research essay about soccer

Interesting Soccer Research Paper Topics: Ideas for an Essay or Speech

Writing about sports is a common assignment at college, and students usually can choose between the sports they prefer. Some discuss baseball research topics , and some prefer soccer.

If you need to write a paper or prepare a speech about soccer (globally known as football), then our soccer essay topics with research paper and speech ideas will surprise and amaze you. Each section contains ideas that will be helpful to you. All of these interesting ideas for different purposes can be adopted by you and used when necessary. For example, for getting “ write my essay for me cheap ” help from EssayShark writers.

In this article, we will provide you with various soccer topics that you can cover in your writing. Remember that if your creative writing skills are not strong enough to research the issue to the fullest, you can always turn to EssayShark and get what you need. In this case, you pay for a research paper and get a customized paper that meets your requirements.

Soccer topics for research papers

• The effect of dynamic stretching on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles in high school soccer athletes.
• High income vs low income soccer in the USA.
• Rivalry between soccer teams.
• Medicine of soccer.
• History of soccer development in China and its perspectives.
• Effects of playing on a soccer team.
• Globalization of soccer.
• Use of strength and conditioning to improve soccer players’ ability to kick at soccer ball.
• History of soccer.
• Most common injuries among soccer players, and their prevention and treatment.
• Racism in soccer.
• Soccer culture in West Africa and the effects on politics and society.
• The importance of soccer.
• Pay gap in women’s soccer.
• American football vs soccer.
• Diversity in Major League Soccer.
• Soccer in Latin America.
• Sex differences in subjective sleep quality, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life among collegiate soccer players.
• The physics behind soccer.
• Soccer in Brazil.
• Sexism in soccer.
• The politics of soccer in colonial India.
• Soccer marketing.
• Indoor soccer and outdoor soccer.
• Chinese soccer.
• Soccer advantages and disadvantages.
• Statistics in soccer.

Soccer argumentative essay topics

• What has the girls soccer program meant to you? What did you learn that’s going to help you in life?
• How has soccer influenced Afro-Brazilian culture and traditions?
• Are soccer players more physically fit than other athletes?
• Does technology change soccer for the better?
• How do soccer clubs in Saudi Arabia use season tickets as a source of funding?
• How do you become a better soccer player?
• Why is soccer the best sport?
• How do you kick a soccer ball?
• How do soccer players communicate with each other on the field?
• Why do you like soccer?
• What is the future of soccer in France?
• Is Cristiano Ronaldo the best soccer player?
• How does stress affect soccer players?
• Why should professional soccer players get paid more?
• Which of the energy systems will be dominant during each phase of the soccer game (break it down if the event has, for example, jump, sprint, turn, held position, endurance phase, etc.)?
• The effect of practicing juggling with different sized balls upon performance, retention, and transfer to ball reception?
• Identify and describe the equipment of the sport and why it is needed/useful.
• Explain the process of training for the sport/event. How did the athlete prepare their body and mind?
• Explain how nutrition can influence athletic performance in soccer.
• What kind of mathematics is used when trying to predict soccer outcomes?
• Should kids be allowed to play football, hockey, and soccer, even though they risk brain injury?
• How can we use mathematics on penalty shootouts in soccer?
• What positive role has soccer played in my life so far and how will it help me in the future?
• Soccer is my favorite sport.
• Comparison between a helium soccer ball and a normal soccer ball.
• Why is soccer an important way to interact in our society?
• What are at least three possible technological developments you see in the future of soccer?
• Is it economically beneficial to host a soccer world cup?
• Why is soccer becoming more popular in the United States?
• How to survive soccer season.

Descriptive soccer essay ideas

• Describe your experience at the soccer event you attended.
• Describe a “typical” meal plan for a soccer player. Include information such as: food types, calorie amounts, frequency of meals, supplemental nutrients (vitamins, minerals, ergogenic aids), and times during the day when food is ingested.
• Describe the physiological traits that make a soccer player better for the sport.
• Describe the rules governing soccer.
• Describe the bio-mechanics of kicking a soccer ball.
• Describe the joints, muscles, bones, and nerves and how they interplay with kicking a soccer ball.
• Describe how a soccer player can get a serious injury.
• Describe the benefit of soccer for women.
• Describe sport-specific training for soccer athletes.
• Describe how soccer was used to deal with ethnic divisions in Ghana, and also to bring other countries together in Africa.
• Describe why Barcelona is a better soccer team then Real Madrid.
• Describe business and international relations in soccer world cups.
• Describe how soccer players communicate with each other inside the field.
• Describe the rationale of modified small-sided game rules for soccer.
• Describe Liverpool soccer fans.
• Describe how soccer works in physics.
• Describe how to juggle a soccer ball.
• Describe why soccer is the best sport to play.
• Describe the ethnography of girls soccer teams.
• Describe the benefits of technology in soccer.
• Describe the integration of soccer into the US as a popular or dominant sport.
• Describe the Colombian National Soccer Team.
• Describe goal line technology in soccer.
• Describe why soccer is so important to Spanish culture.
• Describe the effect of soccer on a referee’s physiology and how to improve game-time decisions.
• Describe why soccer is loved and hated in America.

Informative speech topics on soccer

• Soccer in Mexico and its impact on the economy and culture.
• Injuries that most commonly occur in soccer.
• Correlation between goals scored and possessions.
• Behavior of soccer fans.
• Information on how to play soccer.
• The influence of a soccer league on the country’s economy.
• The relations of soccer and national identity in Argentina and Brazil.
• High altitude training on elite soccer players and the physiological effects.
• Influence of money on soccer.
• Famous events of soccer.
• The rise and fall of the American soccer league.
• Soccer hooliganism in Europe.
• The impact of event quality on fan satisfaction and game attendance in the context of professional soccer in Iran.
• Soccer and politics in South America.
• Men’s and women’s soccer in the USA.
• Fan culture, violence, and stadium disasters of soccer.
• Professionalism and globalization of soccer.
• The role of soccer in people’s lives.
• Racism in soccer through social media.
• The global phenomenon of women’s soccer.
• The evolution of soccer.
• Concussions in soccer.
• The physics of soccer: passing and taking a free kick.
• Persuasive speech: “Who is the best player in the history of FIFA?”
• Soccer teams as an organization.
• Arbitration in soccer.
• The conflict athletes face with discrimination of sexuality in sports, in particular soccer.
• The best soccer player in the world.
• Women’s soccer in Jamaica vs women’s soccer in Brazil.
• Fighting between soccer teams.

Soccer thesis statement examples

Interesting facts about soccer.

Soccer rightfully takes the place of the most popular team sport in the world. Soccer matches attract thousands of fans in stadiums, and millions gather at TV screens. This game is distinguished by the importance of not only the physical training of the participants, but also the need to carefully consider the strategy of matches.

• Yellow and red cards were used by soccer referees starting in the late 1960s – the head of the judiciary was thinking about how to smooth the language barrier between referees and players, when the image of a traffic light came to him. So the judges stopped making notes in their notebooks and began to show the players cards that are understandable in any country in the world.
• In 2003, Inter and Milan met in the semi-finals of the Champions League, whose home arena is one stadium. It was decided that Milan would conditionally be the host of the first meeting, and Inter would be the second. The matches ended with a score of 0:0 and 1:1, but in the end Milan reached the final, formally scoring more goals in a foreign field.
• Intel placed its advertisements on the inside of the players’ t-shirts of the Barcelona Club – viewers were to see the Intel Inside slogan when jubilant players rip off their t-shirts.
• Cristiano Ronaldo is a double name, not a first and last name. The future great football player received the rare name Ronaldo because of his father’s love for US President Ronald Reagan.
• Hicham Zerouali played for a whole year under the “zero” number – the fact is that football fans called the player “Zero,” reducing his name, and the owners of the club decided to give him this number.
• The football (soccer) field becomes striped, not because it is sown with grass of different varieties, but as a result of the work of lawn mowers, which not only cut off the shoots, but also bend it in different directions, creating the illusion of stripes. This color of the field is not only pleasing to the eye, but also helps the referees in tracking offsides violations.

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These topics for research papers related to soccer with speech and essay ideas will help you to create interesting essays.

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Soccer - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Soccer, known as football outside of North America, is a globally cherished sport with a rich history and significant cultural impact. Essays on soccer might explore its origins, the evolution of soccer rules and organizations, and the sport’s influence on international relations and national identities. Additionally, discussions might extend to notable soccer events like the FIFA World Cup, iconic soccer players, and the societal and economic aspects of soccer fandom and commercialization. A vast selection of complimentary essay illustrations pertaining to Soccer you can find at PapersOwl Website. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Informative Essay about Soccer

Soccer is the most played sport in the world today. As Alex Morgan one said, "It doesn't matter if its soccer, football, or futbol, This game brings people together". Soccer has a lot of background for its history, including the rules and regulations, has proven health benefits for playing the sport, and shows a lot of characteristics on why it's a team sport. Soccer is a sport that welcomes anyone to play and brings positivity and unity out in one's […]

Topic Soccer Balls Bounce

A ball will bounce differently depending on the surface because some surfaces are harder than others like grass, turf, concrete they are all different. Some surfaces absorb more energy than others do. A hard surface, such as concrete, absorbs less energy compared with a soft surface, such as a grass floor. The more energy absorbed by the surface, the less that remains in the ball for it to bounce. When a ball is dropped gravity pulls the ball toward the […]

The CAC 40 – the Paris Stock Exchange

The CAC 40: stands for "Cotation Assistée en Continu", which may be translated to continuous aided mercantilism, and is that the hottest benchmark index for funds finance within the French securities market. This index provides a general plan regarding the direction of the "Euronext Paris", that is that the largest stock market in France once referred to as the Paris stock exchange. CAC 40 represents the capitalization-weighted measure of the foremost forty vital values among the very best one hundred […]

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The Rules and Process of Soccer

When you hear the word "soccer" do you right away freak out like most of Americans do, well I will explain why you shouldn't. Soccer is a beautiful sport that is played across five continents. Americans have a wrong understanding of playing soccer because they believe their kids will get hurt playing soccer, but they encourage their kids to play American Football when it is even more dangerous than soccer. There is a rules and process of playing soccer. Soccer […]

The Effects of Soccer on Health

The world is filled up and down with soccer. With no doubt it is one of the most popular sports in the entire world. That is because it can be played practically anywhere you can think of, backyards, parks, streets, and stadiums. During a soccer match players work their body to the maximum. They do a variety of physical activity like jumping, sprinting, shooting, and dribbling for a whole ninety minutes. Soccer has a great impact on not only physical […]

A Football Player Homare Sawa

Homare Sawa was a Japanese football player who led Japan to victory as captain in the 2011 Women's World Cup, she hopes the disparity between men's and women's teams in Japan will close. About 25,000 girls play football in Japan, but there are no professional leagues for women. Sawa herself played on the boy's team. The pay gap between the genders is stark and most of the members of Sawa's World Cup team have full-time jobs and could only train […]

Racism in Soccer

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About Motion of Soccer Ball

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Why Soccer is the Sport most Famous

For many it is not a mystery that the sport of the Soccer (or fut-bol in other countries) is the physical activity that has more followers around the world, which raises passions, emotions, joys, rivalries, etc; all that is what the fut-bol brings. But why is this? In this essay from a very particular point of view I, because soccer is the most watched sport in the world, all aspects that for me make football the king sport in the […]

History of Soccer

Soccer is among the most loved and celebrated sports worldwide. People will spent a lot of money to buy soccer jerseys with the same number worn by their favorite soccer stars Soccer has evolved throughout time, from being a game without rules to a game that has a visual assistant referee.The game get its name from that people uses their foot to kick the ball. It was started more than two thousand years ago as some other games. The only […]

The Evolution of Soccer

The Evolution of Soccer around the world and how it gained its popularity throughout countries Soccer is a favorite sport played all over the world. Although it has just been prevalent in North America for as far back as 30 years, soccer has been quite a while most loved most wherever else. It is the national game of many European and Latin-American nations, and numerous different countries. The game goes back to the Egyptians, who played amusements including the kicking […]

The Psychology Side of Soccer

The psychology side of soccer has helped me through learning how to deal with situations, ways on how to solve problems together with my teammates, allowing myself to adapt and meet new people from different countries. Many athletes are confused about the role of soccer psychology and how mental training can improve your performance. The goal of the psychology side of soccer is to help other athletes and teams perform their best by improving mental skills that help us excel […]

Soccer is a Highly Contested Cut-throat Game

Many people hold a notion that soccer is a highly contested, cut-throat game. However, soccer has a great role in hosting competitions and being a mediator betweens nations at an international level (Kunczik, 2016). Football touches lives both on a regional and global scale. At times it inspires revolutions, but it also has the capability to create an everlasting peace and lift the participating nations. However, a blend of politics and soccer has significant and far-reaching implications on the international […]

Soccer and Goalies

Description In the game of soccer, the objective is to score as many goals as possible (more than the opposing team) by the end of the ninety-minutes in order to win the game. If there is a tie at the end of the ninety minutes, depending on the situation, the referee will either declare it a tie, add additional time (also known as stoppage time), or the game will go into penalty kicks. Components of the Field In terms of […]

Soccer as the most Famous Sport

Soccer is known to be the most famous sport in the world. In soccer there is 2 teams with 11 players. Soccer is played on a large grass field but you can also play indoor. The point of the game it to get the ball into the opposite team's goal. You can player soccer by only using your feet to dribble it and the goalie can only touch the ball. Soccer is played by all ages around the world for […]

Soccer in the US

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Major League Soccer

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Playing Soccer

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Twelve Thai Soccer Players

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Soccer and Stock Markets

According to earlier studies, emotions are omnipresent. They have an essential effect on the individuals' behaviour and thus the decision making. Take for example the impact of anger on judgment and it's influence on cognition, and how the incidental anger in one situation can result in misattributed blame in another (Tedeschi and Quigley 1996). Again,According to Aristotle, "Anyone can become angry,that is easy. But to be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for […]

