problem solving and programming in c

Problem Solving Through Programming in C

In this lesson, we are going to learn Problem Solving Through Programming in C. This is the first lesson while we start learning the C language.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Problem Solving Through Programming in C

Regardless of the area of the study, computer science is all about solving problems with computers. The problem that we want to solve can come from any real-world problem or perhaps even from the abstract world. We need to have a standard systematic approach to problem solving through programming in c.

computer programmers are problem solvers. In order to solve a problem on a computer, we must know how to represent the information describing the problem and determine the steps to transform the information from one representation into another.

A computer is a very powerful and versatile machine capable of performing a multitude of different tasks, yet it has no intelligence or thinking power.

The computer cannot solve the problem on its own, one has to provide step by step solutions of the problem to the computer. In fact, the task of problem-solving is not that of the computer.

It is the programmer who has to write down the solution to the problem in terms of simple operations which the computer can understand and execute.

In order to solve a problem with the computer, one has to pass through certain stages or steps. They are as follows:

Steps to Solve a Problem With the Computer

Step 1: understanding the problem:.

Here we try to understand the problem to be solved in totally. Before with the next stage or step, we should be absolutely sure about the objectives of the given problem.

Step 2: Analyzing the Problem:

The idea here is to search for an appropriate solution to the problem under consideration. The end result of this stage is a broad overview of the sequence of operations that are to be carried out to solve the given problem.

Step 3: Developing the solution:

Here, the overview of the sequence of operations that was the result of the analysis stage is expanded to form a detailed step by step solution to the problem under consideration.

Step 4: Coding and Implementation:

The vehicle for the computer solution to a problem is a set of explicit and unambiguous instructions expressed in a programming language. This set of instruction is called a program with problem solving through programming in C .

A program may also be thought of as an algorithm expressed in a programming language. an algorithm, therefore, corresponds to a solution to a problem that is independent of any programming language .

The problem solving is a skill and there are no universal approaches one can take to solving problems. Basically one must explore possible avenues to a solution one by one until she/he comes across the right path to a solution.

In general, as one gains experience in solving problems, one develops one’s own techniques and strategies, though they are often intangible. Problem-solving skills are recognized as an integral component of computer programming.

Problem Solving Steps

Problem-solving is a creative process which defines systematization and mechanization. There are a number of steps that can be taken to raise the level of one’s performance in problem-solving.

A problem-solving technique follows certain steps in finding the solution to a problem. Let us look into the steps one by one:

1. Problem Definition Phase:

In the problem definition phase, we must emphasize what must be done rather than how is it to be done. That is, we try to extract the precisely defined set of tasks from the problem statement.

Inexperienced problem solvers too often gallop ahead with the task of the problem – solving only to find that they are either solving the wrong problem or solving the wrong problem or solving just one particular problem.

2. Getting Started on a Problem:

Sometimes you do not have any idea where to begin solving a problem, even if the problem has been defined. Such block sometimes occurs because you are overly concerned with the details of the implementation even before you have completely understood or worked out a solution.

The best advice is not to get concerned with the details. Those can come later when the intricacies of the problem have been understood.

3. Use of Specific Examples:

It is usually much easier to work out the details of a solution to a specific problem because the relationship between the mechanism and the problem is more clearly defined.

This approach of focusing on a particular problem can give us the foothold we need for making a start on the solution to the general problem.

4. Similarities Among Problems:

The more experience one has the more tools and techniques one can bring to bear in tackling the given problem. But sometimes, it blocks us from discovering a desirable or better solution to the problem.

A skill that is important to try to develop in problem-solving is the ability to view a problem from a variety of angles.

5. Working Backwards from the Solution:

In some cases, we can assume that we already have the solution to the problem and then try to work backwards to the starting point. Even a guess at the solution to the problem may be enough to give us a foothold to start on the problem.

We can systematize the investigations and avoid duplicate efforts by writing down the various steps taken and explorations made.

General Problem Solving Strategies:

There are a number of general and powerful computational strategies that are repeatedly used in various guises in computer science.

Often it is possible to phrase a problem in terms of one of these strategies and achieve considerable gains in computational efficiency.

1. Divide and Conquer:

The Splitting can be carried on further so that eventually we have many sub-problems, so small that further splitting is no necessary to solve them. We shall see many examples of this strategy and discuss the gain in efficiency due to its application.

2. Binary Doubling:

This is the reverse of the divide and conquers strategy i.e build-up the solution for a larger problem from solutions and smaller sub-problems.

3. Dynamic Programming:

The travelling salesman problem falls into this category. The idea here is that a good or optimal solution to a problem can be built-up from good or optimal solutions of the sub-problems.

4. General Search, Back Tracking and Branch-and-Bound:

All of these are variants of the basic dynamic programming strategy but are equally important.

