apa case study paper example

How to Write a Case Study in APA Format

Table of contents

• 1 What Is a Case Study In APA Format?
• 2.1 Sample Of APA Case Study Outline
• 3.1 Title Page in APA for Case Study Project
• 3.2 APA Title Page Example
• 3.3 The Abstract for an APA case study

Whether you study social sciences or life sciences, you’re likely to encounter a case study analysis in your academic journey. These papers demand a lot from students. First, you must have impeccable research and analysis skills. Sample populations, particularly people, can be challenging to analyze. It’s easy to misinterpret data and come up with the wrong conclusions. Additionally, you’ll need to have a knack for writing to present your findings persuasively, backed up by evidence-based arguments that build confidence for your teacher to accept the results of your work. If you need to boost your paper, Papers Owl is here to help you with a wide range of guidelines on how to write a case study in APA.

What Is a Case Study In APA Format?

To make your success, first realize that a case study is detective work. Your research may have an unresolved question or to carry out some testing to validate a hypothesis; in this case, studies are born. Psychology, nursing, and business are common fields this method is applied. In this scientific method, you’ll approach an event, action, individual, etc. And apply a set of circumstances to observe outcomes. Most papers in this field are written in the APA format, which can be a burden for students, especially if they aren’t familiar with this style. If you lack time or motivation for writing, appeal to our professional writers to write a case study  in APA format, and we will ensure your paper is perfectly formatted and gets a high grade.

Structure of Case Study Report In APA

First, let’s look at the sections in writing a case study in APA, which shares a few similarities to a typical research paper.

Introduction: Introduce your topic to the reader. Be sure to include the state of current research and where you plan to develop the current state of knowledge. You should include an interesting fact to reinforce your work’s importance and develop an interest in your hypothesis. Finish off with a thesis statement that you’ll focus on your workaround.

Aims: In this section, you answer the questions regarding why you are conducting your research and any questions you’ll explore. Avid case study writer recommends focusing your questions around your thesis. You can develop a triangle with a diagram and drill down your questions in a logical format that matches your paper’s main purpose.

Methods: Writing a case study in APA requires a methods section that details how you conducted your research. Did you conduct any interviews, send out questionnaires, or observe any behaviors? Detail them in this section, and state the environment and circumstances surrounding your data collection.

Results: Now that you’ve identified what you’d planned to accomplish and how you went about it in your APA case study format, it’s time to post the results. Don’t be shy if things don’t go swimmingly. Often in studies, we have unexpected results, which sometimes makes your paper more interesting to read.

Discussion: It’s time for the heart and soul of your paper. After all your research and observation, it is time to have a discourse on the results. The key to how to write a case paper in APA hangs on your ability to interpret the results in a meaningful way. Be sure to focus the discussion on your stated methods and how they pertain to your aims.

Recommendations: Here you want to detail what is to follow your research. Professional case study writers advise stating any knowledge gaps in your work and any unanswered or new questions you had found in the process. Your insights will be useful for others to follow in your footsteps and expand on your analysis.

Sample Of APA Case Study Outline

Example of writing a case study analysis in APA format:

Writing a case study in APA Step By Step

Knowing how to write a case study in APA format is a common question for students. In addition to the typical academic standards, APA has its own requirements that must be adhered to. The first step is to create a heading, known as a running head, that will be present on each page of your paper. The running head includes:

• The page number on the right margin
• A shortened title of your paper in ALL-CAPS no longer than 50 characters to the right

Title Page in APA for Case Study Project

The title of a case study in an APA paper is a requirement. The purpose is to state the name of the work, who the author is, and the institution that sponsored the research. It has the following parts:

• The words “running head” at the top, followed by the actual running head
• The full title of your paper using APA titling no longer than 12 words
• Your name without any designations (Dr/Ph.D./Rev/etc.) and the institution you attend

For APA Style ( 7th edition ), the cover page should also have:

• A page number at the top right corner.
• The institutional affiliation where the research took place.
• Course information, which is mandatory for student papers.
• The author’s note is optional and usually appears in professional papers.
• Font options have expanded to include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, or Georgia 11.
• All text on the title page should be double-spaced.
• Center all page contents and capitalize the first letter of significant words.

Note: APA 7 distinguishes between the formatting of title pages for professional and student papers. For instance, professional papers include a running head, while student papers do not necessarily include one.

APA Title Page Example

The Abstract for an APA case study

The abstract of your paper works as a summary to give a brief overview of what it contains. Include the running head at the top; the first line should have the word “abstract” centered. Follow the abstract with 150-250 words summarizing your paper. You may also index some keywords to help find the contents of your work in academic databases. At the end of your summary, indent once, and in italics, indicate keywords related to your work.

Writing an effective college paper requires a lot of planning and formatting to get it done right. Brush up on these guidelines for how to write your paper in APA format . If you need someone to review your work or write any parts of your paper, reach out to our professional writers, who are always willing to lend a hand.

Additionally, with the help of our blog, you can make sure you create a professional PowerPoint presentation that clearly outlines the main points of your paper. If you need help with this, our professional writers can provide guidance.

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How to Write a Case Study Paper in APA Format

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How to Write a Case Study APA Style

A case study is an in-depth research project where the writer takes one situation or problem and attempts to discuss or solve the topic with one specific example, or case. The writer can discuss, for instance, issues in politics by researching one town's government, provide a solution for rising high school dropout rates by interviewing one student, or even test pet training methods on one dog. The purpose of the case study is to provide a solution to an existing issue, and this requires extensive hands-on research and a thoroughly written article.

Choose the topic for your case study. A case study is an in-depth project that will require you to go above and beyond merely finding the results of other people's work and discussing these points. You will have to conduct your own research and share your findings in your paper. As such, be sure to pick a topic that you are interested in and that you can reasonably research. In other words, if you decide to focus on one person, be sure to have access to this person for interviews and observation.