Sizes of a Soccer Ball

Soccer Balls come in many different sizes. They also have different weight to all of them, but all soccer balls have one thing in common they all have air in them which allows the ball to be tough or soft. In the beginning it will fly exactly in the direction of the kick, as it slows down due to the friction of the air. The spinning motion will cause the air on one side to move faster than the other […]

Stock Market and Soccer

The interest in the role of sentiment, mood, feelings and emotions in finance and business stems from the work of (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). Results in this area was built on evidence from experimental psychology and economics and studies to explore how investors are affected in light of information's evaluation, risk, gains. The applying the direct and the indirect measurement on the sentiment and feelings of the investors as an attempt to discover its role on the performance of stock […]

Soccer and Stock Market

When reviewing previous papers, we can touch the remarkable role of emotions that would suggest alternative courses of action affecting behavior of individuals and thus the decision-making, As a simple example the incidental anger happening in one situation will elicits automatically a motive to blame individuals in other situations even though the targets of such anger have nothing to do with the source of the anger (Tedeschi & Quigley 1996), and that typically occurs without awareness, as if Emotions play […]

The Global Reach of Soccer Viewership

Soccer, known as football outside of North America, is undeniably the world's most popular sport. Its appeal transcends geographical, cultural, and socio-economic boundaries, captivating millions across the globe. The question of how many people watch soccer is both intriguing and complex, reflecting the sport's vast reach and its profound impact on societies worldwide. The sheer scale of soccer's viewership is staggering. According to FIFA, the sport's global governing body, over half of the world's population watched some part of the […]

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Nestled within the core of the local soccer community lies Angelo's Soccer Corner, an oasis for devotees of the beautiful game. Far beyond a mere emporium, Angelo's has evolved into a vibrant nucleus for players, enthusiasts, and families, embodying the fervor and ardor that soccer evokes universally. This discourse delves into the distinctive role Angelo's Soccer Corner assumes in nurturing the local soccer milieu, fostering a sense of camaraderie, and contributing to the sport's proliferation at its grassroots. From its […]

Neymar’s First Name: the Story Behind the Soccer Sensation

In the world of soccer, few names resonate as strongly as Neymar. He's a figure known globally, not just for his skill on the pitch but for his larger-than-life persona. However, many fans, even the most ardent ones, might pause when asked, "What is Neymar's first name?" It's a question that invites us to explore not just a name, but the story and the culture behind one of soccer's most iconic figures. Neymar's full name is Neymar da Silva Santos […]

Unraveling the Origins of Soccer: a Journey through History

Soccer, or football as it's known outside of North America, is more than just a game; it's a global phenomenon that captivates billions. But who can we thank for this ball-kicking frenzy? The answer isn't as straightforward as you might think. Tracing soccer's roots is like walking through a maze of history, culture, and evolution. Long before soccer became the sport we know today, ancient civilizations were already playing ball games. The Chinese game of 'cuju,' recorded during the Han […]

Kwame Appiah: a Philosopher’s Perspective on Soccer

When Kwame Appiah, a renowned philosopher, turns his attention to soccer, you know you're in for an insightful ride. It's not every day that a thinker of his caliber delves into the world of sports. Appiah, known for his work on cosmopolitanism and identity, brings a unique perspective to the game of soccer, a sport celebrated and loved by millions worldwide. His approach to soccer is not just about the game itself but also about what it represents in our […]

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Essay About Soccer U.S. Soccer, the governing body for the sport in America, pays the members of the men's and women's teams for international matches. The men's team earns higher wages in comparison to the women’s team. A perfect example of this case is when the women only earned $2 million the summer of 2015 for winning the World Cup while the men's team earned $9 million without advancing past the Round of 16 in the 2014 World Cup. Five of the women's players filed a federal complaint accusing the U.S. of discrimination of wages even with their revenue increase. The soccer world and others should care and be mindful of this because of the equal employment opportunities and the equal protection clause for both men and women. In the end, we are in search of equal opportunities for our future and for the little boys and girls who have dreams to succeed as well. U.S. Soccer may think they can get away with this because the majority of sports that pay their women players are always lower than the men's sports. There was a time where the women’s national soccer team was making more than the men's team. There will always be a controversy within the wage difference between men and women. At some point, there should be a solution and an agreement on how much everyone makes. “I won’t settle for less than equal pay”, Former National Women’s Soccer Goalie Hope Solo, said with strong words fighting for equal pay as a professional women’s soccer player. This has been a constant debate throughout time about equal pay between men and women in the professional sports industry. Many women argue that they do just as much as men do in their field. From training camps to similar training periods and even equivalent working conditions. Throughout this paper, we will touch on some major factors as to why women should get paid the same amount as men do. To begin, throughout the duration of a soccer player’s career they go through many different levels before becoming a professional. They typically come up in the youth academy programs and then they move into high school level, from here they normally select a college to attend and they can opt-out after their first year to enter the draft. From here, this is where we run into major issues with differentiating between both genders in this sport. Professional soccer players on the men's side of things tend to make on average about $60,000, and they can see upwards of up to $300,000 in wages per year. As for women soccer players they make on average about $30,000 and can get paid upwards of $80,000 a year. Almost a $220,000 drop off and the question is why? Women prepare just as hard, and the demand of the head coaches for Women soccer player doesn’t differ because of their gender. This is still an ongoing debate as to why women aren’t being paid the same as men. To continue on the requirements of both men and women, they both have a similar playing field as men do. They train on the same size field as men, play with the same size ball, and even run training sessions that are just as long. So why is there such a gap in the pay for women soccer compared to men? Well, many argue that the fanbase of men’s soccer game brings compared to that of a women’s soccer game explains why there is a pay gap. For example, the last world cup for both men and women respectively both had a large number of viewers. During the Men’s world cup final in 2014 over 3.2 billion viewers across the globe. As for the women they had over 40 million across the world. With the men’s soccer final seeing such a difference in views across the world, this is the argument as to why there is a pay gap between both genders in the sport. On the other hand, U.S. women's soccer is much more popular than that on the men's side. In fact, the last Women’s World Cup finals had over 23 million views across the U.S. This was the most-watched soccer game for both men’s and women’s in history. So, holding the argument that women are just as equal to men in soccer especially in the U.S. is a valid point. So why are we so off on paying women? If they are playing under equivalent working conditions, what’s stopping women from having more money. This argument has now been ongoing for decades, but when will we start to see changes in the current professional field of soccer? To continue, just to compare some numbers. In research constructed by a business insider, they compared the annual pay based on 20 games between both men and women. If a men’s soccer team lost all 20 games, they are expected to bring in at least $100,000 in pay, whereas if the women’s team lost all 20 games, they bring in approximately $72,000. In addition, if each team were to win 10 games both on the Men's and the Women's side, the men’s team would get a payout of up to $181, 660, whereas the Women would get up to $85,500. This is almost a $100,000 in pay difference for achieving the exact same number of wins. Lastly, if each team were to hypothetically win all 20 games, the men’s team payout would be up to $263,320, whereas, the women would get $99,000 if they accomplished the same. This is almost a $180,000 difference in pay according to a business insider. This means that even if the women’s team went 20-0 and the men’s team went 10-10, the men would still get paid almost twice as much as that of the women’s team. This is why many professional women soccer athletes are infuriated with the current pay and inequality in between the two and demand equal compensation. Another huge compensation gap is the world cup bonuses. This is one of the most surprising numbers between the two and the difference is unimaginable. For instance, if a men's team finished third in the world cup, they would receive $52.083 in bonuses, whereas if a women's team finished in the same place, they would receive less than half of that at about $20,000. An even more remarkable number is if the men’s team finished in second, they would be compensated for $260,417 according to business insider, whereas the women would receive just about $32,500 in bonuses. This is almost $230,000 more than that of women. The only difference between the two would be their gender. Lastly, a first-place finisher in the world cup would get over $390, 625 on the men’s side, whereas the women’s team would only get $75,000. Compared to the men, this is almost an offensive offer by FIFA when it comes to compensating their players for their work. This is not only an embarrassment for FIFA as an organization but for the sport and what they represent as a whole for the women’s teams. 

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128 Football Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Football is a globally beloved sport that has captured the hearts of millions of fans around the world. Whether you're a die-hard supporter or just a casual observer, there's no denying the excitement and passion that comes with the game. If you're looking for some inspiration for your next football essay, look no further. Here are 128 football essay topic ideas and examples to get your creative juices flowing.

The Evolution of Football: From its origins to modern-day

The Impact of Technology on Football

The Role of Football in Society

The Psychology of a Football Fan

The Business of Football: How clubs make money

The Importance of Team Chemistry in Football

The Rise of Women's Football

The Influence of Football in Politics

The Future of Football: What's next for the sport?

The History of the World Cup

The Role of Football in Globalization

The Impact of Social Media on Football

The Science Behind Football Injuries

The Cultural Significance of Football

The Role of Football in Education

The History of Football Hooliganism

The Ethics of Football: Fair play and sportsmanship

The Role of Football in Mental Health

The Evolution of Football Tactics

The Impact of Football on Player's Mental Health

The Role of Football in Diplomacy

The Influence of Football on Fashion

The History of Football Stadiums

The Impact of Football on Youth Development

The Role of Football in the LGBTQ+ Community

The History of Football Broadcasting

The Impact of Football on the Environment

The Role of Football in Peacemaking

The Evolution of Football Equipment

The Impact of Football on Local Communities

The Role of Football in International Relations

The History of Football Rivalries

The Impact of Football on Sponsorship

The Role of Football in Cultural Exchange

The Influence of Football on Music

The History of Football in the Olympics

The Impact of Football on Tourism

The Role of Football in Social Justice Movements

The Evolution of Football Rules

The Impact of Football on Economic Development

The Role of Football in Breaking Barriers

The Influence of Football on Art

The History of Football Academies

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159 Football Essay Topics & Soccer Research Topics

Are you a soccer player? If yes, then you will enjoy writing a soccer-themed essay! To make the writing process even easier, we present to you our list of football essay topics and samples. Check them out below!

• 🔝 Top 10 Football Research Topics for 2024

🏆 Best Football Topics to Write About

✍️ football essay topics for college, 👍 good football research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting soccer research topics, 💡 simple football essay ideas, ❓ research questions about football, 🔝 top 7 football research topics for 2024.

