the countries which are calculated by dividing the total population by the total income. It is also called Per Capita Income.

This criterion is also used for classifying countries as per World Development Reports of the World Bank.

Countries having a per capita income of US$ 12,056 p.a. and above in 2017 are classified as rich countries.

Countries having a per capita income of US$ 955 or less are classified as low-income countries.

Other Criteria Besides Income

While taking two countries or regions into consideration, not only average income is important but also public facilities do matter.

What are Public Facilities

The facilities provided by the government are called public facilities. These are provided for the welfare of the society and the development of the country.

For example Health & educational facilities, Infrastructure, sanitation, etc.

Kerala achieved a low infant mortality rate because of its adequate health & educational facilities.

In Some states, the Public Distribution System ( PDS ) works well.

Sustainability of Development

Sustainable Development means the development of the present without compromising future generations. Scientists are warning the world that present practices are not sustainable in nature. For example:

Exhaustion of Natural resources like Forests & Groundwater.

Exhaustion of Non-renewable resources like Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas.

Did You Know?

There are also Middle-Income Countries ( MICs ) which are having per capita between ＄ 1,036 and ＄ 12,535 and India lies in Low MICs having a per capita income of＄1820 in 2017.

FAQs on Development Class 10 Notes CBSE Economics Chapter 1 (Free PDF Download)

1. How Countries or States are Compared? And Why?

The income of all the residents of the country is called the income of the country. States and countries cannot be compared by the total income of the country because different countries and states have different sizes of the population. Therefore, Countries or states are always compared by using the Average Income of both.

Average income is calculated by :

= Total income / Total population

This criterion is also used as per World Development Reports by the World Bank for classifying countries into various categories like rich countries or low-level income countries etc.

2. Write the Difference Between: 

Development and Growth.

Development and Sustainable Development.

Thus, from Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development, we can conclude that development not only means having maximum per capita income but also means improving the quality and standard of living. The goals and desires of different people are different. Hence, their ways of seeing development will also be different. We’ve also learned about how to measure and compare different countries or states. It is always done to check and analyze where we’re lacking In the end, we also solved some questions. We hope this will help in understanding the whole SST Economics Class 10 Chapter 1.

3. What is sustainable development according to Chapter 1 of Class 10 Economics?

Sustainable development is the approach of economic development of the future generations without compromising and trading off the environment. This approach is developed and applied because it is often seen that for the sake of economic development, one has to often look over the damage that the environment has to go through in the form of air and water pollution, soil erosion, land degradation, deforestation etc. Therefore, with sustainable development, one aims at promoting development that minimises environmental damage. 

4. What is sustainable management of natural resources according to the Notes of Chapter 1 of Class 10 Economics?

Due to the gradual increase in the population that results in the increase in demands, it is the need of the hour to ensure sustainable management of the resources for future generations, as the resources are seen to be depleting at an alarming rate. In order to achieve this, one can practice the 3 Rs. 

Reduce: This aims to suggest the reduction in the use of the resources unnecessarily. For example, turning the switches off when not in need to save electricity, and turning the taps off to save water.

Reuse: This aims at suggesting the reusing of things and materials as much as they can be used. For instance, reusing plastic bottles instead of just throwing them away.

Recycle: In this process, the products such as plastic, metal or glass can be recycled and manufactured instead of developing from the start.

5. Are the NCERT Solutions provided by Vedantu for Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Science useful?

Yes, the NCERT Solutions for Chapter 1 of Class 10 are extremely useful because they give deep insight and understanding of the chapters for the students. These solutions are particularly made to meet the demands of the students. Every exercise has with them solved answers that will help the student clear their doubts. These exercises are exam based, so the student will be able to practise how to answer any question asked in the exam. Thus, getting a copy of each NCERT solution for every subject will definitely lead the student in the right direction and help them score more than 90 percent in their exams.

6. How to prepare for Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Science Economics?

It is undoubtedly important that the student should be thorough with all the concepts that are taught to them to be able to score desirable grades in their exams. To achieve this, they have to devote a good amount of time to read the chapter thoroughly. Along with this they also need to mark the important portion, for instance studying the goals that the people desire while doing work, the national development, the comparison between different countries and states and other such topics and revise them regularly to be able to retain the concepts. It is also advisable that they write down all the doubts that might arise while reading, and clear those doubts in the classroom. Referring to the Vedantu NCERT solutions available free of cost will help them immensely. 

7. Is Chapter 1 of Class 10 Social Studies Economics scoring?

Yes, undoubtedly the Class 10 Social Studies Economics is easily scoring. But to be able to score well, it is important that the student is thorough with the topics. Without any understanding of what is being taught, even the easiest concepts become hard to write in the exams. For a subject such as social studies, the students need to take organized notes. They need to write down what they have understood in their own words under the various subheadings. This will help in sharpening their memory. Apart from this, they can also refer to the NCERT solutions available on the Vedantu website and app, which will prove to be a great source of guidance to them.  These solutions for Economics Chapter 1 have exercises with solved solutions that will make the learning process easier for the students. The students will also be able to develop an idea of how the questions are set in the examination. 

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Case Study Questions Chapter 1 Resources and Development

Please refer to the Case Study Questions Chapter 1 Resources and Development with answers provided for Class 10 Social Science. These solved case study based questions are expected to come in the Class 10 Economics exam in the current academic year. We have provided Case study for Class 10 Social Science for all chapters here. You should practise these solved case studies to get more marks in examinations.

Chapter 1 Resources and Development Case Study Questions Class 10 Social Science

1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

On the Basis of the Status of Development Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. Identify at least two resources from each category. Do you know that India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the exclusive economic zone. Identify some other resources which are international in nature. Stock: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For example, water is a compound of two gases; hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have advanced technical ‘know-how’ to use it for this purpose. Hence, it can be considered as stock. Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

(i) Which one of the following statements is true about the term resources? (a) Resources are free gifts of nature. (b) They are the functions of human activities. (c) All those things which are found in nature. (d) Things which cannot be used to fulfill our needs.

(ii) Identify the correct basis of the Status of Development potential resources.

Choose the correct option-

(a) (a)-1, (b)–3, (c)–2, (d)–4 (b) (a)–2, (b)–1, (c)–4, (d)–3 (c) (a)–3, (b)–1, (c)–4, (d)–2 (d) (a)–4, (b)–2, (c)–3, (d)–1

(iii) Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation are __________. (a) Potential Resources (b) Individual Resources (c) Developed Resources (d) Stock

(iv) Resources that take long geological time for their formation are called: (a) Renewable resources (b) Reserve (c) Community resources (d) Non-renewable resources

2. Read the source given below and answer the following questions:

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy. The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. In this background, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. After all, “energy saved is energy produced”.

(i) How will using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles help us? (a) saving resources (b) saving energy (c) saving vehicles (d) all the above

(ii) There is an urgent need of _________ development. (a) unsustainable (b) sustainable (c) non-energy (d) none of the above

(iii) Meaning of sustainable: (a) viable (b) temporary (c) conserve (d) none of the above

(iv) What is considered to be the basic requirement of economic development? (a) resources (b) energy (c) technology (d) citizens

3. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

We have shared our land with the past generations and will have to do so with the future generations too. Ninety-five per cent of our basic needs for food, shelter and clothing are obtained from land. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land. Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

(i) In which of the follo wing States mining has caused severe land degradation? (a) Gujarat (b) Jharkhand (c) Kerala (d) Uttarakhand

(ii) In which of the following states is overgrazing responsible for land degradation? (a) Jharkhand and Orissa (b) Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (c) Punjab and Haryana (d) Kerala and Tamil Nadu

(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab? (a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over-irrigation (d) Overgrazing

(iv) One of the following which does not check land degradation- (a) control on overgrazing (b) creating shelter belts (c) deforestation (d) afforestation

4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow:

Resource planning is a complex process which involves: (i) identification and inventor of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning right from the First Five Year Plan launched after Independence. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region, but mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development. There are many regions in our country that are rich in resources but these are included in economically backward regions. On the contrary there are some regions which have a poor resource base but they are economically developed. The history of colonisation reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attractions for the foreign invaders. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies. Therefore, resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes.

India has experienced all this in different phases of colonisation. Therefore, in India, development in general, and resource development in particular do not only involve the availability of resources, but also the technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people.

(i) What was main attraction of foreign invaders to India? (a) architecture (b) resource (c) irrigation method (d) spices

(ii) Resource planning is essential for __________ existence of all forms of life. (a) ecological balance (b) sustainable (c) exploitation (d) None of these

(iii) Which of the following is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life? (a) Resource planning (b) Resource management (c) Resource extraction (d) Resource generation

(iv) From which Five Year Plan has India made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning? (a) First Five Year Plan (b) Fifth Five Year Plan (c) Annual Plans (d) Tenth Five Year Plan

5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. The renewable resource may further be divided into continuous or flow Non-Renewable Resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use. On the Basis of Ownership Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. In villages there are people with land ownership but there are many who are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals. Make a list of resources owned by your household. Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there. National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. You might have seen roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

(i) Which one of the following is not the community owned resource? (a) Burial grounds (b) Grazing grounds (c) Privately owned house (d) village ponds

(ii) Match the following

Choose the correct option:

(a) 1–(a), 2–(c), 3–(d), 4–(b) (b) 1–(c), 2–(d), 3–(a), 4–(b) (c) 1–(b), 2–(a), 3–(c), 4–(b) (d) 1–(d), 2–(c), 3–(a), 4–(b)

(iii) Which among the following is a type of resources classified on the basis of exhaustibility? (a) National and individual (b) Renewable and non-renewable (c) Biotic and abiotic (d) Potential and reserves

6. Read the source given below and answer the following questions:

Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which is allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue.

In villages there are people with land ownership but there are many who are landless. Urban people own plots, houses and other property. Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc. are some of the examples of resources ownership by individuals.

Community owned resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc.) public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there.

National Resources: Technically, all the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even private property for public good. You might have seen roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land.

All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.

(i) Which one of the following is an example of Biotic Resources? (a) Rock (b) Mountain (c) Mineral (d) Flora

(ii) The resources which are owned by the community are: (a) plantation (b) pasture land (c) ponds (d) all the above

(iii) The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone can be termed as which of the following types of resource? (a) Individual resources (b) Community owned resources (c) National resources (d) International resources

(iv) On the basis of ownership, plantations can be better considered as which of the following types of resources? (a) Individual resource (b) Community owned resource (c) National resource (d) International resource

Resources and Development

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Question. Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore? (a) Renewable (b) Biotic (c) Flow (d) Non-renewable [Answer : (d)

Question. Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put? (a) Replenishable (b) Human-made (c) Abiotic (d) Non-renewable [Answer : (a)

Question. Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab? (a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over-irrigation (d) Overgrazing [Answer : (c)

Question. In which one of the following States is terrace cultivation practised? (a) Punjab (b) Plains of U.P. (c) Haryana (d) Uttaranchal [Answer : (d)

Question. In which of the following States is black soil found? (a) Jammu & Kashmir (b) Gujarat (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand [Answer : (b)

Question. What percentage of our land should be under forest according to the National Forest Policy (1952)? (a) 33 (b) 22.5 (c) 31 (d) 30 [Answer : (a)

Question. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have appropriate technology to access them are called: (a) Potential resource (b) Stock (c) Developed resource (d) Reserves [Answer : (b)

Question. India’s territorial water extends upto a distance of: (a) 12 km (b) 12 nautical miles (c) 200 nautical miles (d) 19.2 miles [Answer : (b)

Question. Resources that take long geological time for their formation are called: (a) Renewable resources (b) Reserve (c) Community resources (d) Non-renewable resources [Answer : (d)

Question. Land that is left uncultivated for more than five agricultural years is called: (a) Pasture land (b) Culturable waste land (c) Current fallow (d) Barren land [Answer : (b)

Question. Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as: (a) Net sown area (b) Forest cover (c) Waste land (d) Gross cropped area [Answer : (d)

Question. The total degraded land in our country is: (a) 133 million hectares (b) 130 million sq. km. (c) 140 million hectares (d) 130 million hectares [Answer : (d)

Question. In which of the following States mining has caused severe land degradation? (a) Gujarat (b) Jharkhand (c) Kerala (d) Uttarakhand [Answer : (b)

Question. The main cause of land degradation in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh is: (a) Mining (b) Over irrigation (c) Deforestation (d) Over grazing [Answer : (b) 

Question. Which is the most common soil of Northern India? (a) Black soil (b) Laterite soil (c) Alluvial soil (d) Red soil [Answer : (c)

Question. Red soil is mostly found in: (a) Parts of Jammu & Kashmir (b) Upper Ganga Plains (c) Eastern and Southern part of Deccan Plateau (d) None of the above [Answer : (c)

Question. Red soil is reddish in colour due to: (a) high clay content. (b) presence of kankar nodules in the subsoil. (c) diffusion of iron in igneous and metamorphic rocks. (d) high moisture content. [Answer : (c)

Question. Which of the following is not important for soil formation? (a) Relief (c) Parent rock (c) Climate (d) Duration of day [Answer : (d)

Question. Black soil is also called: (a) Bangar (b) Khadar (c) Regur (d) Humus [Answer : (c)

Question. Black soils are common in: (a) Deccan trap region (b) Kashmir Valley (c) Ganga Valley (d) Northern Plains [Answer : (a)

Question. Laterite soil is very useful for growing: (a) Rice, wheat and mustard (b) Tea, coffee and cashewnut (c) Pulses, sugarcane and resin (d) None of the above [Answer : (b)

Question. Black soil is deficient in (a) Calcium carbonate (b) Magnesium (c) Potash (d) Phosphoric contents [Answer : (d)

Question. Which of the following soils has self-aeration capacity? (a) Alluvial soil (b) Mountain soil (c) Black soil (d) Red soil [Answer : (c)

Question. Ploughing along the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes is called: (a) Strip cropping (b) Sheet erosion (c) Contour ploughing (d) Terrace cultivation [Answer : (c)

Question. Which of the following is not a measure for soil conservation? (a) Strip cropping (b) Terrace cultivation (c) Shelter belts (d) Overdrawing of ground water [Answer : (d)

Assertion-Reason Questions DIRECTION: Mark the option which is most suitable: (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. (c) If assertion is true but reason is false. (d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion. Alluvial soil is ideal for growth of paddy, wheat, cereal and pulse crops. Reason. Alluvial soil is well-known for its capacity to hold moisture. Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Alluvial soil contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. It is porous and this property makes it ideal for the growth of wheat, paddy, cereal and pulse crops.

2. Assertion. The availability of resources is not the only necessary condition for the development of any region. Reason. Not only availability of resources but also corresponding change in technology is necessary for the development of any region. Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development. Thus, both resources and advanced technologies contribute in development of a region.

