global politics and international relations css essay outline

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International Relations

Paper—1 (marks-100) i. introduction § the definition and scope of international relations. § the nation-state system § evolution of international society ii. theories and approaches § the classical approaches-realism and idealism § the scientific revolution-behavioral approach, system approach, § neo-realism, neo-liberalism. § post-modernism, critical theory, feminism, constructivism iii. international political security. § conceptualization of security in the twenty-first century § power. elements of national power § balance of power § foreign policy: determinants, decision making and analysis § sovereignty § national interest iv. strategic approach to international relation. § war: causation of war, total war, limited war, asymmetric warfare, civil war, guerilla war § strategic culture: determinants of pakistani strategic culture. § deterrence: theory and practice with special reference to nuclear india and pakistan v . international political economy. § theories in ipe: mercantilism, economic liberalism, and neo- marxism § theories of imperialism, dependence and interdependence v i. international political community. § nationalism § internationalism § globalization v ii. approaches to peace § diplomacy § international law § arms control /disarmament and nuclear non proliferation regime v iii. international political institution § united nations § international monetary fund (imf) § world bank § international court of justice paper- ii marks-100 i. international relation between two wars § russian revolution, fascism, league of nations, second world war ii. cold war § decolonization in asia and africa. § rise of united states and soviet union, § era of tight bipolarity, détente and loose bipolarity, revival of cold w ar iii. post cold war § end of history, clash of civilization, terrorism, globalization, unipolarity new world order iv. international and regional organizations § league of nation, united nations, regional organizations, eu, asean, nafta, saarc, sco, oic, eco, wto. § reforms in the united nations, world bank and the imf v . foreign policy of selected countries § usa, russia, china, uk, india, pakistan and eu v i. south asia § peace-making and peace-building in south asia: analytical overview of peace processes between/among the states of south asia especially between india and pakistan. § india and pakistan: overview of agreements and accords, indus water treaty; composite dialogue; sir creek & siachen border, visa and people to people contact; trade; and role of civil society § afghanistan: cold war theatre; soviet invasion mujahedeen; geneva accord; post cold war situation—rise of taliban, al-qeada & 9/11; operation enduring freedom; the bonn process- withdrawal v ii. weapons of mass destruction § proliferation of nuclear weapons § nuclear weapon states- programs and postures: indian-pakistan nuclear doctrines § nuclear non –proliferation regime: international atomic energy agency, nuclear non- proliferation treaty; nuclear supplier group; partial test ban treaty; comprehensive test ban treaty; fissile material cut-off treaty § challenges of non-proliferation, nuclear civil deal regime § the missile defence systems and their impact on global strategic environment § militarization and weaponization of space. v iii. contemporary issues § indian ocean and pacific ocean; great powers moves and hegemony § kashmir issue § palestine issue s uggested readings.

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CSS International Relations (IR) Paper-I 2024

• March 3, 2024
• CSS Past Papers 2024

Here, you will find the CSS International Relations (IR) Paper-I 2024. You can view or download this CSS International Relations (IR) Paper-I 2024. The IR paper-I of CSS was held on 03-03-2024.

International Relations (IR) Paper-I for CSS 2024

Q2. How does the definition and scope of international relations evolve in light of the ongoing war situations in Ukraine and Palestine? What insights do these conflicts my, into the complexities of global diplomatic, political, and socio-economic interactions?

Q3. How do the thoughts of Woodrow Wilson, Norman Angell, and Alfred Zimmern contribute to the development of Liberal Internationalism? Analyze and discuss various aspects of Liberal Internationalism , considering the perspectives of these thinkers and examining their respective beliefs on global governance, peace, and cooperation.

View IR paper-I solved MCQ paper here.

Q4. Is the financial support provided by the IMF truly a “debt trap,” as some argue, or does it serve as a supportive mechanism for the economic recovery of impoverished nations? Through a comprehensive analysis, evaluate the impacts of IMF assistance on the financial health of recipient countries, considering both the criticisms and the supportive stance. Conclude with a bold and clear position on the role of IMF in economic recovery of poor nations.

Q5. How do you define Climate Change and Global Warming, What concrete evidence supports the assertion that the climate is undergoing change? Analyze the scientific discourse surrounding human-induced climate change, exploring the role of human activities in this phenomenon. Provide thoughtful suggestions for securing the climate on planet Earth, considering both individual and collective actions.

View CSS International Relations (IR) Notes & Study Material

Q6. How have the dynamics of Pakistan-Iran relations transformed in the aftermath of targeting terrorist hideouts in each other’s territories? What are the potential future implications based on the Realist School of Thought? Analyze the shifts in the relationship, considering geopolitical factors, national interest, and power dynamics, and evaluate the potential consequences according to realist principles.

Q7. Under the Taliban rule, Afghanistan has not secured global political recognition. What faders contribute to this failure on the international stage? How have the Taliban’s policies, particularly in areas such as non-cooperation with international community, human rights and governance , impacted the reluctance of the international community to recognize the government?

Q8. How does the United Nations, often criticized as a failed world body with a biased and undemocratic Security Council? Justify its actions or lack thereof in the context of war in Gaza?

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CSS International Relations Complete Guide With Preparation Material

Download the latest notes, handouts, and preparatory material for the CSS International Relations. The updated preparation material is according to the revised syllabus.

CSS International Relations is an optional subject in CSS. It is one of the optional subjects from Group-I.

CSS International Relations is a 200-mark exam of this competitive examination. The syllabus is divided into two papers; Paper-I (100 Marks), and Paper II (100 Marks).