• The 2022 FIFA World Cup
• Football Watching as Entertaining Action
• The Physics Behind Football
• Environmental Impact of the Football Stadium Construction
• Liverpool Football Club’s Strategic (PESTLE) Analysis
• Spanish Football League
• Soccer and Basketball Differences
• FIFA World Cup: History and Future The FIFA World cup is a soccer competition that is contested internationally by national soccer teams composed exclusively of male players.
• Valuation of Southampton Football Club The Southampton team has a great fanbase, stability in terms of financial position, global recognition, high-quality merchandise, sponsors, and a future home stadium.
• How to Play Defense in Football In fact, a strong defense and a well-developed strategy can cause turnovers from the rival, and turnovers can significantly influence football game results.
• Impact of Qatar Hosting FIFA World Cup 2022 This paper discusses the impact of Qatar hosting the FIFA World Cup in 2022, specifically on its brand image and business operations.
• Football in Ghana and Its Relationship with the Rest of the World (Player Transfers) Football is one of the most popular sports not only in Ghana but in the region of Africa and the global society.
• Goal Line Technology and Football Football matches are not only about the issue of teamwork but also about strict competition and the importance of the defining last-minute goal which can tip the scale between victory and defeat.
• American Football League v. National Football League Case The American Football league, abbreviated as AFL, filed a lawsuit against the national football league (NFL) on the grounds of the Anti-Trust Act breach.
• FIFA and Corruption In other words, FIFA is a kind of a football image, and it has to be deprived of various unethical and immoral practices.
• Planning Franz Beckenbauer Charity Football Match Today I will be presenting my event management plan for the upcoming Franz Beckenbauer Charity Football Match.
• CTE and Head Injuries in the NFL The paper identifies brain injuries and CTE as key problems many NFL players continue to face. The protocols and preventative measures appear to be inadequate.
• Training Programs for a High School Quarterback Football Player The article addresses the specific exercises that the quarterback player should take and the duration, the number of sets, the reps, and the rest intervals.
• Rhetorical Strategies of FIFA Franchise The website central to this review provides its viewers with reasons for either pre-ordering or waiting on the newest instalment in the FIFA franchise, FIFA 22.
• The National Football League Team Moving to the City of Omaha Moving the National Football League team to the city of Omaha, Nebraska, will have a positive financial influence on the citizens residing within its boundaries.
• Football Banned for Being Too Violent and Dangerous American football is a popular kind of sport in the United States, but scientific evidence demonstrates that this activity should be banned for being violent and dangerous.
• American Sports: Football, Soccer, Basketball Some games have grown to be recognized as official sports with strict rules, governing institutions, and international events.
• Soccer in the US, Its Development and Popularity The main factor which impacted the development and popularity of soccer in the United States is the public’s area of interest.
• Is Watching Football Morally Acceptable The public opinion on the morality of watching football, or other competitive sports, is divided, as there are clear dangers associated with participating in football matches.
• The Football Impact on the European Region The European region has been considered to be the world’s most prominent fan organization, with around three million football fans.
• Should Football Be Banned for Being Too Violent and Dangerous? The essay ponders whether the game of football is dangerous and violent, and it should be banned, or are there other ways to reduce the possibility of players’ injuries.
• The Negotiation Process in Football The main issue being negotiated is the extension of a playing contract for A. J. Washington, a quarterback participating in the Los Angeles Spartans of National Football League.
• Real Madrid and Barcelona Football Clubs History Real Madrid and Barcelona are the top European Football Clubs, which are usually opposed to each other. During the long time they applied different strategies to achievements in sport.
• Impact of Anti-Racism Campaigns in English League Football Racism trickles into every facet of people’s lives, causing members of ethnically and racially diverse communities to experience challenges and injustice.
• The National Football League Culture Analysis Approximately 37% of the National Football League’s staff is women, and 30% are individuals of color. It has made great strides toward hiring a more diverse workforce.
• Football Matches and Their Impact on Mental Health In football matches, a player is faced with the need to overcome constantly emerging stressful situations. The impact of stress and the reaction to it are repetitive.
• Do Soccer Fans Love Their Teams? The research question for this paper focuses on soccer fans’ motivation for supporting their teams through stadium attendance.
• International Arena for the NFL and the NBA Event Transportation Associated (ETA) provides transportation services for various clients, and its activities promote a better understanding of the positions.
• Soccer League and Grassroots Strategy Soccer is one of the most popular sports in the world, with over 240 million registered players at all levels, and at least 3.5 billion fans.
• FIFA, Zidane and Materazzi 2006 Debacle This paper examines FIFA, Zidane and Materazzi 2006 debacle. FIFA punishing both players was fair and helped them preserve their image.
• 6-Week Program for an Athlete Preparing for the NFL Combine This set of exercises aims to develop body strengths. An athlete will perform different activities every day to ensure that each part of their body is set in motion.
• Reasons Why Kids Should Not Play Tackle Football The brain might repair itself, but the consequences of the injury usually last longer and include memory loss, headaches, and similar cognitive dysfunctions.
• Opposing American Football Ban Due to Health Reasons One of the opposing views regarding American football from the perspective of players’ health is the dubious nature of the claim that the described risks are universal.
• “Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football” Documentary “Fordson: Faith, Fasting, Football” is a film about a community of Muslim Americans, who are focused on their passion and support for the Fordson High School football team.
• Negotiations Between National Football League and NFL Players Association Approving the proposed 2020 NFL CBA faced a significant amount of backlash from the players due to some of the issues that were not addressed in the agreement.
• Sport and Television: Football Support To retain its target audience and remain a popular activity, the sport needs the support of television as one of the main media tools.
• Advertisement in Soccer Overview The use of modern marketing media technologies is a compelling incentive to meet fans’ needs, which, in turn, directly influences ticket sales and clubs’ commercial success.
• The National Football League Anti-trust Law The National Football League (NFL) during its long-lasting development is colored today, as the sphere where business interests seem to be more significant.
• American Football Is Too Dangerous and It Should Be Banned Regardless of American football being a major source of entertainment for many, it should be banned due to significant harm dealt with players’ brains, cognitive performance.
• Organizational Theories in Australian Football League (AFL) This essay applies these two concepts to the operations of the Australian Football League. A brief background to the AFL will be presented before applying the individual theories.
• The Review of Literature: American Football The articles included in the annotated bibliography research how violent and dangerous American football could be.
• American Football as a Popular Kind of Sport in the US American football is a popular kind of sport in the United States. A severe issue refers to the fact that professional players are often subject to health problems.
• Speed Drill: Agility Training in Young Elite Soccer Players The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain a speed drill for a specific athlete, using logical arguments and visual elements.
• Organizational Behavior Analysis: Japanese Soccer School Kurt Lewin’s theory of change is a framework most often used to describe and plan organizational change due to its relative simplicity, intuitive nature, and ease of use.
• Soccer: Effects of Sprint Training Training soccer players is an engaging and demanding activity, and it is crucial to make the most of this process to be a successful coach.
• Football and other Sports: Influence on Children’s Life Football is a very unique sport, as it helps a person establish a framework for life and attitude. It helps develop character and strengthen individuality.
• Training Football Athletes: Key Aspects Monotonous exercises should not bore them; trying activities appear to be more productive. Using many drills similar to deep ball drills in training practice is advantageous.
• 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Cape Town: Resident Perceptions Bob & Swart’s Resident Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Cape Town assessed suggestions of the people on the venues of the FIFA.
• The NFL Lockout and Its Effect on the Economy The paper aims to analyze the demand effect caused by the NFL lockout and consider the assessment of the economic consequences caused by the lockout.
• Event Management Analysis: Local Soccer Championship Even management requires careful and detailed analysis and planning in order to avoid a project failure and create an impressive and amazing setting for visitors.
• Career as an NFL Player: Self-Analysis Besides, the career of an NFL player is a rather public position and this fact presupposes many public activities for players.
• Nike’s Ad for Football Women’s World Cup 2019 Nike released its empowering advertisement ahead of the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019 hosted in France. It claims that football is a game enjoyed by people of all races.
• Soccer and Other Sports as a Communication Medium The paper discusses the ways sports communication potential is exploited by companies and organizations and how they use sports personalities charisma.
• Soccer and Sport as a New Medium of Communication Execution of physical tasks calls for smooth, self-controlled, and concerted effort. Athletes need emotional control if they are to successfully engage in sporting events.
• Soccer and Sport: New Medium of Communication The concentration of wealth in certain clubs and leagues makes them more lucrative and more entertaining. This influences and entices more fanatics to join the clubs and leagues.
• Qatar Hosting FIFA World Cup 2022 FIFA World Cup is one of the largest soccer tournaments in the world. It is scheduled to occur in 2022, and the host country will be Qatar.
• The Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup Bid The award of hosting the World Cup in 2022 for Qatar came as a surprise to Australia and the USA, which many people thought could win the rights.
• Ranking Systems: FIFA and US College Football The purpose of this paper is to compare the FIFA ranking system for international soccer and the Matrix-based Methods system used in US College football.
• Football Tactics and How They Evolve over Time
• Long-Term Effects of Concussion on Football Players
• Commercialization’s Impact on Football Club Performance
• Football Hooliganism and Fan Violence
• The Role of Video Assistant Referee in Football
• American Football: Technology and Regulation of Helmet Safety
• Race and Quarterback Survival in the National Football League
• National Football League and Player Compensation Issues
• Competitive Balance and Consumer Demand in the English Football League
• Quarterback Mobility and Its Impact on College Football
• Action Plan For Fundraising for the Penn Hills Football and Cheer Association
• American Football and Coin Toss
• Fitness Requirements for Football
• Broadcaster and Audience Demand for Premier League Football
• Assessing Methods for College Football Rankings
• Football Scholarships and Football Recruiters
• Being Special: The Rise of SuperClubs in European Football
• Ajax Football Club: Strategic Alternatives
• College Football Players Should Get Paid
• Beer Availability and College Football Attendance
• Exercise Program for Football Team
• American Football and Positive Latitude
• Concussions and American Football
• Football Helmets Are Insufficient to Stop Concussions
• American Football and Ice Hockey
• Strategic Behaviour and Risk-Taking in Football
• Professional Asian Football Leagues and the Global Market
• Concussions Are the Most Common Football Injury
• Justice, Professional Football, and Minority Coaches
• Market Size and Attendance in English Premier League Football
• Spanish Football: Competitive Balance and the Impact of the Uefa Champions League
• Cheshire Football Club and Management of a Soccer Team
• College Football and Its Social and Cultural Importance in the USA
• Motor and Cognitive Growth Following a Football Training Program
• High School Football Women Play
• The Growth and Challenges of Women’s Soccer
• Football Talent Identification and Training Programs
• The Impact of Football Events on Local Economies
• Analysis of Mental Strategies in Football
• How Digital Platforms Influence Soccer Fan Engagement
• America’s Football and the World’s Soccer
• Football Concussions and Head Injuries
• Football: The United Kingdom and English Public
• Joe Robbie Professional Football Stadium History
• American Football and High School
• Football Has Impacted Our Society in Many Ways
• Greatest Football Players Throughout History
• Domestic Violence and the National Football League
• British Culture, Economy and Society and the Role of Football
• High School and School Football Team
• Baseball, Football, and Basketball: Models for Business
• Football and Its Effect on Society
• International Women’s Football and Gender Inequality
• College Football Conferences and Competitive Balance
• Globalization and the Future of Indigenous Football Codes
• Football Hooliganism, Society, and Culture
• Acquiring and Performing the Football Passing Skill
• Football: History, Rules, and Influential Individuals
• Floating European Football Clubs in the Stock Market
• Gender-Specific Relative Age Effects in Politics and Football
• Health Risks Involved With Playing Football
• College Football Rivalry Between Ohio and Michigan
• Economics, Uncertainty, and European Football
• Deviations From Equity and Parity in the National Football League
• Professional Sports and Its Impact on the National Football
• Fantasy Football Provides Fans With Interactivity
• Concussions and Head Injuries in the National Football League
• Migrating Football Players, Transfer Fees, and Migration Controls
• Fantasy Sports and Its Effect on the National Football League
• Eliminating College Football Team
• What Are the Risk Factors for Injuries in Football?
• How Does the Players Behavior Off Field Affect the Game of Football?
• What Is the Role of Football in Everyday Life?
• How Did the Financial Crisis Influence European Football?
• What Is the Americanization of European Football?
• What Is Italian Football’s Status in an Age of Globalization?
• What AI Can Do for Football, and What Football Can Do for AI?
• What Are the Dynamics of Group Sports With Special Reference to Football?
• What Is the Data Collection on the Incidence of Injuries in Football?
• What Is the Network Theory Analysis of Football Strategies?
• What Is the Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Football Business?
• What Is the Impact of College Football Telecasts on College Football Attendance?
• Is There a Relationship Between Climatic Conditions and Injuries in Football?
• What Are the Determinants of Football Match Attendance?
• What Are the Biomechanical Properties of Concussions in High School Football?
• What Are the Fitness Determinants of Success in Men’s and Women’s Football?
• What Is Bayesian Hierarchical Model for the Prediction of Football Results?
• What Is the Effect of Altitude on Football Performance?
• What Are the Psychological and Sport-specific Characteristics of Football Players?
• What Is the Relationship Between Football Playing Ability and Performance Measures?
• What Is the Predictive Power of Ranking Systems in Association Football?
• What Are the Peculiar International Economics of Professional Football in Europe?
• What Are the Medical, Morphological and Functional Aspects of Football Referees?
• What Is the Epidemiology of Injuries in First Division Spanish Football?
• What Are the Common and Unique Network Dynamics in Football Games?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, March 1). 159 Football Essay Topics & Soccer Research Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/football-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "159 Football Essay Topics & Soccer Research Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/football-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "159 Football Essay Topics & Soccer Research Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/football-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Football were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on August 23, 2024 .

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Soccer - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Soccer is a popular team sport that is played around the world. It is played on a rectangular field with two goals at opposite ends. The objective of the game is to score more goals than the opposing team by kicking the ball with the feet, and not using the hands or arms (unless you are the goalkeeper). Soccer involves teamwork, strategy, agility, and endurance. It is loved by millions of fans and players alike, and is renowned for its thrilling matches, skillful players, and passionate rivalries.

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• Review Article
• Open access
• Published: 21 September 2020

Reducing Injuries in Soccer (Football): an Umbrella Review of Best Evidence Across the Epidemiological Framework for Prevention

• Oluwatoyosi B. A. Owoeye   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5984-9821 1 , 2 ,
• Mitchell J. VanderWey 1 &
• Ian Pike 3 , 4  

Sports Medicine - Open volume  6 , Article number:  46 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

42k Accesses

49 Citations

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Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. Expectedly, the incidence of soccer-related injuries is high and these injuries exert a significant burden on individuals and families, including health and financial burdens, and on the socioeconomic and healthcare systems. Using established injury prevention frameworks, we present a concise synthesis of the most recent scientific evidence regarding injury rates, characteristics, mechanisms, risk and protective factors, interventions for prevention, and implementation of interventions in soccer. In this umbrella review, we elucidate the most recent available evidence gleaned primarily from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Further, we express the exigent need to move current soccer injury prevention research evidence into action for improved player outcomes and widespread impact through increased attention to dissemination and implementation research. Additionally, we highlight the importance of an enabling context and effective implementation strategies for the successful integration of evidence-based injury prevention programs into real-world soccer settings. This narrative umbrella review provides guidance to inform future research, practice, and policy towards reducing injuries among soccer players.

This review provides a one-stop evidence reference regarding the prevention of soccer injuries, including evidence and perspectives on the implementation of proven interventions.

Overall evidence supports the use of the 11+ neuromuscular training warm-up and focused strength training, and there is emerging evidence for load management programs to mitigate injury risk among soccer players.

Theory-driven dissemination and implementation studies are needed to improve the adoption, adherence, appropriate adaptation, scale-up, and sustainment of evidence-based injury prevention interventions in soccer.

The findings from this review provide guidance to inform future research, practice, and policy towards reducing injuries among soccer players.

Soccer (football) is the most popular sport in the world [ 1 ], with some 270 million involved in the sport worldwide in 2006 [ 2 ]. For approximately 110,000, it is a profession and thus a source of income; for some 38 million registered players, it is a team game organized within leagues and competitions; and for about 226 million others, it is an enjoyable exercise surrogate for fitness and health [ 2 ]. The health benefits of soccer as “medicinal exercise” are well documented, for example, improved cardiovascular health, mental health, and bone health [ 3 ]. However, there is a paradoxical negative effect of soccer on health when players get injured (e.g., obesity or post-traumatic osteoarthritis after an anterior cruciate ligament injury) [ 4 , 5 ]. Furthermore, soccer injuries exert a significant burden on socioeconomic and healthcare systems [ 6 ]. Founded on established epidemiological frameworks describing the sequence of research steps to effective injury prevention practice [ 7 , 8 ]—from identifying injury rates to the implementation of effective interventions—we present a narrative umbrella review that articulates best available evidence to inform guidelines, practice, and policy towards mitigating the risk of injuries in soccer, and in turn maximizing the benefits of participation among individuals.