3. Assertion. Resources are free gifts of nature. Reason. Resources like soil, air, water are easily available in nature. Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. Resources are not free gifts of nature but are present due to interaction of human beings with nature, technology and institutions. They are a function ofhuman activities. They transform material available in our environment into resources.

4. Assertion. Land is a natural resource of utmost importance. Reason. Land can be used for various purposes. Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Land is a natural resource of utmost importance as it supports human life and wild life, economic activities like agriculture, mining, transport and communication system.

5. Assertion. Resource planning is an easy process in India. Reason. Resource planning involves planning structure, identification and inventory of resource across the regions. Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. Resource planning is not an easy but a very complex process as it involves surveying, mapping, quantitative and qualitative estimation and measurement of the resources.

6. Assertion. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Reason. Soil supports different types of living organisms on earth. Answer : (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion. Soil is a living system. Soil helps to grow plants, supports natural vegetation and economic activities like agriculture. Its universal usage proves that it is the most important renewable natural resource.

7. Assertion. Processes of soil formation and erosion go simultaneously and create a balance between the two. Reason. The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is soil erosion. Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Soil formation and erosion go simultaneously but this balance is disturbed due to human activities like deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining. Natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.

8. Assertion. Arid soil is unsuitable for cultivation. Reason. Arid soil is generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. It restricts the filtration of water. Answer : (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Due to dry climate and high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture that is why it becomes unfit for cultivation.

9. Assertion. Control on mining activities does not control land degradation. Reason. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, deforestation has occurred due to overgrazing, not mining. Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. Activities of mining cause land degradation because mining sites are abandoned after excavation work. This results in over-burdening. Mining activities in the mentioned states has contributed to deforestation.

10. Assertion. Terrace cultivation does not restrict erosion. Reason. Running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. This helps to cultivate crops. Answer : (d) Both assertion and reason are false. Terraces, out on slopes in forms of steps break up the force of the wind, thus preventing erosion. The gullies render cultivation in those lands impossible

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question. Give one example of the main commercial crop cultivable in laterite soil. Ans.  Tea/coffee.

Question. Which type of soil is most suitable for growing the crop of cashew nut ? Ans . Soil for the growth of Cashew nuts: Red Laterite soil. Question. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Ans.  On the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified as: 1. Renewable/ Non-exhaustible resources 2. Non-renewable/ Exhaustible resources. Question. Read the features of a soil and name the related soil: 1. This soil ranges from red to brown in colour. 2. It is generally sandy in texture and is saline. 3. It lacks humus and moisture. Ans . Arid soil is the soil that has all these features.

Question. “Degradation of land is a cause of worry.” Give one reason to support the statement. Ans.  Degradation of land is a cause of worry because it can cause ecological imbalance. 

Question. How is overgrazing responsible for land degradation in Gujarat?  Ans . Overgrazing is responsible for land degradation in Gujarat because the extensive grazing for long and repeated periods leaves less time for propre vegetation to grow and thus the land and it is soil particles are left loose thereby degrading the overall quality of the land. Related Theory  Overgrazing refers to what happens when livestock feeds on pasture to the point where there is no vegetation left.

Question. “Conservation of resource is vital for development.” Give one example regarding the statement. Ans.  Conservation of resources: afforestation, water treatment. 

Question. How are mining activities responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand? Ans.  Mining activities are responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand because mining sites are abandoned after the excavation work is complete, leaving deep scars on the land. Related Theory To get rid of this land degradation, proper management of wastelands and control of mining activities needs to be initiated.

Question. Water is a compound of two inflammable gases, hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. However, we do not have the required technical ‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose. What kind of resources can these gases be put in? Ans.  The gases can be put in: The Stock Resources.

Question. Highlight the reason for land being known as the utmost important natural resource. Ans.  Land is known as the utmost important natural resource because all economic activities are performed on land and it also supports natural vegetation and wildlife. 

Question. Give one example of community owned resources. Ans.  Village grazing grounds, public parks and picnic spots.

Question. This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. They are well- known for their capacity to hold moisture. in addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. they are made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. Read the details given in the source above and identify the kind of soil whose features have been mentioned. Ans.  Black Soil Explanation: Black soil is also known as ‘Regur Soil’ or ‘Cotton Soil’ as it is good for the cultivation of cotton crop in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in India.

Question. Favourable conditions for wind energy exist in Western Rajasthan and Gujarat, but they have not been utilised and developed to the maximum. It falls in which category of resources? Ans.  Wind energy received in Western Rajasthan exist as: Potential Resources.

Question. Which soil is most retentive of moisture? Ans . Black Soil retains the most moisture.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question. ‘‘Resource planning is a complex process.’’ Support the statement with arguments. Ans.  Resource planning is a complex process because: (1) Resource planning involves identifying resources which are available in different parts of the country. This is a time consuming process as it involves surveying and mapping various regions of the country. Then, the quality and quantity of the available minerals also needs to be estimated. (2) Resource planning is a complicated process as it involves the use of specialised technology, skill sets and requires setting up many institutions for the execution of resource development plans. (3) One of the daunting tasks is to match and align resource development plans with national development plans. Related Theory Resource planning is the judicious use of resources. Resource planning becomes more important in a country like India, where resources are not distributed properly.

Question. Describe any three main features of ‘alluvial soil’ found in India. Ans . Features of the alluvial soil are as: (1) It is formed by the deposition of the river load as it flows from its upper to its lower course. (2) It is light and porous, therefore easily tillable. (3) It is a fertile soil as it is rich in minerals, especially potash and lime. (4) It is suitable for the growth of a large variety of rabi and kharif crops. (5) Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline.

Question. Classify resources of the basis of their origin. Ans.  Types of resources on the basis of origin are as follows: (1) Biotic Resources: These resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. (2) Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals etc.

Question. Describe the different steps of resource planning. Ans.  The different steps of resource planning are : (1) Doing proper and strategic surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of resources, leading to identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. (2) Resource development plans are implemented by evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional setup. (3) The overall development plans are then matched and coincided with development plans.

Question. Describe any three main features of ‘black soil’ found in India. Ans.  Features of the black soil found in India are: (1) Black soil is black in colour and is also known as regur soil. (2) Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil. (3) It is fine textured and clayey in nature. (4) It is formed from weathered lava rocks , which also gives it its black colour. (5) It has high water retention power. 

Question. Mention three problems that are associated with the indiscriminate use of resources. Ans.  The following three problems are the result of indiscriminate use of resources: (1) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. (2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which in turn has divided the society into two segments-rich and poor. (3) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

Question. ‘Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country’. Explain with suitable examples. Ans.  Sustainable development is crucial for development of a country as it: (1) Promotes use of renewable resources like solar energy, tidal energy, etc (2) Puts a check on over usage of resources (3) Promotes protection and conservation of resources for future generation 

Question. Describe the importance of judicious use of resources.  OR Why should we use natural resources properly and judiciously? Explain your views. Ans.  The importance of judicious use of resources are : (1) Multiple environmental and socioeconomic problems may arise if resources are used in an indiscriminate manner. (2) Most of the resources are non-renewable. The continuous usage of these resources may result in exhaustion of the resources. This may stunt development and growth of the people. (3) It will enhance the status of a person and would not impede development in general for future generations. They have to be used with caution.

49. What were the main features of the Earth Summit held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992?  Ans.  Three main features of the Earth Summit of 1992 held at Rio de Janeiro: (1) It was the first international Earth Summit in which more than 100 heads of states met. (2) The Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. (3) This Convention endorsed the global, Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question. What is meant by conservation of resources? Mention any four steps taken at global level to conserve resources. Ans . Resources are vital for development and also to satisfy human needs and aspirations. But irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important. Even once Mahatma Gandhi raised his concern about resource conservation in these words, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. Steps taken at global level for the conservation of resources are as follows: (1) The club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968. (2) In 1974, Gandhi ji’s philosophy was presented by Schumacher in his book ‘Small is Beautiful’. (3) In 1987, the Brundtland Commission Report introduced the concept of sustainable development as a means for resource conservation. (4) In 1992, the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil made significant contribution towards the conservation of resources.

Question. What is land degradation? Suggest any four steps to control land degradation. Ans.  Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation. This has serious repercussions on society and the environment. Following steps can be taken to control the land degradation: (1) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent (2) Planting of shelter belts of plants. (3) Control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes (4) Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.

Question. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain. Ans.  Sustainable economic development means development that is viable keeping the requirements of both the present and future generations at par. It is a development that doesn’t compromise with the environment, provides equal opportunities to grow, utilises resources for both the present and upcoming generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development because without the same, man will use resources without care, destroying the environment, preventing all chances of survival and development in future. If not for sustainability, people would start exploiting finitely available resources and end up finishing them soon, thus destroying Earth’s balance. Global warming, ozone layer depletion and environmental pollution have been caused due to this ignorance. Sustainability is vital for maintaining global peace and quality of life. So, the need of the hour is to use resources wisely so, as to sustain our planet Earth.

Question. What is resource planning? Why is resource planning essential? Explain. Ans.  Resource planning is a technique of proper utilisation of resources which aimed at sustainable development. Resource planning is essential because of the following reasons: (1) Most of resources available on earth are limited in supply. (2) The resources available to us are distributed unevenly all over the country. (3) Overutilization of the resources may lead to environmental pollution and depletion of resources as well. Therefore, planning of resources can reduce pollution and overutilization of resources as well. (4) Planning of resources can lead to have a balanced development at national, state, regional and local levels.

Question .  Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources. Give examples.

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CBSE Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Extra Questions and Answers is available here. Students can learn and download PDF of these questions for free. These extra questions and answers are prepared by our expert teachers as per the latest NCERT textbook and guidelines. Learning these questions will help you to score excellent marks in the board exams.

Development Class 10 Extra Questions Economics Chapter 1

Very short answer type questions (1 mark).

1. What is development?

Answer:  It is a comprehensive term which includes increase in real per capita income, improvement in living standard of people, reduction in poverty etc.

2. Mention any two developmental goals of a landless rural labourer.

Answer:  (i) More days of work and better wages. (ii) Quality education for his children.

3. Mention any two developmental goals of a girl.

Answer:  (i) Gender equality (ii) Girls empowerment

4. What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for other. Give one example.

Answer: Construction of a dam may be good for an industrialist as he will get more electricity but construction of dam submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced.

5. Mention any two developmental goals of people other than income.

Answer:  (i) Equal treatment (ii) Respect of others

6. Mention any two developmental goals of a rural women.

Answer:  (i) Dignity in the household. (ii) A safe and secure environment.

7. What is national development? [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  National development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in living standard. of the people, increase in per capita income, providing social amenities like education, medical care, social services, etc. to the citizens of the country.

8. Mention any two national development goals of India. Answer:  (i) Corruption free society. (ii) High per capita income.

9. Which is the most important attribute for national development? Answer:  National income or per capita income of the nation.

10. ‘For comparing countries, total income or national income is not a useful measure. Give reason.

Answer:  Since countries have different population, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

11. What is average income or per capita income? [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  When the total national income is divided by the total population, it is called the per capita income. Per Capita Income = National Income / Population

12. What is the most important component for comparing different countries? [CBSE 2010, 12] Answer:  Per capita income.

13. Which criteria is used by the World Bank to classify different countries? Answer:  Per capita income.

Q.14. Which countries have been categorised as rich countries according to the World Development Report? [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  Countries with per capita income of US $ 12276 per annum and above in 2010 are called rich countries.

15. Which countries have been categorised as low income countries according to World Development Report?

Answer:  Countries with per capita income of US $ 1005 or less are called low income countries.

16. Under which category India has been placed by the World Bank Development Report?

Answer:  Low middle income countries as India’s per capita income is less than JUS $ 1005. or less.

17. What are developed countries according to World Development Report ?

Answer:  All the countries excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries which have per capita income of US $ 12276 per annum or above have been termed as developed countries.

18. What is Infant Mortality Rate? [CBSE 2009, 2013 (D)]

Answer:  It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

19. What is Literacy Rate? [CBSE 2009 (D)]

Answer:  It measures the proportion of literate population in the seven and above age group.

20. What is Net Attendance ratio? [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  It is the total number of children of the age group 6-10, attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

21. What is Gross Enrolment Ratio?

Answer:  It is the enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and higher education.

22. Which Indian state has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate ? Answer:  Kerala.

23. Why Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate ? [CBSE 2008, 2013 (F)]

Answer:  Kerala has low IMR because : (i) It has very high literacy rate and literate people take care of their children better as compared to illiterate. (ii) Literate people also have high earning capacity so they can afford basic necessities for their children.

24. Mention any two things which money cannot buy. Answer: (i) Peace (ii) Freedom

25. What is Public Distribution System?

Answer:  It is a food security programme under which government provide foodgrains and other essential items to the poor at an affordable price.

26. What is Human Development Index?

Answer:  It is an index prepared by the World Bank Under which all the nations of the world are indexed or ranked according to their performance in various parameters like per ‘—’capita income, life expectancy, literacy rate etc.

27. What are the three components of human Development Index? Answer:  (i) Per Capita Income (ii) Life Expectancy (iii) Literacy Rate

28. What is India’s rank according to 2013 HDI ? Answer:  136

29. Mention any two parameters where Sri Lanka has scored over India in HDI. Answer:  (i) Per capita income (ii) Literacy rate

30. Define life expectancy. [CBSE 2013] Answer:  Average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

31. What is life expectancy in India? Answer:  65.8 years

32. What is Sustainable Development?

Answer:  Sustainable development is that process of economic development which aims at maintaining the quality of life of both the present and the future generations without harming the natural resources and environment.

33. What are non-renewable resources? Give one example.

Answer:  “Non-renewable resources are the natural resources that cannot be replaced at all or within a reasonable time.” Fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal are examples of non-renewable resources. These resources accumulated over millions of years.

34. Name the region of world which has large crude oil reserves. Answer:  Middle East.

Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

1. (i) What is development? Mention any two features of development. (ii) What is national income? [CBSE 2009 (D)]  (iii) What is per capita income? [CBSE Sept. 2011] Or Define the term, ‘average income.’ [CBSE 2008, 2009 (D)] 

Answer:  (i) Development is a comprehensive term which include increase in real per capita income, improvement in living standard of people, reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc. Features (a) Different persons have different developmental goals. (b) Income is a major component of development. (ii) National income is defined as the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country plus net income coming from abroad. (iii) When the total national income is divided by the total population, it is called the per capita income. Per Capita Income  = National Income / Population

2. (f) State the criteria used to compare the different countries by the Human Development Report published by the United National Development Programme (UNDP). (ii) Which is the new area of knowledge in which scientists, economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together? (iii) What is meant by Human Development? [CBSE Sept. 2011, 2012] (iv) What is Sustainable Development? [CBSE Comp. (D) 2008, 2009 (F), Sept. 2011] (v) Which organisation measures HDR? Mention any three major indicators of / HDR. [CBSE Sept. 2012]

Answer: (i) Per capita income, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate and other basic necessities like clean drinking water, sanitation etc. (ii) Sustainability of development.

