Maintain User Information-Priority 1
Enroll courses-Priority 1
View Report Card-Priority 1
Then each and every requirement must be prioritized, so the team has guideline so which requirement that able to implement first and which can be done later on. Here you can see the bad priority has register student, maintain user information and each and every requirement has given priority-1. Everything cannot be at same priority, so requirement can be prioritized. So the example of good requirement over here is the register student and enroll courses is given the highest priority 1, while maintain user information comes below at priority 2 and then we have view report card at priority-3
Testable | Each page of the system will load in an acceptable time-frame | Register student and enrol courses pages of the system will load within 5 seconds |
Each and every requirement should be testable, here the bad requirement is “each page of the system will load in an acceptable time frame”. Now there are two problems with this requirement first is that each page meaning that there can be many pages, which going to blow up the testing efforts. The other problem is that it say the page is going to load in acceptable time frame, now what is acceptable time frame? Acceptable to whom. So we have to convert the non-testable argument into a testable argument, which specifically tells about which page we are talking about “register student and enroll courses pages” and the acceptable time frame is also given which is 5 seconds.
So this is how we have to look at each and every requirement at appropriate level. For example, if we are going to build a software with regards to system and integration requirements. We have to look in system and integration requirements given in the software requirement specifications or user stories and apply to each and every requirement quality. Then check whether each and every requirement is atomic, uniquely identified, and complete and so on.
Writing A Case Study
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Many writers find themselves grappling with the challenge of crafting persuasive and engaging case studies.
The process can be overwhelming, leaving them unsure where to begin or how to structure their study effectively. And, without a clear plan, it's tough to show the value and impact in a convincing way.
But don’t worry!
In this blog, we'll guide you through a systematic process, offering step-by-step instructions on crafting a compelling case study.
Along the way, we'll share valuable tips and illustrative examples to enhance your understanding. So, let’s get started.
A case study is a detailed analysis and examination of a particular subject, situation, or phenomenon. It involves comprehensive research to gain a deep understanding of the context and variables involved.
Typically used in academic, business, and marketing settings, case studies aim to explore real-life scenarios, providing insights into challenges, solutions, and outcomes. They serve as valuable tools for learning, decision-making, and showcasing success stories.
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Case studies come in various forms, each tailored to address specific objectives and areas of interest. Here are some of the main types of case studies :
Crafting an effective case study involves a structured approach to ensure clarity, engagement, and relevance.
Here's a step-by-step guide on how to write a compelling case study:
Before diving into the writing process, clearly define the purpose of your case study. Identify the key questions you want to answer and the specific goals you aim to achieve.
Whether it's to showcase a successful project, analyze a problem, or demonstrate the effectiveness of a solution, a well-defined objective sets the foundation for a focused and impactful case study.
Gather all relevant information and data related to your chosen case. This may include interviews, surveys, documentation, and statistical data.
Ensure that your research is comprehensive, covering all aspects of the case to provide a well-rounded and accurate portrayal.
The more thorough your research, the stronger your case study's foundation will be.
Begin your case study with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention. Clearly state the subject and the primary issue or challenge faced.
Engage your audience by setting the stage for the narrative, creating intrigue, and highlighting the significance of the case.
Step 4: Present the Background Information
Provide context by presenting the background information of the case. Explore relevant history, industry trends, and any other factors that contribute to a deeper understanding of the situation.
This section sets the stage for readers, allowing them to comprehend the broader context before delving into the specifics of the case.
Identify and articulate the challenges or problems encountered in the case. Clearly define the obstacles that needed to be overcome, emphasizing their significance.
This section sets the stakes for your audience and prepares them for the subsequent exploration of solutions.
Describe the strategies, actions, or solutions applied to address the challenges outlined. Be specific about the decision-making process, the rationale behind the chosen solutions, and any alternatives considered.
This part of the case study demonstrates problem-solving skills and showcases the effectiveness of the implemented measures.
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Present tangible outcomes and results achieved as a direct consequence of the implemented solutions. Use data, metrics, and success stories to quantify the impact.
Whether it's increased revenue, improved efficiency, or positive customer feedback, measurable results add credibility and validation to your case study.
Enhance the readability and visual appeal of your case study by incorporating relevant visuals such as charts, graphs, images, and infographics.
Visual elements not only break up the text but also provide a clearer representation of data and key points, making your case study more engaging and accessible.
Wrap up your case study with a strong and conclusive summary. Revisit the initial objectives, recap key findings, and emphasize the overall success or significance of the case.
This section should leave a lasting impression on your readers, reinforcing the value of the presented information.
The methods employed in case study writing are diverse and flexible, catering to the unique characteristics of each case. Here are common methods used in case study writing:
Conducting one-on-one or group interviews with individuals involved in the case to gather firsthand information, perspectives, and insights.
Directly observing the subject or situation to collect data on behaviors, interactions, and contextual details.
Examining existing documents, records, reports, and other written materials relevant to the case to gather information and insights.
Distributing structured surveys or questionnaires to relevant stakeholders to collect quantitative data on specific aspects of the case.
Combining direct observation with active participation in the activities or events related to the case to gain an insider's perspective.
Using multiple methods (e.g., interviews, observation, and document analysis) to cross-verify and validate the findings, enhancing the study's reliability.
Immersing the researcher in the subject's environment over an extended period, focusing on understanding the cultural context and social dynamics.
Effectively presenting your case study is as crucial as the content itself. Follow these formatting guidelines to ensure clarity and engagement:
If you're still having trouble organizing your case study, check out this blog on case study format for helpful insights.
If you want to understand how to write a case study, examples are a fantastic way to learn. That's why we've gathered a collection of intriguing case study examples for you to review before you begin writing.
Case Study Research Example
Case Study Template
Case Study Introduction Example
Amazon Case Study Example
Business Case Study Example
APA Format Case Study Example
Psychology Case Study Example
Medical Case Study Example
UX Case Study Example
Looking for more examples? Check out our blog on case study examples for your inspiration!
Case studies are a versatile and in-depth research method, providing a nuanced understanding of complex phenomena.