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Global Politics and International Relations. (Outline, CSS-2022)

  I. Introduction

A. Definition and Scope of Global Politics

B. Importance of International Relations

II. Historical Context

A. Emergence of the Westphalian System

B. Colonialism and Its Impact on Global Politics

C. Post-World War II International Order

III. Key Theories and Concepts

B. Liberalism

C. Constructivism

E. Power and Balance of Power

F. Sovereignty and Statehood

G. Global Governance and Institutions

IV. Actors in Global Politics

A. Nation-States

B. International Organizations (e.g., United Nations, World Trade Organization)

C. Non-State Actors (e.g., Non-Governmental Organizations, Multinational Corporations)

D. Supranational Organizations (e.g., European Union)

V. Global Challenges and Issues

A. Security and Conflict

1. Case study: The Syrian Civil War and its implications for regional and global security

B. Globalization and Economic Interdependence

1. Case study: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global trade and supply chains

C. Climate Change and Environmental Concerns

1. Case study: The Paris Agreement and global efforts to combat climate change

D. Human Rights and Humanitarian Interventions

1. Case study: The Rohingya crisis and the role of international community in addressing human rights violations

E. Cybersecurity and Digital Governance

1. Case study: The implications of cyber warfare and international norms in cyberspace

VI. Regional Dynamics

A. Regional Organizations (e.g., ASEAN, African Union)

1. Comparative analysis: Regional integration in ASEAN and the European Union

B. Regional Conflicts and Peacekeeping Efforts

1. Case study: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and international efforts for peace

C. Regional Economic Integration

1. Case study: The impact of Brexit on the European Union and global trade dynamics

VII. Global Power Relations

A. United States as a Superpower

1. Analysis of U.S. foreign policy under different administrations

B. Rise of China and the Shifting Power Balance

1. Comparative analysis: The Belt and Road Initiative and China's growing influence in developing countries

C. Role of Emerging Powers (e.g., India, Brazil, Russia)

1. Examination of BRICS cooperation and the influence of emerging powers on global governance

D. Global South and North-South Relations

1. Case study: The Group of 77 and its role in advancing the interests of developing countries

VIII. Globalization and Its Impact

A. Economic Globalization

1. Analysis of global trade patterns and the impact of protectionism

B. Cultural Globalization

1. Case study: The influence of Western media and cultural imperialism debates

C. Political Implications of Globalization

1. Examination of the rise of populism and nationalist movements in response to globalization

IX. Contemporary Issues and Debates

A. Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control

1. Case study: The Iran nuclear deal and its implications for regional and global security

B. Terrorism and Counterterrorism

1. Analysis of international efforts to combat terrorism and the challenges faced

C. Nationalism and Populism

1. Comparative analysis: The impact of nationalist movements in different regions

D. Migration and Refugee Crisis

Revised Comprehensive Outline of Global Politics and International Relations (Continued)

1. Case study: The European migrant crisis and its impact on regional and global dynamics

E. Trade Wars and Protectionism

1. Analysis of trade disputes between major economies and their consequences for global trade

X. Future of Global Politics

A. Rise of Multilateralism or Retreat to Nationalism?

1. Assessment of the prospects for multilateral cooperation in addressing global challenges

B. Technological Advancements and Their Implications

1. Examination of the impact of emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, cyber warfare) on international relations

C. Global Power Shifts and New Alliances

1. Analysis of evolving alliances and partnerships in response to changing global power dynamics

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Global Politics and International Relations

Pathway of Politics (BA (Hons))

Application options include:

Course Overview

The rise of China as a superpower, the storming of the US Capitol, the international responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, COP26 and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. What ties all these events together? Our BA Global Politics and International Relations provides you with the knowledge and skills you need to give an answer to this and many more questions that are at the heart of concerns about international politics today.

The course focuses on political changes that are sweeping the globe, transforming politics across countries and regions, as well as relations between states in the international system. Yet today is not the first time in human history that global political relations have undergone such extensive change, and an important aspect of the degree is the goal of understanding this history, and particularly the history of the modern world. Without this political-historical understanding, we cannot make sense of the momentous developments we see around us.

On this course you will receive a grounding in the key concepts and theories that inform the study of global politics and international relations. You will study the core institutions and processes of the international political and economic system, as well as the challenges that are posed by the central political problems of the present, including climate change, transformations in the nature of warfare, as well as social conflicts and exclusions centred around class, gender and race.  

Our academics are outstanding researchers in the fields of international relations, international political economy, political and historical sociology, political theory, public policy, and the study of countries and regions such as Britain, China, the USA, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and East Asia. They publish their research in major academic journals and widely read books. In other words, you are taught on the basis of new knowledge generated by our academics, who engage not only with the wider public by publishing articles in newspapers, contributing to TV and radio programmes, and writing blogs on political analysis websites, but also engage with politicians and others who play a key role in today’s political landscape.  

If you opt for the Foundation Year route, this will fully prepare you for undergraduate study. It is ideal if you are returning to study after a gap, or if you have not previously studied the relevant subjects, or if you didn't achieve the grades you need for a place on your chosen undergraduate degree. 

Discover the career opportunities available by taking Global Politics and International Relations (BA (Hons)).

Key information and modules

Global politics and international relations ba (hons): 3 years full-time, on campus, starting october 2024.

Central London

Global Politics and International Relations BA (Hons): 4 years part-time, on campus, starting October 2024

Global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 4 years full-time, on campus, starting october 2024, global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 6 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2024, global politics and international relations ba (hons): 3 years full-time, on campus, starting october 2025, global politics and international relations ba (hons): 4 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2025.

Applications open in October 2024

Global Politics and International Relations with Foundation Year BA (Hons): 4 years full-time, on campus, starting October 2025

Global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 6 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2025, other pathways for politics (ba (hons)).

This course has additional Pathways to offer you the chance to specialise depending on your interests and career goals.

• Politics and Language (French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish) (BA (Hons))
• Global Politics and Language (French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish) (BA (Hons))

Find another course:

• Birkbeck is a distinguished centre of research and teaching excellence in politics. Our central London location puts us at the heart of the UK's political life and at the centre of academic London.
• We have built up a strong reputation over more than 50 years for the excellence of our teaching and the international significance of our research in politics.
• Some of the world’s most famous libraries are on our doorstep in Bloomsbury, central London, and you can walk down to Whitehall, where Parliament and the UK’s most influential and important think-tanks and centres of political research and analysis are located.
• Our building was once a key location for members of the Bloomsbury Group, so you could be studying in rooms that have hosted distinguished visitors, including T.S. Eliot, George Bernard Shaw and Maynard Keynes.
• Our courses are designed to encourage independent thinking and hone your argumentative, analytical and critical skills, while our teaching uniquely moves across the boundaries between subjects, encompassing, among others, economics, history and sociology.