(iii) It is the process of enlarging people’s choices as well as raising the level of wellbeing so that they can lead a purposeful and a creative life. Though the national income and the per capita income are the indicators of human development, but it includes many other elements like consumption, health, environment, education, freedom, security, non-violent atmosphere, etc.

(iv) Sustainable Development is that process of economic development which aims at maintaining the quality of life of both the present and the future generations without harming the natural resources and environment.

(v) UNDP : (a) Educational level (b) Health status (c) Per capita income

3. (i) Mention any two important aspects of our lives other than income. [CBSE 2008 (D)] (ii) How can we achieve our hopes and possibilities in the present world ? [CBSE Comp. (D) 2008] (iii) What is ‘Public Distribution System ’ (PDS) ? [CBSE Sept. 2011] [CBSE2009 (F) Sept. 2010] (iv) Mention two developmental goals of landless rural labourers. [CBSE Comp. (O) 2008] (iv) Why has Kerala a higher Human Development Index than Punjab in spite of low per capita income? [CBSE 2009 (F) Sept. 2011] 

Answer:  (i) Health and Education. (ii) Through Democratic political process. (iii) It is a system through which the Government distributes ration to the poor at a reasonable rate through the ration shops. (iv) (a) More days of work and better wages. (b) Quality education for the children. (v) (a) Because it has low infant mortality rate, (b) It has higher literacy rate.

4. Mention any four characteristics of development. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]

Answer:  (i) Different people have different developmental goals. (ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be destructive for the other. (iii) Income is the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace, literacy, etc. (iu) For development, people look at mixed goals.

5. Describe any three features of developed country. [CBSE 2013, 14]

Answer:  (i) As per the World Bank Report 2012 any country with per capita income of US$ 12,276 per annum and above is termed as rich or developed country. ‘ (ii) Such countries have high literacy rate. (iii) Most of the people of these countries are engaged in service sector.

6. What is PCI? Where it is used?

Answer:  PCI is Per Capita Income. It is calculated by dividing the National Income of the country by population. Uses: (i) It is used to compare different countries. (ii) The World Bank has divided the countries into rich or low income countries on the basis of per Capita income.

7. What are the development goals of the following : (i) Labourer (ii) Rich farmer (iii) Trader

Answer:  

• more days of work better wages
• low price food grains
• cheap labour

8. ‘What may be development for one may not be development for the other.’ Explain by giving examples. [CBSE Sept. 2012] Or With the help of an example show two groups who may have different notions of development. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  It is true that development for one may not be development for the other. (i) More wages means development for a worker, but it can go against the entrepreneur. (ii) A rich farmer or trader wants to sell foodgrains at a higher price but a poor worker wants to purchase it for low prices. (iii) Construction of a dam means more and cheap power, but people, who will lose their habitat will demonstrate. (iu) To get more electricity, the industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people.

9. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development? [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  National development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in living standard of the people, increase in per capita income, providing social amenities like education, medical care, social services, etc. to the citizens of the country. (i) Under national development, a country uses its resources in a fair and just way. (ii) Under this only those programmes and policies are implemented which would benefit a large number of people. (iii) Under national development, countries focus more on social infrastructure which includes education, health and other social services.

10. What contributes to the human development?

Answer:  There are many economic as well as non-economic factors which contribute to the human development. (i) Living a long and a healthy life. (ii) To have education, information and knowledge. (iii) Enjoying a decent standard of living. (iv) Enjoying basic fundamental rights like freedom, security, education, etc. (v) To have equality and enjoyment of human rights.

11. What is the significance of Human Development Index? [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) HDI is used to measure level of development of a country. (ii) It has been published by UNDP and according to it countries has been ranked. (iii) It is a comprehensive approach which cover all the major aspects of life. (iv) Apart from income, education, health status, life expectancy, etc., are considered for measuring economic development of a nation.

12. ‘Human development is the essence of social development.’ Explain.

Answer:  (i) Human development focuses on the people. (ii) It is concerned with the well-being of the people, their needs, choices and aspirations. All these help in building a right kind of society. (iii) It is all about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is the building of human capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life, to have education, information and knowledge, to have opportunities of livelihood, etc. (iv) Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices.

13. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.’ Explain. [CBSE 2010(0), Sept. 2013]

Answer:  (i) Money or material things that one can buy with it is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends upon non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc. (ii) Money cannot buy us a pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace, etc. (iii) There are many facilities like schools, colleges, parks, hospitals which an individual cannot afford. All these are to be provided by the government/society. (iv) Money possessed by an individual even can not provide us a type of government which take decisions for the welfare of the common people.

14. What are the limitations of the per capita income criteria of development ? [CBSE 2014] Or What is Per Capita Income? Can it be regarded as the sole indicator of economic development of a country? Give four valid arguments to support your answer. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  (i) Per capita income is the average income of a country. (ii) Per capita income criteria takes into account only the economic aspect of life and ignores the social, aspect of life. (iii) Per capita income criteria ignores education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc. (iv) Per capita income criteria also ignores non material things like peace, pollution free environment, democracy, etc. (v) Though Punjab has higher per capita income as compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on Human Development Index because it is far behind than Kerala in literacy rate and has higher infant mortality rate than Kerala.

15. “Average income is an important criterion for development.” Explain.

Answer:  (i) Average income gives us an idea what an average person is likely to get out of the total national income. (ii) Average income is used to classify the countries into rich, poor or developing nations. (iii) Average income is used to make economic policies.

16. Besides income, what can be the other attributes to compare economic development? [CBSE 2013, 14]

Answer:  (1) Of course, for comparing economic development of countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need. That is why, the World Bank uses Per Capita Income to compare economic development.

(2) Apart from income, educational levels of the people and their health status are considered as measures to compare economic development of a nation. (i) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) : This indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1,000 live children born in that particular year. ‘ (ii) Literacy Rate : This measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group. (iii) Net Attendance Ratio : This is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. (iv) Life Expectancy at birth : It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

17. What is infant mortality rate ? Suggest two measures to keep the infant mortality rate low. [CBSE 2013, 14] Or What is the meaning of ‘Infant Mortality Rate ’ (IMR) ? Give two main reasons for low IMR in Kerala. [CBSE 2010]

Answer:  (1) The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1,000 children born alive in a particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate. (2) Measures to keep Infant Mortality Rate low : (i) Provision of basic health. (ii) Provision of proper educational facility. (iii) Proper functioning of Public Distribution System.

18. Define the following terms: (i) IMR (ii) Literacy Rate (iii) NAR [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]

Answer:  (i) Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year. (ii) Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group. (iii) Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 years attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.

Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)

1. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion? [CBSE Sept. 2010] Or Explain the meaning of the term ‘Rich Countries’ and ‘Low Income Countries’ according to the World Development Report of 2006. What is India’s position in this respect? [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  The World Development Report, 2012, brought out by the World Bank has given the following criteria in classifying countries : (i) Rich or High income countries : Countries with the per capita income of US $12276 per annum and above in 2010, are called rich countries. (ii) Poor or Low income countries: The countries with the per capita income of US $ 1005 or less, are called low income countries. India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2010 was just US $1340.4 per annum. The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called the developed countries.

Limitations : (i) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, health, environment, education, longevity, etc. (ii) The method does not provide us the distribution of income.

2. Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of the Human Development Index for 2004. [CBSE 2009 (O), Sept. 2012]

Answer:  (1) Per capita income : The per capita income of Sri Lanka is higher than that of India. The per capita income of India is about $ 3285, whereas it is around $ 5170 for Sri Lanka. (2) Life expectancy at birth : Life expectancy at birth in Sri Lanka is also higher as compared to India. In Sri Lanka, the life expectancy is around 75.1 whereas in India it is about 65.8. (3) Literacy rate : Literacy rate in Sri Lanka is also higher than India. It is 90.6 in Sri Lanka whereas it is 62.8 in India.

3. Why are the countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ inspite of high per capita income ?[CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  (i) These are small countries. (ii) The gap between rich and poor is very high, (iii) Though per capita income in Middle East countries is very high but there is unequal distribution of wealth. (iv) These countries have high per capita income due to oil production. So they have only one major source of income. (v) The World Development Report brought out by the World Bank has excluded these countries from the list of developed countries.

4. Highlight any three advantages of public facilities. [CBSE Sept. 2010]

Answer:  (i) Public facilities is the cheapest way to provide basic services collectively. (ii) Most of the poor people survive only because of public facilities. (iii) There are many services like police, education, transportation, etc., which become affordable only if they are part of public facilities.

5. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country ? Explain four public facilities. [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2012] 

Answer:  Public facilities play very important role in the development of a country as these include education, health, transportation, banking which are the base for any kind of development. (i) Education : Education is the most important public facility which is required both by the rich as well as the poor. (ii) Public Distribution System (PDS) : Public distribution system is another important facility which plays an important role in providing food security to the people. (iii) Transportation : Many transport facilities like railway, airways, waterways, banking become affordable only if they are provided collectively.

6. Explain common, different and conflicting goals by giving appropriate examples. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  Development goals may be common, different or conflicting. (i) Common goals : There are some needs which are common to all like income, freedom, equality, security, respect, friendship, etc. (ii) Different goals : Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of development. For example, development for a farmer might be better irrigation facilities; for an unemployed youth it may mean better employment opportunities, etc. (ii) Conflicting goals : What may be development for some, may become destruction for some others. For example, industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of the region.

7. Mention any four aspects of comparison notions of development between different countries. [CBSE 2010, 14] Or Explain three attributes for comparing nations development between different countries. [CBSE 2010] Or What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an underdeveloped country with developed one ? [CBSE 2010] Or Give examples to prove that there are other important developmental goals than income. [CBSE 2012]

Answer:  Development of a country can generally be determined by: per capita income; average literacy level; and health status of its people. (i) Per Capita Income means average income generated by each person in a given group of people. Its limitation is that it does not show the disparities among the people of the group. ‘ (ii) Amount of literacy achieved is also a measure of development. Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. The more the people are educated, the more developed the group is. (iii) Health indicators are Infant Mortality Rate, Birth Rate, etc. Lower the amount of Infant Mortality Rate, higher is the rate of people being healthy. , (iv) Net Attendance Ratio is also the indicator of economic development of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group, (v) Life Expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. Higher the life expectancy at birth, higher is considered the development of a nation.

8. How is BMI used to determine the undernourishment of a person ? Explain. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) One way to find out if adults are undernourished is to calculate what nutrition scientists call Body Mass Index or BMI. (ii) In order to calculate, first of all the weight of the person in kg is taken. Then, the height in metres is measured. The weight is divided by the square of the height. (ii) If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.

9. What is the criterion to determine if adults are undernourished? [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) The criterion to determine if adults are undernourished is Body Mass Index, popularly known as BMI. (ii) In order to calculate it, first the weight of the person in kg is taken. Then, we take height in meters. The weight is divided by the square of the height. (iii) If this figure is less than 18.5, then the person would be considered undernourished. However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.

10. What is meant by ‘Overusing a Resource’ ? Explain with examples. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) ‘Overusing a Resource’ means more uses of the resource than it is replenished by the nature. (ii) Let us consider groundwater. It is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature. However, even these resources may be overused. In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource. (iii) This is what Indian states have done. For example, farmers of Punjab have overused the groundwater. This has lead to lowering of the water table.

11. Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving example. [CBSE 2013] Or What is meant by sustainable development? Explain it by taking the case study of water. [CBSE 2011, 14] 

Answer:  (i) Sustainable development is the development of a country or world not only at present, but the development which is to be continued and maintained for future generations. (ii) For example, groundwater is a natural resource which is replenished by nature. People of a particular generation must use water in such a way that people of future generation may also be able to use groundwater. People should not overuse and degrade the quality of water so that water is exhausted or if it remains, it is contaminated to such an extent that it becomes unusable for people of future generations.

12. “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries.” Justify the statement. [CBSE 2012, 14] 

Answer: (i) Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue. (ii) Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the environment. (iii) These days it is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world. (iv) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global matter of thinking and finding the solutions.

13. Explain the term ‘Development’. How is it linked with sustainability ? Explain with example. [CBSE 2012, 14]

Answer: (i) Development is a process which has a notion of going further up and improving the quality of life. (ii) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future generations. (iii) Resources need to be used wisely so that they can be replenished. (iv) Overuse of resources exhaust them. For example, petroleum. (v) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental degradation and become a global problem.

Value Based Questions

1.‘The development goals that people have me not only about better Income but also about other Important things in life.’ Explain. Mention any two goals of a student. Or ‘ ‘For development people look at a mix of goals’. Support the statement with suitable examples. [CBSE Sept. 2011]  Or Apart from income, which other six things people look for? [CBSE 2012] Though income is one of the most important

Answer:  components of development but there are other important things, such as : (i) People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect. (ii) Women need safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. (iii) People also need political rights. (iv) People seek a pollution-free environment. Students goal : (i) Better Education. (ii) Pollution free environment.

2. What do you mean by public facilities ? Why are they important ? Name two public facilities available in India.

Answer:  Public facilities are the essential facilities for the community at large and are provided by the government. Important : They are important because there are many services like education, health, transportation etc., which have become cheap and affordable if provided, collectively. Public facilities : Rail transport and – . government schools.

3. Why is literacy essential for the economic ‘ development ? Explain. [CBSE Sept. 2010] 

Answer:  (i) Illiterate people are easily cheated and exploited by the traders, shopkeepers and employers. (ii) There is shortage of skilled workers in India, this shortage can be reduced only through literacy. (iii) Most of the illiterate people are engaged in primary and unorganised sector so their earning is very low.

4. ‘Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that one need’. With reference to the given statement mention any four things which money can not buy for an individual.

Answer:  (i) Peace (ii) Pollution free environment (iii) Good health (iu) Freedom

5. The annual Per Capita Incomes of three countries are given below. Based on the guidelines set by the World Bank Report (2012), classify these countries as high income, low income or developing. • Country A : US $ 5,000 • Country B : US $ 15,580 • Country C : US $ 12,280 [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) Country A with Per Capita Income of US $ 5,000 comes under Low Income Countries. (ii) Country B with Per Capita Income of US $ 15,580 lies in the category of High Income Countries. (iii) Country C with Per Capita Income of US $ 12,280 falls in the category of Developing countries.

6. Think of any three developmental goals of a boy from a rich urban family. Describe them. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) He may think to get quality education and pursue his studies abroad. (ii) He may require the availability of vocational education and training. (iii) He may require capital to start his own business.