To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, we conducted methodical searches across five databases (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) from January 2010 to January 2020 to identify all systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews, and original research (where limited or no reviews were available) across soccer injury studies that investigated injury incidence, characteristics, mechanisms, risk and protective factors, interventions for prevention, and implementation and evaluation of interventions. A summary of the search records for our primary source of data (systematic and narrative reviews) is presented in Table 1 , and details of the search terms used—key concepts and search words—are presented in an additional file ( Supplementary File ). Our search strategy involved the use of relevant search descriptors of “OR” and “AND” to combine search/key words and key concepts, respectively, after each search word was exploded (exp) to capture all literature possible. Search records were limited to articles with full text, written in the English language, and relating to humans. The same methodology was used to obtain primary research articles where no reviews were available.

Injury Rates

Injury incidence among soccer players differs across levels of participation, age, type of exposure, and sex. The incidence of injuries in soccer is mostly significant during games/matches, ranging from 9.5 to 48.7 injuries/1000 h among competitive male youth players, 2.5 to 8.7 injuries/1000 h among male professional players, and 12.5 to 30.3 injuries/1000 h among female players [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] (Table 2 ). The incidence of injuries appears higher among males vs. females, and injury incidence is higher during games/matches vs. practice/training for all participation categories, among both male and female players [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Soccer players younger than 12 years of age have a lower injury rate (1.0–1.6 injuries per 1000 h) compared to older players [ 9 ].

Injury Location and Type

Most soccer injuries occur in the lower limbs (60–90%), especially the ankle, knee, and thigh [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Among male players, the most common injuries affect the hamstring muscles followed by the ankle, knee, and groin [ 11 , 13 ]. Comparably, among female players, knee and ankle injuries are the most common, followed by thigh/hamstring injuries [ 10 , 13 ].

Thigh, Knee, and Ankle Injuries

Most thigh injuries result from strains with a high proportion of hamstring injuries, despite quadriceps injuries leading to longer absence from play [ 15 ]. The prevalence and history of hamstring injury is greater among adult professional players (40%) compared to under-20 players (18%) [ 16 ]. Up to 18% of severe soccer injuries presenting at hospital emergency departments involve the knee [ 17 ]. One such injury involves the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ACL injury rate among females (2.0/10,000 athlete exposures) is 2.2 times higher than that of males (0.9/10,000 athlete exposures), independent of participation level [ 18 ]. Ankle injuries account for up to 20% of all soccer injuries with ankle sprains constituting 77% of all ankle injuries [ 14 , 19 ].

The prevalence of concussion in youth soccer appears to be relatively low with an incidence of 0.19 (95% CI 0.16–0.21) concussions per 1000 athletic exposures and 0.27 (95% CI 0.24–0.30) concussions per 1000 athletic exposures among male and female players, respectively [ 20 ]. A higher concussion incidence has been consistently reported among females [ 10 , 20 ].

Injury Mechanisms

Overall, about two-thirds of soccer injuries are traumatic and the other one-third (27–33%) are caused by overuse [ 11 , 12 , 21 ]. These findings are based on a medical attention/time-loss injury definition, and emerging evidence from studies using an all-complaint injury definition suggests that overuse onset injuries may be as prevalent as acute onset injuries [ 22 ]. About two-thirds of traumatic injuries are contact injuries, of which 12–28% are caused by foul play. Notably, non-contact injuries account for 26–58% of all injuries [ 13 , 21 ]. Injuries occur primarily during the initial or final 15 min of the match, indicating the significance of an appropriate warm-up and the effects of fatigue on players [ 23 ].

Risk and Protective Factors

Non-modifiable risk factors, player position.

Goalkeepers are at a lower overall risk of injury compared to outfield players in the male game [ 24 ]. Independent of goalkeepers, current evidence is inconsistent regarding the association between player position and injury risk; however, it appears that strikers may be at a greater risk as compared with other outfield players during matches [ 24 ].

Previous Injury

A history of previous injury continues to be the most consistent and strongest risk factor for future injury, and this also holds true for specific injuries [ 9 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. For example, a history of previous hamstring injury is associated with future hamstring injury among male players [ 25 , 28 ], previous ACL injury is associated with risk of future ACL injury [ 29 ], and previous ankle sprain injury is related to the emergence of new ankle sprain injuries [ 27 ].

Current evidence regarding age as a risk factor for soccer injury is limited. One systematic review suggested that increasing age was a risk factor for future hamstring injury among male players [ 25 ]. Another systematic review concluded that existing literature was insufficient to infer any relationship between age and the risk of ACL injury among soccer players [ 29 ]. In a single prospective study, age > 14 years was a significant risk factor for future acute knee injury among female players [ 30 ].

Familial predisposition for ACL injury is associated with increased risk of ACL injury and acute knee injury [ 29 , 30 ].

Overall, the incidence of injuries is higher among males vs. females [ 10 , 11 ]; however, female sex is associated with increased ACL injury risk [ 29 ].

Competitive Setting

Game exposure demonstrated increased injury risk compared to practice for both male and female soccer players [ 29 , 31 ]. Furthermore, within the practice setting, the risk of injury is higher for scrimmage compared to normal practice and walk-through [ 29 ].

Shoe-Surface Interaction

Current research suggests there is an association between higher shoe-surface interaction and increased ACL injury risk [ 29 ].

Pre-season Knee Complaints

Females presenting with pre-season knee complaints appear to be at increased risk for acute knee injury during the season [ 30 ].

Early Sport Specialization

Though there is a lack of substantive evidence for soccer specifically, early sport specialization has been found to be associated with a greater risk for overuse injuries across multiple youth sports [ 9 ]. One study showed that female soccer players 12–15 years of age playing on more than one team had increased risk for lower extremity overuse injuries [ 32 ].

Growth and Leg Length

Elite male youth soccer players are at greater risk for traumatic injury in the year of peak height velocity [ 33 ]. A recent prospective study of male soccer players aged 10–12 years shows an association between an increase in leg length throughout the season and risk for overuse injury [ 34 ]. The same study suggests an association between longer leg length and risk of overuse injury among male soccer players aged 13–15 years. Additionally, they found a higher weight and a decreased growth rate to be associated with an increased risk of acute injury.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Evidence regarding load-injury relationships among soccer players is still emerging as reviews remain sparse in this area of inquiry. Current evidence across team sports indicates that load, in terms of player exposure and/or exertion, could either be an independent protective or risk factor for injury, depending on whether load administration is optimal and progressive or suboptimal (e.g., load spike), respectively, and that this relationship is likely moderated by other risk factors for injury [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Prospective studies showed that a high amount of absolute (accumulated or cumulative) load, based on different calculations of load measures (e.g., 1-weekly, 2-weekly), was associated with greater risk of injury among elite youth and professional soccer players [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. These findings suggest that it may be expedient to have an absolute load threshold, for example, weekly load threshold, to further mitigate injury risk in soccer, especially youth soccer [ 39 , 40 ]. Altogether, available evidence suggests that avoiding a spike in load (e.g., the acute to chronic workload ratio) is associated with less soccer injuries [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].

Neuromuscular Factors

Hamstring/quadriceps strength ratio imbalance is a key risk factor for hamstring muscle injury; specifically, decreased hamstring strength relative to quadriceps strength is a risk factor for knee ligamentous injuries in both male and female youth soccer players [ 29 , 42 ]. Decreased single leg hop distance is also associated with increased hamstring injury risk [ 43 ]. While current evidence is inconclusive for muscle strength asymmetry (i.e., right vs. left) as a risk factor, eccentric hamstring strength asymmetry is specifically indicated as a key predictor of injury among male youth soccer players [ 26 ]. Furthermore, eccentric hamstring strength (< 256 N) and single leg hamstring bridge scores of less than 20 reps on the right leg are associated with increased risk of hamstring strain [ 43 ]. Poor landing mechanics, specifically, increased dynamic knee valgus, is associated with increased risk for lower limb injury, including ACL injury [ 9 , 42 , 43 ]. Leg dominance and leg asymmetry also relates to increased risk of injury; a difference of 15% or greater, between an individual’s dominant and non-dominant limb, has been shown to predict future injury [ 42 ]. An asymmetry of greater than 4 cm on the anterior reach portion of the Y-balance test places athletes at 2.5 times greater risk for injury among male youth soccer players [ 42 , 43 ]. Hip external rotation strength scores using handheld dynamometry of less than 18% of the individual’s body weight is associated with lower extremity and back injuries [ 43 ]. Additionally, the literature suggests that the risk of injury may increase with altered neuromuscular firing during dynamic movements like cutting or landing, and dynamic stability deficits may increase lower extremity injury risk for male youth soccer players [ 42 ].

Protective Factors

Although mention of protective factors in review level evidence did not exist at the time of this evidence review, findings from original research previously described (under modifiable risk factors) signify load management as a viable target for mitigating injury risk in soccer. For example, an in-season relative load measure of acute to chronic workload ratio of 1 to 1.25 significantly reduced injuries among youth players [ 40 ], and a reduced absolute load significantly reduced injuries among youth and adult professional players [ 39 , 40 ]. Additionally, current evidence suggests that improved neuromuscular capacity and control, including increased quadriceps, hamstring, hip flexor strength, and movement control are protective against injuries among soccer players [ 9 , 26 , 29 , 42 , 43 ].

Opportunities for Prevention

Effective interventions.

Drawing from available evidence regarding modifiable risk factors and protective factors for soccer injuries, injury prevention experts have developed and tested interventions for reducing musculoskeletal injuries in soccer. There is extensive high-quality evidence (including two reviews of systematic reviews) showing the clinical effectiveness of exercise-based interventions in the form of neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up programs in reducing all soccer-related injuries across sex, ages, and skill levels. Specifically, the 11+ (formerly called the FIFA 11+) warm-up program reduces overall injury rate (i.e., all injuries) by 30 to 47% [ 23 , 44 , 45 , 46 ], lower limb injury rate by 39 to 44% [ 44 , 45 ], overuse injury rate by 55%, and knee injury rate by 52% [ 47 ]. Emerging evidence also suggests that the 11+ Kids (a version for children under 12 years old) is efficacious (48% reduction for all injuries) for reducing injuries in younger players [ 48 ]. Additionally, the “Knee Injury Prevention Program” (KIPP) has the potential to significantly reduce non-contact lower limb injury and overuse injury among young female soccer players by 50% and 56%, respectively [ 47 ].

In a recent systematic review, the application of a variety of exercise-based injury prevention programs for youth players was found to reduce injury rates by up to 46% [ 49 ]. Furthermore, the risk of hamstring injuries can be reduced by up to 51% when the Nordic Hamstring exercise is implemented in isolation [ 50 ]. A recent meta-analysis showed that ankle injuries can be reduced by as much as 40% [ 51 ] and a meta-analysis of meta-analyses [ 52 ] demonstrated that a 50% reduction can be achieved for all ACL injuries in a heterogeneous sample of athletes, including soccer players, when NMT warm-up is implemented.

Specific instructions on how to perform aforementioned NMT warm-up programs can be found in the International Olympic Committee’s “Get Set” app, an innovative and accessible mobile app that provides continued access to illustrative and video information regarding effective sport- and body-specific NMT warm-up programs, including the 11+ program. The 11+ program can also be accessed from the following website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSJIp7e7fyY

Although concussions are not frequent in soccer, sustaining a concussion may present severe and lasting negative health consequences [ 53 ]. It is important for coaches, parents, and administrators to be aware of concussion signs and symptoms and know what to do if concussion is suspected. For concussion prevention, there is evidence that education about concussion among key stakeholders, e.g., coaches, referees, and parents, can reduce the incidence of concussion and facilitate improved outcomes [ 54 ]. Interventions for primary (e.g., rule change and avoiding a slippery playing surface) and secondary (e.g., concussion recognition and decision on return to playtime) prevention are mainly informational for coaches and parents/guardians. A popular evidence-based educational tool is the Concussion Awareness Training Tool, available at https://cattonline.com .

Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions

Literature regarding the cost-effectiveness of injury prevention interventions in soccer is limited. A reduction of 43% was reported in healthcare costs in the training group that underwent an NMT warm-up similar to the 11+ program with additional use of a wobble-board, when compared to a standard practice control group [ 55 ]. Similarly, the “11+ Kids” program showed a 51% reduction in healthcare costs when compared with a regular warm-up [ 56 ].

Implementation and Evaluation

Literature regarding the evaluation of the implementation of efficacious/effective interventions such as the 11+ and other NMT warm-up programs is advancing despite the lack of reviews [ 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. However, of all the studies currently available, only two reported using an implementation framework to evaluate a preventative program. The Reach Effectiveness Adoption Implementation Maintenance Framework was used in both studies: one to evaluate an NMT warm-up program for knee/ACL prevention, and the other to evaluate the Adductor Strengthening Program for groin injury prevention [ 57 , 59 ]. Overall, the execution of NMT warm-up programs when implemented ranged between low and moderate [ 60 , 68 ].

To improve the spread and implementation of evidence-based injury prevention intervention in soccer, an understanding of implementation contexts is imperative. Although more rigorous theory-driven studies are needed to further understand potential contextual moderators of successful/unsuccessful implementation, a small number of studies have investigated perceived facilitators and barriers to NMT programs across levels of soccer participation (Table 3 ).

Current Best Practices for Implementation

Literature regarding best practices for onward translation of evidence-based injury prevention programs into routine practice in community and professional soccer remains sparse, and the urgent need for research in this field of inquiry has been identified [ 70 ]. The following conclusions have been reached in existing literature:

Preseason structured coaching workshops have the potential to effectively increase coach attitudes, perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, and intention and subsequent implementation of NMT programs [ 64 , 71 , 72 ]. However, it remains unclear whether high levels of behavioral determinants, i.e., cognitive and psychosocial factors, would ultimately result in high levels of program adherence and maintenance over time [ 57 ].

Coach-led delivery of the 11+ appears to be relatively sufficient in implementing the program; evidence on the advantage of having additional support or supervision from research or team staff, e.g., strength and conditioning coach, an athletic trainer, or physiotherapist, is mixed [ 57 , 60 , 71 ].