Birkbeck makes all reasonable efforts to deliver educational services, modules and programmes of study as described on our website. In the event that there are material changes to our offering (for example, due to matters beyond our control), we will update applicant and student facing information as quickly as possible and offer alternatives to applicants, offer-holders and current students.

Entry Requirements

We welcome applicants without traditional entry qualifications as we base decisions on our own assessment of qualifications, knowledge and previous work experience. We may waive formal entry requirements based on judgement of academic potential.

UCAS tariff points

• 3 years full-time: 96-128 points (e.g. A-levels CCC-ABB)
• 4 years full-time with Foundation Year: 48 points 

The UCAS tariff score is applicable to you if you have recently studied a qualification that has a UCAS tariff equivalence. UCAS provides a tariff calculator for you to work out what your qualification is worth within the UCAS tariff.

Foundation year degrees

Our 'with Foundation Year' route is designed to give you extra support as it provides you with an additional year (full-time) or two years (part-time) of supported study. This is an ideal route if you are returning to study after a gap, or if you have not previously studied this subject, or if you did not achieve the grades you need for a place on this degree. 

Once you successfully complete your Foundation Year studies, you will automatically advance onto the main degree. 

Alternative entry routes

We accept an Access to Higher Education Diploma with a minimum of 15 credits achieved at Merit or Distinction in humanities or social science units.

Students achieving more than 50% in modules taken as part of Birkbeck’s Certificate of Higher Education in Politics and International Studies are normally given entry to the degree, and the modules taken can be credited to the degree.

English language requirements

If English is not your first language or you have not previously studied in English, our usual requirement is the equivalent of an International English Language Testing System (IELTS Academic Test) score of 6.5, with not less than 6.0 in each of the sub-tests.  We also accept other English language tests .

If you don’t meet the minimum English language requirements,  please contact us  or see our  international study skills page  for more details of how we can help.

Visit the International section of our website to find out more about our  English language entry requirements and relevant requirements by country .

Visa and funding requirements

If you are not from the UK and you do not already have residency here, you may need to apply for a visa.

The visa you apply for varies according to the length of your course:

• Courses of more than six months' duration: Student visa
• Courses of less than six months' duration: Standard Visitor visa

International students who require a Student visa should apply for our full-time courses as these qualify for Student visa sponsorship. If you are living in the UK on a Student visa, you will not be eligible to enrol as a student on Birkbeck's part-time courses (with the exception of some modules).

For full information, read our visa information for international students page .

Please also visit the international section of our website to find out more about relevant visa and funding requirements by country .

Please note students receiving US Federal Aid are only able to apply for in-person, on-campus programmes which will have no elements of online study.

Credits and accredited prior learning (APL)

If you have studied at university (or have an HND or Foundation Degree), you may have accumulated credits through the modules you studied. It may be possible to transfer these credits from your previous study to Birkbeck or another institution.

Global Politics and International Relations BA (Hons): 4 years part-time, on campus, starting in academic year 2024-25 or 2025-26

Academic year 2024–25, starting october 2024.

Part-time home students: £6,935 per year Part-time international students : £13,215 per year

Academic year 2025–26, starting October 2025

To be confirmed

Global Politics and International Relations BA (Hons): 3 years full-time, on campus, starting in academic year 2024-25 or 2025-26

Full-time home students: £9,250 per year Full-time international students: £17,620 per year

Global Politics and International Relations with Foundation Year BA (Hons): 4 years full-time, on campus, starting in academic year 2024-25 or 2025-26

Global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 6 years part-time, on campus, starting in academic year 2024-25 or 2025-26.

Part-time home students, Year 1&2: £4,625 per year Part-time international students , Year 1&2: £8,810 per year Part-time home students, Year 3+: £6,935 per year Part-time international students , Year 3+: £12,615 per year

Students are charged a tuition fee in each year of their course. Tuition fees for students continuing on their course in following years may be subject to annual inflationary increases. For more information, please see the College Fees Policy .

If you’ve studied at Birkbeck before and successfully completed an award with us, take advantage of our Lifelong Learning Guarantee to gain a discount on the tuition fee of this course.

Tuition fee and maintenance loans

Eligible full-time and part-time students from the UK don’t have to pay any tuition fees upfront, as government loans are available to cover them.

Maintenance loans are also available for eligible full-time and part-time UK students, to assist with covering living costs, such as accommodation, food, travel, books and study materials. The amount you receive is means-tested and depends on where you live and study and your household income.

Find out more about tuition fee and maintenance loans for full-time and part-time students at Birkbeck.

Discover the financial support available to you to help with your studies at Birkbeck.

International scholarships

We provide a range of scholarships for eligible international students, including our Global Future Scholarship. Discover if you are eligible for a scholarship .

At Birkbeck, most of our courses are taught in the evening and all of our teaching is designed to support students who are juggling evening study with work and other commitments. We actively encourage innovative and engaging ways of teaching, to ensure our students have the best learning experience.

Teaching may include formal lectures, seminars, and practical classes and tutorials. Formal lectures are used in most degree programmes to give an overview of a particular field of study. They aim to provide the stimulus and the starting point for deeper exploration of the subject during your own personal reading. Seminars give you the chance to explore a specific aspect of your subject in depth and to discuss and exchange ideas with fellow students. They typically require preparatory study.

In addition, you will have access to pastoral support via a named Personal Tutor.

Methods of teaching on this course

Lectures and seminars.

Teaching hours

Our evening hours are normally between 6pm and 9pm (6-7.30pm and 7.30-9pm). Some programmes also offer teaching during the day and this will be clearly signposted to you where it is available.