7. Apart from salary, what other goals can you have in mind while taking up a new job? Explain. [CBSE 2013]

Answer:  (i) Security (ii) Working Environment (iii) Opportunity to learn (iv) Pollution from environment.

8. How do the women engaged in paid jobs fulfill mix of goals? Explain. [CBSE 2014]

Answer:  (i) Economic independence: If a women is working she will get economic independency. (ii) Equality: As per the law working women need to be treated equally. (iii) Respected: A working women will get respect not only in the family but in the society also.

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Chapter 1 Class 10 Economics - Development

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Revision Notes for Chapter 1 Development Class 10 Economics

Per capita income of selected States

• Literacy Rate: It is the number of people above 7 years of age who are able to read and write with understanding. Higher the literacy rate, more developed a state will be. India has a literacy rate of 64%. Kerala has the highest literacy rate and Bihar has the lowest. • Infant Mortality Rate: It is the number of children that die before attaining one year of age as a proportion of 1000 live births in a year. It indicates the development of health facilities in a country. In India, Kerala has the lowest IMR while Bihar has the highest. • Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. • In this table: → The first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before completing one year of age but in Haryana, the proportion of children dying within one year of birth was 36, which is two times more than that of Kerala. This number is 44 in Bihar. → Literacy rate in Kerala is 94 percent which is higher than Haryana (82%) and Bihar (62%). → The last columns shows that in Kerala, 83 children out of 100 aged 14-15 are not attending school beyond Class 8 which is greater than Haryana (61) and Bihar (43).

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Free Class Notes & Study Material

Economics Chapter 1 Development – Notes & Study Material

Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

• 1 Important Terms
• 2 Economic Development
• 3 Human Development
• 4 National Development
• 5 Human Development Index
• 6.1 Importance of Sustainable Development 
• 6.2 Measures to promote Sustainable Development
• 6.3 Features of Sustainable Development
• 6.4 Measures to ensure Sustainable Development
• 7.1 Features of a Developed Country
• 7.2 Use of Averages to Compare Development
• 8 Public Distribution System (PDS)

Important Terms

​Body Mass Index (BMI): It is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women.​

Development: It means more income and for the higher income, people need regular work, better wages and reasonable and fair prices for their products and services.

​Developing Countries: These are the countries in which income rises along with the standard of living are called “Developing Countries”.

​Economic Activities: Activities that give an income in return or in simple words activities which deal with money.

Economic Development: It is a process whereby the national income and the per capita income of a country rises and along with this, the number of people living in poverty falls, more employment opportunities are created and standard of living among the poor section of society improves is known as “Economic Development”. 

Economy: The economic framework which helps us to describe the economic life of the country and its people.

​Fossil Fuel: A natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

​Global Warming: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

Human Development Index: It is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Infant Mortality Rate: The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1000 live births in one year.

​National Development: National development means an increase in per capita income and also self-sufficiency of an economy.

​Sustainable Economic Development: Sustainable economic development is the process of economic development which aims to maintain the quality of life of both the present and the future generations without harming natural resources and environment.

Literacy Rate : Proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

​Non-economic Activities: Activities which do not deal with money or which do not give any income in return. ​

National Income: It is the sum total of all final goods and services produced in a country during a given period of time plus net factor income from abroad.

Net Attendance Ratio: Total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of the total number of children in the same age group.

​Organic Farming: Vegetable and livestock production using natural sources of nutrients (such as compost, crop residue, and manure) and natural methods of crop and weed control, instead of using synthetic or inorganic  agrochemicals.

​Per Capita Income: Average income of a person of a country. ​

Sustainable Development: Sustainable development is maintaining a delicate balance between the human needs to improve lifestyle and feeling of well-being, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend.

​Underdeveloped Country: A country which does not have high income and the standard of living is also low is considered as “Underdeveloped Country”.

Economic Development

Economic development applies to the all round development of a country where the people earn higher income and can satisfy all their needs.

It is a process where the real per capita income increases over a long period. It is measured by per capita income and national income. 

Different people have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different and so are their aspirations, desires and goals.

The quality of life depends upon the following factors :

​(i)​ Money and material things.

​(ii)​ Presence of family members, friends and relatives.

​(iii)​ Good working atmosphere at the office. ​

(iv)​ An opportunity to learn. ​

(v)​ A position of self-respect in the family.

​(vi)​ A safe and secure environment.

Economic development refers to the adoption of new technologies, transition from agriculture-based to industry-based economy and improvement in lifestyle.

Human Development

Human development means the development of an individual in such a way that he could lead a happy life according to his cherished wish and fulfill all the materialistic desires.

People want regular work, better wages, decent price for their crops or other products. In other words, they want more income.

The measures of looking at development other than income are quality of life and environmental sustainability.

Besides seeking more income, people also want equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, they resent discrimination. All these are important goals.

National Development

National Development means the ideology of different persons regarding countries’ development. These ideologies could be at times conflicting. It is measured by (a) Average Income (b) Per Capita Income

People have different developmental goals. Developmental goals are the aspirations and desires of the people. They are different for different individuals. Since people come from different situations, their developmental goals differ.

People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other. Their goals may clash.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is an example of conflicting developmental goals for the people who are being affected by it. While the people of Gujarat are happy as they will get water for irrigation and drinking in the areas which are deficient in water but the people of Madhya Pradesh are not at all happy because their villages and large part of land will submerge in water thereby leaving them landless and uprooted from their place of work with insufficient compensation.

The World Bank applies some principles to classify different countries. It considers only the per capita income as the indicator of the development; the UNDP considers health, educational levels and the per capita income of the citizens of the country. The World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of  4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of  37,000 or less are called low-income countries.

India comes in the category of low-income countries because its  per capita income in 2004 was just 28,000 per annum.

Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.

The sum total of all goods and services produced within a country during a period of one year plus net income from abroad is called national income.

It is the ratio of income of the country for a particular year to the population of that country of that year. Since countries have different populations; comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn. Hence, we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. This average income is also called per capita income.

Per capita income = Total Income/Total Population of a country.

Per capita income in India has increased from 255 in 1950-51 to 16,500 in 2000.

Per capita income of Punjab is much more than Kerala.

(i) Per capita income of Punjab is  26,000 and that of Kerala is  22,800.

​(ii)​ Literacy rate of Punjab according to 2001 is 70% and Kerala is 91%, i.e., Punjab lags behind Kerala.

​(iii)​ Therefore, income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens are able to use.

​(iv)​ Over the past decade, health and education indicators have come to be widely used along with income as a measure of development.

​(v)​ Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, health status and per capita income.

​(vi)​ Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has adequate provision of basic healthcare and educational facilities. The proportion of children dying in Punjab within one year of birth is 49, which is nearly five times more than Kerala where out of 1000 children born alive 11 died before completing one year of age.

If per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Punjab will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least developed state because per capita income of this state is very low.  Since per capita income of Bihar is very low, more than half of the children do not even get to go to school there.

The prefixing of Human before Development gives a whole new meaning to the development. It means that humans have to develop for development. It is not just income but also the life expectancy, education, health indicators, social infrastructure that the country provides to its citizens constitute towards the development.

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) uses a combination of development factors (such as health, education, income) for comparison.

According to the HDR (Human Development Report), health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter.

HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.

Through Human Development Index (HDI), which is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.India stands 131st in the HDI rank in the world.

Human development index is the quality of life-index prepared by UNDP.

It has mainly three indicators.

​(i) ​Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.

​(ii) ​Gross Enrolment Ratio: It shows enrolment ratio in primary schools, secondary schools and in higher education.

​(iii) ​Per Capita Income: It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared.

Human Development Index is published by the UNDP

​(i) ​It indicates the level of development of a country.

​(ii)​ It indicates to a country how far it has reached and how far it has yet to reach to achieve high ranks in matters such as per capita income of the people.

​(iii)​ One comes to know the important welfare elements such as life expectancy, literacy, educational level of people and health status.

Besides income, the other attributes to compare economic development are:

(i) ​ Infant Mortality Rate: It is an indicator of the availability of doctors and medical facilities in the region as well as the awareness of the people living there in regard to diseases and their prevention. ​​Low infant mortality rate indicates good medical facilities and all-round development in the society. A high rate will be economic loss for the region as much effort is wasted, which could have been harnessed. ​

(ii) ​Literacy Rate: This is an indicator of the number of schools and teachers available in a region and it also indicates whether the facilities are being used or not due to societal pressures. Low literacy rate exhibits backwardness and slow economic.

​(iii) ​ Life Expectancy: This is also an indicator of available health facilities. Low life expectancy will be a hindrance to economic development.

Sustainability of Development

Sustainability is the capacity to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources but such a thing would be quite disastrous because the available resources shall be exhausted within a short time and the future generations will be deprived of these resources.

Importance of Sustainable Development 

​(i)​ Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future generation.

​(ii)​ Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain ecological balance. ​

(iii)​ It lays emphasis on environmental protection and checks environmental degradation.

​(iv)​ To stop over-exploitation and overuse of resources.

Measures to promote Sustainable Development

(i) ​Increased use of renewable resources: Sustainable development is the management of renewable resources for the good of the entire human and natural community. For sustainable development, we must  support  the usage of renewable resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy sources. ​

(ii) ​Less use of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels take a lot of time to be formed. These fossil fuels contribute tremendously to environmental pollution.

​(iii)​ Introduction of organic farming: Organic Farming contributes largely in creating a better quality of soil and combating erosion.

​(iv)​ Adopting measures to reduce global warming: In our everyday life, we should contribute towards building a better environment.

Features of Sustainable Development

​(i) ​It is linked to sustainability since it has to be maintained for future generations.

​(ii)​ Resources are to be used wisely so that they can be replenished. For example, if trees are cut, they should also be re-planted and allowed to grow. ​

(iii) ​Overuse of resources which exhausts them. For example, petroleum. If it is used indiscriminately, it will soon get finished and future generations will have nothing left in their hands. ​

(iv) ​If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental degradation and become a global problem.

​(v)​ People must be protected against pollution, thereby ensuring their quality of life and health.

Sustainable development is important for economic growth because

​(i) ​Environment must be conserved while development is taking place.

​(ii) ​Resources must be used in such a way that they are conserved for future generations. ​

(iii)​ The standard of living of all people must be raised. ​​

Measures to ensure Sustainable Development

(i)​We should focus on using renewable resources and keep inventing new techniques to decrease the use of conventional resources. ​

(ii)​ The present resources must be used judiciously, with planning, and over-exploitation should be avoided.

Environmental degradation can be observed in different ways. Deforestation, falling levels of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of fossil fuels, the hole in the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution especially in urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. This means that there are enough resources to meet the needs of all if they are used judiciously and not over exploited by a few, and depriving the others who need them. Resources that are replenished by nature are known as renewable resources.

For example: ground water.

Resources that are not replenished that is those which will get exhausted after some time are known as non-renewable resources.

For example: crude oil.

Sustainable development can be achieved by judicious use of both renewable and non-renewable resources and without harming the balance of environment keeping in mind the requirement for present and future generations.

Development

Development is the sum total of income plus the quality of life like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.

Development means continuous progress or increase in real per-capita income. In other words, there is an improvement in the economic welfare of the people and their standard of living.

The characteristics of development are :

​(i) ​Developmental goals are different for different people.

​(ii)​ What may be development for one may not be development for the others.

​(iii)​ For development, people look at a mix of goals. ​

(iv)​ Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of country’s development.

Development goals may be common, different or conflicting

​(i)​ Common Goals: There are some needs which are common to all like income, freedom, equality, security, respect, friendship, etc.

​(ii) ​Different Goals: Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of development. For example, development for a farmer might mean irrigation facilities; while for an unemployed youth, it may mean employment opportunities, etc. ​

(iii) ​Conflicting Goals: What may be development for some, may become destruction for some others. For example, Industrialists may want dams for electricity, but such dams would displace the natives of a region by submerging their land.

Features of a Developed Country

(i) High per capita income.

​(ii)​ High HDI.

​(iii) ​Greater focus on economic growth rather than development.

​(iv) ​High standard of living.

​(v) ​Most of the population has access to basic healthcare and education.

​(vi)​ High quality of life parameters—including freedom, equal opportunities etc.

Role of education and health in the overall development of a country

(i) Role of education: It plays a vital role in the overall development of a human being and society, therefore stress on imparting education has been given in our Constitution. ​

(ii)​ Role of Health: The general health standard in India is quite low. This is quite inevitable as nearly one-fourth of the population lives below the poverty line.

​(iii)​ A community based programmes on healthcare and medical services in rural areas has been launched. As a result of these efforts, there has been a fall in the incidence of certain diseases like tuberculosis, leprosy and polio.

Indicators used by UNDP for measuring development are:

(a)​Education

​(b)​ Health and

​(c)​ Per-capita income

The World Development Report classified countries ​according to the per capita income.

​(ii)​ Countries with per capita income of USD 12236 per annum and above in 2016, are called rich countries.

​(iii)​ Countries with per capita income of USD 1005 or less are called low-income countries.

​​The limitations of this report are: ​

(i) ​It considers only income and not other aspects such as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc.

​(ii)​ World Development Report (WDR) only tells about income and not how it is distributed among the citizens.

Use of Averages to Compare Development

(i)​ Averages are used for better understanding.

​(ii)​ For comparison between countries, total income is not very useful.

​(iii)​ Different countries have different populations, so total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.​

(iv) According to the World Bank criterion, countries with per capita income of USD 12236 per annum in 2016, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of USD 1005 or less are called low-income countries.

Public facilities are the facilities that are provided to the people by the government. The provision of public services and facilities in the urban environment has a significant impact on the quality of life that residents and others enjoy. ​Public facilities play an essential role in providing support services to create viable, sustainable, healthy and cohesive communities, overcoming social barriers and increasing achievements.

Government has to provide certain essential facilities like healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport and educational institutions.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

In some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well. If a PDS shop, i.e., ration shop, does not function properly at any place, the people there are able to get the problem rectified. Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.

If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it, one would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as:

​(i) ​Facilities for the family: I would have to check if there is a good educational facility for children, a good house and locality to stay in, good medical facilities should also be available. ​

​(ii) Job security: I should have clear terms of employment stated in my appointment letter. A job which gives high pay but no job security will reduce one’s sense of security and freedom.

​(iii) ​Opportunity to learn: There should be an opportunity for personal career growth, so that no boredom or stagnation sets in. ​

(iv)​ Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative and healthy: There should be good team spirit and the seniors should look after the newcomers and guide them. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up jobs or run a business.

(v) ​Time for your family: Working hours should be fixed and adhered to so that there is time for spending with family. Leave facility must be there as well.

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, B.Ed. (I. P. University) and has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone. In addition to this website, author also has a Youtube channel, here is the link Class Notes Youtube Channel

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10th: Ch 1 Development Economics

Ncert solutions for class 10th: ch 1 development economics social studies (s.st), contact form.