However, like any research approach, case studies come with their set of benefits and limitations. Some of them are given below:
|
|
Offer detailed insights into specific real-world situations | Findings may not be easily generalized to broader populations |
Provide a holistic view within natural context | Researcher's interpretation and biases can influence analysis |
Effective for investigating and addressing real-world problems | Time-consuming and resource-intensive |
Flexible nature allows incorporation of various data collection methods | Selection of cases may be biased |
Allow deep exploration, uncovering nuances and complexities | Potential for subjectivity in findings |
Contribute to theory development by generating hypotheses and empirical evidence | Less feasible for large-scale studies |
Humanize data by incorporating personal narratives, quotes, and anecdotes | External validity may be limited due to biased case selection |
Tips for Writing an Effective Case Study
Here are some important tips for writing a good case study:
To sum it up, creating a good case study involves careful thinking to share valuable insights and keep your audience interested.
Stick to basics like having clear questions and understanding your research type. Choose the right case and keep things organized and balanced.
Remember, your case study should tackle a problem, use relevant data, and show how it can be applied in real life. Be honest about any limitations, and finish with a clear call-to-action to encourage further exploration.
However, if you are having issues understanding how to write a case study, it is best to hire MyPerfectWords.com 's Professional service. Hiring our custom essay service will ensure that you will get the best grades on your essay without any stress of a deadline.
So be sure to check out case study writing service online and stay up to the mark with your grades.
What is the purpose of a case study.
The objective of a case study is to do intensive research on a specific matter, such as individuals or communities. It's often used for academic purposes where you want the reader to know all factors involved in your subject while also understanding the processes at play.
Some common sources of a case study include:
A normally acceptable size of a case study is 30-50. However, the final number depends on the scope of your study and the on-ground demographic realities.
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Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.
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Dr. brian budgell.
* Département chiropratique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Qc, Canada G9A 5H7
Dr. Brian Budgell, DC, PhD, JCCA Editorial Board
Case studies are an invaluable record of the clinical practices of a profession. While case studies cannot provide specific guidance for the management of successive patients, they are a record of clinical interactions which help us to frame questions for more rigorously designed clinical studies. Case studies also provide valuable teaching material, demonstrating both classical and unusual presentations which may confront the practitioner. Quite obviously, since the overwhelming majority of clinical interactions occur in the field, not in teaching or research facilities, it falls to the field practitioner to record and pass on their experiences. However, field practitioners generally are not well-practised in writing for publication, and so may hesitate to embark on the task of carrying a case study to publication. These guidelines are intended to assist the relatively novice writer – practitioner or student – in efficiently navigating the relatively easy course to publication of a quality case study. Guidelines are not intended to be proscriptive, and so throughout this document we advise what authors “may” or “should” do, rather than what they “must” do. Authors may decide that the particular circumstances of their case study justify digression from our recommendations.
Additional and useful resources for chiropractic case studies include:
Portions of these guidelines were derived from Budgell B. Writing a biomedical research paper. Tokyo: Springer Japan KK, 2008.
This set of guidelines provides both instructions and a template for the writing of case reports for publication. You might want to skip forward and take a quick look at the template now, as we will be using it as the basis for your own case study later on. While the guidelines and template contain much detail, your finished case study should be only 500 to 1,500 words in length. Therefore, you will need to write efficiently and avoid unnecessarily flowery language.
These guidelines for the writing of case studies are designed to be consistent with the “Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals” referenced elsewhere in the JCCA instructions to authors.
After this brief introduction, the guidelines below will follow the headings of our template. Hence, it is possible to work section by section through the template to quickly produce a first draft of your study. To begin with, however, you must have a clear sense of the value of the study which you wish to describe. Therefore, before beginning to write the study itself, you should gather all of the materials relevant to the case – clinical notes, lab reports, x-rays etc. – and form a clear picture of the story that you wish to share with your profession. At the most superficial level, you may want to ask yourself “What is interesting about this case?” Keep your answer in mind as your write, because sometimes we become lost in our writing and forget the message that we want to convey.
Another important general rule for writing case studies is to stick to the facts. A case study should be a fairly modest description of what actually happened. Speculation about underlying mechanisms of the disease process or treatment should be restrained. Field practitioners and students are seldom well-prepared to discuss physiology or pathology. This is best left to experts in those fields. The thing of greatest value that you can provide to your colleagues is an honest record of clinical events.
Finally, remember that a case study is primarily a chronicle of a patient’s progress, not a story about chiropractic. Editorial or promotional remarks do not belong in a case study, no matter how great our enthusiasm. It is best to simply tell the story and let the outcome speak for itself. With these points in mind, let’s begin the process of writing the case study:
A narrative abstract consists of a short version of the whole paper. There are no headings within the narrative abstract. The author simply tries to summarize the paper into a story which flows logically.
A structured abstract uses subheadings. Structured abstracts are becoming more popular for basic scientific and clinical studies, since they standardize the abstract and ensure that certain information is included. This is very useful for readers who search for articles on the internet. Often the abstract is displayed by a search engine, and on the basis of the abstract the reader will decide whether or not to download the full article (which may require payment of a fee). With a structured abstract, the reader is more likely to be given the information which they need to decide whether to go on to the full article, and so this style is encouraged. The JCCA recommends the use of structured abstracts for case studies.
Since they are summaries, both narrative and structured abstracts are easier to write once we have finished the rest of the article. We include a template for a structured abstract and encourage authors to make use of it. Our sub-headings will be:
The next step is to describe the results of our clinical examination. Again, we should write in an efficient narrative style, restricting ourselves to the relevant information. It is not necessary to include every detail in our clinical notes.
If we are using a named orthopedic or neurological test, it is best to both name and describe the test (since some people may know the test by a different name). Also, we should describe the actual results, since not all readers will have the same understanding of what constitutes a “positive” or “negative” result.
X-rays or other images are only helpful if they are clear enough to be easily reproduced and if they are accompanied by a legend. Be sure that any information that might identify a patient is removed before the image is submitted.
At this point, or at the beginning of the next section, we will want to present our working diagnosis or clinical impression of the patient.