For maximum effectiveness, coaches need to ensure quality delivery to their teams by performing NMT warm-up exercises with proper technique and adhering to the program guidelines, while adapting it to fit their local setting. A minimum of 2× weekly appears to be optimal and thereby recommended [ 58 , 61 ].

Quality implementation requires soccer associations and organizations at the federal, provincial, and community levels to enact policies that enforce injury prevention programs and education and policies that require coaches to use proven NMT warm-up programs such as the 11+ [ 60 , 73 , 74 ].

Conclusions and Call to Action

This review provides guidance to inform future research, policy, and practice towards reducing injuries among soccer players. It presents a one-stop evidence reference regarding the burden, etiology, and prevention of soccer injuries, including current opportunities for evidence-based interventions and their implementation. To achieve desired outcomes and population-level impact from injury prevention research evidence, evidence-based interventions need enabling contexts and effective implementation strategies for a successful integration into real-world settings. Consequently, innovators (e.g., researchers) and implementation actors at the organizational (e.g., football associations, government/public health agencies, non-profit organizations, football clubs) and individual (e.g., coaches, strength and conditioning personnel, medical staff) levels have critical roles to play and are urged to rise to the occasion.

Researchers need to acquire an appreciable level of proficiency in dissemination and implementation research designs to build upon current literature to advance dissemination and implementation science in soccer injury prevention. Specifically, theory-driven dissemination and implementation studies are needed to improve the adoption, adherence, appropriate adaptation, delivery, scale-up, and sustainment of evidence-based injury prevention interventions such as the 11+ in soccer. Researchers should move beyond randomized controlled trials evaluating efficacy in NMT programs (considering that there is extensive evidence supporting NMT efficacy ) to evaluating strategies for implementation in randomized controlled and pragmatic (e.g., quasi-experimental) trials. Further, researchers should use current information on implementation barriers to and facilitators of evidence-based interventions and knowledge from implementation science to conceptualize and test potential implementation strategies. In addition, soccer organizations and their staff, especially coaches, have the obligation of ensuring safety among their players. Collectively, researchers, knowledge brokers, policymakers, leaders, and administrators in soccer and other related organizations need to work collaboratively to move current injury prevention evidence into action in order to protect players’ current and future health.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated during the current study.

Abbreviations

Anterior cruciate ligament

Neuromuscular training

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Acknowledgements

The funding for this review was managed by Pike, I. and Babul, S. of the British Columbia (BC) Injury Research and Prevention Unit and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute and coordinated by Richmond, S. of the Canadian Injury Prevention Trainee Network.

Provided by the British Columbia Alliance for Healthy Living Society, Canada, and supported by the Saint Louis University, MO, USA.

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Owoeye, O.B.A., VanderWey, M.J. & Pike, I. Reducing Injuries in Soccer (Football): an Umbrella Review of Best Evidence Across the Epidemiological Framework for Prevention. Sports Med - Open 6 , 46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00274-7

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• Can we say that Panyee FC is a symbol of passion for football?

Why Football Is Dangerous: Essay Prompt

The fact that football has the greatest injury rate of any other kind of sport should not come as a surprise. Football players often incur injuries like ankle sprains, knee injuries, concussions, and acromioclavicular sprains. In your essay on the dangers of football, you can raise the following questions:

• Why is it so easy for football players to get injured?
• What types of injuries are most common during a football game?
• What precautions must be taken to prevent trauma?
• How does injury impact the future career of a football player?

Prompt for Essay on Concussions in Football

While every sport has some risk of getting hurt, football, as a high-impact sport , is infamous for causing severe injuries. Concussions are a common injury among football players. They happen when the head is hit hard enough to cause a minor brain injury. To research the topic of concussions in football, write your essay based on the following aspects:

• The effect of concussion on the brain.
• Statistics on concussion in American football.
• Medical concussion protocol.
• The recovery process after a concussion.
• Screening procedures examining football players for brain damage.

If you’re looking for the most engaging football essay titles, check out the ideas we’ve collected below!

Topics for a Descriptive Essay on a Football Game

• The thrill of a last-minute goal in football.
• The intensity of the players’ warm-up and last-minute preparations.
• Sports psychologist: working with athletes.
• The different styles of play in football around the world.
• The rapid movement of players and the choreography of their tactics.
• The role of a coach in football.
• Capturing the joys and frustrations of the players and fans.
• The interaction between players and referees: decisions, protests, and resolutions.
• A description of a football stadium and its architecture.
• The art of dribbling in football.
• How do players and fans celebrate a goal?
• Describing pre-match rituals and superstitions in football.
• How do fans create a supportive atmosphere for their team during the game?
• The joy and excitement of attending a live football match.
• Describing how coaches handle their emotions on the sidelines.
• The description of food served during the football game.
• The magnetic pull of the scoreboard: watching the numbers change.
• The vibrant fan gear and merchandise in a football stadium.
• The drama of penalty kicks: tension, hope, and heartbreak.
• The description of a goalkeeper’s save.
• The sounds of the football match.

Football Argumentative Essay Topics

• Is football too dangerous for young children to play?
• Does football develop leadership skills and teamwork?
• Title IX in the female sports development.
• College football players should be paid for their performance on the field.
• Should football stadiums have stricter security measures?
• Is the use of performance-enhancing drugs in football acceptable?
• Reasons why the NFL should expand to include more teams.
• Why paying college athletes is beneficial.
• Is the NFL doing enough to prevent concussions and other injuries in players?
• Should football games be played on artificial turf or natural grass?
• Is it ethical for colleges to recruit high school football players?
• Should players be allowed to protest during games?
• Does youth sports play a part in the character formation ?
• Reasons why cheerleading should be considered a sport in football.
• Should the Super Bowl be considered a national holiday?
• The economic influence of football: the benefits and costs.
• Is football too focused on commercialization and profit?
• Should football players be allowed to use marijuana for medical purposes?
• The NFL should have a shorter season to reduce the risk of injuries to players.
• Using performance-enhancing drugs in the world of sport.
• Should college football teams be allowed to schedule games against non-college teams, such as high school teams?
• Should the NFL have a salary cap to ensure fairness among teams?
• Football players should wear full body armor to reduce injuries.
• Is football too expensive for schools and communities to support?
• Should the NFL allow players to use alternative therapies for pain management?
• Should football players be required to take regular drug tests ?
• Should the NFL have stricter penalties for players who break the rules, such as suspensions or fines?
• Children participation in sports.
• Football players should take classes on financial management to prepare for life after football.
• Should the NFL have a quota for hiring minority coaches and executives?
• High school football players should pass a physical exam before being allowed to play.
• Should the NFL have stricter rules on player conduct off the field?
• College football players should be allowed to transfer to other schools without penalty.
• Should the NFL have a policy on players using social media ?
• Football players should attend media training to prepare for interviews and press conferences.
• Sport psychology: biases and influence of external rewards.
• Should the NFL have a policy on players participating in political activism?
• Football players should undergo regular psychological evaluations.
• Should the NFL have a policy on players using alcohol and drugs off the field?
• Should football players be required to wear protective eyewear to reduce eye injuries?
• College football teams should provide mental health resources for their players.
• Should high school football teams limit the number of weekly practices to reduce the risk of injuries?
• Paying college athletes: reinforcing privilege or promoting growth?
• Should college football players be allowed to unionize?
• Should football be banned in schools to protect students from injuries?
• Is playing football in college detrimental to academics?
• Should college football players be allowed to hire agents?

Ideas for a Narrative Essay about Football

• The first time I stepped onto the football field: an unforgettable experience.
• Overcoming adversity: how I bounced back from a football injury.
• A story of teamwork: how football taught me the value of collaboration.
• The most memorable football match I have ever witnessed.
• Coping with stress in athletes.
• The importance of football in building lifelong friendships.
• From underdog to champion: my journey with the football team.
• A day in the life of a football player: behind the scenes.
• The role of football in shaping my identity.
• A tale of rivalry: the intense football match against our arch-nemesis.
• The impact of football on my physical fitness and well-being.
• How a football coach changed my life.
• The thrill of scoring the winning goal: a football victory to remember.
• The evolution of football: from my grandfather’s time to the modern era.
• A football match that taught me the importance of humility.
• The emotional rollercoaster of supporting a football team.
• Lessons learned from defeat: how football taught me resilience.
• A football game that tested my leadership skills.
• Football and community: how the sport brings people together.
• A football camp experience: training, team building, and friendship.
• From fan to player: fulfilling my football dream.

Football Essay Topics: Compare and Contrast

• Regular football vs. American football: a comparative analysis.
• Lionel Messi vs. Cristiano Ronaldo: contrasting two football legends.
• Comparing football and soccer .
• College football vs. professional football: similarities and differences.
• The World Cup vs. the Super Bowl: contrasting two major football events.
• The roles and impact of offensive and defensive players.
• The Premier League vs. La Liga: comparing two dominant football leagues.
• Contrasting playing styles and cultural significance of football in Europe and South America.
• Club football vs. international football: examining the differences in competition and loyalty.
• Football stadiums vs. arenas: comparing the experiences of live football events.
• The similarities and differences between Olympic football and FIFA World Cup.
• Football in the past vs. modern-day football.
• Comparing the roles and responsibilities of quarterbacks and goalkeepers.
• Football fan culture in Europe vs. the US: contrasting fan traditions and behaviors.
• Amateur football vs. professional football.
• Football uniforms vs. gear: analyzing the equipment used in the sport.
• Comparing and contrasting famous football team rivalries.
• Football team dynamics vs. individual brilliance: contrasting the impact of teamwork and individual performances.
• Football referees vs. video assistant referees (VAR).
• Club vs. country: comparing the passion and loyalty for club and national teams.
• Football and injuries: comparing the risk and types of injuries in the sport.
• Football leagues during the pandemic vs. regular seasons.
• Football commentary vs. live match experience: comparing the different ways of engaging with the sport.
• The impact of football on local vs. global economies.
• Football documentaries vs. fictional football movies.
• The role of football in promoting diversity vs. perpetuating stereotypes.
• Football fandom vs. player idolization: contrasting how fans engage with the sport.
• Comparing the traditional grass pitches vs. artificial turf.
• The impact of social media on football vs. traditional media.
• Comparing the challenges of football in different weather conditions .
• Football in mainstream culture vs. football subcultures.
• The health benefits of football vs. injuries and health risks.
• Betting in football vs. gambling.
• The cultural significance of football in different regions.
• Football literature vs. football films: contrasting different forms of storytelling about the sport.
• Football stadiums: traditional vs. modern architecture .
• College football vs. professional football: differences in gameplay and culture.
• Offensive vs. defensive strategies: which is more important?
• Comparing traditional and modern football training methods.
• The history of football in America and Europe.
• Injuries in football vs. soccer: which sport is more dangerous?

American Football Topics

• The evolution of American football: from its origins to the present day.
• The impact of race on American football.
• Concussions and brain injuries in American football.
• The psychology of football: understanding the mental game of players and coaches.
• The role of women in American football: from cheerleaders to coaches and executives.
• The strategies and tactics used in American football.
• The role of coaches in American football: leadership and game planning.
• The significance of the offensive line in American football.
• The impact of college football on the NFL.
• The influence of the media on American football.
• The role of the head coach in American football.
• The importance of physical fitness in American football.
• The impact of technology on American football: from instant replay to virtual reality training.
• The economic impact and financial aspects of American football.
• The history of Super Bowl halftime shows.
• American football and national identity.
• The impact of weather on American football games.
• The influence of player protests on American football.
• The role of American football in the entertainment industry (movies, TV shows, etc.).
• The development of American football youth programs: benefits and challenges.
• The importance of the running back in the offense in American football.
• The role of the defensive line in stopping the run and rushing the passer in American football.
• The influence of American football on sports marketing and sponsorship.
• The impact of fan behavior on American football.
• Exploring the legacy of American football’s great players and their impact on the sport.
• The influence of a new coach on team culture and performance in American football.
• The consequences of player suspensions in American football.
• Player trades in American football: exploring how teams acquire new talent.
• American football and sportsmanship: fair play and ethical considerations.
• The impact of player injuries on American football: exploring the recovery process.
• The role of American football in building teamwork and camaraderie.
• The impact of American football on society’s perception of masculinity .
• The history and cultural significance of American football rivalries.
• The role of American football in promoting community engagement and volunteerism.
• The influence of American football on US pop culture.
• American football and social justice: protests, activism, and athlete empowerment.
• The role of American football in public health and fitness initiatives.
• The ethics of sports gambling in American football.
• American football and sports diplomacy: international relations and competitions.
• The future of American football: challenges and opportunities.

Are you looking for exciting football topics to talk about? Check out our suggestions for persuasive and informative speeches about this sport!

Football Persuasive Speech Topics

• The benefits of playing football for overall physical fitness.
• The importance of youth football programs in fostering teamwork.
• Kids and sports: lack of professional sports guides.
• The positive impact of football on character development and leadership skills.
• The role of football in promoting gender equality and inclusion.
• The economic benefits of hosting major football events like the World Cup or Super Bowl.
• The need for increased safety measures and concussion protocols in football.
• The necessity of providing proper healthcare and support for retired football players.
• The role of football in breaking down cultural and racial barriers.
• Balancing college sports and academic mission.
• The benefits of investing in football infrastructure and facilities for communities.
• The positive influence of football in reducing youth involvement in crime and drugs.
• The potential of football as a tool for empowering disadvantaged communities.
• The role of football in promoting a healthy and active lifestyle among fans and spectators.
• The benefits of including football as part of the physical education curriculum in schools.
• The positive effects of football in promoting national pride.
• Corporate social responsibility in sports organizations .
• The use of football as a platform for raising awareness and funds for charitable causes.
• The importance of football in boosting tourism and international visibility of cities.
• The potential of football in fostering international diplomacy and cultural exchange.
• The importance of providing equal opportunities for females in football at all levels.
• The impact of football on local economies through job creation and tourism revenue.
• The significance of iconic moments in football history.