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C Exercises – Practice Questions with Solutions for C Programming

The best way to learn C programming language is by hands-on practice. This C Exercise page contains the top 30 C exercise questions with solutions that are designed for both beginners and advanced programmers. It covers all major concepts like arrays, pointers, for-loop, and many more.

So, Keep it Up! Solve topic-wise C exercise questions to strengthen your weak topics.

C Programming Exercises

The following are the top 30 programming exercises with solutions to help you practice online and improve your coding efficiency in the C language. You can solve these questions online in GeeksforGeeks IDE.

Q1: Write a Program to Print “Hello World!” on the Console.

In this problem, you have to write a simple program that prints “Hello World!” on the console screen.

For Example,

Click here to view the solution.

Q2: write a program to find the sum of two numbers entered by the user..

In this problem, you have to write a program that adds two numbers and prints their sum on the console screen.

Q3: Write a Program to find the size of int, float, double, and char.

In this problem, you have to write a program to print the size of the variable.

Q4: Write a Program to Swap the values of two variables.

In this problem, you have to write a program that swaps the values of two variables that are entered by the user.

Swap two numbers

Q5: Write a Program to calculate Compound Interest.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes principal, time, and rate as user input and calculates the compound interest.

Q6: Write a Program to check if the given number is Even or Odd.

In this problem, you have to write a program to check whether the given number is even or odd.

Q7: Write a Program to find the largest number among three numbers.

In this problem, you have to write a program to take three numbers from the user as input and print the largest number among them.

Q8: Write a Program to make a simple calculator.

In this problem, you have to write a program to make a simple calculator that accepts two operands and an operator to perform the calculation and prints the result.

Q9: Write a Program to find the factorial of a given number.

In this problem, you have to write a program to calculate the factorial (product of all the natural numbers less than or equal to the given number n) of a number entered by the user.

Q10: Write a Program to Convert Binary to Decimal.

In this problem, you have to write a program to convert the given binary number entered by the user into an equivalent decimal number.

Q11: Write a Program to print the Fibonacci series using recursion.

In this problem, you have to write a program to print the Fibonacci series(the sequence where each number is the sum of the previous two numbers of the sequence) till the number entered by the user using recursion.

Fibonacci Series

Q12: Write a Program to Calculate the Sum of Natural Numbers using recursion.

In this problem, you have to write a program to calculate the sum of natural numbers up to a given number n.

Q13: Write a Program to find the maximum and minimum of an Array.

In this problem, you have to write a program to find the maximum and the minimum element of the array of size N given by the user.

Q14: Write a Program to Reverse an Array.

In this problem, you have to write a program to reverse an array of size n entered by the user. Reversing an array means changing the order of elements so that the first element becomes the last element and the second element becomes the second last element and so on.

Reverse an array

Q15: Write a Program to rotate the array to the left.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes an array arr[] of size N from the user and rotates the array to the left (counter-clockwise direction) by D steps, where D is a positive integer. 

Q16: Write a Program to remove duplicates from the Sorted array.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes a sorted array arr[] of size N from the user and removes the duplicate elements from the array.

Q17: Write a Program to search elements in an array (using Binary Search).

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes an array arr[] of size N and a target value to be searched by the user. Search the target value using binary search if the target value is found print its index else print ‘element is not present in array ‘.

Q18: Write a Program to reverse a linked list.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes a pointer to the head node of a linked list, you have to reverse the linked list and print the reversed linked list.

Q18: Write a Program to create a dynamic array in C.

In this problem, you have to write a program to create an array of size n dynamically then take n elements of an array one by one by the user. Print the array elements.

Q19: Write a Program to find the Transpose of a Matrix.

In this problem, you have to write a program to find the transpose of a matrix for a given matrix A with dimensions m x n and print the transposed matrix. The transpose of a matrix is formed by interchanging its rows with columns.

Q20: Write a Program to concatenate two strings.

In this problem, you have to write a program to read two strings str1 and str2 entered by the user and concatenate these two strings. Print the concatenated string.

Q21: Write a Program to check if the given string is a palindrome string or not.

In this problem, you have to write a program to read a string str entered by the user and check whether the string is palindrome or not. If the str is palindrome print ‘str is a palindrome’ else print ‘str is not a palindrome’. A string is said to be palindrome if the reverse of the string is the same as the string.

Q22: Write a program to print the first letter of each word.

In this problem, you have to write a simple program to read a string str entered by the user and print the first letter of each word in a string.

Q23: Write a program to reverse a string using recursion

In this problem, you have to write a program to read a string str entered by the user, and reverse that string means changing the order of characters in the string so that the last character becomes the first character of the string using recursion. 

reverse a string

Q24: Write a program to Print Half half-pyramid pattern.