It is useful for the reader to know how long the patient was under care and how many times they were treated. Additionally, we should be as specific as possible in describing the treatment that we used. It does not help the reader to simply say that the patient received “chiropractic care.” Exactly what treatment did we use? If we used spinal manipulation, it is best to name the technique, if a common name exists, and also to describe the manipulation. Remember that our case study may be read by people who are not familiar with spinal manipulation, and, even within chiropractic circles, nomenclature for technique is not well standardized.
We may want to include the patient’s own reports of improvement or worsening. However, whenever possible we should try to use a well-validated method of measuring their improvement. For case studies, it may be possible to use data from visual analogue scales (VAS) for pain, or a journal of medication usage.
It is useful to include in this section an indication of how and why treatment finished. Did we decide to terminate care, and if so, why? Did the patient withdraw from care or did we refer them to another practitioner?
A popular search engine for English-language references is Medline: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi
In addition, patient consent to publish the case report is also required.
Running Header:
Name, address and telephone number of corresponding author
Disclaimers
Statement that patient consent was obtained
Sources of financial support, if any
Key words: (limit of five)
Abstract: (maximum of 150 words)
Introduction:
Provide a context for the case and describe any similar cases previously reported.
Case Presentation:
Management and Outcome:
Discussion:
Synthesize foregoing sections: e.g. The distinction between migraine and cervicogenic headache is not always clear. However, this case demonstrates several features …
Summarize the case and any lessons learned: e.g. This case demonstrates a classical presentation of cervicogenic headache which resolved quickly with a course of spinal manipulation, supportive soft-tissue therapy and postural advice.
References: (using Vancouver style) e.g.
1 Terret AGJ. Vertebrogenic hearing deficit, the spine and spinal manipulation therapy: a search to validate the DD Palmer/Harvey Lillard experience. Chiropr J Aust 2002; 32:14–26.
Legends: (tables, figures or images are numbered according to the order in which they appear in the text.) e.g.
Figure 1: Intensity of headaches as recorded on a visual analogue scale (vertical axis) versus time (horizontal axis) during the four weeks that the patient was under care. Treatment was given on days 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 22 and 25. Headache frequency and intensity is seen to fall over time.
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Published: 15 Sep 2021 Update History
Requirement two, requirement three, tips for success.
In this guide we will explain the rationale of each requirement of the Case Study exam. In each section you will see the theme or focus of each requirement, how the marking keys are structured, helping you to better plan your answers during the exam, the meaning of each of the professional skills within each exam requirement and tips for success.
This series of Case Study exam resources will cover everything you need to know to prepare for the Case Study exam. This includes:
The examiners refer to this as the 'financial statement analysis' section of the exam. In broad terms you are required to provide a financial commentary, eg, explaining to a non-financial audience how the business has performed over the last year, how this compares to past performance and current expectations, and, what this means for the future.
In terms of approaching Requirement one bear this in mind; you are trying to 'make the numbers talk'. Remember your audience are not financial experts, they will not understand for example why a growth in sales does not result in growing profits, or why profits do not translate into cash. It is your job to communicate this analysis in plain terms.
The marking key informs us how each of the four professional skills are rewarded in Requirement one (A marks plan can be found here ):
Requirement one is the section of the report that is best-answered, due largely to the consistent approach of the examiners, and its closeness to the core competencies of an accountant, eg, you will always be asked to commentate of the profit and loss performance year-on-year. However, you will note that the final SPS and AJ mark boxes are reserved for 'other issues' and while these issues can always be found in the advance information, it is not possible to know which of these issues in the advance information will be tested in the exam.
The examiners refer to this as the 'financial data analysis' section of the exam. In most cases this will require you to re-model a 'set-piece' calculation in the exam under a new set of assumptions. You will then be asked to evaluate the assumptions you have been asked to make, assessing the impact that these assumptions will have if they are unreliable. Finally, you will need to consider any commercial, and possibly any ethics and business trust issues that abound.
The marking key informs us how each of the four professional skills are rewarded in Requirement two (A marks plan can be found on the Case Study exam resources webpage ):
Requirement two is written to reflect the uncertainty of the real world eg, when confronted with key decisions there is rarely an obvious right or wrong choice at the time the decision is taken. This means that whatever options are in front of you if your financial analysis is accurate there will not be an obvious way forward eg, there is no 'right' or 'wrong' option. Instead you are expected to proceed with caution.
The examiners refer to this as the 'commercial analysis including business trust and ethical awareness' section exam. Here you will typically be provided with new information and then be asked to evaluate the:
This is the least well-answered part of the report, though this may also be due to candidate fatigue and time pressure at this point in the exam, as much as any inherent difficulty.
The marking key informs us how each of the four professional skills are rewarded in Requirement three, and here there is a lot of overlap with Requirement two, though some notable differences (A marks plan can be found on here ):
As with Requirement two, Requirement three is written in way that means there is no obvious right or wrong answer. This means that whatever options are in front of you, if your financial analysis is accurate there will not be an obvious 'right' or 'wrong' option. Instead you are expected to proceed with caution.
The greatest challenges for most candidates in passing the Case Study are (i) producing a complete report within the time allowed (4 hours) and (ii) producing an answer to a pass standard by demonstrating the skills needed to pass across the whole script. To overcome these you need to do four things:
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You are required to submit x4 cases studies for assessment. NB: If you have taken this course prior to August 2023, then please feel free to submit case studies showcasing classic eyelash extensions only. If you have taken this course after August 2023 then please submit extensions of your choice as covered in the updated content.
Skill building:.
You are required to submit x4 case studies for this Skill Building lash course.
You are required to submit x4 case studies for this Russian Volume lash course.
Russian Volume is an advanced technique of lashing therefore students taking this course are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of both eye styling and advanced classic techniques (direction/uniformity/mixing curls etc.) and to produce case studies that evidence this. If you feel that you do not understand this subject, then please look at completing either our classic skill building course or our eye styling course at eyelashexcellence.com
You are required to submit x2 case studies for this Fan Perfection lash course.