Football Informative Speech Topics

• The different positions in football and their roles.
• The psychology of football fans and their passion for the game.
• Agencies in the international football industry .
• Famous football stadiums around the world and their significance.
• The rules and regulations of football: understanding the game’s structure.
• The role of referees and their importance in enforcing the rules of football.
• Positive self-talk and its impact on athletes.
• The evolution of football equipment: from leather balls to high-tech gear.
• The most successful football clubs in history and their achievements.
• Exploring the tactics and strategies used in modern football.
• The science behind successful football coaching.
• Sports coaching career and its history.
• Football rivalries: the history and intensity behind classic match-ups.
• The art of scoring goals: techniques and skills of top goal scorers.
• Football and media: the influence of broadcasting and coverage on the sport.
• The psychological aspects of football: mental preparation and performance.
• The cultural impact of football around the world.
• The development and growth of women’s football.
• Physical therapy services for sports injuries.
• The importance of nutrition and fitness in football.
• The significance of football academies in nurturing young talent.
• The role of technology in modern football: VAR, goal-line technology, and more.
• Football hooliganism : understanding the causes and efforts to combat it.
• Famous football managers and their managerial styles: strategies for success.

If you need compelling topics about football for your presentation, here are some ideas you can consider:

• The FIFA World Cup: the most significant event in international football.
• Techniques and skills in football: dribbling, shooting, passing, and more.
• Leadership development in football management .
• The rules and regulations in football.
• Football tactics: exploring different formations and strategic approaches.
• Famous football players of all times: their achievements and impact on the sport.
• Football and sports injuries: common types, prevention, and treatment.
• Steroid use effects on professional young athletes.
• Football stadiums around the world: architecture and unique features.
• The business side of football: sponsorship, transfer fees, and revenue streams.
• Football and social media: the influence of digital platforms on the sport.
• Football documentaries and films: capturing the drama and passion of the sport.
• The effects of football on fashion and popular culture.
• Virtual reality technology in soccer referee training .
• The financial impact of football on cities and regions.
• Football and sports journalism: media coverage and analysis of the sport.
• Football stats and analytics: how data is revolutionizing the sport.
• The causes and consequences of fan violence in football.
• The cultural rituals and traditions associated with football matches.
• Football and the environment: sustainable practices and stadiums.
• The impact of football on tourism.
• Health care site: fitness, sports, and nutrition.
• Football and celebrity culture: players as icons and brand ambassadors.
• Football in video games: the popularity of virtual football experiences.
• The importance of infrastructure in hosting major football events.
• Football tactics in different eras: from Catenaccio to Tiki-Taka.
• Football and broadcasting: the growth of televised matches and media rights.
• Football training drills for improving agility and speed.
• Physical activity and sports team participation.
• Strategies for effective team communication on the football field.
• The importance of proper warm-up exercises in preventing injuries in football.
• Tips for strengthening and conditioning specific muscle groups for football players.
• Defensive formations and tactics for shutting down opponents in football.
• Analyzing football game films to improve performance and strategy.
• Recovering from football injuries: rehabilitation exercises and protocols.
• Sports-related problems and conflicts .
• Sports psychology techniques for boosting confidence and mental resilience in football.
• Nutrition and hydration guidelines for optimal performance in football.
• The connection between globalization and football.
• The role of stretching routines in preventing muscle imbalances in football players.
• Practical strategies for successful penalty shootouts in football.
• Steroid usage in professional sports.
• Football scouting and player evaluation techniques for talent identification.
• The use of technology in football training and performance analysis.
• Football equipment maintenance and safety guidelines for players.
• Preparing and executing penalty kicks in pressure situations in football.
• Advanced passing techniques in football: long passes, through balls, and more.

Do you need to write a research paper about football but don’t know where to start? Consider our list of football research questions and topics:

• How have football tactics evolved over the past decade?
• The impact of technology on decision-making in football.
• Business industry: trend analysis for soccer .
• The psychology of team cohesion and its effects on football performance.
• What is the role of nutrition and diet in optimizing football players’ performance?
• What is the relationship between football and concussions?
• How do FIFA World Cup events affect host countries’ economies?
• What is the carbon footprint of major football events?
• The effects of climate conditions on football matches.
• Shortage of officials at the high school sports level.
• The influence of social media on football players’ image and brand.
• The role of VAR in the fairness of football matches.
• The impact of home-field advantage in professional football.
• How does the football stadium atmosphere affect player performance?
• The rise of women’s football and its impact on gender equality.
• The economic implications of football player transfers and fees.
• The correlation between a team’s wage bill and on-pitch success.
• Factors influencing fan loyalty in football.
• Research handbook of employment relations in sport.
• The role of leadership and coaching in a team’s success.
• The impact of sponsorship deals on football clubs’ financial stability.
• The relationship between player positioning and successful goal scoring.
• The effects of VAR on the emotions and behavior of fans during football matches.
• How does football influence youth development and participation in sport?
• How can big data analytics improve football performance and decision-making?
• The effects of football on cultural identity and national pride.
• How do sports affect disabled people psychologically?
• The impact of football on the local community and economy.
• The influence of crowd noise on football referee decisions.
• The role of sports psychology in enhancing football performance.
• The impact of financial fair play regulations on football clubs.
• How does football betting affect match outcomes and integrity?
• The cultural significance of football chants and songs in fan culture.
• Steroid abuse in the world of sports .
• The influence of doping scandals on the reputation of football players and clubs.
• The role of football in promoting social inclusion and breaking down barriers.
• How do international football competitions affect tourism?
• The effects of player transfers on team dynamics and performance.
• The correlation between player height and success in football.
• The influence of different playing surfaces on football player performance and injury rates.
• How do referees maintain fairness and order in football matches?
• Achievement motivation theory in sports psychology .
• The impact of football on academic performance and school attendance.
• The role of football hooliganism in shaping public perceptions of the sport.
• The influence of football sponsorship on brand image and consumer behavior.
• The effects of football on social integration and community cohesion.
• How do rule changes affect football game dynamics?
• The influence of football on individual and societal gender norms.
• Sports analysis: steroids and HGH in sports .
• Investigating the impact of celebrity endorsement on football merchandise sales.
• The role of technology in improving football player performance and injury prevention.
• The correlation between alcohol consumption and football-related violence.
• The impact of fan protests and boycotts on football clubs and leagues.
• The effects of retirement on the mental well-being of former professional football players.
• The influence of football on urban development and infrastructure investment.
• How does football affect students’ academic motivation and educational attainment?
• The impact of football on destination marketing in tourism.

Structuring your essay on football is a piece of cake, and we’re going to prove it! Follow our mini guide with valuable tips and examples!

Football Essay Introduction

The first paragraph of an essay is crucial to creating a strong paper. A successful introduction often starts by addressing broad ideas related to the essay’s topic. Follow the steps below to write a compelling introduction:

1. Start with a hook.

Make a good first impression by using a captivating hook . In football essays, it can include a surprising fact, statistics, a question, or a relevant quote. Here’s an example:

What is the one thing that can unite a country and foster its pride? Yes, it is football!

2. Provide background information.

Give essential details on the essay’s main subject. This part can include the history of your topic, an explanation of key terms, and anything that can help your reader understand the context of your issue.

Football is a group of team sports that involve kicking a ball to score goals.

3. End with a thesis statement.

Put a concise thesis statement at the end to outline your motivation for the paper and present central arguments. Let’s talk about this element in detail.

Thesis Statement about Football

The thesis statement is a sentence expressing the primary idea of a piece of writing and guiding the thoughts within the work.

There are several steps that you should take to develop a thesis statement:

• Research information on your issue.
• Limit your topic to a specific area.
• Brainstorm to come up with interesting ideas.

Look at the example of a football thesis statement:

Football offers the chance to feel pride for the favorite team and positively impacts physical, social, and emotional development.

Essay about Football: Body Paragraphs

The main body of an essay is the most crucial part where you deliver your arguments. Here are some tips on writing a good body paragraph:

• Start with a topic sentence to capture the key points.
• Provide additional information to support your opinion.
• Use a transition sentence to get to the next paragraph smoothly.

Here’s an example of what your topic sentence and supporting evidence might look like:

Topic sentence : Football requires effective communication and listening skills since the game will not work without them. Supporting evidence : Communication helps athletes perform and focus better on the pitch and improves the decision-making process.

Conclusion for Football Essay

A conclusion brings your discussion to a close. The following outline may assist you in completing your essay:

• Restate your thesis.
• Explain why your topic is significant.
• Summarize the core points.
• Call for action or provide an overview of future research opportunities

Check out an example of a paraphrased thesis and the summary of the main points:

Rephrased thesis : Football is a fascinating sport with many societal benefits. Summary : To sum up, football can be considered a hobby, a sport, or an obsession. But still, its most important role is to unite people or even entire countries.

We hope you will find our football topics to write about and research beneficial! Want to receive some more ideas? Try our free online title generator ! Just click the button, and the result will not keep you waiting!

• Health and Wellness | The Football Players Health Study at Harvard University
• Sports | Harvard Business School
• Head Injuries & American Football | McCombs School of Business
• Research | Global Sport Institute
• University Archives: History of Football | Marquette University
• NCAA and the Movement to Reform College Football | Library of Congress
• Medical Issues in Women’s Football | National Library of Medicine
• Football Injuries | University of Rochester Medical Center
• Head to Head: The National Football League & Brain Injury | NYU Langone Health

351 Anxiety Research Topics & Essay Titles (Argumentative, Informative, and More)

223 deforestation topics for essays, research papers, & speeches.

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Evolution of soccer as a research topic

Affiliation.

• 1 James R. Urbaniak, MD Sports Sciences Institute Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina. Electronic address: [email protected].
• PMID: 32599029
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.06.011

Soccer has not only the largest number of worldwide participants, it is also the most studied sport, with nearly 14,000 citations listed on Pubmed and nearly 60% more articles than the next most studied sport. Research about soccer was limited until the late 1970s when exponential growth began; approximately 98% of all soccer-related research publications have occurred since 1980. This vast repository of soccer research shows trends in various major (e.g., 'sex' or 'age group' or 'performance' or 'injury') and specialty (e.g., agility, deceleration, elbow-head impact injuries, behavior) topics. Examining trends of the various topics provides insights into which subjects have come in and out of favor as well as what topics or demographics have been neglected and worthy of inquiry. A further examination can be used by students to learn the most productive researchers, which programs have a strong history of inquiry, and what journals have demonstrated a commitment to publishing research on soccer.

Keywords: Association football; Pubmed; Research history.

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Open Access

Peer-reviewed

Research Article

Analysis of elite soccer players’ performance before and after signing a new contract

Contributed equally to this work with: Miguel-Ángel Gómez, Carlos Lago, María-Teresa Gómez, Philip Furley

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – review & editing

Roles Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation Institute of Cognitive and Team/Racket Sport Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

• Miguel-Ángel Gómez, 
• Carlos Lago, 
• María-Teresa Gómez, 
• Philip Furley

• Published: January 25, 2019
• https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058
• Reader Comments

The aim of the current study was to analyse performance differences of football players 2-years prior and the year after signing a new contract (the following year) while taking playing position, nationality, player’s role, team ability, and age into account. The sample was comprised of 249 players (n = 109 defenders, n = 113 midfielders; and n = 27 forwards) from four of the major European Leagues (Bundesliga, English FA Premier League, Ligue 1, and La Liga) during the seasons 2008 to 2015. The dependent variables studied were: shooting accuracy, defense (the sum of defensive actions, tackles, blocks, and interceptions), yellow cards, red cards, passing accuracy, tackle success, and minutes played per match. Two-step cluster analysis allowed classifying the sample into three groups of defenders (national important, foreign important, and less important players) and four groups of midfielders and forwards (national important, foreign important, national less important, and foreign less important players). Magnitude Based Inference (MBI) was used to test the differences between player’s performances during the years of analyses. The main results (very likely and most likely effects) showed better performance in the year prior to signing a new contract than the previous year for foreign important defenders (decreased number of red cards), national important midfielders (increased number of minutes played), foreign important forwards (increased minutes played and defense), and national important forwards (increased minutes played). In addition, performance was lower the year after signing the contract compared to the previous one for less important defenders (decreasing defense), national less important midfielders (decreased minutes played), and foreign less important forwards (decreased defense). On the other hand, the players showed better performance in defense and more minutes played the year after signing the contract for less important defenders, national less important midfielders, and foreign less important forwards. These results may assist coaches to decide on when a new contract should be signed or the duration of the contract.

Citation: Gómez M-Á, Lago C, Gómez M-T, Furley P (2019) Analysis of elite soccer players’ performance before and after signing a new contract. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0211058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058

Editor: Jaime Sampaio, Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, PORTUGAL

Received: July 15, 2018; Accepted: January 7, 2019; Published: January 25, 2019

Copyright: © 2019 Gómez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: Due to the personal data protection law, data will be shared publicly without the name of the players.

Funding: The present study was supported by the Ministry of Economy and competitiveness of Spain with the project “Diseño y desarrollo de un software para el análisis del rendimiento en fútbol” (DEP2016-75785-R). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Incentives are known to play a substantial role in a person’s performance. An important incentive in professional football is signing a lucrative contract. While performance analysis in football has focused on numerous variables in explaining performance, there is limited knowledge on the impact of the time of signing a contract in football. Previous research on performance analysis in football has investigated the players’ performance from an individual point of view attending to physical demands [ 1 ] and technical and tactical indicators [ 2 ] according to different performance levels [ 3 ], playing positions [ 4 – 5 ], players’ role as starters or non-starters [ 6 ], the evolution of physical and technical parameters [ 7 – 8 ] or performance variability [ 9 ]. However, a limitation of this previous research has been to neglect a long-term analysis of a player’s individual performance [ 10 ]. Of further relevance to the present research, Mackenzie and Cushion [ 11 ] have argued that research on performance analysis should identify long term constraints on an individual’s performance which can be used to improve a player’s recruitment policies and to control for social-cultural (e.g., foreign/ national, top elite leagues) influences that impact players’ performance during their careers.