On our taught courses, you will have scheduled teaching and study sessions each year. Scheduled teaching sessions may include lectures, seminars, workshops or laboratory work. Depending on the modules you take, you may also have additional scheduled academic activities, such as tutorials, dissertation supervision, practical classes, visits and field trips. On our taught courses, the actual amount of time you spend in the classroom and in contact with your lecturers will depend on your course, the option modules you select and when you undertake your final-year project (if applicable).

Alongside your contact hours, you will also undertake assessment activities and independent learning outside of class. The amount of time you need to allocate to study both for taught sessions (this might include online sessions and/or in-person sessions) and personal study will depend on how much you are studying during the year and whether you are studying full time or part time.

Birkbeck’s courses are made up of modules and allocated ‘credit’. One credit is equivalent to ten hours of learning time. Modules are usually in 15, 30 or 60 credit units. A 15-credit module will mean around 150 hours of learning, including taught sessions and independent study or group work. This is spread out over the whole period of that module and includes the time you spend on any assessments, including in examinations, preparing and writing assessments or engaged in practical work as well as any study support sessions to help you in your learning.

On our distance-learning and blended-learning courses, discussion, collaboration and interaction with your lecturers and fellow students is encouraged and enabled through various learning technologies.

Timetables are usually available from September onwards and you can access your personalised timetable via your My Birkbeck Profile online (if you have been invited to enrol).

Indicative class size

Class sizes vary, depending on your course, the module you are undertaking, and the method of teaching. For example, lectures are presented to larger groups, whereas seminars usually consist of small, interactive groups led by a tutor.

Independent learning

On our taught courses, much of your time outside of class will be spent on self-directed, independent learning, including preparing for classes and following up afterwards. This will usually include, but is not limited to, reading books and journal articles, undertaking research, working on coursework and assignments, and preparing for presentations and assessments.

Independent learning is absolutely vital to your success as a student. Everyone is different, and the study time required varies topic by topic, but, as a guide, expect to schedule up to five hours of self-study for each hour of teaching.

Study skills and additional support

Birkbeck offers study and learning support to undergraduate and postgraduate students to help them succeed. Our Learning Development Service can help you in the following areas:

• academic skills (including planning your workload, research, writing, exam preparation and writing a dissertation)
• written English (including structure, punctuation and grammar)
• numerical skills (basic mathematics and statistics).

Our Disability and Dyslexia Service can support you if you have additional learning needs resulting from a disability or from dyslexia.

Our Counselling Service can support you if you are struggling with emotional or psychological difficulties during your studies.

Our Mental Health Advisory Service can support you if you are experiencing short- or long-term mental health difficulties during your studies.

Assessment is an integral part of your university studies and usually consists of a combination of coursework and examinations, although this will vary from course to course - on some of our courses, assessment is entirely by coursework. The methods of assessment on this course are specified below under 'Methods of assessment on this course'. You will need to allow time to complete coursework and prepare for exams.

Where a course has unseen written examinations, these may be held termly, but, on the majority of our courses, exams are usually taken in the Summer term, during May to June. Exams may be held at other times of the year as well. In most cases, exams are held during the day on a weekday - if you have daytime commitments, you will need to make arrangements for daytime attendance - but some exams are held in the evening. Exam timetables are published online.

Find out more about assessment at Birkbeck, including guidance on assessment, feedback and our assessment offences policy.

Methods of assessment on this course

Coursework and examination.

Careers and employability

Graduates can pursue career paths in national and international government, pressure groups, journalism and research. Possible professions include:

• civil service fast-streamer
• diplomatic services operational officer
• social researcher.

We offer a comprehensive careers service - Careers and Enterprise - your career partner during your time at Birkbeck and beyond. At every stage of your career journey, we empower you to take ownership of your future, helping you to make the connection between your experience, education and future ambitions.

You apply via UCAS for our full-time undergraduate courses or directly to Birkbeck for our part-time undergraduate courses.

Full-time (UCAS entry)

If you are applying for a full-time undergraduate course at Birkbeck, you have to apply through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS). To apply, go to the UCAS website and click on ‘Sign in’. You will have to register, giving UCAS a few personal details, including your name, address and date of birth, and then you can start working on your application.

The first UCAS deadline is in January, and the majority of university applications through UCAS are made by then. Find the exact deadline date on the UCAS website . We welcome applications outside of the UCAS deadlines, so you can still apply through UCAS after the January deadline, depending on the availability of places. We also take late applications via the UCAS Clearing system in August.

If you are applying for a part-time undergraduate course (4 or 6 year), you apply directly to Birkbeck by using the Apply now button. You will need to prove your identity when you apply - read more about suitable forms of identification .

You apply directly to Birkbeck for this course, using the online application link. Please note that online application will open in September.

When to apply

You are strongly advised to apply now , to ensure there are still places on your chosen course and to give you enough time to complete the admissions process, to arrange funding and to enrol.

You don't need to complete your current programme of study before you apply - Birkbeck can offer you a place that is conditional on your results.

You will also receive information about subject-specific induction sessions over the summer.

Help and advice with your application

Get all the information you need about the application, admission and enrolment process at Birkbeck.

Our online personal statement tool will guide you through every step of writing the personal statement part of your application.

Apply for your course

Apply for your course using the apply now button in the key information section .

Other pathways for Politics (BA (Hons))

Course structure, course structure listing, course structure and modules for global politics and international relations ba (hons): 4 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2024.

You must complete modules worth a total of 360 credits.