Fan Perfection is an advanced technique of lashing therefore students taking this course are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of both eye styling and advanced classic techniques (direction/uniformity/mixing curls etc.) and to produce case studies that evidence this. If you feel that you do not understand this subject, then please look at completing either our classic skill building course or our eye styling course at eyelashexcellence.com. Two case studies are required for this course.
You are required to submit x2 case studies for this MEGA Volume lash course.
Mega Volume is an advanced technique of lashing therefore students taking this course are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of both eye styling and advanced classic techniques (direction/uniformity/mixing curls etc.) and to produce case studies that evidence this. If you feel that you do not understand this subject, then please look at completing either our classic skill building course or our eye styling course at eyelashexcellence.com
You are required to submit x2 case studies for this Sparse Natural Lashes course.
Russian Volume is an advanced technique of lashing therefore students taking this Sparse Natural lash course are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of both eye styling and advanced classic techniques (direction/uniformity/mixing curls etc.) and to produce case studies that evidence this. If you feel that you do not understand this subject, then please look at completing either our classic skill building course or our eye styling course at eyelashexcellence.com
You are required to submit x4 case studies for this Lash Mapping & Eye Styling lash course.
You are required to submit x4 case studies for this Strip Lash Look course.
The strip lash look is an advanced technique of lashing therefore students taking this course are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of both eye styling and advanced classic techniques (direction/uniformity/correct curls etc.) and to produce case studies that evidence this.
Video 1: A short video showing your completed full set, with both eyes open and then closed (approx. 15 – 20 seconds long) PLEASE SUBMIT THE VIDEO WITH “BOTH EYES” COMPLETED
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Eyelash extensions.
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BMC Nursing volume 23 , Article number: 399 ( 2024 ) Cite this article
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Graduate Entry Nursing (GEN) programmes have been introduced as another entry point to nurse registration. In the development of a new GEN programme, a problem-based approach to learning was used to develop critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills of motivated and academically capable students.
To explore and evaluate the design and delivery of course material delivered to GEN students embedded in authentic learning pedagogy from the perspectives of both GEN students and academic staff using an unfolding case study approach.
An educational design research approach was used to explore the learning experiences of GEN students using an unfolding case study approach situated in experiential pedagogy and the teaching experiences of the academics who designed it. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with students once they had finished the course and weekly reflective diary recordings by academic staff throughout implementation. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.
Student reflections highlighted that this cohort had insight into how they learned and were comfortable voicing their needs to academic staff. While the unfolding case studies were not liked by all participants, for some it offered a unique learning opportunity; particularly when scaffolded with podcasts, simulation labs, tutorials and clinical placements. Staff reflections primarily aligned with student experiences.
The gaps highlighted in the delivery of the course suggest that a blended pedagogical approach to graduate entry nurse education is required. Specifically, GEN students are aware of the learning needs and are happy to express these to academic staff, thus suggesting that engaging with a co-design curriculum approach will benefit future cohorts.
Peer Review reports
Graduate entry nursing students begin their degrees as experienced learners and must develop critical thinking skills within the shortened degree time frame.
Graduate entry students are experienced and academically capable learners who begin with a diverse range of life and career experiences.
Graduate entry students would benefit by being involved in curriculum design to acknowledge the unique skill set that they bring.
Graduate Entry Nursing (GEN) degrees, or second degrees leading to eligibility for nursing registration, have recently been introduced to New Zealand. GEN students are known to be academically capable, motivated, and driven, bringing with them a range of life experiences, and have often had significant careers before enrolment [ 1 , 2 ]. Previous research has identified that teaching and learning methods must be carefully planned and innovative [ 1 ].
Pre-registration nursing education programmes prepare nursing students to provide safe nursing care with crucial skills expected of nursing graduates, including critical thinking and clinical reasoning. Clinical reasoning enables students to approach clinical issues with a problem-solving lens that relies on gathering assessment data and intervening and evaluating the patient’s response to the intervention [ 3 ].
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) aligns with the fundamental elements of authentic learning approaches [ 4 ], where learning is situated in real-world contexts [ 5 ]. Problem-based learning is considered to be an experiential teaching and learning approach that helps students develop a critical lens and clinical reasoning skills [ 6 , 7 ]. The use of PBL in nursing education is well established with previous research focused on students’ experiences and satisfaction [ 8 ]; factors that facilitate or hinder students' learning [ 9 ]; and the development of critical thinking skills [ 10 ].
Graduate entry nursing students report enjoyment of the active learning sets that enabled discussion surrounding case studies, scenarios, and practice issues [ 11 ]. Cangelosi’s [ 12 ] phenomenological study found that although time-poor, GEN students welcomed learning opportunities that were not traditional and facilitated their development and growth.
However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of PBL in nursing. For example, McCormick et al. [ 13 ] compared undergraduate student performance using differing teaching approaches, such as unfolding simulation scenarios versus recorded lectures and found these to be of benefit to students. Carter and Welch [ 14 ] compared the results of associate degree nursing students who attended lectures to those whose learning was informed by an unfolding case study. In contrast to McCormick’s et al.’s [ 13 ] earlier positive results, these authors found both groups of students performed worse in the post-test.
As previous research has identified that new graduate nurses do not always have critical thinking skills, using an unfolding case study approach can reflect the reality of clinical practice where not all the relevant information is known at the first encounter with the patient [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].
Nonetheless, while several studies have investigated the use of unfolding case studies in undergraduate preregistration programmes there is little evidence that supports the use of these with more academically capable GEN students. This article reports on a qualitative interpretivist study that used an educational design methodology to explore the experiences of GEN students who participated in the programme of learning and the experiences of the academics who designed it.
Educational Design Research (EDR) is an iterative, pragmatic, and reflective methodology well suited to small projects [ 17 ]. It has arisen from design-based research and can include both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. EDR was selected as it fitted with our desire to develop new ways of teaching alongside gaining feedback from both academic staff and students. In the first phase of this research, we redesigned the teaching and learning strategies for a component of the GEN programme [ 18 ].
EDR has four phases (Table 1 ) [ 17 ]:
The study aimed to explore and evaluate the design and delivery of course material delivered to GEN students embedded in authentic learning pedagogy from the perspectives of both GEN students and academic staff using an unfolding case study approach.