Pertinent to the present research, football players have different fixed contracts that have been argued to affect their efforts with cycles of performance variation at different moments of their career [ 12 ]. Research within sport management has shown that this is particularly evident just before a player signed a new contract (i.e., better performance) and after a lucrative contract was secured (i.e., maintenance or reduction of performance) [ 12 – 13 ]. Frick [ 12 ] studied 1,993 players from the German Bundesliga during the seasons 1995–1996 to 2007–2008 (13 seasons). The results showed that career matches played, matches played during the last season of contract, goals scored, yellow cards, playing position, and region of birth varied depending on signing a new contract as this seemed to have affected the player’s effort and motivation. Della Torre et al. [ 13 ] analysed 275 football players who played at least two consecutive seasons (year before and after signing a contract) in the Italian Serie A during the seasons 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. Their results showed that players perform better during the last year of their contract which is argued to be caused by top elite teams rewarding current/past performances (i.e., subsequent contracts are specially affected by the immediate past performance). Their results showed a pay-performance (current salary) relationship that reinforces good performances. However, this factor has disparities when controlling for player’s origin (national or foreign player) and their level of performance based on performance indicators (important or less important players). In fact, their results showed that domestic players performed better than foreign players due to the better knowledge of the culture of the country, the league, and the club. Accordingly, as football players sign new contracts of about three years of duration or renegotiate their contract with one or two years remaining, the performance analysis of players using key performance indicators is of great relevance to understand the cycle of efforts and motivation based on current contracts, renegotiation, and salary [ 13 ].

Of further relevance to the present research, player-related factors obviously impact on players’ performance. For example, the nationality of players has been argued to be a moderator on the performance effects of signing a new contract in elite football and has been studied from social and management perspectives [ 14 ]. More recently, Della Torre et al. [ 13 ] found that the individual performance during consecutive seasons was stronger for domestic players than foreign players when the end of the contract is near. In addition, a player’s age, his role in the team (categorized based on minutes played as important or less important), the strength of the team in which they play (UEFA ranking) or the evolution of their technical-tactical performances (such as passing, shooting, tackling, or defending behaviours) during the previous and posterior performances after signing or renegotiating a contract may affect the player’s performance from a long-term approach [ 2 – 3 , 6 , 8 – 9 , 12 – 14 ].

In summary, research has indicated that a player is willing to invest more effort when approaching the renegotiation of the same or a new contract. Data shows that this shows in a consecutive increase of his performances mainly during the previous year(s) of his contract [ 12 ]. Presumably this gradual process to deliver better performance allows reaching a better bargaining position for the new contract during the last season before his contract expires or to renegotiate the current contract with one or two years remaining.

In the present paper, we investigate player’s performance variations using technical and tactical performance indicators that arguably reflect the evolution of his efforts in different areas of playing (defense, attack or minutes played). Further, due to the limit of 2-year analyses of previous studies, we will analyse players’ efforts during three consecutive seasons as a novel approach to gaining a better understanding of the signing/ renegotiating of a contract from a longer-term perspective. This analysis will allow illuminating players’ tendencies of adjusting their efforts depending on the remaining years of their contract [ 12 ]. These analyses are likely to be of interest for stakeholders (i.e., coaches, players, managers, and media) in elite football [ 13 ]. Therefore, the current study tries to address the limitations of previous studies (i.e. only using 2-years period of analyses, not using minutes played by the players and key performance indicators, or the omission of some player-related factors that have the potential to affect long-term performance). Thus, the aim of the current study was to analyze differences in performances of individual football players according to the previous (2-years) and the later year after signing/ renegotiating a new contract while taking player-related characteristics into account (age, role in the team as important or less important, nationality, and team’s ability). We hypothesized that performance during the previous season is better (as indicated by the following performance indicators: shooting accuracy, defense, yellow cards, red cards, passing accuracy, tackle success, and minutes played per match) than performance immediately after signing/ renegotiating the new contract. Additionally, we assumed that this should be more pronounced in domestic than foreign players.

Materials and methods

The sample was comprised of 249 players (n = 109 defenders, n = 113 midfielders; and n = 27 forwards) from the French, German, Italian and Spanish professional leagues during the seasons 2008 to 2015. The distribution of players and total match observations for each league and playing position are presented in Table 1 . The use of the sample from 4 of the major leagues of Europe allows increasing the number of observations of Elite athletes that compete at the same level of performance (European professional leagues). This approach follows from previous research, while further reducing the omitted variables bias (less statistical risks) when increasing sample sizes of the same performance characteristics [ 15 – 17 ].

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.t001

The players were selected if they played at least 20 matches (with more than 20 minutes per match) per season and completed a consecutive 3-years period that includes the year two seasons before the end of their contract (year -1), the last year of the contract (year 0) and the year immediately after signing a new contract (year 1). The year when players signed the new contract (considering either when it was renegotiated or when moving to another club) was considered as the reference year (year 0) in order to establish 2 years prior to sign (year -1), and the year after signing the contract (year 1). This allows to compare potential performance improvement due to the new contract with previous years.

The data included the mean performance of 249 players during three seasons (n = 747 mean individual observations). The following player-related characteristics that may affect performance depending on playing position (established by the official webpage of Opta Sports Company considering: defender, midfielder and forward) were: (i) age (year old of player during the year 0), (ii) team ability (UEFA ranking of the team where the player play during the year 0), (iii) player nationality (classified as national or domestic players of their respective leagues), and (iv) player’s role (classified by a k -means cluster using minutes played per match during the year 0 as important: 80.32±6.2 minutes; and less important players: 52.55±12.0 minutes).

The data observations were provided by OPTA Sportsdata Spain Company ( S1 Dataset ). The tracking system of this private company was previously tested by Liu, Hopkins, Gómez and Molinuevo [ 18 ] with acceptable inter-operator reliability. The study does not present the name of the players in order to keep the anonymity following the Company Ethics guidelines, the European Data Protection Law and the approval of the Institutional Review Board (Technical University of Madrid).

The variables (7 variables) were selected because they are arguably the most used performance indicators in the previous literature [ 2 , 18 ]. They have an established impact on individual performance and they can be used numerically to compare footballers over consecutive seasons [ 2 , 18 ]. The seven variables were defined as follows ( https://www.optasports.com/news/optas-event-definitions/ ) [ 18 ]:

• Shooting accuracy (%): shots on target divided by all shots (including blocked attempts).
• Defense : the sum of defensive actions including tackles (“where a player connects with the ball in a ground challenge where he successfully takes the ball away from the player in possession”), blocks (This variable includes blocked passes : “when a player tries to cut out an opposition pass by any means. Similar to an interception except there is much less reading of the pass”; and blocks : “where a player blocks a shot on target from an opposing player”), and interceptions (“where a player reads an opponent’s pass and intercepts the ball by moving into the line of the intended pass”).
• Yellow cards : The yellow cards booked by the referee due to rule violations.
• Red cards : the red cards booked by the referee due to rule violations.
• Passing accuracy (%): successful passes divided by total attempted passes (considering all the types and zones of passes, excluding crosses).
• Tackles success (%): successful tackles divided by total attempted tackles.
• Minutes per match : the number of minutes played during a season divided by the number of matches played during the season.

Statistical analysis

First, the k -means cluster for quantitative variables was used in order to establish cut-off point values for the variable minutes played per match. Then, two cluster were identified for this variable establishing important (n = 188) and less important (n = 61) players. Specifically, this model allows to divide n players’ observations into k clusters (groups) where each observation gets allocated to the cluster with the closest mean value.

Second, a two-step cluster analysis was used to classify the players into different categories based on player-related characteristics (age, team ability, player’s nationality and player’s role). The model allows the inclusion of categorical and continuous variables in order to find the best clustering solution. Then, this statistical analysis automatically determines the "optimal" number of clusters (player’s groups) using the Schwartz’s Bayesian Information criterion (Silhouette measure of clusters cohesion and separation and the variables importance). In addition, the log-likelihood distance measure was used to compute the similarity between clusters. Due to the non-significant effect when classifying the groups depending on team’s ability (variable importance = 0.0), the model was run without this variable (Silhouette measure indicated good results of 0.75, 0.70 and 0.68 for defenders, midfielders and forwards, respectively). Then, the sample was split into three groups of defenders (national important, foreign important, and less important players) and four groups for midfielders and forwards (national important, foreign important, national less important and foreign less important players). Table 2 shows the results (distribution of players) of this two-step cluster analysis for all the playing positions.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.t002

Third, these groups were considered as the independent variable when comparing the performance indicators (dependent variable). Then, the player’s performance during the years (-1, 0 and 1) was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA for normally distributed variables and the Friedman test for non-normally distributed variables. In addition, the pairwise comparisons (years -1, 0 and 1) were tested using the magnitude-based inference (MBI) method with the Hopkins’ spreadsheet [ 19 – 20 ]. This method uses the log-transformation of data in order to reduce bias due to non-uniformity error. The effect size (Cohen's d units at 90% CI) was estimated using pooled standard deviation for comparisons with the following magnitude ranges: 0–0.2 trivial; >0.2–0.6 small; >0.6–1.2 moderate; >1.2–2 large; >2 very large. The MBI analyses were assessed using the smallest worthwhile difference (0.2 times the standardization), estimated from the between-subjects standard deviation. The differences are defined as unclear if the confidence intervals (CI) for the difference in the means included substantial positive and negative values (±0.2*standardization) simultaneously. In order to control for differences between pairs of comparisons (years), the magnitude of a clear difference was assessed as follows: >0.25 trivial; 0.25%–75% possibly, 75%–95% likely, 95%- 99% very likely, and >99% most likely. The magnitude is considered unclear if the CI overlaps the positive and negative thresholds [ 19 – 20 ].

The descriptive results, repeated measures ANOVA, Friedman test and Two-step cluster analyses were performed using the statistical software IBM SPSS for Windows, version 22.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).

The descriptive results (means and standard deviations), the repeated measures ANOVA, and Friedman tests results of the variables studied for defenders according to the player’s characteristics during the years prior to the end of their contract and immediately after signing a new contract are presented in Table 3 . The repeated measures tests showed significant differences (p<0.05) of red cards for important national defenders, yellow cards and minutes played for less important defenders, and defense for foreign important defenders.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.t003

The results of MBI (see Fig 1 ) showed that foreign important players decreased the number of red cards (very likely effect) from year -1 to year 0. The results for less important players showed a decreased performance in defense (very likely effect) from year -1 to year 0 and they increased their performance in the number of minutes played (most likely effect) and in defense (very likely effect) from year 0 to year 1.

Asterisks indicate the likelihood of MBI effects as follows: *possibly, **likely, ***very likely, **** most likely.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.g001

The descriptive results (means and standard deviations), the repeated measures ANOVA, and Friedman tests results for midfielder according to the group of players during the years studied are presented in Table 4 . The results showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) of defense and minutes played for national less important players and minutes played for national important midfielders.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.t004

The MBI results for midfielders (see Fig 2 ) showed that national less important players decreased the minutes played (very likely effect) from year -1 to year 0. Additionally, the players increased the minutes played (very likely effect) and defense from year 0 to year 1 (very likely effect). The results for national important players showed an increase in the number of minutes played from year -1 to year 0 (very likely effect). The foreign important players increased the minutes played and defense performance (very likely effect) from year -1 to year 0.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.g002

The descriptive results (means and standard deviations) and the Friedman tests results for forwards according to the group of players during the years studied are presented in Table 5 . Statistical significant results (p<0.05) were identified in minutes played for foreign and national important players, for passing accuracy in national less important forwards, and in defense performance for foreign less important forwards.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.t005

The MBI results for forward playing position (see Fig 3 ) showed that foreign less important players decrease defense performance (very likely effect) from year -1 to 0. Moreover, these players increased minutes played (very likely effect) and defense performance (most likely effect) from year 0 to year 1. Lastly, national important players increased the minutes played from year -1 to 0 (very likely effect).

Asterisks indicate the likelihood of MBI effects as follows: *possibly, **likely, ***very likely.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.g003

The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in performance of individual football players depending on the previous (2-years) and the later year after signing or renegotiating a new contract, while taking player-related characteristics into account (age, role in the team as important or less important, nationality, and team’s ability). This approach enabled to gain a better understanding of the effects of signing a new contract over consecutive seasons. In contrast to the common perception among sports fans that players become lazy and expend less effort once they have signed a long-term contract [ 18 ], or conversely start to deliver better performances in order to reach a promising bargaining position in the last season before the contract expires, the present results do not provide clear support for this hypothesis. In this respect the present findings are not supportive of previous studies reporting evidence for a relationship between performance and contract duration in sports in general [ 21 – 23 ] and specifically in soccer [ 13 , 14 , 24 – 27 ].

Overall, our results do not demonstrate a clear association between performance and contract duration. While the minutes played and defense showed significant differences for years -1 and 1 in national less important defenders and midfielders and foreign less important forwards, with better values during the year after the new signing of a contract, no differences were found for the rest of the variables or other groups of players. Hence, the results do not support our hypothesis that performance during the previous season is better than the performances immediately after signing the new contract. On the contrary, the current results showed, for example, that performance was worse for the less important defenders (defense variable), national important midfielders (minutes played per match variable), and foreign less important forwards (defense and minutes played variables) during the previous season of signing a new contract (see Fig 4 ).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.g004

Previous studies suggest that the nationality of footballers may affect the relationship between performance and signing a new contract. Hence, the nationality of players can be considered as a moderator on the performance effects of signing a new contract. For example, Della Torre et al. [ 13 ] found that the individual performance during consecutive seasons is stronger for domestic players than for foreign players when the end of the contract is near. The findings of the current study do not support this evidence. There are no substantial differences between foreign and national players (see Fig 4 ). For example, national and foreign important midfielders increased the minutes played from year -1 to year 0. When the year after signing a contract is considered, no differences were found between national and foreign important players in any playing position. More studies are needed in order to clarify this conflicting pattern of results in the literature [ 13 ].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the association between performance and contract duration depending on playing position. The current findings do not support previous studies [ 12 – 13 ]. According to our results, players did not perform better during the last year of their contract suggesting that maybe signing a new contract has no clear impact on the player’s motivation as it has been proposed previously. This may be due to the limit of 2-years analysis adopted in previous studies or the different performance indicators used in the current study. Future studies should scrutinize these findings.