Question and Answer forum for K12 Students

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Development 

In this page, you can find CBSE Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Development Pdf free download, NCERT Extra Questions for Class 10 Social Science  will make your practice complete.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Extra Questions and Answers Development

Development class 10 extra questions and answer economics chapter 1 very short answers type.

Question 1. What do you mean by per capita income? OR What is meant by the average income? Answer: The average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. The average income is also called per capita income. Thus, \(\frac { Total\quad income\quad ofa\quad country }{ Total\quad population\quad of\quad the\quad country } \)

Question 2. Why is per capita income of different countries calculated in dollars and not in their own currencies by the World Bank? (Imp) Answer: The World Bank does so in order to ensure uniformity in calculation across different regions of the world.

Question 3. Which countries are called rich countries as per the World Development Report, 2012? Answer: Countries with per capita income of US $ 12616 per annum and above in 2012, are called rich or developed countries.

Question 4. Which countries are called low-income countries as per the World Development Report, 2012? Answer: Countries with per capita income of US $ 1035 or less are called low-income or under developed countries.

Question 5. What was the per capita income of India in 2012? In which category would you place India high-income countries or low-income countries? (Imp) Answer: In 2012, the per capita income of India was just US $ 1530 per annum. On the basis of this, we would place India in low-income countries.

Question 6. What is one of the most important attributes for comparing countries? Answer: For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

Question 7. What would be the developmental goals/aspirations for an urban unemployed youth? Answer: A job with a handsome salary, a peaceful working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, a sense of security and freedom, etc.

Question 8. What would be the developmental goals for an adivasi from Narmada valley? Answer: A permanent source of livelihood, access and control over resources, a local school to provide quality education to his/her children, etc.

Question 9. ‘What may be development for one may be destruction for the other’. Give an example to support this statement. Answer: Industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity but this may cause large-scale displacement of local communities.

Question 10. What do people seek besides better income? Answer: Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination.

Question 11. What are the important goals of people? Answer: Besides seeking more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others. They resent discrimination.

Question 12. What do you mean by Infant Mortality Rate or IMR? OR What does the term Infant Mortality Rate indicate? Answer: Infant Mortality Rate or IMR indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular area.

Question 13. What is Net Attendance Ratio? Answer: Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Question 14. What does literacy rate measure? Answer: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

Question 15. Name two things which you cannot buy with money. ‘ Answer:

• A pollution-free environment
• A sense of security

Question 16. What are non-renewable resources? Answer: Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. For example, fossil fuels.

Question 17. Mention three components of Human Development Index or HDI. Answer:

• Per capita income
• Life expectancy
• Literacy rate

Question 18. Among Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar, which state has the lowest infant mortality rate? Answer: It is Kerala.

Question 19. What is meant by national development? (Imp) Answer: National development is development of country in all the aspects which includes increase in per capita income, improvement in people’s living standard, availability of proper health facilities, education, pollution-free environment, etc.

Question 20. What is Human Development Index or HDI? (Imp) Answer: Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Question 21. Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them? (Imp) Answer: Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

Question 22. Which term is used to describe the ‘average number of years a person is expected to live at birth’? Answer: The term used for this is ‘Life expectancy’.

Question 23. Give two examples of renewable resources. Answer:

• Groundwater
• Natural gas.

Question 24. What is Public Distribution System or PDS? Answer: Public Distribution System or PDS is a food security programme initiated by the Government of India to provide foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.

Question 25. What is India’s HDI rank in the world as per Human Development Report, 2014? Answer: It is 135.

Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Short Answers Type

Question 1. Prove that development for some may be harmful to others. (Imp) OR With the help of examples show two groups who may have different notions of development. OR ‘What may be development for one may not be development for the other’. Explain by giving examples. Answer: It is true that development for one may not be development for the other. The following examples can prove this truth:

• Construction of dams may be beneficial for industrialists and large farmers, but this may sub¬merge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people.
• More wages means development for a worker, but it can go against the employer.
• A consumer wants to purchase different household articles at low prices but a trader or seller wants to sell these items at a higher price.

Question 2. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development? (Imp) Answer: National development is development of country in all the aspects which includes increase in per capita income, improvement in people’s living standard, availability of proper health facilities, education, pollution-free environment, etc.

Under national development, a country uses its resources in a fair and just way. The country tries to implement those programmes and policies which would benefit a large section of the people. Countries also focus on social infrastructure which includes education, health and other social services.

Question 3. (i) What do you mean by developed countries? (ii) What do you mean by developing countries? Answer: (i) Countries which have a wide industrial sector based on modern technology are developed countries. People in their countries earn higher income which ensures them high standard of living and better quality life. Most of these people are engaged in non-agricultural sector.

(ii) Countries which have a very small industrial sector with little access to modern technology are developing countries. People in these countries earn low income as a result of which they fail to fulfil their aspirations of leading a quality life. Most of the people are engaged in agricultural activities.

Question 4. What is per capita income? Mention any two limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development. Answer: The total income of a country divided by its total population is called per capita income. Two limitations of per capita income

• The criterion of per capita income takes into account only the economic aspect of life. It has nothing to do with the social aspect of life.
• Per capita income criterion is not concerned with non-material things such as pollution free environment, education, healthcare, sanitation, etc.

Question 5. Apart from income, which other six things people look for as important aspects of our lives? Answer:

• Sense of security
• Equal treatment
• Respect of others
• Good working atmosphere
• Protection from infectious diseases.

If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting it one would try to consider many factors, apart from income such as facilities for one’s family, working atmosphere or opportunity to learn, etc.

Question 6. On the basis of which three parameters of HDI 2014 Sri Lanka has better rank than India? (Imp) OR Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of the Human Development Index for 2014. Answer:

• Per capita income: The per capita income of Sri Lanka is higher than that of India. It is $ 9250 for Sri Lanka and $ 5150 for India.
• Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth in Sri Lanka is also higher than India. In Sri Lanka, life expectancy is about 74.3 while in India it is about 66.4.
• Literacy rate: India is far behind Sri Lanka in terms of literacy rate. It is 91.2 in Sri Lanka whereas 62.8 in India.

Question 7. Describe any three features of developed countries. Answer: Countries which have a wide industrial sector based on modern technology are developed countries. People in their countries earn higher income which ensures them high standard of living and better quality life. Most of these people are engaged in non-agricultural sector.

Question 8. Explain common, different and conflicting developmental goals by giving appropriate examples. (Imp) Answer: Developmental goals may be common, different or conflicting. (i) Common goals: People’s common goals are regular work, better wages, equal treatment, freedom, security, friendship, respect of others, etc. These are the things which are aspired by everyone.

(ii) Different goals: Development does not mean the same thing for every individual. It varies from person to person. For example, developmental goals of landless rural farmers may be more days of work and better wages, local school for their children, etc. while an unemployed youth may aspire for better employment opportunities etc.

(iii) Conflicting goals: Different people could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

Question  9. What is the significance of Human Development Index? Answer:

• Human Development Index or HDI is used to measure the level of development of a country.
• It is published by UNDP to compare countries on the bases of education levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
• It is a comprehensive approach and covers all the major aspects of life that are essential for the development of human beings.

Question 10. Why are the countries of the Middle East not called developed countries inspite of higher per capita income? (Imp) Answer: The countries of the Middle East are small and there is a wide gap between the rich and the poor. Since these are oil producing countries, they have higher per capita income. But the wealth available in these countries is not equally distributed among people. As a result, some are very rich while others are very poor.

Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Long Answers Type

Question 1. Mention various factors that determine the development of a country. Answer: Development of a country can generally be determined by the following factors (i) Per capita income: It is the average income generated by each person in a given group of people.

(ii) Literacy rate: Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group. The more the people are educated, the more developed the country is. It means that human beings if highly educated and skilled are the most important asset of a nation. They play an important role in the nation’s development.

(iii) Health: People’s health is also an important factor that determines the development of a country. A healthy population is a boon and every country should pay much attention to it.

(iv) Life expectancy at birth: Life expectancy at birth denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. If the life expectancy at birth is high in a particular country, it means development of that country.

(v) Net Attendance Ratio: Net attendance ratio is also an important indicator of economic development of a nation. It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Question 2. Mention any five conditions or aspects that one would consider before accepting a job. Answer: Before accepting a job one would consider many factors. Some of them are – (i) A handsome salary is the first and foremost requirement for almost all the job-seekers. Only good income can enable us to fulfil our long-cherished wishes. More income means more of all things that human beings need. Whatever people like and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

(ii) Apart from income, one needs peaceful and safe working atmosphere. Without it, one cannot work well which will neither be in favour of oneself nor the company.

(iii) Job security is another important factor. A job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security. Such a job can be accepted by many.

(iv) One also wants medical and other facilities for oneself and one’s family. In case of illnesses, there should be a provision of paid leaves. Provident fund, gratuity are another factors that are taken into consideration before accepting a job.

(v) One also wants opportunity to learn during job period. It will be in favour of the individual as well as the employer. Thus, we can infer that for a job seeker not only material or money is important but several non-material things are equally important.

Question 3. Distinguish between developed and developing countries. (Imp) Answer: The following differences can be observed between developed and developing countries:

Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

Question 1. What is the meaning of Infant Mortality Rate? Give two reasons for low infant mortality rate in Kerala. OR What is Infant Mortality Rate? Suggest two measures to keep the infant mortality rate low. Answer: The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1,000 children born live in a particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate. Kerala has low infant mortality rate because

• It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
• The Public Distribution System is functioning well in Kerala. People there get foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidised rates. Note: The above measures are applicable to all the states of India to keep the IMR low.

Question 2. ‘Human development is the essence of social development’. Explain. Answer: Human development focuses on the quality life of the people. It is concerned with their well-being, their needs, choices and aspirations. These are the aspects which help in building a good society. Human development is also concerned with harnessing/building of human capabilities so that people lead a long and healthy life, get education and knowledge and find adequate opportunities of livelihood, etc. It also focuses on the expansion of basic choices. A society can be said to be ideal and well-developed when all its members are leading a quality life.

Question 3. Why are public facilities needed for the development of a country? Answer: Public facilities are provided by the government to its people at subsidised rates. They play an important role in the development of a country as they include our basic needs such as water, health, education, transportation, electricity, etc. Needless to say that availability of these facilities forms the base for the development of any country.

Water: Water is essential to life and good health. Unless the government makes provisions for safe drinking water for the rich as well as the poor, it cannot ensure development in its country.

Health: Healthy people are an asset to any country. Only healthy people can think positively about themselves and their country.

Education: Education is an important public facility which is required by all. It is education that empowers human beings. Educated people prove to be useful for a country or community and are treated as valuable resources.

Question 4. Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving example. OR What is meant by sustainable development? Explain it by taking the case study of water. Answer: Development i.e. progress does not only mean securing a better present, but it also means securing a better future for the coming generations. Sustainable development means development should take place without undue draining of resources, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

Thus, the issue of sustainability is important for development because if natural resources are not sustained, then development will be hindered and will stop after some time. This also compels us to think that we should minimise our needs as far as possible so that future generations may not face crisis of anything.

Explanation: For example, groundwater is a renewable resource. These resources are replenished by nature. But if we use it more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource. We must use water in such a way that people of future generations may also be able to use this resource.

We should not overuse and degrade the quality of groundwater for selfish purposes. If we don’t take responsibility people of coming generations will curse us. Hence, we should value its sustainability.

Development Class 10 Extra Questions and Answer Economics Chapter 1 Value-based Questions (VBQs)

Question 1. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.’ Explain. Answer: (i) Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of life also depends on non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of others.

(ii) Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace, harmony etc. This can be possible only when we shift to a community that already has all these non-material things.

(iii) There are many public facilities such as schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. which an individu¬al cannot afford. All these are to be provided by the government or society for the common people.

Question 2. How do public facilities change our life? Answer: (i) Public facilities relate to our basic needs such as water, health, education, transport, electricity, schools, colleges, etc. These facilities are provided by the government at subsidised rates.

(ii) Once public facilities are provided, their benefits can be shared by many people. For example, if public transport is available in a region it means that the entire people of that region can take its benefit.

(iii) It is noteworthy that poor people in any country survive mainly because of these public facilities.

Question 3. Which values are associated with sustainable development? Answer: Sustainable development is not only concerned with present generation but also with future generation. We can associate the following values with it-

• Use of natural resources in a judicious manner.
• Although groundwater, solar energy, etc. are renewable resources, we should use them continuously.
• It is necessary to be very careful in the use of land. Scientific reports indicate that the modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. Hence, land should be used in such a way that its fertility is maintained.
• Environmental resources like soil fertility and groundwater are built up over many years. Once destroyed it is very difficult to restore them. We must take care of the environment to ensure future development of agriculture.

• CBSE Notes For Class 10
• Class 10 Social Science Economics
• Chapter 1 Development

CBSE Notes Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 - Development

In CBSE Notes Class 10 Economics Chapter 1, you will make a beginning in understanding the topic ‘Development’. In higher classes, you learn further about development issues. Here in this chapter, you will find answers to many questions, such as, what should a country be like? What are the essential things that we require? Can life be better for all? How should people live together? Can there be more equality? The answers to these questions are not found only in Economics but also in History and Political Science. This is because the way we live today is influenced by the past.

Go through CBSE Notes Class 10  Economics Chapter 1 – Development and get an overview of the chapter and topics discussed in it. You can also download these CBSE Notes in pdf for offline studies as well.

• Chapter 2 Sectors of the Indian Economy
• Chapter 3 Money and Credit
• Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
• Chapter 5 Consumer Rights

CBSE Notes Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 -Development

What development promises – different peoples, different goals.

• Different people can have different developmental goals.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other person. It may even be destructive for the other.

Income and Other Goals

People want more income. Money, or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. However, the quality of our life also depends on non-material things such as equal treatment, freedom, security and respect for others. For development, people look at a mix of goals. The developmental goals are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.

National Development

Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

To compare countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher incomes are more developed than others with less income. As different countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.

Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also called per capita income.

Average Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of Country

In World Development Reports, per capita income is used in classifying countries.

• Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries .
• Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries . Eg: India.

Income and Other Criteria

When we think of a nation or a region, besides average income, public facilities are equally significant attributes.

Public Facilities: These are the services provided by the government to its citizens. Some of the important public facilities include infrastructure, sanitation, public transport, health care, water, etc.

Sustainability of Development

Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations. Scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are not sustainable. Some of the examples are:

• Overuse of groundwater
• Exhaustion of natural resources

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Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Economics Notes Chapter 1 Development

What is ‘per capita income’.

Per capita income is a measure of the amount of income earned per person in a nation or geographic region.

What are some of the public facilities in India?

Some of the public facilities in India are schools, healthcare, colleges, electricity, sanitation, public transport, safe drinking water, etc.