To enable the development of clinical reasoning skills a scaffolded learning approach was implemented that involved unfolding case studies designed to represent the health needs of the New Zealand population, thus, encouraging critical thinking. Unfolding case studies reflective of situations that students might face in the future were used to encourage students to consider and analyse information, provoke further questioning and identify the information required to narrow their inquiries [ 14 , 15 ]. Supported by this evidence the academic staff built a learning environment where a regular teaching schedule (two days of lectures and one day of clinical labs per week), was complemented with online resources. Initial questions about the case study were provided on the learning management system. Students attended simulations where they responded to the case and answered questions critical to unpacking the ‘patients’ reality. Alongside the unfolding case studies were podcasts where experts were interviewed on topics related to the case. Tutorials enabled students to collaboratively construct answers and share their perspectives; at the end of each week students shared their answers in an online discussion forum.
This study was conducted at an education facility in New Zealand offering undergraduate and GEN programmes. The participants are academics involved in the design and delivery of the course and one cohort of students of the GEN programme. This article reports on Phase 2 and 3 of the EDR approach, the academic staff’s reflective diary during course delivery, and students' feedback after the course was completed the first time. The methods were reported using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) [ 19 ].
Purposeful sampling was used as the researchers were keen to explore the experiences of a specific GEN cohort [ 20 ]. Academic staff involved in the weekly reflective diaries are also the research team ( n = 3). All students in the identified cohort ( n = 7) were invited to participate, totalling ten possible participants. Student participants were approached via an advertisement on the university’s learning management system. Students were asked to contact the research assistant, who was separate from the academic staff and was not involved in the delivery of the GEN programme; five students agreed to participate. A $20 petrol voucher was offered to those who participated.
In keeping with education design methodology, the authors met weekly to reflect on their experiences of delivering the content and guiding students. The weekly reflective conversations, between 60–90 min in length, followed a simple format of ‘what worked, what didn’t work, and what would we (as academic staff) change?’ Face to face student interviews were conducted by the research assistant at a time and place convenient to the students using semi-structured questions that were developed by the research team (see Additional file 1 ).
The semi-structured interviews ( n = 5) and reflective meetings ( n = 9) were recorded and transcribed verbatim by a research assistant who had signed a confidentiality agreement. All identifying information was deleted from the transcripts by the research assistant before the research team reviewed the data; each recording and transcript was allocated a unique identifier, for example ‘participant one’.
Thematic analysis [ 21 , 22 ] was used to analyse the data. First, the research team independently read the transcribed interviews to familiarise themselves with the data and identified initial codes. Second, the researchers met and reviewed all transcripts to identify themes and reached consensus on the themes emerging from the data. Themes were established once more than 50% of the participants stated the same issue/thought/perception. A matrix was developed whereby common themes were identified, with quotes demonstrating the themes collated to establish an audit trail.
Central to this study given the proximity of staff to this student cohort, a reflexive stance was essential. Reflexivity is an engendered practice and was used in this instance not to influence the direction and outcome of the research but to allow the researchers to engage in the data to produce viable and valuable outcomes for future staff and students. Specifically, this reflexive practice provided a means for the research to be rigorous through the consideration of the vulnerability of the participating student cohort, thus inciting reflection-before-action [ 23 ].
Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Auckland University of Technology Ethics Committee (AUTEC) (19/233). Given the potential power differential in the student/staff relationship present, participants were approached via an online advertisement and followed up by an independent research assistant. This is key to the success of the project, as such research undertakings have the potential for conflict of interest to exist [ 24 ]. The academic staff recordings were also undertaken with the knowledge that these would remain confidential to the participants and transcriber only, with a memorandum of understanding completed to this effect. Participant information sheets were given to students interested in joining the study to ensure they knew what it entailed and how their safety and identity would be managed. Written consent was obtained before the interviews were undertaken, with oral consent obtained at the beginning of each interview.
Three dominant themes emerged, which focused on the experiences of both GEN students and teaching staff. These were:
Reflective learning: Students and staff ability to clarify what worked and what did not work
Evaluation of learning: Students and staff being insightful about their ways of learning and needs
Challenges: Planning and delivering appropriate content for GEN students is challenging for teaching staff.
Within these overarching themes, subthemes were developed and will be presented in the following data results (Table 2 ).
The exploration of student and staff experiences and responses to the unfolding case studies unearths what worked and what was problematic for both parties.
The student experiences of using an unfolding case study approach were divided. Some students enjoyed the case scenarios but did not necessarily find them beneficial in terms of knowledge advancement as.
“ I personally, like the case studies but personally I didn’t really find that they enhanced my learning in like the clinical setting ” (P1)
or that they were relevant to clinical practice in that.
“… some of it was definitely relatable but I just found it was very different in the clinical setting compared with doing this theoretical case setting ” (P1).
A second student supported this idea that the case studies did not add practical clinical knowledge value as.
“ I mean for me the case studies weren’t challenging…I didn’t think the case studies added anything extra into my practice, they didn’t challenge my clinical reasoning or anything like that ” (P2).
Of note was that those students with previous professional healthcare backgrounds found the use of an unfolding case study approach problematic in that.
“ I found that quite a challenge. I think because with my clinical background I was sort of going straight into, yeah like I wanted more information so you know I probably would have preferred…to have a different case study every week or have all the information…and I’d be like well what about this, what about that? ” (P5).
Participant One, however, noted that while the case studies may not have added knowledge value, they were helpful at times as.
“ …one example is we learnt about arterial blood gases and then I was on placement I came across that literally [on] day one, so was really nice to be able to put something that I’d learnt in class into practice ” (P1).
While some students were less keen on the case study approach and found them hard work, others thought they provided opportunities to encourage discussion, clinical reasoning, and autonomous thinking as.
“ there was no right or wrong answer, you just had to prove your point to say I think it is this because of this, and someone else can say something else and just kind of still prove it because it was a quite grey [area] but I actually found that it really got us thinking ” (P3).
Moreover, the same participant acknowledged that.