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Research your case. Like any other research paper, many sources are required in order to strengthen your case study. In addition to the typical books, articles and websites, however, you need to include interviews and/or hands-on research. This information will be the backbone of your study.

Analyze and organize your information. Before you can begin the writing process, you should have a good idea of what direction your paper will take based on your findings. Part of the organization process should include listing your sources for the reference page.

Prepare the title page. This should include the title, running head, author, byline, institutional affiliation, and author note. Also, as APA style requires you to number each page, include this as page one.

Write the abstract. This should be located on page two of your case study, and will contain the four or five most important points that will be discussed in the following pages. For the purposes of the case study, this means the individual or organization under study, the problem addressed, and the questions raised. Keep the abstract to about 150-200 words in one block paragraph format.

Write the body of your case study. A thorough discussion of your research and findings should be written in an engaging way. Remember that a case study is supposed to provide a solution to an existing problem, so your paper should tell a story using formal language, allowing the reader to reach your conclusion along with you. Format your paper with 1 inch margins, a running header, 12-point font, double-spacing and section headers.

Organize the reference page. You are required to include a reference page with all your sources when writing in APA style. This should be written in alphabetical order by author and include pertinent information such as article name, publication name, website and year, among other things, depending on the type of source. Format this page with a hanging indent, where the first line is flush left and all subsequent lines are indented one half-inch from the margin.

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition
• Essay Forum: How to Write a Case Study?
• Andrews University: Case Study Guidelines
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition; American Psychological Association
• When writing a case study for a class, follow your instructor's guidelines first, even if something contradicts APA Style, in order to ensure you receive the best possible grade.
• Case study writing is a fluid process, which means that as you write, you may find you need to conduct additional research. Do not become discouraged as this is normal and only strengthens your work in the end.

Jen has been a professional writer since 2002 in the education nonprofit industry. Her work has been featured in the New Jersey SEEDS Annual Report, as well as several Centenary College publications, including "Centenary in the News" and the "Trustee Times." In 2009, Jen earned a Master of Arts degree in leadership and public administration from Centenary College.

How to Write a Case Study in APA Format: A Complete Guide

Structure of Case Study In APA Format

Apa case study outline sample, writing a case study in apa step-by-step, apa format case study example.

Writing a case study in APA format might seem tricky at first, but with a little guidance, you can definitely get it right. Here’s a simple list of what you need to do:

• Title Page : Include the title, your name, and your school.
• Abstract : Summarize your case study — what it’s about and what you found.
• Introduction : Explain the topic and why it matters.
• Method : Describe how you did the research — who, what, how.
• Results : Present your findings — tables and charts can help.
• Discussion : Explain what your results mean and why they matter.
• References : List your sources using APA format.

This article is here to help you get the basics of writing a great fcase study in APA format. We’ll cover each part in detail so you know exactly what to include and how to format it properly. 

If you still feel unsure after reading through this guide and have a question, “Who can write my case study online ?” don’t worry: PaperWriter is a great option for getting help with your essays, research papers, or anything else you need. We know APA format inside and out and can help you make sure your work is spot on.

When you're writing a case study in APA format, having a clear structure helps keep everything organized and easy to follow. It also makes sure you hit all the important points. 

Let's go through the main sections you need to include, following the APA case study format.

• Title Page : Start with a title page with the title of your case study, your name, and your school. If your title is long, you’ll need a running head too, which is just a shorter title version that goes at the top of each page. If your title is "The Impact of Social Media on Teen Mental Health," your running head could be "Social Media and Teen Health."
• Abstract : After the title page, you’ll write an abstract. This is a short summary of your case study, usually about 150-250 words. It should give a quick overview of what your study is about, the main points, and what you found. For example, "This case study looks at how social media use relates to anxiety in teenagers, showing a link between more screen time and higher anxiety levels."
• Introduction : The introduction is where you set up your case study. You’ll give some background on the topic, explain why it matters, and say what you’re trying to find out. This is also where you clearly state your research question or hypothesis, like "This study explores whether heavy social media use is connected to increased anxiety in teenagers."
• Method : In the method section, you describe how you did your research. Include details like who participated, how you collected your data, and what tools or materials you used. For example, "We surveyed 100 high school students aged 14-18 about their social media habits and mental health."
• Results : Here’s where you present what you found. You can use tables, charts, or graphs to make the data easier to understand. The focus here is on showing the results without interpreting them just yet: "The results showed that students who spent more than 3 hours a day on social media reported higher levels of anxiety."
• Discussion : In this section, you explain what your results mean. Talk about how they relate to your hypothesis and why they’re important. For example, "The findings suggest a strong link between heavy social media use and anxiety in teens, supporting the idea that more screen time can affect mental health."
• References : Finally, list all the sources you used in your case study, following APA format. Make sure everything is in alphabetical order and properly formatted.

Here’s a basic outline you can follow when writing a case study in APA format. This example is based on a study about the impact of social media on teen mental health:

If you need more guidance on structuring your paper, check out our APA format paper outline .

If you're wondering how to write a case study in APA format, breaking it down into steps can make the process a lot smoother. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you through it:

Finding the Right Research Question

So, the first thing you need to do is figure out what exactly you want to study. 

Think of your research question as the anchor for your entire project. Instead of going broad with something like “How does technology impact education?” you’ll want to narrow it down. For example, ask, “How do interactive whiteboards affect student engagement in high school science classes?” This clear, targeted question will help you stay on track.

Doing Preliminary Research

Now it’s time to do a bit of homework. Spend some time reviewing what’s already out there. This preliminary research helps you understand the current landscape and how your study can fit in. If you’re looking into interactive whiteboards, you might come across studies like “The Impact of Interactive Whiteboards on Student Learning” that can give you valuable insights.

Wondering how to write a case study in psychology ? Our detailed guide will walk you through each part of the process to ensure your work is comprehensive and well-structured.