• Year 1: two compulsory modules and a Level 4 option module
• Year 2: two compulsory modules and a Level 5 option module
• Year 3: one compulsory module, a Level 5 option module and a Level 6 option module
• Year 4: two compulsory modules and a Level 6 option module or dissertation

Year 1 compulsory modules

• Foundations of Social and Political Science
• Introduction to Global Politics

Year 2 compulsory modules

• Governing by Numbers (Level 5)
• Transformations in Modern Politics: Democracy, Conflict and Globalisation

Year 3 compulsory module

• International Relations and Foreign Policy

Year 4 compulsory modules

• Doing Political Research
• War and Modern Society

Indicative Level 4 option module

• Comparative Government

Indicative Level 5 option modules

• Contemporary British Politics
• Digital Politics
• Food, Politics, and the City
• The Holocaust's Shadow: Germany and the Jews, 1871 to the present

Indicative Level 6 option modules

• Parliamentary Studies
• Social and Political Theory
• The European Union Polity

BA Global Politics and International Relations dissertation

• Dissertation BA Global Politics and International Relations

Please note that not all option modules are available every year and option modules are subject to change. Please check with the department which option modules will be available for your year of study.

Course structure and modules for Global Politics and International Relations BA (Hons): 3 years full-time, on campus, starting October 2024

• Year 1: three compulsory modules and a Level 4 option module
• Year 2: two compulsory modules and two Level 5 option modules
• Year 3: two compulsory modules and two Level 6 option modules or one Level 6 option module and a dissertation

Year 3 compulsory modules

Course structure and modules for global politics and international relations ba (hons): 4 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2025.

• Comparative European Politics: Europeanisation, Contestation, Integration

Course structure and modules for Global Politics and International Relations BA (Hons): 3 years full-time, on campus, starting October 2025

Course structure and modules for global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 4 years full-time, on campus, starting october 2024.

For the Foundation Year, you take three core modules and an option module to a total of 120 credits.

If you successfully complete the year, you will automatically advance on to the three-year, full-time, evening study BA Global Politics and International Relations .

Foundation Year core modules

• Breaking Boundaries of Knowledge
• Crossing Borders
• Fundamentals of Study

Foundation Year option modules

• Contemporary Global Issues: Approaches in Social Science, History and Philosophy
• French 3 (Level 4)
• French 4 (Level 4)
• German 3 (Level 4)
• German 4 (Level 4)
• Italian 3 (Level 4)
• Italian 4 (Level 4)
• Japanese 3 (Level 4)
• Japanese 4 (Level 4)
• Spanish 3 (Level 4)
• Spanish 4 (Level 4)

Course structure and modules for Global Politics and International Relations with Foundation Year BA (Hons): 6 years part-time, on campus, starting October 2024

Our part-time Foundation Year degrees allow you to spread out your Foundation Year studies over two years. As the 'Foundation Year' is made up of 120 credits, as a part-time student you can take 60 credits in each of your first and second years before starting the main four-year BA Global Politics and International Relations. This means that you can take six years to complete the part-time degree with Foundation Year.

You take two core modules in Foundation Year 1 and a core and option module in Foundation Year 2.

If you successfully complete these modules, you will automatically advance on to the four-year, part-time, evening study  BA Global Politics and International Relations .

Foundation Year 1 core modules

Foundation year 2 core module, foundation year 2 option modules, course structure and modules for global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 4 years full-time, on campus, starting october 2025, course structure and modules for global politics and international relations with foundation year ba (hons): 6 years part-time, on campus, starting october 2025.

GLOBAL POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

I. Introduction A. Definition and scope of global politics (interconnectedness of national and international politics) and international relations (interaction between states and non-state actors) B. Significance and relevance in contemporary society C. Brief overview of key points to be discussed

II. Historical Perspective A. Evolution of global politics from ancient to modern times B. Major historical events shaping international relations C. Impact of historical conflicts and alliances on the current global landscape

III. Theoretical Frameworks in International Relations A. Realism 1. Explanation of realism and its key tenets 2. Examples of realist perspectives in global politics (e.g., balance of power) B. Liberalism 1. Explanation of liberalist principles 2. Application of liberalist ideas in international relations (e.g., international institutions) C. Constructivism 1. Overview of constructivist theories 2. Instances where constructivism influences global politics (e.g., identity politics)

IV. Key Actors in Global Politics A. Nation-States 1. Role of nation-states in international relations 2. Examples of nation-states impacting global policies B. International Organizations 1. Functions and significance of organizations like the UN, NATO, etc. 2. Case studies of international organizations resolving conflicts C. Non-State Actors 1. Influence of non-state actors (NGOs, multinational corporations, etc.) 2. Impact on global politics (e.g., climate change activism, economic policies)

V. Contemporary Global Issues A. Security Challenges 1. Terrorism and extremism 2. Cybersecurity threats B. Economic Interdependence 1. Global trade and economic policies 2. Impact of economic interdependence on international relations C. Environmental Concerns 1. Climate change and its global implications 2. International efforts to address environmental issues D. Humanitarian Crises 1. Refugee crises and displaced populations 2. International responses to humanitarian emergencies

VI. Case Studies A. Cold War Era 1. Overview of the Cold War and its impact on global politics 2. Lessons learned from the Cold War for current international relations B. Conflict Resolution 1. Successful examples of conflict resolution in global politics 2. Factors contributing to successful resolution

VII. Challenges and Future Prospects A. Current Challenges in Global Politics 1. Identified obstacles in achieving global cooperation 2. Issues hindering effective international relations B. Future Trends and Possibilities 1. Predictions for the future of global politics 2. Potential avenues for improved international relations

VIII. Conclusion A. Recap of main points discussed B. Emphasize the importance of global politics and international relations C. Final thoughts on the future of global politics and international cooperation

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Environment

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Truth and Reason

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• Truth is lived not taught. (CSS 2019)
• Of all the needs a book has, the chief need is that it be readable. (CSS 2002)
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Morality/ Principles

• Art and Morality. (CSS 2002)
• There comes a time to put aside principles and do what is right. (CSS 2006)
• Moral depravity is the root cause of poverty. (CSS 2008)