“…I think that’s the whole idea of the course [GEN Programme] because at this level they shouldn’t be spoon-feeding you…you should be able to think for yourself and reason things out ” (P3).
Although some discord was present with regard to the case study approach, one participant did acknowledge the value of being able to break down a huge scenario into manageable sections to enhance understanding and clinical decision-making, as.
“ when you break it down it makes it easier to kind of work out what you’re going to do and what steps you’re going to do ” (P4), and that “ because you start looking at the smaller things that you need to do rather than just the big bits ” (P4).
It appears, however, that staff involved in the programme of learning were pleased with the overall notion that problem-based learning approach offered a ‘practical’ means through which to discuss what is the hands-on job of nursing. Specifically,
“ the second session around child abuse and recognising child abuse…took me a bit by surprise as I wasn’t expecting that to go very well and it went extraordinarily well, mostly because it was case based again and story based ” (L1).
Moreover, with regard to encouraging discussion and clinical reasoning at a postgraduate level,
“ I think we’ve really pulled out the difference [of] what we’re expecting of them [GEN students] as opposed to what they may have been used to” (L1).
While the use of technology is not necessarily a completely new strategy in tertiary education, here we have linked podcasts recorded with experts in their fields which related to the unfolding case studies, Again, however, there was division in the value of podcast recordings, with some students really enjoying them, saying.
“ I liked the podcasts yeah, I found the podcasts really good especially when there was [sic] different people talking about it, yeah...podcasts are good, like to just chuck on in the car or at the gym ” (P2).
Moreover, some found them easy to listen to because.
“… it’s a different way to learn because like you’ve got YouTube videos and you’ve got books and stuff but podcasts are kind of like easy ” (P2).
Some students found the podcasts particularly engaging saying.
…I just remember listening to it and I think I was in the car and I had stopped because I was on my way home…and I was still listening to it in the garage like when I was home and I was like oh this is a really interesting podcast ” (P2).
Participant three also thought podcasts a positive addition to the resources saying.
“ yeah they were helpful…there was one I listened to…they were talking about dying…I know that [one of the lecturers’] kind of research is kind of talking about death, euthanasia and all this kind of thing, and for some reasons, I don’t know why, maybe that’s why I still remember, I can say it’s the only podcast I really listened to and it was really good because it gave me a good insight as to what is happening… ” (P3)
This positive response was also noted in face-to-face class time as one staff member reported that.
“ they [the students] loved the person who was interviewed, and the feedback was it was really nice to hear a conversation about different perspectives ” (L1).
Yet, not all students were of this opinion, with some advising the podcasts were too long (approximately 60 min each), that they can be distracting, that they preferred videos and images or an in-person discussion, saying.
“ I find podcasts…I tend to switch off a bit, a bit quicker than if I was watching something, I would probably prefer, rather than watching a podcast [sic] I’d rather have an in-class discussion with the person” (P4).
Participant one said that they too struggled with podcasts because.
“ I’m more visual so I like to look at things and see like a slide I guess or what they’re talking about or, so I sort of zone out when it’s just talking and nothing to look at, so that’s what I personally struggle with, they [podcasts] are helpful it’s just I’m more a visual learner ” (P1).
While there were some negative responses to the podcasts, another participant acknowledged their value but offered their own solutions to learning, saying that.
“ I listened to a few podcasts that were put up, because they’re just easy to listen to ” (P2).
but felt that overall there were insufficient resources made available to students and therefore.
“ just went to YouTube and just, any concepts that I was unfamiliar with or stuff in class that we went over and when I went home I was like [I have] no idea what they talked about, I just found my own videos on YouTube… ” (P2).
Learning experiences are unique to each GEN student, as are those experienced by the teaching staff. The data collected highlighted this clearly from both perspectives, offering a particularly strong insight into how this cohort of students’ function.
It was evident that these GEN students were aware of their approach to learning and that perhaps the structure of the teaching module did not align with their needs as.
“ I’m not really the best at utilising online things I’m a really hands on learner and things like a lecture…but you know if it’s yeah, more like class time, it’s sort of more my, my learning style [I] guess ” (P5).
A number of students were able to identify that they were visual learners as.
“ I use videos more because I guess I’m more of a visual learner as well and I learn better by seeing things instead of reading a huge article, I think that [videos] it helps me a bit more” (P4).
Another student, however, preferred a discussion based approach as opposed to either videos or podcasts saying that.
“ if it’s interesting, if it’s a topic that you can like relate to [through a podcast] or something it’s fine, but for me I just switch off not really taking a lot of the information [in] whereas in a discussion setting you can ask questions and you can interact with the person, yeah I find that would be a bit more helpful ” (P4).
This approach to learning through discussion was also noted when the teaching staff reflected on their experiences in that in one teaching session the GEN students.
“ were engaged, they were round a table with the second speaker talking and what I think enabled the discussion was that she [the speaker] was using her data as stories and so she was reading them, actually she got them [the students] to read them out” (L3).
The notion of learning styles, however, was not as linear as being visual or auditory or practical, as one student noted that a combination of styles was preferable to enhance learning, saying that.
“ if we weren’t able to have lectures like a recorded lecture so that there was a PowerPoint and just someone actually talking you through it, like I know there’s the YouTube videos…some of them were a little bit helpful, but like I just felt that sometimes we missed the teaching aspect of it. There’s a lot of self-directed stuff but definitely like a recorded lecture every week to go along with the readings and extra videos to watch ” (P5).
While GEN students are known for their tenacity and ability to cope with the pressure and fast paced delivery, some students discovered that this did not necessarily equate with their preferred approach to learning. This cohort of GEN students were insightful in terms of their strengths and weaknesses in relation to knowledge acquisition. The use of the unfolding case studies, however, caused some frustrations as.
“ for me it was challenging in the fact that I felt I actually got frustrated because I’m thinking well I want to know this, I want to know that and yeah not getting all the information that I wanted at the time ” (P5).
This participant went further, saying that.
“ I definitely found that difficult [lack of information] I felt like [I] wasn’t getting as much information as I wanted to be able to make my clinical decisions ” (P5),
however this may have been due to the student’s background as their.