Get Expert Help with Your Case Study

Struggling with APA formatting? Let our professionals craft a flawless case study for you.

Designing Your Research Approach

Think about the best methods to answer your question. Let’s say you’re studying interactive whiteboards: a mix of surveys and classroom observations might be the best approach. You could survey teachers about their experiences and observe classrooms to see how students interact with the technology.

You’ll also need to decide on your sample size and who will participate. Maybe you’ll survey 10 high school science teachers and observe 5 different classrooms. To help keep things organized, you can create tools like a survey questionnaire and an observation checklist.

Here’s an example of how you might structure your research plan:

Implementing Your Research

Put your plan into action!

Start by sending out your surveys electronically to the teachers you’ve selected. Then, schedule times to visit the classrooms for your observations. As you collect data, make sure you’re staying organized: keep survey results in a spreadsheet and jot down observation notes in a dedicated document.

Analyzing and Interpreting Your Data

For quantitative data, like survey responses, you might run some basic statistical tests to see if there are significant differences in engagement levels. For the analysis of qualitative data from your classroom observations, look for recurring themes or patterns in how students interact with the whiteboards.

Interpret your findings in relation to your research question. If your data shows evidence that students are more engaged with interactive whiteboards, discuss how this finding aligns with or challenges existing research. This step helps explain the significance of your results and their implications.

Writing Up Your Case Study

This is where all your hard work comes together in a clear, organized format. Make sure it looks polished and professional. Follow these APA formatting guidelines:

• Margins : Set to 1 inch on all sides.
• Font and Spacing : Use 12-point Times New Roman font and double-space your text.
• Headings : Use APA-style headings to organize your sections. For example, the “Method” section should be centered and bolded, while subheadings like “Participants” should be left-aligned and bolded.

Don’t forget to proofread! Check for typos, formatting issues, or unclear sections. Sometimes, reading your work out loud or asking a friend to review it can help you catch mistakes or ideas you might have missed.

If you’re unsure about how to do this or need additional help, note that our APA style paper writing services are here to assist you with any formatting challenges.

Creating the Reference List

Finally, format your reference list according to APA guidelines. Arrange your references alphabetically by the author’s last name and use a hanging indent where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.

Below, you’ll find a PDF document that shows examples of a case study written in APA format. This example will help you visualize how to structure your work and ensure everything is formatted correctly:

Need a professional touch? You can order case study writing service to ensure everything is polished and accurate.

Writing a case study in APA format requires careful attention to structure and detail. You’ll need a well-organized title page, a concise abstract, and clear sections for your introduction, method, results, discussion, and references. Each part has its specific requirements and guidelines, so make sure to follow them closely.

If you ever feel stuck or just want some extra support, remember that PaperWriter is here to help with any type of academic paper writing services , whether it’s an essay, research paper, or case study. We’ve got you covered!

How to Format a Case Study in APA?

• Begin with a title page that includes the title, your name, and your institution.
• Write an abstract summarizing your case study.
• Include sections: Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, and References.
• Follow APA guidelines for headings, font, spacing, and citations.

How to Summarize a Case Study in APA Format?

• Start with an abstract summarizing the key points of the case study.
• Include the main objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions.
• Keep it concise, around 150-250 words.
• Ensure you use APA format, including proper citations.

Gillen, J., & Barton, D. (2015). The impact of interactive whiteboards on classroom interaction and learning in primary schools in the UK. Interactive Whiteboards for Education: Theory, Research and Practice . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279640424_'The_impact_of_interactive_whiteboards_on_classroom_interaction_and_learning_in_primary_schools_in_the_UK'_in_Interactive_whiteboards_for_education_theory_research_and_practice

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How to Create a Case Study Using APA Format

With a case study, you provide an in-depth observation into an event, process or person. A well-written case study requires planning and thought to properly analyze the situation and offer possible solutions. When your professor requests that you write your paper in American Psychological Association style, he is looking for a particular format and structure.

Format Guidelines

The sixth edition of the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” provides general instructions on how to format your case study. Your paper should be double-spaced and have a 1-inch margin on all sides. The APA recommends you use 12-point Times New Roman font. When you indent the first line of a paragraph, use one-half inch indentations. APA style recommends that your case study feature a title page, abstract (if required), main body and references. Your running head lies at the top of each page in your header. This should feature your title on the flush left hand side and your page numbers on the flush right hand side. Your title is limited to 50 characters in the running head. If you need to condense it, select only the keywords. Type your title in all capital letters and use Arabic numerals for your page numbers.

Title Page and Abstract

In APA style, your title page and abstract are separate pages. For your title page, your running head is slightly different. Before your title, include the words “Running head” and a colon. For the rest of this page, list your case study’s title, your first and last name and your university’s name. This information should be centered in the upper half of the page.

For your abstract, write a paragraph that serves as a summary of your paper. For a case study, this should include what you investigated, the characteristics of your participants, the experimental method you used and any findings or conclusions you reached. In APA style, this paragraph should be 200 to 250 words in length.

In-Text Citations

With APA format, when you quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else’s work, you must list the author’s name and the year of publication. If it is a direct quotation or summary, you must include the page number.

To enhance readability, try to incorporate the author’s name into your sentence and then write the year and the page number in parentheses. As an example on the Purdue Online Writing Lab states, “According to Jones (1998), 'Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time' (p. 199)."

If it is impossible to include the author’s name in your text, place your in-text citation as close as possible to the material you cited. The Pearson Education chapter entitled "APA Documetation with Case Study" uses the following example:

“People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other" (Morris, 1977).

Following your text, you must supply a complete bibliographical list for your readers. In APA style, alphabetize the entries by the author’s last name. Most citations include four main parts: author’s name, date, title of the article and publication information.