However, managers, supporters and players should be careful when interpreting these results. Given the complexities of soccer, the match-performance trends of the players in the current study could also reflect the actions of the opposing team and teammates. Thus, individual performances could be influenced by collective strategies and tactics potentially disguising small effects that signing a new contract might have on observable individual performance indicators. Future research should possibly examine not only individual performances in isolation but also consider collective performance indicators [ 8 – 9 , 28 ].

The present study is not without limitations. The relationships between previous and actual performances could be affected by the current salary of the players and the opportunities of signing a new contract [ 13 ]. Accordingly, the analysis of football players’ performance should be mediated by the seasonal performances of their career and their market value. These variables should be included in future works. More variables (e.g. technical, tactical and physical indicators) and countries (i.e. specific leagues with the same or different foreign recruitment policies as European competitions) should be considered to provide conclusive evidence on the relationship between performance and contract duration. Further, we did not control for: (i) the duration of the contract signed and years remaining which might result in differential effects depending on the length of the newly signed contract; (ii) if the player moves to another club or stays with the same club; or (iii) the specific playing position during each year for the players analysed. Therefore, a fruitful avenue for further research would be to conduct multifactorial analysis of signing a contract in football [ 12 – 14 ].

In conclusion, this paper investigated the association between performance, contract duration, and nationality of the players in elite soccer. The research does not demonstrate a clear association between performance and contract duration using datasets from the French, German, Italian, and Spanish professional leagues during the seasons 2008 to 2015. Players’ performances did not show a clear decline or improvement during the two years before signing or renegotiating a new contract. Hence, the common assumption of football spectators that players perform better when playing for a new contract and “take a break” once they signed a new contract was not identified in the present data.

Practical applications

From a player’s recruitment or renovation perspective, the performance displayed during the past or the following seasons before or after a new contract can help managers and coaches to decide when a new contract should be signed, the duration of the contract or the salary of the player. While previous work [ 12 – 13 ] might be indicative of having short term contracts for players and waiting until the last year before a contract runs out to resign a player, the present results do not support this reasoning. On the contrary, players sometimes increased performance after signing a new contract.

Supporting information

S1 dataset. ibm spss dataset of players’ performances obtained by optasports company..

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211058.s001

Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by the Ministry of Economy and competitiveness of Spain with the project “Diseño y desarrollo de un software para el análisis del rendimiento en fútbol” (DEP2016-75785-R).

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• 17. King G, Keohane RO, Verba S. Designing social inquiry : Scientific inference in qualitative research . Princeton university press, NJ: 1994.
• 21. Gramm CL, Schnell JF. (1997). Following the leader: race and player behavior in the 1987 NFL strike. SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=39100

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The research that changed soccer: how controversial var joined the beautiful game.

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Referee Nelson Pitana looking at the monitor of the VAR system before awarding France a penalty kick ... [+] in the 2018 World Cup final. (Photo: Matteo Ciambelli/NurPhoto via Getty Images)

At a crucial stage in the biggest match in international soccer, Néstor Pitana went back for another look. If the Argentine referee was about to make history, he had to be sure.

As the world watched, Pitana stood at the pitch-side television monitor studying the incident from the 35th minute of this summer’s World Cup final. A corner from France had struck the hand of Croatia’s Ivan Perisic – Pitana had to decide if it was a penalty. The referee seemed to make up his mind before returning to the monitor for one last check.

The next time he left the monitor, he pointed to the penalty spot – giving France the first-ever World Cup final penalty kick awarded with the help of technology.

France went on to win 4-2, and while the penalty decision was debatable, it isn’t the main reason Les Bleus are champions . Still, the role of VAR (video assistant referee) was one of the tournament’s talking points, particularly in the early stages.

In January, five months before the World Cup, a Belgian professor revealed the research that would forever change the world’s most popular sport.

In his office at KU Leuven University, Professor Werner Helsen and two colleagues had spent nearly two years watching a lot of soccer. With a background training elite referees, Professor Helsen was asked to investigate whether VAR was making the beautiful game fairer.

For March's annual general meeting of FIFA and the International Football Association Board — IFAB, soccer’s lawmakers — Professor Helsen’s team analyzed referee decisions in nearly 1,000 professional football matches where VAR was in use. The team found that the accuracy of decisions increased by 5.8%, to 98.8%, in matches using VAR and that a “key” error, affecting the outcome of the match, was made in only one out of 19 matches. In matches without VAR, a key error was made in one out of every three matches.

Crucially in a dynamic sport like soccer, typically with fewer stoppages than, say, tennis or baseball, the playing time lost for VAR consultations was just 55 seconds – more time was lost for free kicks, corners or players' feigning injury. The average time lost because of throw-ins was more than seven minutes while Brazil’s Neymar reportedly spent 14 minutes on the ground during the World Cup.

“We had studied the literature in detail, and we had some evidence from tennis, cricket, rugby, et cetera, about video review in general, so we expected an increase in accuracy,” Professor Helsen, a sport scientist and training expert for UEFA, told me.

“In tennis it is much easier because there is no interpretation to be made: The ball is in or out. In other sports like football (soccer), it is much more about interpretation, and in the laws of football, it's not always clear.

“In the case of a foul, it can be considered careless, reckless or excessive force. Excessive force should always result in a red card; reckless should result in a yellow card; careless should only result in a foul. Now what reckless is for you may be careless for me, and vice versa.”

Perhaps because of this room for interpretation, soccer has been notoriously technology-shy compared with other sports. Goal-line technology, for example, was introduced in 2012; tennis, meanwhile, has used the Hawk-Eye system, which also determines if a ball has crossed a line, since 2004.

VAR is designed to alert the referee if there are “clear and obvious errors” relating to “game-changing” decisions . These involve goals, penalties, direct red cards or cases of mistaken identity (if the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player). For the World Cup , a video assistant referee and his three assistants watched the match in Moscow from a video operation room, alerting the on-pitch referee if a decision should be reviewed and reviewing incidents as requested by the on-pitch referee.

Professor Helsen’s findings were conclusive, and after he presented them to IFAB, FIFA decided VAR was ready for soccer’s biggest stage.

IFAB called the adoption of VAR a  “historic step for greater fairness in football”  while FIFA President Gianni Infantino said it was “almost perfect.”

But the technology has not been free from controversy. In March, it was derided as “comical” and “embarrassing” after a match in England’s FA Cup. There were complaints that reviews took too long and disrupted the flow of a match – despite the evidence that set-pieces take longer. In the group matches of the World Cup, there were more concerns, this time of inconsistency, after defenders holding strikers in the penalty box went unpunished .

“I think generally speaking most people agree there is a benefit from VAR because it results in more perceived justice by correcting major errors,” Professor Helsen said.

“Obviously there are still things to be improved — for example pushing and pulling. I remember the (Aleksandar) Mitrovic case and the Harry Kane case, where these players were each pulled by two players, and obviously this is something that should be corrected.”

Midway through the tournament, FIFA said 99.3% of “match changing” incidents had been called correctly . And the system was also credited with awarding a record 29 penalties for a World Cup, 11 more than the previous record.

“This is something we observed in the research – more penalty kicks are allowed. And I think that is good,” Professor Helsen said.

“On the other hand, we have also seen that this doesn't necessarily mean there will be more goals with VAR because obviously goals can be disallowed following offsides. … So we have more penalty kicks, but we don't necessarily have more goals.”

VAR was used in two of Europe’s biggest leagues last year – Germany’s Bundesliga and Italy’s Serie A – and will be rolled out in Spain’s La Liga this season . The English Premier League is resisting for now, after clubs voted against introducing VAR this season.

“There are still errors to be made, but as long as we work with human beings, obviously there will be errors. It has never been the ambition to come to 100% accuracy,” Professor Helsen said.

“Sometimes when video exercises are organized in any domestic league, or in UEFA or FIFA, elite referees are exposed to the same footage, but maybe 80% go for a yellow card and 20% go for a red. So there is room for interpretation, and this will always be the case, which is great!

“In these incidents, there is no clear and obvious error, and therefore, the VAR should not intervene.”

While there is potential to use more video replays in the future – for example, to penalize players who dive or play-act – for now soccer must adapt to a technology that should ultimately make it fairer.

“So far (IFAB) have had 132 annual business meetings, and the FIFA president, Gianni Infantino, said in the last meeting we had about VAR that it was one of the five most important changes in the laws of the game,” Professor Helsen said. “I think it’s changed refereeing, and it’s changed the game.”

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Essays on Soccer

You should do your research before taking on a soccer essay, so it would provide the most thorough analysis of the topic. Most soccer essays define soccer, also known as Association football, as a team ball game, in which players from one team must score as many goals as possible at the other team's goal, and vice versa. As many mentions in their essays on soccer, during the game, the ball can be kicked with feet as well as passed with hands – that makes Soccer different from Football that is played in the UK. Authors of essays also note another difference – Soccer is played with an oval football. Hoverer, the game rules of both games basically the same. Before you start working on your essays, we suggest you look through our soccer essay samples – we listed the most compelling essay samples for you below.

Lionel Messi's Early Life and Struggles Lionel Messi, a professional soccer player, is an Argentine who plays an attacking role for his country (Argentina) and Barcelona football club in Spain. He came from a working family where his father was a factory steel worker and the mother a cleaner. He started...

Personally, for me it very unethical that a 20-year-old with no studies can earn so much by kicking a ball unlike compared to a doctor who studied most of their lives to save humans earn much less compared to footballers. In order to analyze and find out the reason for...

Sporting events are an important form of recreation for many people all over the world. With the growth of numerous forms of athletics, there has been an increase in the number of fans with a variety of characteristics. Soccer, hockey, football, and baseball are only a handful of the sports...

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Hosting a mega-event has always been a privilege that most countries want, and in today's world, soccer is one of the most popular sports, with millions of people watching it around the world. This makes FIFA one of the most prestigious names in the world, as well as the branding...

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The month of October in the complete of Europe comes with action packed stadia with football fans thronging to have a piece of the drama. With the needs of Champions league, domestic leagues and other cups, one can be sure to have a stay match every three days. The English...

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Introduction Background: American soccer is one of the rising sports that are attracting hundreds of thousands of followers into various stadia across the states. The National Football League has been growing this game to rival other well established competitions like basketball. The magnitude of the fans in growing this sport can't...

Franck, Egon, and Markus Lang. A theoretical evaluation of the influence of money injections on risk taking in soccer clubs. This article offers a comprehensive approach to the impact of money on the progress of sporting activities related to football clubs. Frank et al illustrate the component of incentives in the soccer sector....

Soccer: A Love and a Lesson Soccer is a very popular sport. Millions of individuals play this sport and twice as many individuals are supporters and fans. Watching matches with my dad on TV and also following him to watch live matches between local teams is the earliest memory I have...

Soccer is the most universally diagnosed and popular sport across the globe. Unlike different types of sports such as athletics and basketball, soccer fields are not ample and easily accessible to many. However, it remains the most aggressive game. Different types of players play in soccer matches thereby contributing to failure...

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Green Energy Research: Collaboration and Tools for a Sustainable Future

Science Article | Green Energy | 6 Sep 2024

The Urgency of Green Energy Innovation

The recent Climate Change 2023 synthesis report emphasizes the consequences of delayed emission reductions: fewer effective adaptation options for a warming planet 2 . Geopolitical factors like the Russia-Ukraine conflict further underscore the need for a green energy transition, with Europe’s energy security concerns highlighting the reliance on imported fossil fuels.

The Green Energy Research Landscape

Against this backdrop, green energy development has become a critical area of research, reflected in a more than 10-fold increase in related publications from 2010 (1,105) to 2023 (11,346), according to Digital Science’s Dimensions database. Researchers around the world are striving to improve green energy technology and society’s ability to harness renewable energy sources more efficiently.

According to data analysed by Nature Navigator , which uses artificial intelligence to generate comprehensive summaries of research topics, ‘renewable energy systems and technologies’ is the field’s most frequently mentioned subtopic (Fig.1). At a research concept level, wind power generation, grid optimization and resource management all feature as common underlying themes.

Figure 1: Topic anatomy of green energy research First-level nodes denote the research subtopic (highest prevalence themes emerging from green energy research). Second-level nodes denote the research concepts associated with these research subtopics. Note: only the research concepts mentioned in the highest count of outputs within each subtopic are presented here. Credit: Nature Research Intelligence

Of the primary green energy research subtopics presented by Nature Navigator , it is telling that ‘materials for energy storage and conversion’ is the fastest-growing, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.2% over the last five years. This may reflect a growing consensus among researchers and industry that a lack of options to efficiently store electricity generated by intermittent renewable sources for later use is a key bottleneck preventing the greater penetration of these sources into the grid.

Real-World Example: Accelerating Heat Pump Innovation

Changmo Sung, a prominent green energy researcher at Korea University, leveraged Nature Navigator to identify trends, key areas, and potential breakthroughs in heat pump technology. This facilitated a collaborative project with LG Electronics, accelerating their research efforts.

“It also enabled the rapid discovery of researchers and institutions outside Korea working on similar or complementary projects related to heat pumps” Sung says.

• International Energy Agency, Global Energy Review 2021 (2021).
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2023 (2023).

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