“my background is in paramedicine ” where “ we get a lot of information in a very short amount of time ” (P5).
Some fundamental issues were raised by the participants in terms of how much study is required for them to acquire the new knowledge. As one student highlighted,
“ I have a really terrible memory, so I kind of need to listen to things a few times or write it down and then watch a video and do some more reading and then like it’s good having another element to get into your brain you know ” (P2).
For one student, a solution to this was to ensure they did their preparation before attending class as.
“ you’re supposed to have read these things before coming to class, some people don’t but my kind of person, I’d read before coming to class and I tended to answer those questions so the critical, analytical part of me would be trying to find out and come up with a reasonable answer…” (P3).
For another participant, they took an alternative pathway to learning as they.
“ I just watch it and I don’t take [it in], it just sits in the back of my head because sometimes it’s building on top of previous knowledge so just, I just watch it to see if I can gain anything from that, I don’t necessarily take down notes or anything, but I just watch it so that it’s there you know ” (P4).
The pace of content delivery appeared problematic for some students, especially in relation to the practical sessions, with one student highlighting that.
“ personally I didn’t’ really like it and most of the time they were rushing, I was always like can I write this down to go back home to like really make sense of it and then sometimes obviously, sometimes I would have to say can I stay back and practice this thing again [as] I didn’t grab it as quickly as others did and the essence of the labs is that it’s grab all of these things ” (P3).
While on the whole the teaching staff were able to gauge the learning needs of this GEN cohort, the expectations of both parties did not always align, with one staff member reporting that.
“ the two biggest challenges was [sic] getting them [the students] to unpack already learned behaviour and [to] acknowledge their own limitations or bias ” (L1),
however by the end of the semester the same staff member reported that.
“ I think we made a lot of progress in getting them to acknowledge how they learn ” (L1).
Moreover, the challenges anticipated in teaching GEN students were not those that transpired in that.
“ I actually thought going into the first paper I was pretty excited as to how it was going to roll out, the problems I encountered were not the problems I anticipated ” (L3).
The vocality of this cohort was tangible, however, when content did not meet their needs, interest or expectations with the students saying,
“ that they didn’t do the materials because it wasn’t of interest to them and requested other teaching very much related to the assignment as opposed to anything else …” (L1).
It was expected that the GEN students would be participatory both in class and online irrespective of their ways of learning, but there was a difference in both responses and comfort with this form of engagement. One student that talked about the unfolding case study and the online component of assessment as being problematic said that.
“.. we had to put up about 250 words of something related to the case study every week and then we spoke to someone else, [I] didn’t really like the responses…I didn’t really like having to respond to someone else ” (P3).
Yet in contrast to this statement, the teaching staff were delighted that.
“…actually I got some fantastic questions from one of the students…emailed to me on Monday night about the case that was online for them, questions that I didn’t talk about in [the] lecture, I didn’t introduce the concept…they’re talking about concepts that are currently undergoing international clinical trials” (L1).
This study explored the experiences of both GEN students and academics using unfolding case studies situated in experiential learning pedagogy. The use of unfolding case studies supported with podcasts embraced our idea of developing content situated in real-life contexts. Learning was scaffolded using different teaching approaches such as podcasts, and experiential simulated learning, to offer learners multiple ways of engaging with content. Scaffolding is recognised as learning material being broken into smaller chunks of learning and in this way aligns with case-based learning [ 25 ]. In this way, we hoped that not only would students engage in problem-solving, and develop clinical decision-making skills [ 26 , 27 ], but that they would also achieve deep and lifelong learning and ultimately have an ‘aha’ moment when it all made sense.
Findings were divided, with some students enjoying the unfolding case studies and others describing them as not sufficiently challenging. The scaffolded learning approach that we developed incorporated a range of teaching approaches that enabled them to engage with the content in a way that fitted in with their lifestyle, even if the teaching method did not align with their individual learning preferences. Students reported differing views about the case studies; some enjoyed the unfolding nature while others wanted more context and direction to feel that they could make an informed clinical decision. Nonetheless, even though they did not like information being presented in smaller chunks one student recognised it meant they analysed the information they received more deeply.
Other learning tools such as podcasts were not always valued by participants and yet, the fact that students were able to provide feedback on their use does indicate that they at least attempted to engage with them.
Student reflections indicate that perhaps the use of unfolding case studies as a learning approach is not the solution to engagement, and that often more traditional teaching methods were preferred Indeed, Hobbs and Robinson’s [ 28 ] study of undergraduate nursing students in the US supported Carter and Welch’s [ 14 ] findings that the use of unfolding case studies were of no direct benefit, whilst Ellis et al.’s., [ 29 ] study confirmed that for final year nurse practitioner students unfolding case studies were beneficial in developing critical thinking and stimulating clinical reasoning. Considering these two conflicting findings, further consideration is needed of how to engage highly motivated GEN students.
As such, our results suggest it can be difficult to predict the needs of the GEN students given the diversity of their previous academic qualifications, career, and often significant life experience they bring to the programme [ 30 , 31 ]. Interestingly students in this study simultaneously demonstrated insight into their needs supporting their previous academic study experience and felt sufficiently secure to voice them, which supports evidence found in D’Antonio et al.’s [ 32 ] study. This suggests that GEN students’ capabilities need to be embraced and incorporated when planning curriculum and scaffolding learning. Anecdotally, we have found that students embrace experiential learning such as that offered in simulation labs whether this involves the use of simulated manikins or not, it seems the hands-on learning offers not only the opportunity to experience simulated reality but also fosters collaboration and problem solving with peers that enables them to dwell in learning of what it is to be a nurse.
Our students were not overwhelmingly supportive of the pedagogical approach of unfolding case studies we adopted. As previously recognised GEN students are experienced learners and whilst having differing educational backgrounds bring individual experience and knowledge of their own approach to their learning. Nonetheless, the value of their previous learning experience appears problematic in that those learned behaviours and attitudes need to be refocused to engage with learning how to become a nurse, as demonstrated in the academic staff reflections. Despite this background experience and perceived confidence, some students reflected that online engagement that involved exploring the case studies in discussion forums with colleagues was uncomfortable. This was surprising to the academic staff and contrasted sharply with their reflections on the activity but has been previously noted by Boling et al., [ 33 ].