A general guideline for APA format is the author’s last name, a comma, first initial and a period. Next, place the year of publication within parentheses; place a period outside the final parenthesis. Type the title in italics and sentence case followed by a period. Finally, write the city of publication, a colon, the publisher’s name and end with a period. A finished entry might look like this:

Wood, P. (2003). Diversity: The invention of a concept. San Francisco: Encounter Books.

• APA Documentation with Case Study
• Purdue University: APA Formatting and Style Guide: In-Text Citations: The Basics
• University of Ottawa: Academic Writing Help Center: APA Style
• Purdue University: APA Formatting and Style Guide: General Format
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APA Case Study Format

A case study is one of many research instruments or strategies that are widely used by students, who are studying a particular issue or situation. Case studies are usually assigned to sociology, psychology, education, and anthropology courses. If you are experiencing some difficulties with this task and do not know how to write a case study in APA, we advise you to learn the following guide. It will help you understand this task better and become a skilled case study writer. So, there will be no need for you to put your " write my case study for me " request in the search engines.

APA Case Study Writing

A case study is an assignment that aims to investigate a certain problem and offer a good solution. They may range from academic studies to corporate promotion tools that aim to sell specific goods. Whereas the research paper focuses on the reader`s attention to the specific idea, a case study goes far beyond. In particular, a case study requires ( APA 7th edition changes ) the student to pay attention to the smallest details, as well as investigate the issue from different perspectives using various research methods. As every problem in human life can be treated from different aspects, each case study demands a unique approach.

Think About the Research

As well as in many other academic tasks, in writing case studies, research goes first. Undoubtedly, being a student, you cannot be considered an expert. Therefore, your statements without evidence do not have much value. Reading different sources with different experts` opinions will help you come up with the most effective solutions for the analysis of your topic.

Best Steps for an Effective Start of APA Case Writing

• First of all, it is better to surf the web for credible and relevant sources.
• When the list of sources is ready - categorize them according to the ideas discussed in them.
• Think about the key aspects of the topic you want to discuss in your case study. This process is called brainstorming. It consists of writing down all the ideas that come to your mind.
• Another great idea is to find several of the most substantial sub-topics and focus on them.
• Now it is time to think about the key solutions. Do not hesitate to rely on the class discussions, your personal experiences, or class readings.
• Now the preparation stage is done. So you can start to create a great case study outline and follow it point by point.
• While writing your key study, it is better to select the best solution and develop it.

BONUS HINT.  If you want to get additional points for your paper, here is an elite tip for you. Use several methods for collecting and analyzing the data. Your professor is guaranteed to add a few additional points for such a multifaceted approach in your methodology chapter.

The Next Step is to Write a Draft of Your APA Case Study

When the research is done and the key ideas are selected, writing a rough draft is not a problem. We advise you to check the grading rubric and prompt once again to ensure you move in the right direction. Knowing all the criteria and following the correct assignment structure, you will be able to create a truly great case study that will impress the most demanding professor. If you feel that you cannot do this task well, feel free to break it down into several pieces and write each of them separately.

• Case Study Introduction . Introduce your topic to your target audience. A good introduction to the case study should contain enough background information on the results of the previous studies on your topic so that the audience could familiarize themselves with the topic chosen. At the same time, do not overburden your introduction with unnecessary details. The length of the introduction depends on the length of your case study.
• Case Study Aims . The aim of your case study is suggested in your thesis statement. It should outline the scope of your research emphasizing the issues you want to tackle.
• Case Study Methods . It is crucially important to inform your audience about what methods you used to collect your information. This section may include all interviews, academic journals, statistics, or observations.
• Case Study Results . As the name suggests, this section is dedicated to the results of your research. Tell the audience what did you discover and if it has some theoretical or practical value.
• Case Study Discussion . This section should give answers to the following questions: why did you pick this specific topic? What did you find about it? Are there some alternative approaches to its analysis?
• Case Study Recommendations . Keep in mind that it is not a research paper, so your conclusion should not only restate the ideas discussed in the paper but also give practical recommendations.

Learn How to Write a Case Study in APA Format

Experts from EliteWritings.com have created a lot of case study APA papers. They got years and years of experience. And now you are reading their explanation in detail on how to write an APA case study. According to them, your paper needs to be double-spaced. According to the case study format APA, your paper will include an abstract, a main body, and a reference list. Also, it should contain a running head on the top left corner of every page. Also, you have to use Arabic numerals for putting in page numbers.

Title Page and Abstract to APA Case Study

In APA, a title page is a separate page that contains only the name of the student, the name of the instructor, the educational institution, and the running head.

An abstract usually contains a few sentences and serves as a summary of the paper. According to the APA guide, an abstract should take 200-250 words. If you do not know how to cite a case study in APA, feel free to find good samples available on the web or address your instructor for assistance.

How to Cite Case Study APA

The best way to cite an APA case study is next: when you quote or paraphrase some text, you need to mention the name of the author and the year of publication. Purdue Online Writing Lab suggests the following quotation:

References in APA Format

All sources used in your case study should appear in your reference list alphabetically. The information from these sources should follow the common order: the name of the article, the date of publication, the title, and the publisher.

A finished entry can look as follows:

Case Study Format APA Examples on EliteWritings.com

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A step-by-step guide for creating and formatting APA Style student papers

The start of the semester is the perfect time to learn how to create and format APA Style student papers. This article walks through the formatting steps needed to create an APA Style student paper, starting with a basic setup that applies to the entire paper (margins, font, line spacing, paragraph alignment and indentation, and page headers). It then covers formatting for the major sections of a student paper: the title page, the text, tables and figures, and the reference list. Finally, it concludes by describing how to organize student papers and ways to improve their quality and presentation.

The guidelines for student paper setup are described and shown using annotated diagrams in the Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3.40MB) and the A Step-by-Step Guide to APA Style Student Papers webinar . Chapter 1 of the Concise Guide to APA Style and Chapter 2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association describe the elements, format, and organization for student papers. Tables and figures are covered in Chapter 7 of both books. Information on paper format and tables and figures and a full sample student paper are also available on the APA Style website.