Global Issues & International Relations

• Moral standards in international relations. (CSS 2000)
• World scenario in 21st century and Pakistan’s role in it. (CSS 2002)
• The end of cheap oil. (CSS 2004)
• Globalization and electronic media. (CSS 2007)
• The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs. (CSS 2010)
• The time we live in is the winter of the world. (CSS 2011)
• Brexit means globalization is the rhetoric of the privileged, and capitalism will return ferociously as ever. (CSS 2017)
• Modernity is an unending project. (CSS 2017)
• China – Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Socio-economic Implications for the Region and the World. (CSS 2018)
• Pakistan and the future of Kashmir cause. (CSS 2020)
• Global power dynamics and Pakistan’s foreign policy. (CSS 2020)
• Global trade and trade policies of China. (CSS 2022)
• Global politics and international relations. (CSS 2022)
• World food systems: the economics of agriculture. (CSS 2022)

Science and Technology

• Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to the economic prosperity of a country. (CSS 2000)
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• Labor saving devices are more troublesome than they are worth. (CSS 2015)
• Expanding information technology: a curse or blessing. (CSS 2019)
• Is Pakistan ready for the digital revolution? (CSS 2020)
• Covid-19 — A wake up call for Pakistani researches. (CSS 2021)
• Human inventions move societies backward. (CSS 2021)
• On tolerance. (CSS 2001)
• Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change. (CSS 2003)
• Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent. (CSS 2014)
• Power of Media in the Modern World. (CSS 2009)
• The emerging power of Social Media: Prospects and Problems. (CSS 2018)

War/ Peace/ Globalization

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• Great nations win without fighting. (CSS 2014)
• World as a global village: Learning to live together. (CSS 2016)
• Are modern wars not holy wars? (CSS 2017)
• Pros and cons of globalization. (CSS 2021)
• Intercultural communication is a panacea to avoid third world war. (CSS 2021)
• An analysis of the concept of globalization of markets. (CSS 2022)

Democracy/ Governance/ Administration / Crisis / Tourism

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• Devolution of power in Pakistan. (CSS 2001)
• The future of democracy in Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
• The food crisis: problems, challenges and opportunities for Pakistan. (CSS 2009)
• Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management. (CSS 2010)
• Disaster management and government preparedness. (CSS 2011)
• Democracy is a culture rather than a process. (CSS 2012)
• In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence. (CSS 2015)
• Crisis of good governance in Pakistan: Need for reforms and institution building. (CSS 2016)
• Democracy in Pakistan: Hopes and Hurdles. (CSS 2018)
• Democracy and illiteracy do not move together. (CSS 2019)
• Promoting tourism in Pakistan: opportunities and challenges. (CSS 2020)
• Digital democracy: social media and political participation. (CSS 2022)
• Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive, easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. (CSS 2000)
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• Higher Science Education in the developing countries. (CSS 2002)
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• Reforms in Examination systems. (CSS 2005)
• The present system of Education must assume some of the responsibilities of our failure. (CSS 2007)
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National Integration

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Bureaucracy

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• Frailty, thy name is woman. (CSS 2016)
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• Self-conceit may lead to self destruction. (CSS 2001)
• Attitude of indifference. (CSS 2003)
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• Dreams for the future rely on the work of today. (CSS 2008)
• Health is not a condition of matter, but of mind. (CSS 2009)
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• We have to learn to be our own best friends, because we fall too easily into the trap of being our own worst enemies. (CSS 2016)
• Is colonial mentality impeding Pakistan’s progress? (CSS 2016)
• Ideologies thrive on notions of resistance, yet change is a simulation. (CSS 2017)
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Nuclear Politics

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• The more developed a country, the more leathly it is armed. (CSS 2007)
• International crisis of Terrorism. (CSS 2002)
• Terrorism as a new threat to the contemporary world. (CSS 2007)
• Pakistan’s War on terror and its impact on our psyche and politic socio-economic fronts. (CSS 2009)
• How is terrorism and its perception shaped by the Mass Media? (CSS 2022)

Art/ Literature/ Poetry

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• Art Critics and reviewers. (CSS 2003)
• Humour in Urdu Literature (CSS 2006)
• Poetry is the highest form of expression – the greatest proof is the Holy Quran. (CSS 2008)
• Literature is the best criticism of life. (CSS 2010)
• Literature as a great cultural artifact. (CSS 2014)
• Language is a fit data for research in humanities and social science. (CSS 2014)
• Can meaning be fixed? (CSS 2014)
• The place of Urdu in Pakistan and Supreme Court’s ruling on making Urdu the official language of the country. 2016
• Literature is a lonely planet of idealists. (CSS 2017)
• Art for peace. (CSS 2019)
• Do we really need literature in our lives? (CSS 2020)

Literary/ Philosophy

• It is not only fine feathers that make fine birds. (CSS 2001)
• Existentialism. (CSS 2003)
• Liberalism (CSS 2006)
• Brain, like hearts, go where they are appreciated. (CSS 2006, 2012)
• There is no great genius without a mixture of madness. (CSS 2009)
• Beggars can’t be choosers. (CSS 2012)
• If gold rusts what shall the iron do. (CSS 2013)
• Anticipation is often greater than realization. (CSS 2015)
• Sometimes we do not see what we see. (CSS 2019)
• I fall upon the thorns of life I bleed. (CSS 2021)
• Imagination is more important than knowledge. (CSS 2022)

Diversity/ Freedom

• Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism. (CSS 2010)
• Free speech should have limitations. (CSS 2013)
• I disapprove of what you say, but I defend to death your right to say. (CSS 2015)
• I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it. (CSS 2020)

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POLIS 1102 - Introduction to Global Politics

North terrace campus - semester 2 - 2024, course details.

Course Staff

Course Coordinator: Associate Professor Benito Cao

Course Timetable

The full timetable of all activities for this course can be accessed from Course Planner .

Course Learning Outcomes

University Graduate Attributes

This course will provide students with an opportunity to develop the Graduate Attribute(s) specified below:

Required Resources

Recommended resources, online learning, learning & teaching modes.

The information below is provided as a guide to assist students in engaging appropriately with the course requirements.

Learning Activities Summary

Specific Course Requirements

Assessment summary.

Assessment Related Requirements

Assessment detail.