Given the disparity that exists between student and academic staff experiences, as demonstrated in our study, co-designing content delivery may offer a progressive solution. By engaging ‘students as partners’ it offers them a much deeper level of involvement in future teaching delivery through collaboration and reciprocation of ideas, thus culminating in appropriate curriculum design [ 34 ]. Collaborating with students in course design might facilitate students learning as they become cognisant of the active engagement of academic staff [ 9 , 10 , 35 ]. In the future, we aim to involve students in any curriculum review and course development to ensure their perspectives influence curriculum design and content delivery.
Even so, our initial intention of scaffolding learning by offering different ways for students to engage with content is supported by recent research by Dong et al. [ 36 ] who found that students performed better academically in a flipped classroom. This point, in association with our findings, suggests that the best approach to content delivery for graduate entry nursing students is to ensure students are involved in curriculum and course design alongside the delivery of learning experiences that are well facilitated and supported by faculty so that students are aware of the expectations, required of them, and importantly how they will be assessed.
We acknowledge that the sample size in this study is small in terms of generalisability. However, our findings offer interesting, detailed and in-depth insights into the experiences and needs of both GEN students and the academic staff involved in the development and delivery of educational material. Further work needs to be undertaken to evaluate the experiences of GEN students from a range of educational providers. A longitudinal study has been undertaken to explore the motivations and experiences of GEN students in Australasia [ 37 ], which will also support these findings regarding the learning needs of GEN students.
This study has provided a platform through which academics and GEN students can share their insights of teaching and learning experiences. The results offer a clear insight into what these students expect and need to expedite their learning and how teaching staff must respond. While participants' views were somewhat mixed in relation to the use of unfolding case studies and scaffolded learning these results demonstrate how GEN students are aware of their personal ways of learning and how this translates in terms of education needs. The sharing of these experiences provides an insightful lens through which to re-evaluate pedagogical approaches for GEN students. As such, we suggest that to meet the needs of GEN student’s not only is a blended pedagogical approach appropriate but expanding education design boundaries further through a co-design focused approach to GEN programme design.
The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due privacy and ethical restrictions of the participants, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Macdiarmid, R., Merrick, E. & Winnington, R. Using unfolding case studies to develop critical thinking for Graduate Entry Nursing students: an educational design research study. BMC Nurs 23 , 399 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02076-8
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How to Write a Case Study: A Breakdown of Requirements. It can take months to develop a case study. First, a topic must be chosen. Then the researcher must state his hypothesis, and make certain it lines up with the chosen topic. Then all the research must be completed. The case study can require both quantitative and qualitative research, as ...
Case study examples. Case studies are proven marketing strategies in a wide variety of B2B industries. Here are just a few examples of a case study: Amazon Web Services, Inc. provides companies with cloud computing platforms and APIs on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis. This case study example illustrates the benefits Thomson Reuters experienced ...
Although case studies have been discussed extensively in the literature, little has been written about the specific steps one may use to conduct case study research effectively (Gagnon, 2010; Hancock & Algozzine, 2016).Baskarada (2014) also emphasized the need to have a succinct guideline that can be practically followed as it is actually tough to execute a case study well in practice.
Case study examples. While templates are helpful, seeing a case study in action can also be a great way to learn. Here are some examples of how Adobe customers have experienced success. Juniper Networks. One example is the Adobe and Juniper Networks case study, which puts the reader in the customer's shoes.
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How to Find Out Business Requirements. Below is a five-step guide to conducting your own business requirements analysis. 1. Identify Key Stakeholders. Identify the key people who will be affected by the project. Start by clarifying exactly who the project's sponsor is. This may be an internal or external client.
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination and analysis of a particular phenomenon or case, such as an individual, organization, community, event, or situation. It is a qualitative research approach that aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the case being studied.
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According to the book Understanding Case Study Research, case studies are "small scale research with meaning" that generally involve the following: The study of a particular case, or a number of cases. That the case will be complex and bounded. That it will be studied in its context. That the analysis undertaken will seek to be holistic.
Identify the key problems and issues in the case study. Formulate and include a thesis statement, summarizing the outcome of your analysis in 1-2 sentences. Background. Set the scene: background information, relevant facts, and the most important issues. Demonstrate that you have researched the problems in this case study. Evaluation of the Case
Types of Requirements. Business requirements: They are high-level requirements that are taken from the business case from the projects.For example, a mobile banking service system provides banking services to Southeast Asia.The business requirement that is decided for India is account summary and fund transfer while for China account summary and bill payment is decided as a business requirement
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It is best to simply tell the story and let the outcome speak for itself. With these points in mind, let's begin the process of writing the case study: Title page: Title: The title page will contain the full title of the article. Remember that many people may find our article by searching on the internet.
#businessrequirement #elicitation #requirementgathering #businessanalyst Hi everyone, I'm back with another BA series video on how to do requirement elicitat...
This series of Case Study exam resources will cover everything you need to know to prepare for the Case Study exam. This includes: Introduction to the Case Study exam; How to approach the advance information; Using the advance information during the Case Study exam; A guide on Requirements one, two and three; An overview of the Executive Summary
Case studies are to be emailed to [email protected]. PHOTOGRAPHS AND VIDEOS REQUIRED. Failure to provide the below may result in your case study being rejected (Minimum of 16 photographs and 1 video submitted) Send via email/multiple emails or via a free transfer site - www.wetransfer.com.
Prior to high school graduation, we require you to complete a minimum of: English: 4 years Math: 3 years Science: 3 years (2 must be laboratory science) Social studies: 3 years Foreign language: 2 years If you're interested in engineering or the sciences, we recommend an additional year of math and laboratory science.
Graduate Entry Nursing (GEN) programmes have been introduced as another entry point to nurse registration. In the development of a new GEN programme, a problem-based approach to learning was used to develop critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills of motivated and academically capable students. To explore and evaluate the design and delivery of course material delivered to GEN students ...
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