Basic setup

The guidelines for basic setup apply to the entire paper. Perform these steps when you first open your document, and then you do not have to worry about them again while writing your paper. Because these are general aspects of paper formatting, they apply to all APA Style papers, student or professional. Students should always check with their assigning instructor or institution for specific guidelines for their papers, which may be different than or in addition to APA Style guidelines.

Seventh edition APA Style was designed with modern word-processing programs in mind. Most default settings in programs such as Academic Writer, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs already comply with APA Style. This means that, for most paper elements, you do not have to make any changes to the default settings of your word-processing program. However, you may need to make a few adjustments before you begin writing.

Use 1-in. margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left, and right). This is usually how papers are automatically set.

Use a legible font. The default font of your word-processing program is acceptable. Many sans serif and serif fonts can be used in APA Style, including 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12-point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia. You can also use other fonts described on the font page of the website.

Line spacing

Double-space the entire paper including the title page, block quotations, and the reference list. This is something you usually must set using the paragraph function of your word-processing program. But once you do, you will not have to change the spacing for the entirety of your paper–just double-space everything. Do not add blank lines before or after headings. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs. For paper sections with different line spacing, see the line spacing page.

Paragraph alignment and indentation

Align all paragraphs of text in the body of your paper to the left margin. Leave the right margin ragged. Do not use full justification. Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5-in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. For paper sections with different alignment and indentation, see the paragraph alignment and indentation page.

Page numbers

Put a page number in the top right of every page header , including the title page, starting with page number 1. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word-processing program to insert the page number in the top right corner; do not type the page numbers manually. The page number is the same font and font size as the text of your paper. Student papers do not require a running head on any page, unless specifically requested by the instructor.

Title page setup

Title page elements.

APA Style has two title page formats: student and professional (for details, see title page setup ). Unless instructed otherwise, students should use the student title page format and include the following elements, in the order listed, on the title page:

• Paper title.
• Name of each author (also known as the byline).
• Affiliation for each author.
• Course number and name.
• Instructor name.
• Assignment due date.
• Page number 1 in the top right corner of the page header.

The format for the byline depends on whether the paper has one author, two authors, or three or more authors.

• When the paper has one author, write the name on its own line (e.g., Jasmine C. Hernandez).
• When the paper has two authors, write the names on the same line and separate them with the word “and” (e.g., Upton J. Wang and Natalia Dominguez).
• When the paper has three or more authors, separate the names with commas and include “and” before the final author’s name (e.g., Malia Mohamed, Jaylen T. Brown, and Nia L. Ball).

Students have an academic affiliation, which identities where they studied when the paper was written. Because students working together on a paper are usually in the same class, they will have one shared affiliation. The affiliation consists of the name of the department and the name of the college or university, separated by a comma (e.g., Department of Psychology, George Mason University). The department is that of the course to which the paper is being submitted, which may be different than the department of the student’s major. Do not include the location unless it is part of the institution’s name.

Write the course number and name and the instructor name as shown on institutional materials (e.g., the syllabus). The course number and name are often separated by a colon (e.g., PST-4510: History and Systems Psychology). Write the assignment due date in the month, date, and year format used in your country (e.g., Sept. 10, 2020).

Title page line spacing

Double-space the whole title page. Place the paper title three or four lines down from the top of the page. Add an extra double-spaced blank like between the paper title and the byline. Then, list the other title page elements on separate lines, without extra lines in between.

Title page alignment

Center all title page elements (except the right-aligned page number in the header).

Title page font

Write the title page using the same font and font size as the rest of your paper. Bold the paper title. Use standard font (i.e., no bold, no italics) for all other title page elements.

Text elements

Repeat the paper title at the top of the first page of text. Begin the paper with an introduction to provide background on the topic, cite related studies, and contextualize the paper. Use descriptive headings to identify other sections as needed (e.g., Method, Results, Discussion for quantitative research papers). Sections and headings vary depending on the paper type and its complexity. Text can include tables and figures, block quotations, headings, and footnotes.

Text line spacing

Double-space all text, including headings and section labels, paragraphs of text, and block quotations.

Text alignment

Center the paper title on the first line of the text. Indent the first line of all paragraphs 0.5-in.

Left-align the text. Leave the right margin ragged.

Block quotation alignment

Indent the whole block quotation 0.5-in. from the left margin. Double-space the block quotation, the same as other body text. Find more information on the quotations page.

Use the same font throughout the entire paper. Write body text in standard (nonbold, nonitalic) font. Bold only headings and section labels. Use italics sparingly, for instance, to highlight a key term on first use (for more information, see the italics page).

Headings format

For detailed guidance on formatting headings, including headings in the introduction of a paper, see the headings page and the headings in sample papers .

• Alignment: Center Level 1 headings. Left-align Level 2 and Level 3 headings. Indent Level 4 and Level 5 headings like a regular paragraph.
• Font: Boldface all headings. Also italicize Level 3 and Level 5 headings. Create heading styles using your word-processing program (built into AcademicWriter, available for Word via the sample papers on the APA Style website).

Tables and figures setup

Tables and figures are only included in student papers if needed for the assignment. Tables and figures share the same elements and layout. See the website for sample tables and sample figures .

Table elements

Tables include the following four elements: 

• Body (rows and columns)
• Note (optional if needed to explain elements in the table)

Figure elements

Figures include the following four elements: 

• Image (chart, graph, etc.)
• Note (optional if needed to explain elements in the figure)

Table line spacing

Double-space the table number and title. Single-, 1.5-, or double-space the table body (adjust as needed for readability). Double-space the table note.

Figure line spacing

Double-space the figure number and title. The default settings for spacing in figure images is usually acceptable (but adjust the spacing as needed for readability). Double-space the figure note.