What are the advantages of sustainable development?

1. Secure and proper lifestyle for future generations 2. Reduces various kinds of pollution on Earth 3. Economic growth and development

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NCERT Notes For Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development | Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

NCERT Notes For Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development, in this step-by-step answer guide. In some of State Boards and CBSE schools, students are taught thru NCERT books. As the chapter comes to an end, students are requested few questions in an exercising to evaluate their expertise of the chapter. Students regularly want guidance managing those NCERT Notes.

Economic development can be measured and income is the most common method for measuring development. However the income method, though useful, has several weaknesses. Hence, we need newer ways of looking at development using indicators of quality of life and environmental sustainability.

NCERT Notes For Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development

Development, what is development.

• The term development refers to an act of getting better by expanding.T
• his term can also be used to refer to the process in which something exceeds by degrees to a different stage.
• Development is the act of improving quality of life and making sure everyone has the preference in what that life looks like.

What Development Promises – Different People, Different Goals

• Development promises a real growth by enhancing total income and standard of living of a person.
• Different people have different development goals.
• The development goals are varying from people to people.
• What may be development for one may not be development for the other person. It may even be destructive for the other.
• For example, a girl from a rich urban family gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.

Income and othe goals

• People prefer to earn more income for fulfilling their daily requirements of life.
• Companies provide material thing like, money. But  people also want   non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of others.
• Some companies provide less salary but offer regular employment which enhances sense of securities.
• In other case, some companies provide high salary but offer no job securities. They reduce sense of securities.
• However, the quality of our life also depends on non-material things such as equal treatment, freedom, security and respect for others.
• For development, people look at a mix of goals.
• The developmental goals are not only about better income but also about other important things in life

National Development

• National development refers to ability of a nation to improve standard of living of its citizens.
• Gross Domestic Product
• literacy rate
• availability of health etc.

These factors also consider as measure of improvement.

• Different persons could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

We can compare different countries or state on the basis of per capital income.

We cannot take national income to compare different countries because each country has different population rate.

Per capita income

• Per capita income is calculated by dividing total income of a country to total population of that particular country.
• Per capita income of a country shows the standard of living of the citizens of that particular company.
• A country with higher per capita income is more developed than others with less per capita income.
• To compare countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
• Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.

Average income

• As different countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell us what an average person earns. So, we compare the average income of countries.
• Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
• It is also called per capita income.
• Average Income = Total Income of Country / Total Population of Country

World development report

• In World Development Reports, per capita income is used in classifying countries.
• Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017 , are called rich countries.
• India is in category of low middle income country.

Income and Other Criteria

• For achieving development goal of people, people not only want better income, they also want non-material thing like, freedom, security, and respect of others.

For development of a nation average income or per capita income is needed

Per capita income of selected States

• If per capita income were to be used as the measure of development, Haryana will be considered the most developed and Bihar the least developed state of the three.

However, this is not true, if we look at the other criteria.

Per capita income of select state

In this table:.

• The first columns shows that in Kerala, out of 1000 children born, 12 died before completing one year of age but in Haryana, the proportion of children dying within one year of birth was 36, which is two times more than that of Kerala. This number is 44 in Bihar.
• Literacy rate in Kerala is 94 percent which is higher than Haryana (82%) and Bihar (62%).
• The last columns shows that in Kerala, 83 children out of 100 aged 14-15 are not attending school beyond Class 8 which is greater than Haryana (61) and Bihar (43).

Comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar

• Higher the literacy rate, more developed a state will be.
• India has a literacy rate of 64%. Kerala has the highest literacy rate and Bihar has the lowest.
• It indicates the development of health facilities in a country.
• In India, Kerala has the lowest IMR while Bihar has the highest.
• Net Attendance Ratio: It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Public Facilities

• Some of the important public facilities include infrastructure, sanitation, public transport, health care, water, schools, hospitals etc.
• As we know that Punjab has more income than the average person in Kerala but Kerala has a low infant Mortality Rate because of better public system like, Public Distribution System which provide Health and nutritional status to the state.
• We cannot able to buy a pollution free environment with the help of money.

Money in your pocket why cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well ?

Money cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.

• Money cannot by you a pollution-free environment.
• Money cannot ensure that you get uadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.
• Money cannot buy us a disease-free life and offen not be able to get protection from infectious disease. 

Human development report

• The  Human Development Report  ( HDR ) is an annual Human Development Index report published by the Human Development Report Office of the  United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• Educational levels of th e people.
• Their health status.
• Per capita of income.

Human Development Index

• The Human Development Index is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
• As per the last Human Development Report, the HDI Rank of India is at the 131st position.

Sustainability of Development

• Sustainable Development refers to development of human with at the same time sustaining the ability of natural system.
• It is helpful to fulfils the needs of the human being without harming the ability of the future generation.
• For sustainable development, we have to use non-renewable resources like carbon based originally designed fuel for the quantity how much we needed.
• Scientists have been warning that the present type and levels of development are not sustainable. Some of the examples are:
• Exhaustion of natural resource

Benefits of NCERT Notes

NCERT’s Class 10 Notes contains extremely important points, and for each chapter, each concept has been simplified to make it easier to remember and increase your chances of achieving excellent exam results. Exam Preparation References Here are some tips on how these Notes can help you prepare for the exam.

• This helps students solve many of the problems in each chapter and encourages them to make their concepts more meaningful.
• NCERT Notes for Class 10 encourage you to update your knowledge and refine your concepts so that you can get good results in the exam.
• These Notes are the best exam materials, allowing you to learn more about your week and your strengths. To get good results in the exam, it is important to overcome your weaknesses.
• Most of the questions in the exam are formulated in a similar way to NCERT textbooks. Therefore, students should review the solutions in each chapter in order to better understand the topic.
• It is free of cost.

Tips & Strategies for Class 10 Exam Preparation

• Plan your course and syllabus and make time for revision
• Please refer to the NCERT solution available on the  cbsestudyguru  website to clarify your concepts every time you prepare for the exam.
• Use the  cbsestudyguru  learning app to start learning to successfully pass the exam. Provide complete teaching materials, including resolved and unresolved tasks.
• It is important to clear all your doubts before the exam with your teachers or Alex (an Al study Bot). 
• When you read or study a chapter, write down algorithm formulas, theorems, etc., and review them quickly before the exam.
• Practice an ample number of question papers to make your concepts stronger. 
• Take rest and a proper meal.  Don’t stress too much. 

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• About Adverse Childhood Experiences
• Risk and Protective Factors
• Program: Essentials for Childhood: Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences through Data to Action
• Adverse childhood experiences can have long-term impacts on health, opportunity and well-being.
• Adverse childhood experiences are common and some groups experience them more than others.

What are adverse childhood experiences?

Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years). Examples include: 1

• Experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect.
• Witnessing violence in the home or community.
• Having a family member attempt or die by suicide.

Also included are aspects of the child’s environment that can undermine their sense of safety, stability, and bonding. Examples can include growing up in a household with: 1

• Substance use problems.
• Mental health problems.
• Instability due to parental separation.
• Instability due to household members being in jail or prison.

The examples above are not a complete list of adverse experiences. Many other traumatic experiences could impact health and well-being. This can include not having enough food to eat, experiencing homelessness or unstable housing, or experiencing discrimination. 2 3 4 5 6

Quick facts and stats

ACEs are common. About 64% of adults in the United States reported they had experienced at least one type of ACE before age 18. Nearly one in six (17.3%) adults reported they had experienced four or more types of ACEs. 7

Preventing ACEs could potentially reduce many health conditions. Estimates show up to 1.9 million heart disease cases and 21 million depression cases potentially could have been avoided by preventing ACEs. 1

Some people are at greater risk of experiencing one or more ACEs than others. While all children are at risk of ACEs, numerous studies show inequities in such experiences. These inequalities are linked to the historical, social, and economic environments in which some families live. 5 6 ACEs were highest among females, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native adults, and adults who are unemployed or unable to work. 7

ACEs are costly. ACEs-related health consequences cost an estimated economic burden of $748 billion annually in Bermuda, Canada, and the United States. 8

ACEs can have lasting effects on health and well-being in childhood and life opportunities well into adulthood. 9 Life opportunities include things like education and job potential. These experiences can increase the risks of injury, sexually transmitted infections, and involvement in sex trafficking. They can also increase risks for maternal and child health problems including teen pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and fetal death. Also included are a range of chronic diseases and leading causes of death, such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and suicide. 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

ACEs and associated social determinants of health, such as living in under-resourced or racially segregated neighborhoods, can cause toxic stress. Toxic stress, or extended or prolonged stress, from ACEs can negatively affect children’s brain development, immune systems, and stress-response systems. These changes can affect children’s attention, decision-making, and learning. 18

Children growing up with toxic stress may have difficulty forming healthy and stable relationships. They may also have unstable work histories as adults and struggle with finances, jobs, and depression throughout life. 18 These effects can also be passed on to their own children. 19 20 21 Some children may face further exposure to toxic stress from historical and ongoing traumas. These historical and ongoing traumas refer to experiences of racial discrimination or the impacts of poverty resulting from limited educational and economic opportunities. 1 6

Adverse childhood experiences can be prevented. Certain factors may increase or decrease the risk of experiencing adverse childhood experiences.

Preventing adverse childhood experiences requires understanding and addressing the factors that put people at risk for or protect them from violence.

Creating safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments for all children can prevent ACEs and help all children reach their full potential. We all have a role to play.

• Merrick MT, Ford DC, Ports KA, et al. Vital Signs: Estimated Proportion of Adult Health Problems Attributable to Adverse Childhood Experiences and Implications for Prevention — 25 States, 2015–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:999-1005. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6844e1 .
• Cain KS, Meyer SC, Cummer E, Patel KK, Casacchia NJ, Montez K, Palakshappa D, Brown CL. Association of Food Insecurity with Mental Health Outcomes in Parents and Children. Science Direct. 2022; 22:7; 1105-1114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.010 .
• Smith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N, Robin L, Underwood M. Risk Behaviors and Experiences Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 23 U.S. States and 11 Local School Districts. Journal of Community Health. 2022; 47: 324-333.
• Experiencing discrimination: Early Childhood Adversity, Toxic Stress, and the Impacts of Racism on the Foundations of Health | Annual Review of Public Health ( annualreviews.org).
• Sedlak A, Mettenburg J, Basena M, et al. Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS-4): Report to Congress. Executive Summary. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health an Human Services, Administration for Children and Families.; 2010.
• Font S, Maguire-Jack K. Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: The role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;51:390-399.
• Swedo EA, Aslam MV, Dahlberg LL, et al. Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among U.S. Adults — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023;72:707–715. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a2 .
• Bellis, MA, et al. Life Course Health Consequences and Associated Annual Costs of Adverse Childhood Experiences Across Europe and North America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Public Health 2019.
• Adverse Childhood Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Associations with Poor Mental Health and Suicidal Behaviors Among High School Students — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021 | MMWR
• Hillis SD, Anda RF, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Marchbanks PA, Marks JS. The association between adverse childhood experiences and adolescent pregnancy, long-term psychosocial consequences, and fetal death. Pediatrics. 2004 Feb;113(2):320-7.
• Miller ES, Fleming O, Ekpe EE, Grobman WA, Heard-Garris N. Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Obstetrics & Gynecology . 2021;138(5):770-776. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004570 .
• Sulaiman S, Premji SS, Tavangar F, et al. Total Adverse Childhood Experiences and Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review. Matern Child Health J . 2021;25(10):1581-1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03176-6 .
• Ciciolla L, Shreffler KM, Tiemeyer S. Maternal Childhood Adversity as a Risk for Perinatal Complications and NICU Hospitalization. Journal of Pediatric Psychology . 2021;46(7):801-813. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab027 .
• Mersky JP, Lee CP. Adverse childhood experiences and poor birth outcomes in a diverse, low-income sample. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019;19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2560-8.
• Reid JA, Baglivio MT, Piquero AR, Greenwald MA, Epps N. No youth left behind to human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. American journal of orthopsychiatry. 2019;89(6):704.
• Diamond-Welch B, Kosloski AE. Adverse childhood experiences and propensity to participate in the commercialized sex market. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2020 Jun 1;104:104468.
• Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, & Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663
• Narayan AJ, Kalstabakken AW, Labella MH, Nerenberg LS, Monn AR, Masten AS. Intergenerational continuity of adverse childhood experiences in homeless families: unpacking exposure to maltreatment versus family dysfunction. Am J Orthopsych. 2017;87(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000133.
• Schofield TJ, Donnellan MB, Merrick MT, Ports KA, Klevens J, Leeb R. Intergenerational continuity in adverse childhood experiences and rural community environments. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(9):1148-1152. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304598.
• Schofield TJ, Lee RD, Merrick MT. Safe, stable, nurturing relationships as a moderator of intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment: a meta-analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4 Suppl):S32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.004 .

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

ACEs can have a tremendous impact on lifelong health and opportunity. CDC works to understand ACEs and prevent them.

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Phosphorus mass flows and economic benefits of food waste management: the case study of selected retail and wholesale fresh markets in Thailand

• Original Paper
• Open access
• Published: 21 May 2024

Cite this article

You have full access to this open access article

• Sunatthiya Mokjatturas 1 , 3 ,
• Sopa Chinwetkitvanich 1 , 3 ,
• Withida Patthanaissaranukool 2 , 3 ,
• Chongchin Polprasert 1 , 3 &
• Supawadee Polprasert 2 , 3  

This study aims to investigate the mass flow and the phosphorus flow of food waste in order to propose a viable technique for its recovery from food waste in retail and wholesale fresh markets. These markets are significant food waste sources, including valuable elements such as organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This research provides critical data that can inform and guide the development of sustainable and cost-effective waste management strategies. The results indicate that retail markets generate 13.47 tons/d of food waste, while wholesale markets produce a staggering 192.62 tons/d. For phosphorus flow analysis, the data show that retail markets produce 12.80 kg P/d, while wholesale markets produce 40.79 kg P/d. Uncooked food waste is a major cause of phosphorus loss in retail and wholesale markets. An estimated 3.65 kg P/d is lost from retail and 20.72 kg P/d from wholesale. Separating food waste from general waste and recovering the phosphorus content is essential to reduce P loss. According to this study, separating food waste and selling it as animal feed (Scenario 1) or using it to create organic fertilizer (Scenario 2) are more profitable than the current waste management practice. These options can generate around 180,000 and 960,000 USD/year, respectively. Currently, it is not cost-effective to produce concentrated P fertilizer (scenario 3) due to the high energy and technology required. The study’s results can guide policymakers toward comprehensive food waste management in fresh markets and sustainable phosphorus recovery for food and agricultural production.