• Essays must be submitted electronically, through Turnitin. The relevant link will be available on MyUni.
• Late essays without an approved extension will be penalised at the rate of 2% (2 marks) per day.
• There is a cut-off period of 7 days (including weekends and public holidays), after which late submissions without a formal extension will not be accepted/marked. In the case of late submissions with a formal extension approved, the cut-off date is 7 days (including weekends and public holidays) from the revised due date, at 11:59pm.

Course Grading

Grades for your performance in this course will be awarded in accordance with the following scheme:

Further details of the grades/results can be obtained from Examinations .

Grade Descriptors are available which provide a general guide to the standard of work that is expected at each grade level. More information at Assessment for Coursework Programs .

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Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation

• Maleeha Sattar
• August 26, 2023
• CSS , CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays , Current Affairs , Pakistan's Domestic Affairs , Pakistan's External Affairs , PMS , PMS Essays
• 44026 Views

CSS 2022 Solved Essay | Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation | CSS and PMS Solved Essays by Sir Syed Kazim Ali Students

Maleeha Sattar has attempted the essay “ Digital Democracy: Social Media and Public Participation ” on the given pattern, which Sir  Syed Kazim Ali  teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

1- Introduction

• ✓Technology, indeed, advancing and improving worldwide with its diverse field of novelty
• ✓Forming digital spaces, like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, etc., broadly encouraging the politically aware public to articulate their views openly while experiencing their freedom of expression right
• ✓Public participation changing the picture of democracy by making it more digital and strengthening it via using social media platforms across the globe
• ✓Therefore, the leader-voter bond formation, youth’s indulgence in welfare activities lessening leaders’ burden, and promulgation of transparency via e-governance initiatives by using digital tools, conjointly giving rise to digital democracy across the boards

2- Debunking the term ‘Digital Democracy’ from the broader perspective

3- How has public participation strengthened digital democracy via social media?

• Case in point:   According to the PEW Research Center, “74pc of the adults in the United States (US) who use social media platforms get news from them”, highlighting the role of social media in disseminating information
• Case in point: The mobilization and activism by people, physically and digitally, to support social causes in the form of movements, like the Arab Spring, Me Too and Black Lives Matter movements, to flourish digital democracy at all fronts is a glaring example of the case
• Case in point: The hashtag “MyCultureMyPride” has aided people on social media platforms, like YouTube and Instagram, to represent their cultures by sharing their cultural videos and pictures, further strengthening pluralism across the boards
• Case in point: According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “White House utilizes social media platforms to engage citizens in discussions and gathers public input on policy issues.”
• Case in point: The online campaigns on social media platforms by infuriated public in the Zainab rape case, helping in the formation of the child abuse and rape-related laws in Pakistan, bolstering the power of digital democracy in the country
• Case in point: The enhanced usage of Twitter accounts by the leaders, like all Pakistan’s political parties’ prominent leaders, showing their online presence, helping them disseminate their parties’ ideology among the masses
• Case in point: According to the United Nations, Coronavirus related updates, the organization has highlighted ten young people’s names from all over the world led the coronavirus response by developing their digital communities to tackle and control the spread of the pandemic at that time
• Case in point: According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) report, “Those countries that focus on e-governance initiatives for development projects have seen improvement in their democracy indexes, along with the enhanced public participation.”

4- Case studies of different countries where public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media

• ✓ Case study of Taiwan
• ✓ Case study of the US
• ✓ Case study of Pakistan

5- Critical Analysis

6- Conclusion

 Technology has advanced and improved worldwide with its diverse field of novelty. Additionally, the revolutionization of the modes of communication and masses’ interaction in the digital age with the advancements in social media platforms has changed the landscape of countries’ democratic processes and, thus, governing patterns. Indeed, forming digital spaces like Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, etc., has encouraged the politically aware public to articulate their views openly while experiencing their freedom of expression broadly. Consequently, public participation has changed the picture of democracy by making it more digital and strengthening it via using social media platforms across the globe. Looking at the intense magnitude of digital democracy in today’s world, civic engagement by using social media has enlarged the information pool for the masses, shaped their opinion towards their leaders and promulgated digital democracy, particularly. Besides this, social media’s activism and cultural assimilation practices, by people, have also contributed to the flourishing digital democracy on all fronts. Despite engaging citizens in decision-making procedures, political accountability via online campaigns has also lessened the trust deficit between the public and stakeholders, fostering digital democracy in societies. Therefore, the leader-voter bond formation, youth’s indulgence in welfare activities reducing leaders’ burden, and promulgation of transparency via e-governance initiatives by using digital tools, conjointly, have given rise to digital democracy across the boards. This essay highlights how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media.

Before jumping towards the maxim of how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media, the understanding of the term ‘Digital Democracy’ in the broader perspective holds the greatest importance. Indeed, the jargon encapsulates the concept denoting the introduction of digital infrastructures in the organizations’ structure via reforms to establish a more effective and unrestricted democratic setup, building the collective government body best suited for the efficient conduct of the current state of affairs. Speaking in a neutral vein, digital democracy has become a significant factor in the social media age, as it promulgates transparency in the institutions by empowering the citizen-to-citizen contact at large. Moreover, it helps incorporation and inclusion of different ideas and viewpoints in the overall functioning of the government system and gives rise to a new form of business-oriented teamwork-based environment in the system, along with technology-led public management skills of the leaders at length.

Talking about the maxim of how public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media, it, in fact, has increased civic engagement for access to information on social media platforms, greatly influencing and shaping public opinion. For instance, according to the PEW Research Center, “74 per cent of the adults in the United States (US) who use social media platforms get news from them”, highlighting the role of social media in the dissemination of information related to the ongoing events at the global front. As a result, they build their opinion and act accordingly for the promulgation of democracy in their respective domains on the basis of that information. Thus, the elevated level of public participation has helped foster digital democracy in the countries through the productive use of social media.