Table alignment

Left-align the table number and title. Center column headings. Left-align the table itself and left-align the leftmost (stub) column. Center data in the table body if it is short or left-align the data if it is long. Left-align the table note.

Figure alignment

Left-align the figure number and title. Left-align the whole figure image. The default alignment of the program in which you created your figure is usually acceptable for axis titles and data labels. Left-align the figure note.

Bold the table number. Italicize the table title. Use the same font and font size in the table body as the text of your paper. Italicize the word “Note” at the start of the table note. Write the note in the same font and font size as the text of your paper.

Figure font

Bold the figure number. Italicize the figure title. Use a sans serif font (e.g., Calibri, Arial) in the figure image in a size between 8 to 14 points. Italicize the word “Note” at the start of the figure note. Write the note in the same font and font size as the text of your paper.

Placement of tables and figures

There are two options for the placement of tables and figures in an APA Style paper. The first option is to place all tables and figures on separate pages after the reference list. The second option is to embed each table and figure within the text after its first callout. This guide describes options for the placement of tables and figures embedded in the text. If your instructor requires tables and figures to be placed at the end of the paper, see the table and figure guidelines and the sample professional paper .

Call out (mention) the table or figure in the text before embedding it (e.g., write “see Figure 1” or “Table 1 presents”). You can place the table or figure after the callout either at the bottom of the page, at the top of the next page, or by itself on the next page. Avoid placing tables and figures in the middle of the page.

Embedding at the bottom of the page

Include a callout to the table or figure in the text before that table or figure. Add a blank double-spaced line between the text and the table or figure at the bottom of the page.

Embedding at the top of the page

Include a callout to the table in the text on the previous page before that table or figure. The table or figure then appears at the top of the next page. Add a blank double-spaced line between the end of the table or figure and the text that follows.

Embedding on its own page

Embed long tables or large figures on their own page if needed. The text continues on the next page.

Reference list setup

Reference list elements.

The reference list consists of the “References” section label and the alphabetical list of references. View reference examples on the APA Style website. Consult Chapter 10 in both the Concise Guide and Publication Manual for even more examples.

Reference list line spacing

Start the reference list at the top of a new page after the text. Double-space the entire reference list (both within and between entries).

Reference list alignment

Center the “References” label. Apply a hanging indent of 0.5-in. to all reference list entries. Create the hanging indent using your word-processing program; do not manually hit the enter and tab keys.

Reference list font

Bold the “References” label at the top of the first page of references. Use italics within reference list entries on either the title (e.g., webpages, books, reports) or on the source (e.g., journal articles, edited book chapters).

Final checks

Check page order.

• Start each section on a new page.
• Arrange pages in the following order:
• Title page (page 1).
• Text (starts on page 2).
• Reference list (starts on a new page after the text).

Check headings

• Check that headings accurately reflect the content in each section.
• Start each main section with a Level 1 heading.
• Use Level 2 headings for subsections of the introduction.
• Use the same level of heading for sections of equal importance.
• Avoid having only one subsection within a section (have two or more, or none).

Check assignment instructions

• Remember that instructors’ guidelines supersede APA Style.
• Students should check their assignment guidelines or rubric for specific content to include in their papers and to make sure they are meeting assignment requirements.

Tips for better writing

• Ask for feedback on your paper from a classmate, writing center tutor, or instructor.
• Budget time to implement suggestions.
• Use spell-check and grammar-check to identify potential errors, and then manually check those flagged.
• Proofread the paper by reading it slowly and carefully aloud to yourself.
• Consult your university writing center if you need extra help.

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• How to write an APA methods section

How to Write an APA Methods Section | With Examples

Published on February 5, 2021 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on June 22, 2023.

The methods section of an APA style paper is where you report in detail how you performed your study. Research papers in the social and natural sciences often follow APA style. This article focuses on reporting quantitative research methods .

In your APA methods section, you should report enough information to understand and replicate your study, including detailed information on the sample , measures, and procedures used.

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Table of contents

Structuring an apa methods section.

Participants

Example of an APA methods section

Other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an apa methods section.

The main heading of “Methods” should be centered, boldfaced, and capitalized. Subheadings within this section are left-aligned, boldfaced, and in title case. You can also add lower level headings within these subsections, as long as they follow APA heading styles .

To structure your methods section, you can use the subheadings of “Participants,” “Materials,” and “Procedures.” These headings are not mandatory—aim to organize your methods section using subheadings that make sense for your specific study.

Note that not all of these topics will necessarily be relevant for your study. For example, if you didn’t need to consider outlier removal or ways of assigning participants to different conditions, you don’t have to report these steps.

The APA also provides specific reporting guidelines for different types of research design. These tell you exactly what you need to report for longitudinal designs , replication studies, experimental designs , and so on. If your study uses a combination design, consult APA guidelines for mixed methods studies.

Detailed descriptions of procedures that don’t fit into your main text can be placed in supplemental materials (for example, the exact instructions and tasks given to participants, the full analytical strategy including software code, or additional figures and tables).

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Begin the methods section by reporting sample characteristics, sampling procedures, and the sample size.

Participant or subject characteristics

When discussing people who participate in research, descriptive terms like “participants,” “subjects” and “respondents” can be used. For non-human animal research, “subjects” is more appropriate.

Specify all relevant demographic characteristics of your participants. This may include their age, sex, ethnic or racial group, gender identity, education level, and socioeconomic status. Depending on your study topic, other characteristics like educational or immigration status or language preference may also be relevant.

Be sure to report these characteristics as precisely as possible. This helps the reader understand how far your results may be generalized to other people.

The APA guidelines emphasize writing about participants using bias-free language , so it’s necessary to use inclusive and appropriate terms.