Graphical abstract

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

About one-third of food produced for human consumption goes to waste, which amounts to around 1.3 billion tons per year (Gustavsson et al. 2011 ). Food waste (FW), a high proportion of total solid municipal waste in Thailand, represents 40–70% of municipal solid waste (MSW) by geographic location, regional food, lifestyle, and consumption patterns. The problem of food waste is becoming increasingly severe, especially in urban areas and tourist cities. (Jitto and Nakbanpole 2023 ). Fresh markets are incredibly important for smallholder urban food retailers in developing countries like Thailand. Despite the rise in the “supermarketisation" of food systems in urban developing settings, fresh markets retain a considerable market share of fresh produce (Schipmann and Qaim 2011 ) and also the first important source of raw materials being passed on to consumers and is the first to cause losses after harvesting and transportation. In Thailand, a significant contributor to the generation of food waste, particularly uncooked food waste, is the fresh market. Food losses and waste can occur at distribution and consumer levels in market systems. PCD ( 2022 ) in Thailand found that the portion of food waste from fresh markets was 69.84%. All food wastes generated from fresh markets are ultimately disposed of or recycled. Unsafe and improper disposal of such wastes can be led to incredible ecological troubles. However, food waste contains high organic carbon and other elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which cannot be wasted (Slopiecka et al. 2022 ). They can easily be recovered and is a substitution possibility of nutrients to chemicals. Previous studies have reported the composition of food waste. When food waste is separated by type, the nitrogen content ranges from 0.05% to 6.15%, while the phosphorus content ranges from 0 to 3.66%. The potassium content ranges from 0 to 10.45%, and the C/N ratio ranges from 2.08 to 48.50 (Slopiecka et al. 2022 ). Mixed food waste typically contains approximately 0.52% (dry basis) phosphorus, 0.90% (dry basis) potassium, and 3.16% (dry basis) nitrogen, according to a study by Zhang et al. 2007 . Similarly, Wongsoonthornchai and Thitanuwat ( 2021 ) found that food waste in Pathum Thani province, Thailand, contained 3.86% nitrogen, 3.01% potassium, and 0.45% phosphorus.

Phosphorus (P) is a famous fertilizer for food production. P fertilizer is made from more than 90% of phosphate rock (PR) by mining. A few areas (northern Africa, the Middle East, China, and the USA) have the most PR deposits. (USGS 2023 ). P fertilizer use in 2020 was 48 million tons, or 49% higher than in 2000 (FAO 2022 ). P fertilizer demand has steadily increased every year because the global population is growing and could grow to around 9.7 billion by 2050 (UN DESA 2022 ). Previous studies reported that global phosphorus reserves have been predicted to deplete within the next 50–100 years (Cordell et al. 2009 ) which has an effect on global food security, including in Thailand. Thailand annually imports approximately 200,000 tons of P fertilizer for food production cultivation, as the country does not have the capacity to produce P fertilizer locally (DOA 2021 ). If phosphate rock depletes, it will effect on the agricultural sector in Thailand. Because Thailand is an agriculture country and is the world exporter, the government set up policy in “Kitchen of the world” (OPS 2016 ). Therefore, scientists have recommended recovering P from organic urban waste products, especially, cooked food waste to P fertilizer for food production (Cordell et al. 2009 ). Thitanuwat et al. ( 2016 ) reported that 81% of P from urban wastes, including domestic wastewater, septage sludge, food waste, and green garbage, was discarded to landfills. Especially, municipal solid waste (MSW) contained the largest fraction of food waste at approximately 44.3%, meaning that phosphorus retained in food waste was discharged without recycling and recovery at about 5337.3 t P/year. Nevertheless, the information on phosphorus recovery in food waste, particularly in fresh market which is the main food distributor in Thailand, is still scarce due to previous studies focusing on other sectors, such as the fisheries sector (Prathumchai et al. 2016 ), consumption system (Thitanuwat et al. 2016 ), livestock sector (Prathumchai et al. 2018 ), vegetable value chains (Ortiz-Gonzalo et al. 2021 ), cooked food waste from household (Wongsoonthornchai and Thitanuwat 2021 ), and maize cultivation (Yongsri et al. 2022 ). According to Sustainable Development Goal 12.3, there is a target to reduce global food loss and waste by 50% by 2030. It is necessary to quantify the potential mass flow of food waste by the most popular method that is material flow analysis (MFA) (Huang et al. 2012 ), because if one does not understand or see trends in that data, it will result in management failure (Van der wiel et al. 2023 ) in regard to phosphorus in food waste for phosphorus recovery and recycling. A thorough evaluation of food waste is crucial to confidently recover crucial elements like phosphorus. By understanding the mass flow and implementing appropriate management practices, valuable resources can be effectively recovered. Therefore, the objectives of this study are (1) to study material flow analysis (MFA) of food waste in retail and wholesale fresh markets; (2) to determine phosphorus flow and loss from conventional food waste management; and (3) to identify the appropriate source for phosphorus recovery and also investigate the economic impacts of waste management systems.

Materials and methods

Study area and sampling of market.

The retail and wholesale fresh markets were selected for their huge size, covering an area of over 50,000 square meters and comprising more than 1000 stalls. These markets are located in densely populated areas in Bangkok and nearby provinces with a high population density. The solid waste and food waste data were collected for at least 1 year to obtain accurate and realistic average information. The system boundary of this study is illustrated in Fig.  1 .

System boundary area of this study

• Retail fresh market

The retail fresh market, located in the Bangkok area, covers a vast area of 51,200 square meters. It has 1500 stalls that are divided into 21 different zones. The market is a popular place, receiving around 20,000 visitors every day. Additionally, the market has 700 parking spaces that are open 24 h. The market management is well-organized and efficient in handling solid waste and wastewater, which helps keep the environment clean. All solid waste generated in the market is divided into four categories: general waste, food waste, hazardous waste, and recyclable waste. All waste materials are collected and disposed of using proper methods. Additionally, the wastewater produced from the market and surrounding communities is treated through a bio-oxidative system before being discharged into the public canal. The treated water is also recycled for cleaning the market floor.

• Wholesale fresh market

The wholesale fresh market is located in the Pathum Thani province, the vicinities of Bangkok Metropolitan. This wholesale fresh market is the largest agricultural distribution center in Thailand, covering over 400 rai (equivalent to 640,000 square meters). It consists of 2500 stalls divided into 15 market zones, and the car parking area accommodates around 4000 cars. The market is open 24 h and serves at least 30,000 customers daily. The market prioritizes environmental management, including properly handling solid waste and wastewater. Solid waste is collected using two types of bins: harvester bins and general bins for sorting waste. General waste was collected and transported to private disposal sites by private agencies. Food waste was sold to farmers for processing into animal feed. Recyclable waste is separately sold by the workers in the market for their income. Wastewater generated in and around the market is treated with an aeration system, allowing it to be recycled for cleaning roads and floors.

Data collection

Food waste samples were collected three times per week on workdays and once on weekends, with approximately 5 kg of waste per type collected each time for physical and chemical analysis. The samples were analyzed for quantity of total phosphorus content (TP) by ascorbic acid method, total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), fixed solids (FS), moisture content (MC), and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) according to standard methods for the examination of water and waste water 22nd edition (APHA 2012). Bulk density (BD) was analyzed according to the standard test method for the determination of the composition of unprocessed municipal solid waste (ASTM 2016 ). The quantity and composition of waste are determined by interviewing the staff of the market, as there are monthly records of each type of solid waste.

Data analysis

The mass flow of food waste including percentage and amount of waste component, phosphorus (P) in each waste component, P total, P recycling, and P loss is explained in following Eqs. ( 1 – 5 ). These equations were used to create P flow and P loss information for each market, helping to pinpoint the most appropriate P recycle sources.

When \({R}_{{\text{x}}}\) = Percentage of each waste component x (%).

\({W}_{{\text{x}}}\) = Weight of each waste component x (kg/d).

\({W}_{{\text{T}}}\) = Total weight of solid waste in market (kg/d).

This equation is used to find the percentage of various types of waste components in both markets. It is calculated from that type of waste per day divided by the total waste generated per day.

When \({P}_{{\text{x}}}\) = The quantity of P in each waste component x (kg P/d).

\({WP}_{{\text{x}}}\) = Generation rate of each waste component containing phosphorus x (kg/d).

\({C}_{{\text{x}}}\) = P-containing in each waste component (mg P/g).

The process of determining the amount of phosphorus present in waste was solely concentrated on food waste, which is known to contain a certain amount of phosphorus. To calculate the quantity of phosphorus present in each component of waste, the daily amount of food waste generated was multiplied by the concentration of phosphorus in each type of waste.

When \({P}_{{\text{total}}}\) = The total amount of P flow from food waste (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{vfw}}}\) = The quantity of P in vegetable and fruit wastes (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{mfw}}}\) = The quantity of P in meat and fish and seafood wastes (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{cfw}}}\) = The quantity of P in cooked food waste (kg P/d).

P total is the total amount of phosphorus in all food waste generated in the market. The phosphorus content of food waste includes phosphorus from fruit and vegetable peels, meat, fish, seafood wastes, and cooked food waste

When \({P}_{{\text{recycle}}}\) = The total amount of recycled P in recycle process (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{af}}}\) = P in food waste for animal feed (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{cp}}}\) = P in food waste undergoes to composting plant (kg P/d).

P recycle refers to the amount of phosphorus in food waste that is recycled into animal feed or compost.

When \({P}_{{\text{loss}}}\) = P loss to the landfill site (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{total}}}\) = The total amount of P flow from food waste (kg P/d).

\({P}_{{\text{recycle}}}\) = The total amount of recycled P in recycle process (kg P/d).

P loss refers to the amount of phosphorus that is wasted or not utilized, calculated by subtracting P recycle from P total.

Results and discussion

Food waste generation.

This study found that the majority of waste produced in markets is general waste (60%), followed by food waste (30%), and only a small percentage is recycled waste (2–9%). Food waste in retail and wholesale fresh markets can be classified as cooked (98%) and uncooked (2%). The non-utilizable food waste is disposed of in landfills while recyclable waste is further recycled. However, waste management practices vary based on waste compositions in each market.

The quantities of generated solid wastes, the composition of solid wastes, and solid waste management in the retail fresh market are shown in Fig.  2 a, b, respectively. The solid waste generated by retail fresh markets can be grouped into four categories: general waste, hazardous waste, recyclable waste, and food waste. Most of the solid and uncooked food waste is generated by market stalls, while all leftover cooked food comes from the food court. The solid waste generated in the retail fresh market is about 17,120 kg daily. There is 10,387 kg (60.68%) of general waste, with the largest proportion followed by 5222 kg of food waste (30.50%) and 1509 kg of recycled waste (8.81%). The general waste, hazardous waste, pig skull waste, and oil and grease waste generated each day were collected by the Bang Khen District Office to be disposed of at the Solid Waste Disposal Center by landfill method. Within the market, vendors and workers can purchase recyclable waste at affordable prices. Once the segregated waste is fully collected, it is loaded onto a pickup truck and later sold to a junk shop. The vegetable and fruit peels (4002 kg) are collected and transported to the composting site. While fish, seafood waste, and cooked food waste are purchase by middlemen for animal feed. According to the data, 60.68% of the solid waste generated daily, which is 10,387 kg, is non-reusable and needs to be disposed of in a landfill. The highest component of this waste is vegetable and fruit peels, which account for approximately 70% of the total waste.

Quantity, composition, and solid waste management in retail ( a ) and wholesale fresh markets ( b )

The wholesale fresh market produces 210,000 kg of waste daily, of which 65.08% is general waste. Nearly 91% of the general waste is comprised of improperly separated vegetable peels. The amount of food waste generated daily is 68,770 kg (32.75%), while the remaining waste (2.17%) is categorized into six categories of recyclables: glass, paper, plastic, metal and iron, electrical machines, and waste cooking oil as illustrated in Fig.  2 b. Market stalls produced the majority of waste, while the food court only generated 1081 kg/d of cooked food waste. Different types of food waste can be sold and distributed in two methods. The first method is for customers to collect the waste from the market and use it as cattle feed (26%). The waste items that can be used for this purpose include corn husks, jackfruit peels, pineapple waste, and vegetable peels. Only 2% of cooked food waste can also be utilized as feed for fish. The second method involves factories collecting fish and seafood waste (about 2%) and converting it into animal feed. However, during the waste management process, it was found that 141,880 kg or 67.56% of the waste was disposed of in landfills without being utilized, with 91% of the waste being vegetable peels.

Food waste characteristics

The proportion of vegetable and fruit peels in both markets varies depending on seasonal agricultural products. During the period covered by this study, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and kale were found to be the most commonly sold vegetables in the retail market. On the other hand, the wholesale fresh market produced a larger amount of waste from cabbage, Chinese cabbage, and corn husk. In comparison with the Athens, Greece open market, where broccoli is the main vegetable waste with 80% and the fruit waste generated consists of plums, apples, and pears (Liakou et al. 2018 ). It is important to note that the composition of uncooked food waste is heavily influenced by local eating habits and the availability of agricultural products in the area. These factors play a crucial role in determining the types of uncooked food waste that are commonly produced in the region. As presented in Table  1 , in the retail fresh market, uncooked food waste is categorized into three main types: vegetable and fruit peels, fish and seafood wastes, and pig skull waste. The wholesale fresh market has implemented a categorization system for uncooked food waste, which divides it into seven different groups. The seven groups include vegetable peels, corn husks, jackfruit peels, pineapple crowns, pineapple waste, watermelon waste, and fish and seafood waste. This approach ensures that each type of waste is separated and sold effectively, streamlining the sales process and reducing waste. This system is beneficial for both the market and the environment.

Based on the analysis of chemical characteristics, the food waste generated from retail fresh markets contained the highest concentration of phosphorus in fish and seafood wastes, with a level of 7.69 mg P/g of waste and cooked food waste had a lowest phosphorus content of 0.31 mg P/g. The bulk density of fish and seafood waste as well as cooked food waste averages at about 834.07 kg/m 3 and 828.86, respectively. However, vegetable and fruit peels have a much lower bulk density of 282.82 kg/m 3 . The waste is ranked by moisture content, vegetable and fruit peels having the highest at 93.06%, followed by cooked food waste at 72.36%, and fish and seafood waste at 65.58%. The highest nitrogen content was found in fish and seafood wastes, followed by cooked food waste, and vegetable and fruit peels, respectively.