In addition, creating awareness among the masses for the achievement of basic human rights also strengthens digital democracy via the use of social media. Indeed, it has shown in the mobilization and activism by people, physically and digitally too, to support social causes in the form of movements, like the Arab Spring, Me Too and Black Lives Matter movements, to flourish digital democracy at all fronts is a glaring example of the case. In this way, they could make public officials aware of the sentiments of the downtrodden segments of society. And via activism, they could seek social justice in all directions, which is necessary for the promotion of digital democracy worldwide.

Besides, the public actively participates in the fostering of cultural diversity via social media platforms, which is mandatory for flourishing digital democracy in all domains. For instance, the hashtag “MyCultureMyPride” has aided people on social media platforms, like YouTube and Instagram, to represent their cultures by sharing their cultural videos and pictures, further strengthening pluralism across the boards. By doing this, virtual people-to-people contact via social media enhances, and the public becomes a capable force that could overthrow power centralization in all political spheres. As a result, digital democracy takes its toll in full swing and negates all authoritative, feudal practices broadly.

Apart from it, active public participation with the productive use of social media platforms has compelled political heads of the states to engage citizens in discussions related to policymaking. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “The White House utilizes social media platforms to engage citizens in discussions and gathers public input on policy issues.” It clearly shows that government institutes, by following the general will principles, also contribute to the advancement of digital democracy by including active and responsible citizens in decision-making. Therefore, digital democracy has smoothened due to the social media platforms in today’s world.

Likewise, the public’s active participation through the usage of social media in the online campaign’s form has also reinforced the political accountability of the officials. Such as the online campaigns on social media platforms that infuriated the public in the Zainab rape case, helping in the formation of child abuse and rape-related laws in Pakistan, and bolstering the power of digital democracy in the country. After accomplishing this, child abuse has ceased for a longer period of time in Pakistan, and consequently, the incident has helped in bridging the gap between the public and stakeholders. Hence, public participation has helped maintain a transparency level in the country, furthering digital democracy with the help of social media.

Similarly, the zestful usage of social media by political leaders has boosted their one-on-one interaction with their vigilant voter diaspora . Illustratively, the enhanced usage of Twitter accounts by the leaders, like all of Pakistan’s political parties’ prominent leaders, shows their online presence, helping them disseminate their parties’ ideology among the masses. In return, the public, influenced by their views, supports them blindly in the electoral campaigns and rallies. In this manner, they openly demand them in office as their representative running the government functions for the effective development of digital democracy in the country.

 Moving ahead towards another justification proving the maxim, the augmented youth efforts during crisis situations using digital tools have kicked the digital democracy’s gradients upstairs. According to the United Nations coronavirus-related updates, the organization has highlighted ten young people’s names from all over the world who led the coronavirus response by developing their digital communities to tackle and control the spread of the pandemic at that time. Due to their diligent participation, the countries’ leaders were capable of tackling the birth of new evils and focusing on the achievement of Sustainable Development’s seventeen goals (17 SDGs) with a collective efforts strategy instead of a man show. Hence, vigilant public participation helps elevate the digital democracy rates via using social media.

Last but not least, the masses’ social involvement has stimulated the effectiveness of e-governance, giving rise to digital democracy in the contemporary world. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) report, “Those countries that focus on e-governance initiatives for their multidimensional development, along with the enhanced public participation, have seen improvement in their democracy indexes.” By analyzing the facts, the countries’ people actively participate and gain information from their governance portals and question the validity of the officials’ actions, too, as they have the right to information as an accountability card for the enhancement of their country’s institutional transparency. Therefore, public participation indeed aids in strengthening digital democracy via social media.

The above discussion could be emboldened by giving examples of some developing countries where public participation has strengthened digital democracy via social media. The very first one in the row is the case study of the country Taiwan. Without any doubt, the country’s officials have developed the e-petition platform to include its citizens in decision-making. As a result, the empowered youth have actively taken part in the resolution of the Uber, a ride-sharing app, issue , further enhancing their consensus and participation in the country’s legal working and app launching activities. Thus, Taiwan’s public involvement has invigorated the country’s digital democracy through social media platforms.

Second, the United States also explains the strength of civic engagement by proactively using social media platforms, which has augmented digital democracy in the country. Delineating their citizens’ activity, the masses have actively used social media platforms during the US’s 2016 elections . In fact, they have shown their sentiments via slogan raising and hashtag development on their Twitter accounts to dominate their allegiance to their leaders. Through their online voting system, they have also ensured transparency in the voter turnout rates. Therefore, digital democracy has been raised to its height via social media in the country by the public.

Lastly, Pakistan’s case study has significantly outlined the increasing support of digital democracy by the public’s social media using capacity in the current global environment, which can be gauged by the availability ratio of the internet in the country. According to the Digital Pakistan report (2022), “61 million people out of 220 million population are internet users.” It clearly shows that the public has enthusiastically used social media platforms to raise their concerns and get connected with their leaders, the necessary element in the promulgation of digital democracy in the country’s multiple domains. Hence, the public’s interest has compelled the officials to ensure democracy in the country in today’s social media age.

In a critical diagnosis, digital democracy, standing on the pillars of social media platforms, has undoubtedly been promulgated by productive public participation. Speaking in a positive manner, the concept has gained so much popularity among the masses that it helps foster diverse perspectives in societies and encourages people to work collectively in a win-win situation instead of relying on self-help. However, the enhanced public participation that has strengthened digital democracy via social media could be proved as a double-edged sword in the coming future in the form of propaganda games, further raising prisoner’s dilemma for the future world order. But for now, social engagement has always borne fruits for society by boosting digital democracy in a positive way, paving the countries’ way towards development.

In conclusion, using social media platforms actively by the global citizens in the global village has raised the standards of democracy in the twenty-first century. Surely, the inclusion of digital telecommunication tools in the government structure has raised the living standards of the masses and ensured the active accountability of the leaders holding public offices. Furthermore, it also helped the masses become well aware of their rights and their timely dispensation, boosting the levels of digital democracy and taking it to an advanced level. In the end, digital democracy by using social media has strengthened due to the continuous struggle of the public, seeking pluralism by accepting diversity at all fronts. 

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