Sampling procedures

Outline how the participants were selected and all inclusion and exclusion criteria applied. Appropriately identify the sampling procedure used. For example, you should only label a sample as random  if you had access to every member of the relevant population.

Of all the people invited to participate in your study, note the percentage that actually did (if you have this data). Additionally, report whether participants were self-selected, either by themselves or by their institutions (e.g., schools may submit student data for research purposes).

Identify any compensation (e.g., course credits or money) that was provided to participants, and mention any institutional review board approvals and ethical standards followed.

Sample size and power

Detail the sample size (per condition) and statistical power that you hoped to achieve, as well as any analyses you performed to determine these numbers.

It’s important to show that your study had enough statistical power to find effects if there were any to be found.

Additionally, state whether your final sample differed from the intended sample. Your interpretations of the study outcomes should be based only on your final sample rather than your intended sample.

Write up the tools and techniques that you used to measure relevant variables. Be as thorough as possible for a complete picture of your techniques.

Primary and secondary measures

Define the primary and secondary outcome measures that will help you answer your primary and secondary research questions.

Specify all instruments used in gathering these measurements and the construct that they measure. These instruments may include hardware, software, or tests, scales, and inventories.

• To cite hardware, indicate the model number and manufacturer.
• To cite common software (e.g., Qualtrics), state the full name along with the version number or the website URL .
• To cite tests, scales or inventories, reference its manual or the article it was published in. It’s also helpful to state the number of items and provide one or two example items.

Make sure to report the settings of (e.g., screen resolution) any specialized apparatus used.

For each instrument used, report measures of the following:

• Reliability : how consistently the method measures something, in terms of internal consistency or test-retest reliability.
• Validity : how precisely the method measures something, in terms of construct validity  or criterion validity .

Giving an example item or two for tests, questionnaires , and interviews is also helpful.

Describe any covariates—these are any additional variables that may explain or predict the outcomes.

Quality of measurements

Review all methods you used to assure the quality of your measurements.

These may include:

• training researchers to collect data reliably,
• using multiple people to assess (e.g., observe or code) the data,
• translation and back-translation of research materials,
• using pilot studies to test your materials on unrelated samples.

For data that’s subjectively coded (for example, classifying open-ended responses), report interrater reliability scores. This tells the reader how similarly each response was rated by multiple raters.

Report all of the procedures applied for administering the study, processing the data, and for planned data analyses.

Data collection methods and research design

Data collection methods refers to the general mode of the instruments: surveys, interviews, observations, focus groups, neuroimaging, cognitive tests, and so on. Summarize exactly how you collected the necessary data.

Describe all procedures you applied in administering surveys, tests, physical recordings, or imaging devices, with enough detail so that someone else can replicate your techniques. If your procedures are very complicated and require long descriptions (e.g., in neuroimaging studies), place these details in supplementary materials.

To report research design, note your overall framework for data collection and analysis. State whether you used an experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive (observational), correlational, and/or longitudinal design. Also note whether a between-subjects or a within-subjects design was used.

For multi-group studies, report the following design and procedural details as well:

• how participants were assigned to different conditions (e.g., randomization),
• instructions given to the participants in each group,
• interventions for each group,
• the setting and length of each session(s).

Describe whether any masking was used to hide the condition assignment (e.g., placebo or medication condition) from participants or research administrators. Using masking in a multi-group study ensures internal validity by reducing research bias . Explain how this masking was applied and whether its effectiveness was assessed.

Participants were randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition. The survey was administered using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com). To begin, all participants were given the AAI and a demographics questionnaire to complete, followed by an unrelated filler task. In the control condition , participants completed a short general knowledge test immediately after the filler task. In the experimental condition, participants were asked to visualize themselves taking the test for 3 minutes before they actually did. For more details on the exact instructions and tasks given, see supplementary materials.

Data diagnostics

Outline all steps taken to scrutinize or process the data after collection.

This includes the following:

• Procedures for identifying and removing outliers
• Data transformations to normalize distributions
• Compensation strategies for overcoming missing values

To ensure high validity, you should provide enough detail for your reader to understand how and why you processed or transformed your raw data in these specific ways.

Analytic strategies

The methods section is also where you describe your statistical analysis procedures, but not their outcomes. Their outcomes are reported in the results section.

These procedures should be stated for all primary, secondary, and exploratory hypotheses. While primary and secondary hypotheses are based on a theoretical framework or past studies, exploratory hypotheses are guided by the data you’ve just collected.

This annotated example reports methods for a descriptive correlational survey on the relationship between religiosity and trust in science in the US. Hover over each part for explanation of what is included.

The sample included 879 adults aged between 18 and 28. More than half of the participants were women (56%), and all participants had completed at least 12 years of education. Ethics approval was obtained from the university board before recruitment began. Participants were recruited online through Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk; www.mturk.com). We selected for a geographically diverse sample within the Midwest of the US through an initial screening survey. Participants were paid USD $5 upon completion of the study.

A sample size of at least 783 was deemed necessary for detecting a correlation coefficient of ±.1, with a power level of 80% and a significance level of .05, using a sample size calculator (www.sample-size.net/correlation-sample-size/).

The primary outcome measures were the levels of religiosity and trust in science. Religiosity refers to involvement and belief in religious traditions, while trust in science represents confidence in scientists and scientific research outcomes. The secondary outcome measures were gender and parental education levels of participants and whether these characteristics predicted religiosity levels.

Religiosity

Religiosity was measured using the Centrality of Religiosity scale (Huber, 2003). The Likert scale is made up of 15 questions with five subscales of ideology, experience, intellect, public practice, and private practice. An example item is “How often do you experience situations in which you have the feeling that God or something divine intervenes in your life?” Participants were asked to indicate frequency of occurrence by selecting a response ranging from 1 (very often) to 5 (never). The internal consistency of the instrument is .83 (Huber & Huber, 2012).