When comparing of wholesale fresh market, it was observed that fish and seafood waste exhibited the highest concentration of phosphorus as well, measuring at 6.22 mg P/g, followed by cooked food waste with an average of 0.79 mg P/g, and pineapple waste presented with an average of 0.28 mg P/g. Bulk density values revealed that fish and seafood, cooked food, and watermelon waste had the highest values, averaging at 774.65 kg/m 3 , 635.49 kg/m 3 , and 627.07 kg/m 3 , respectively. Watermelon waste has the highest moisture at 93.44%. On average, corn husk contains the highest percentage of volatile solids at 96.61%. When examining nitrogen levels, fish and seafood wastes contain the highest amount at 15.95 mg/g, followed by cooked food waste at 6.04 mg/g and vegetable peel at 2.60 mg/g. Both markets produced fish and seafood wastes with high phosphorus content. Additionally, vegetable and fruit peels in the retail fresh market have a higher phosphorus content compared to vegetable peels in the wholesale fresh market, with a difference of 0.2 mg P/g or 2.25 times. The retail markets offer a wider variety of vegetable and fruit peels, while wholesale markets only provide lettuce and Chinese cabbage peels. Thailand's main vegetable crops are lettuce and Chinese cabbage (DOA 2023 ), which are primarily distributed through wholesale markets. However, this distribution system results in a significant amount of waste from vegetable peels (Ortiz-Gonzalo et al. 2021 ). The cooked food waste obtained from the wholesale fresh market has a higher phosphorus content in comparison with the retail fresh market about 2.55 times. This is because the wholesale fresh market generates more cooked food waste with high protein content, especially from meat residue and with a greater number of shops and a greater variety of food types as well.

Following above studies, the largest proportion of food waste produced in fresh markets comprises of peels from fruits and vegetables which have high moisture (77–93%) and volatile solids contents (82–97%). The concentration of phosphorus (0.12–0.36 mg/g) and nitrogen (0.77–2.63 mg/g) in these peels varies by type.

Phosphorus flow of existing food waste management

The phosphorus flow of existing food waste management, including phosphorus recycle and loss within the retail and wholesale fresh markets, is presented in Figs. 3 and 4 , respectively. P recovery in this study means the properly utilized waste containing phosphorus, while P loss refers to the loss of valuable phosphorus due to unrecoverable food waste that undergoes disposal. In the retail market, 12.80 kg of phosphorus per day (P/d) are available, with 99% (12.78 kg P/d) generated from market stalls and the rest obtained from food courts. Unfortunately, 3.65 kg of phosphorus is lost daily due to landfill disposal, primarily from vegetable and fruit peels (2.63 kg P/d) mixed with general and pig skull waste (1.02 kg P/d). Waste containing P was able to recycle up to 71.48% (9.15 kg P/d) of waste in various ways. This includes 1.44 kg P/d of vegetable and fruit peels, which were composted to produce organic fertilizer in a composting plant. The fish and seafood waste of 7.69 kg P, along with 0.02 kg P of cooked food waste, are being repurposed as animal feed. Additionally, this practice has led to the recovery of 3339.75 kg of phosphorus annually. However, it is important to note that 1332.25 kg of phosphorus are lost each year.

P flows (kg P and %) and amount of food waste (kg) in retail fresh market

P flows (kg P and %) and amount of food waste (kg) in wholesale fresh market

In the wholesale fresh market, 40.79 kg/d of P is generated from food waste. The most of P in food waste comes from market stalls with 39.94 kg P/d (97.92%). The recycled P was used as animal feed of 20.07 kg P/d (49.20%). This included 5.65 kg P/d of vegetable peel, 3.12 kg P/d of corn husk, 1.10 kg P/d of pineapple crown, 0.08 kg P/d of pineapple waste, 1.17 kg P/d of jackfruit peel, 8.10 kg P/d of fish and seafood waste, and 0.85 kg P/d of cooked food waste. Over 50% of P is lost due to landfill disposal, including 20.12 kg P/d of vegetable peel, 0.46 kg P/d of corn and pineapple waste, and 0.14 kg P/d of watermelon waste. The main source of phosphorus loss in both retail and wholesale fresh markets is the combination of food waste with general waste, which cannot be reused or recycled for phosphorus. Sorted food waste can be used to recover phosphorus for fertilizer and animal feed to support the Bio-Circular-Green Economy in the community.

Economic evaluation of existing solid waste management in the market

Currently, waste that can be recycled is being reused for other productions such as animal feed, organic composting, and recycling processes. This waste management strategy generates revenue, reduces landfill area and disposal costs, and prevents environmental pollution. Table 2 displays the recyclable waste management of two markets and an economic evaluation of the revenue generated by selling those wastes. The evaluation is based on the amount of waste generated and the estimated daily income of both markets. The retail fresh market has implemented a method to manage recyclable waste by promoting and campaigning for separating waste at the source (stalls). Recyclable waste can be sorted into 13 types based on their selling price, accounting for 1509 kg/d and total benefit 198 USD/d as shown in Table  2 . Two types of food waste can be utilized for animal feed with market prize of 0.28 USD/kg, including fish and seafood waste weighing 1000 kg/d and cooked food waste weighing 60 kg/d. By utilizing these, it can earn an estimated daily income of approximately 292 USD/d and also can reduce amount of food waste to dispose in landfill about 1060 kg/d.

The wholesale fresh market can sort recyclable waste into six categories and encourage collaboration with sorting by vendors. The food waste is separated into seven different categories, totaling 63,557 kg/d with benefit 768 USD/d, while the recycling waste is 4564 kg/d and total benefit amounts to 359 USD/d. Currently, both markets are unable to recover all recyclable waste for use. If the market can improve waste separation in the future, daily revenue could increase by as much as 468–698 USD.

Evaluation of the feasibility of P recovery from P loss in food waste

The purpose of this study is to explore effective ways of managing food waste in order to reduce phosphorus loss. The feasibility of recovering phosphorus from food waste is evaluated through three different scenarios, which are compared against the cost of collecting and disposing solid waste, as illustrated in Tables 3 and 4 . Scenario 1 involves a process of segregating food waste from general waste and then selling it to farmers for use as animal feed. The estimated value of this process is calculated by multiplying the annual amount of each type of waste generated with the selling price of each type of waste in both markets. In Scenario 2, it is crucial to separate food waste and convert it into organic fertilizer by composting it along with green garbage and cattle dung. This mixed material is the way to adjust the C/N ratio of 25 and make it suitable for composting. It is essential to follow this process to ensure the successful conversion of food waste into organic fertilizer. The composting process yields fertilizer weighing 11% of the total food waste, with P concentration calculated following Keng et al. ( 2020 ). The income of these organic fertilizers was estimated from the market price of 82.5 USD/ton (Talang and Sirivithayapakorn 2022 ). Scenario 3 involves anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and other organic waste, such as wheat straw, rice straw, cow manure, or fresh cattle manure to produce concentrated P fertilizers. According to Pimpeach et al. ( 2023 ), the ratio of food waste to other organic waste can be controlled by maintaining a P concentration of 75–25 mg P/L and a C/N ratio ranging from 20 to 30, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15 days for calculating the amount of food waste required per 15 days or 1 cycle. After the treatment, the effluent is sedimented to produce concentrated P fertilizer about 8.64–12.13%, and the amount of phosphorus fertilizer generated per cycle is 0.153 kg/m 3 . To calculate the income generated from the sale of phosphorus fertilizer, multiply the average price of one year by 10.385% of P, which costs 0.72 USD/kg. (OAE 2023 ). The cost of landfilling food waste in Bangkok is estimated based on solid waste disposal costs for sanitary landfills at about 6.88 USD/m 3 (DOE 2021 ), and the cubic meter volume of food waste is calculated as the weight of food waste divided by the bulk density value. The value of benefit per year was calculated from the value of benefit per day multiplied by 365 days. All possible scenarios are demonstrated in Table  3 .

Based on Table  4 , it has been determined that scenario 1 provides the highest cost benefits for retail fresh market returns, amounting to 468 USD/d. On the other hand, scenario 2 is estimated to produce an annual return of approximately 2629 USD/d for the wholesale fresh market. In addition, it can save the cost of solid waste collection and disposal of around 190 and 6828 USD/d with 8408 and 129,059 kg/d of food waste for retail and wholesale markets. The third scenario is the least cost-effective in both markets and requires advanced technology and expert administration. When compared to organic fertilizers with the highest percentage of phosphorus, the concentration of phosphorus fertilizer is approximately eight times higher. Phosphorus fertilizer can be used to replace chemical fertilizers in similar quantities, unlike organic fertilizers that need to be used in large quantities. Also, phosphorus fertilizer is easy to store and transport and can save transportation costs. Scenario 3 can be considered as an alternative method to recover phosphorus to agriculture and minimize phosphorus losses in the future. However, the current data suggest that scenarios 1 and 2 are more practical for recovering phosphorus from food waste. These scenarios can assist decision-makers in upcycling waste for optimal benefits.

According to this study, food waste accounts for approximately 31–32% of the total waste generated in the market. Interestingly, almost all of it (99%) consist of uncooked food waste. To deal with this issue, the food waste was recovered through composting (11%) and animal feed method (49–60%), while the rest was sent to landfill. Similarly, Thongplew et al. ( 2022 ) found that 50.70% of waste in Donklang market in Ubon Ratchathani province was organic waste, which vendors repurposed for animal feed or composting. Non-recyclable waste was comprised 37.90% of the waste and was managed through landfill, while 11.30% of recyclable waste was partially recycled. The remaining waste was also sent to the landfill. So, Donklang market paid $190/month for waste disposal. Whereas, Aulinas Masó and Bonmatí Blasi ( 2008 ) studied municipal solid waste produced by local markets and found that food waste made up the largest proportion, accounting for about 90.90%.

The characteristics of food waste, such as bulk density, moisture, volatile solids, and nutrient concentration, are important for waste management and recovery methods (Dhalsamant et al. 2023 ). Organic food waste that has high carbon and volatile content can be composted to produce a high-carbon fertilizer with good stability. Additionally, anaerobic digestion can be employed to convert waste into biogas and release nutrients that are suitable for high-moisture waste such as food waste (Mayer et al. 2021 ). Recycling food waste is an absolute possibility through various methods, including the use of animal feed or organic fertilizer. This is due to the high humidity, VS value, and appropriate C/N ratio of food waste, which making it suitable for composting or anaerobic decomposition. However, before recycling food waste, it should be sorted to separate unsuitable food waste in composting and anaerobic digestion to ensure an efficient and effective recycling process.

In retail fresh markets, the cause of phosphorus loss is the insufficient separation of vegetable and fruit waste from general waste due to the lack of bucket waste. As a result, fruit and vegetable scraps accumulate for 1–2 days, making it difficult to segregate them. Moreover, the limited market space makes it challenging to manage waste effectively, and the collection process often relies on government agencies. Phosphorus (P) loss in wholesale fresh markets occurs primarily due to the traders' inability to segregate their waste effectively. This is because they fail to separate vegetable waste from general waste, resulting in significant losses. Despite the market management’s effort to provide bins and waste buckets throughout the market, traders have not cooperated adequately. It is crucial to implement other strategies to address this issue and prevent further losses. To address the issue of food waste management, markets should take preliminary action by allocating enough garbage containers or using machines to compress or cut food waste into small sizes so that it can be placed in adequate containers. Furthermore, it is crucial to provide knowledge, training, or public relations to make market traders aware of the importance of separating food waste. Cooperation in separating food waste must be demanded, and rules must be enforced to ensure that this happens. Finally, the food waste must be utilized within the market itself by making compost, biological fermentation products, and so on. It is a well-established fact that increasing the rate of food waste separation in both retail and wholesale markets leads to a significant increase in income. In fact, the income generated through this practice amounts to a whopping 170,820 USD/year and 254,770 USD/year in the retail and wholesale markets, respectively.

The study clearly concludes that the three methods yield the highest returns. One of the methods involves recovering food waste and phosphorus content by separating waste, which can be sold as animal feed. This simple method does not require modern equipment and only provides knowledge on how to separate waste. Composting, second method, is a highly effective method for recovering phosphorus, reducing waste, and it requires only a moderate amount of space, time, labor, and knowledge. The final method, despite its lower returns, is a highly advanced approach that enables the extraction and return of phosphorus in the form of fertilizer, which are readily usable and capable of replacing chemical fertilizers due to high phosphorus content. This technique may become an alternative for phosphorus recovery in the future.

Conclusions

The total amount of phosphorus in food waste including cooked and uncooked waste was 13,470 kg/d and 191,615 kg/d in the retail and wholesale markets, respectively. The current recycling rate of phosphorus from food waste is about 3.65 kg P/d and 20.07 kg P/d in retail and wholesale markets, respectively. Therefore, there is a loss of phosphorus of 9.15 kg P/d in the retail market and 20.72 kg P/d in the wholesale market. The highest amount of P loss occurred in fruit and vegetable peels, with 2.63 and 20.12 kg P/d in retail and wholesale fresh markets, respectively. Therefore, the three feasibility methods of phosphorus reuse and recovery from food waste loss were introduced: selling as animal feed, producing organic fertilizer, and creating concentrated P fertilizer. The method of selling as animal feed not only can be easily implemented with little investment but also immediately returns phosphorus to agricultural processes. The recommended organic fertilizer production yields 11% biodegradable food waste and 0.22% P content, meeting the organic fertilizer standards of the Department of Agriculture, Thailand. Concentrated P fertilizer contains a high percentage of readily available phosphorus of 8.64—12.13% that can replace chemical fertilizers as single superphosphate (8.8% P). The following scenarios could help in reducing the imported P fertilizer in the agricultural sector. Hence, it is crucial to recover and reuse the lost phosphorus flow from food waste streams in markets while improving business models and recycling technology. Decision-makers must consider critical information to effectively optimize waste upcycling benefits.

Data Availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

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Acknowledgements

This research project is supported by Mahidol University, Grant no. NDFR 48/2564 and National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT): NRCT5-RGJ63012-138. Moreover, this research work is supported in part by a grant from the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation. No relevant competing financial interests or personal relationships could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Finally, the authors would also like to thank Mr. Hassan Mohamad Beydoun from the Mahidol University, Office of International and Public Relations for his help editing this article.

Open access funding provided by Mahidol University. National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT),NRCT5-RGJ63012-138,Mahidol University,NDFR 48/2564

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Sunatthiya Mokjatturas: main investigator, collecting data, and analyzing data, discussion of research finding, and writing manuscript Sopa Chinwetkitvanich: discussion of research finding, and revising a manuscript Withida Patthanaissaranukool: discussion of research finding, and revising a manuscript Chongchin Polprasert: collecting data, and analyzing data, and discussion of research finding Supawadee Polprasert: corresponding author, analyzing data, discussion of research finding, writing manuscript, revising a manuscript, and responding to the comments of reviewers

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Mokjatturas, S., Chinwetkitvanich, S., Patthanaissaranukool, W. et al. Phosphorus mass flows and economic benefits of food waste management: the case study of selected retail and wholesale fresh markets in Thailand. Clean Techn Environ Policy (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02847-6

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Received : 12 December 2023

Accepted : 31 March 2024

Published : 21 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-024-02847-6

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