Trust in Science

Trust in science was assessed using the General Trust in Science index (McCright, Dentzman, Charters & Dietz, 2013). Four Likert scale items were assessed on a scale from 1 (completely distrust) to 5 (completely trust). An example question asks “How much do you distrust or trust scientists to create knowledge that is unbiased and accurate?” Internal consistency was .8.

Potential participants were invited to participate in the survey online using Qualtrics (www.qualtrics.com). The survey consisted of multiple choice questions regarding demographic characteristics, the Centrality of Religiosity scale, an unrelated filler anagram task, and finally the General Trust in Science index. The filler task was included to avoid priming or demand characteristics, and an attention check was embedded within the religiosity scale. For full instructions and details of tasks, see supplementary materials.

For this correlational study , we assessed our primary hypothesis of a relationship between religiosity and trust in science using Pearson moment correlation coefficient. The statistical significance of the correlation coefficient was assessed using a t test. To test our secondary hypothesis of parental education levels and gender as predictors of religiosity, multiple linear regression analysis was used.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Measures of central tendency
• Chi square tests
• Confidence interval
• Quartiles & Quantiles

Methodology

• Cluster sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Thematic analysis
• Cohort study
• Peer review
• Ethnography

Research bias

• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Conformity bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Availability heuristic
• Attrition bias
• Social desirability bias

In your APA methods section , you should report detailed information on the participants, materials, and procedures used.

• Describe all relevant participant or subject characteristics, the sampling procedures used and the sample size and power .
• Define all primary and secondary measures and discuss the quality of measurements.
• Specify the data collection methods, the research design and data analysis strategy, including any steps taken to transform the data and statistical analyses.

You should report methods using the past tense , even if you haven’t completed your study at the time of writing. That’s because the methods section is intended to describe completed actions or research.

In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion . The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal .

Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology.

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Bhandari, P. (2023, June 22). How to Write an APA Methods Section | With Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/methods-section/

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APA 7: Sample Paper

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APA Format Case Study

APA is used to conduct a research in social sciences. It is one of the most popular formats to follow, and it is obligatory to use it in writing a major number of students’ papers in many universities. Students are taught to write a case study format APA since it is also used for a scientific research.

How to Write a Case Study Paper in APA

Case study format APA means following the proper formatting style, but all other requirements for conducting a research still the same.

Start from choosing a topic. It is very positive if it is not set by circumstances, but in interesting for a researcher himself. This will affect the work itself in a positive way. If an author is interested in writing on this topic, then it will be interesting for others to read it.The next step is to decide on the amount of work that one is going to write. If there is a lot of material, then maybe it makes sense to make the topic narrower or re-qualify the scientific work in the thesis.

APA case study needs a well-developed plan. Writing a plan will help to organize the events that one want to tell the scientific community, his thoughts on this matter and the conclusions that he makes on their basis. Consider in the plan of scientific work that in the first part of it a task should be set and the state of affairs in the area that one intends to investigate should be mentioned. Then the experiments conducted should be described, and observations should be noted. In the end, the observations are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn.

What Format to Follow

General APA case study format includes a title page, an abstract, body pages, conclusion and reference list.

It also may contain appendixes if the research is large and requires using charts, graphs, and interviews.A title page should include the name of an author, the topic of his work, the name of the university or other organization where research was conducted and a running head. Running head is a brief statement (up to three words) that reveals the main idea the investigation is made on. It should be used on all of the pages of the paper. It should be typed in capital letters on all pages excluding a title page.An abstract is a brief summary, and it emphasizes the main theme of the paper, goals of a researcher, chosen methods, and obtained results.

An abstract as a rule ends with a set of keywords that characterize the paper. This is made in order that a scientific work will be easy to find in online and offline databases.The introduction should consist consistently of the following parts: the rationale for the topic, its relevance. The relevance of the topic is an explanation of why it is appropriate to address this topic right now, what is the scientific and practical necessity, in what state are current scientific ideas about the subject of research. The justification of the relevance of the topic should be followed by consideration of the degree of scientific elaboration of the problem. Here it is necessary to list the past and current researchers who dealt with this problem in different angles, indicate insufficiently illuminated items.

After considering the degree of scientific development of the problem, a smooth, logical transition to the research goal is carried out.The purpose of the research is its ultimate desired result, the solution of the scientific problem, which in the end should come. The objectives of the study are ways to achieve the goal. The formulation of research tasks is necessary to specify the research objectives. Tasks can be aimed at identifying, analyzing, summarizing, substantiating, developing, individual components of a common problem. It should be remembered that the enumeration of tasks sets the plan and internal logic of the text of the whole work.

An introduction should end with a thesis. The thesis should be argued using reliable sources, supporting and opposing opinions of other authors, real cases from practice and personal experience. The number of these arguments will depend on the volume of case study APA .

What Sources to Use and How to Cite Them

When a person is obliged to write a case study APA format , he is free to choose various sources for the research. They may include books, articles in periodicals, reliable online sources, movies, videos, interviews and scientific works of other authors.

The main requirement is that these sources should not be outdated since, in the case of use materials that are no relevant at the time of research, there is a risk to obtain wrong results. Citing a case study APA is an obligatory requirement in making of the reliable research. It is not obligatory to cite another work directly; sometimes it is allowed to paraphrase; however, the source of paraphrasing should also be mentioned. If it is a direct citing, it is enough to mention the surname of an author/authors, year of publication and page where this citation was initially written. When one cites a movie or a video, it is necessary to record at what minute of a track some words were said.

The bibliography should also be formatted correctly. Every used source should be mentioned in the following order: a name and a surname of an author, year of publication, the title of work, the name of publishing house or organization if it is a periodical, and a number of cited page/pages.

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Title Page Setup

A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.

Student title page

The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.

Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6

Related handouts

• Student Title Page Guide (PDF, 263KB)
• Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)

Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.

Professional title page

The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.

Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.