In this problem, you have to write a simple program to read the number of rows (n) entered by the user and print the half-pyramid pattern of numbers. Half pyramid pattern looks like a right-angle triangle of numbers having a hypotenuse on the right side.

Q25: Write a program to print Pascal’s triangle pattern.

In this problem, you have to write a simple program to read the number of rows (n) entered by the user and print Pascal’s triangle pattern. Pascal’s Triangle is a pattern in which the first row has a single number 1 all rows begin and end with the number 1. The numbers in between are obtained by adding the two numbers directly above them in the previous row.

Pascal’s Triangle

Q26: Write a program to sort an array using Insertion Sort.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes an array arr[] of size N from the user and sorts the array elements in ascending or descending order using insertion sort.

Q27: Write a program to sort an array using Quick Sort.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes an array arr[] of size N from the user and sorts the array elements in ascending order using quick sort.

Q28: Write a program to sort an array of strings.

In this problem, you have to write a program that reads an array of strings in which all characters are of the same case entered by the user and sort them alphabetically. 

Q29: Write a program to copy the contents of one file to another file.

In this problem, you have to write a program that takes user input to enter the filenames for reading and writing. Read the contents of one file and copy the content to another file. If the file specified for reading does not exist or cannot be opened, display an error message “Cannot open file: file_name” and terminate the program else print “Content copied to file_name”

Q30: Write a program to store information on students using structure.

In this problem, you have to write a program that stores information about students using structure. The program should create various structures, each representing a student’s record. Initialize the records with sample data having data members’ Names, Roll Numbers, Ages, and Total Marks. Print the information for each student.

We hope after completing these C exercises you have gained a better understanding of C concepts. Learning C language is made easier with this exercise sheet as it helps you practice all major C concepts. Solving these C exercise questions will take you a step closer to becoming a C programmer.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. what are some common mistakes to avoid while doing c programming exercises.

Some of the most common mistakes made by beginners doing C programming exercises can include missing semicolons, bad logic loops, uninitialized pointers, and forgotten memory frees etc.

Q2. What are the best practices for beginners starting with C programming exercises?

Best practices for beginners starting with C programming exercises: Start with easy codes Practice consistently Be creative Think before you code Learn from mistakes Repeat!

Q3. How do I debug common errors in C programming exercises?

You can use the following methods to debug a code in C programming exercises Read the error message carefully Read code line by line Try isolating the error code Look for Missing elements, loops, pointers, etc Check error online

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C Programming and Problem Solving in C.

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Are you looking for a solid start to programming? Have you heard that "C Language is the best one to start with"? You have heard it right. C Language is one of the best ways to start programming.

Even though you are not a newbie, C programming is going to suit your resume pretty well.

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There is a reason for that!

By learning C, you will open the huge, rusty doors of C++, C#, and JAVA.

Because C fundamentally teaches you behind the scenes.

By taking this course, you will be able to apply for any elementary job relating to C Programming.

That's not everything tho!

We are also taking a problem-solving approach to C. The best skill you can have when programming. Problem-Solvers tend to be better programmers at the end of the day.

We are aware of that skill!

That's why we are more focused on giving you the ability to solve problems in any capacity. Once you become a good problem solver, it is more likely for you to become a good programmer.

The details are not skipped in this course.

You'll develop your ability to produce good code and your problem-solving skills. This course provides all the information on "why" you are doing the things that you are doing in addition to teaching you how to write in the C programming language.

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Improve his/her problem-solving capacity.

Learns data types and how to manipulate them.

Using Input and Output functions efficiently.

Logical Operators

String Characters

Control Flow: If-Else statements - switch cases

Loops - while - for - do

A hundred examples and FINAL PROJECT.

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• C Programming Home
• ▼C Programming Exercises
• Basic Declarations and Expressions
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• Searching and Sorting
• C Programming Exercises, Practice, Solution

What is C Programming Language?

C is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs. It has since become one of the most widely used programming languages of all time, with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems.

The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions. We have started this section for those (beginner to intermediate) who are familiar with C programming.

Hope, these exercises help you to improve your C programming coding skills. Currently, following sections are available, we are working hard to add more exercises. Please refer to this page for important C snippets, code, and examples before starting the exercises. Happy Coding!

List of C Programming Exercises :

• Basic Declarations and Expressions [ 150 Exercises with Solution ]
• Basic Part-II [ 7 Exercises with Solution ]
• Basic Algorithm [ 75 Exercises with Solution ]
• Variable Type [ 18 Exercises with Solution ]
• Input, Output [ 10 Exercises with Solution ]
• Conditional Statement [ 26 Exercises with Solution ]
• While Loop [ 11 Exercises with Solution ]
• Do-While Loop [ 12 Exercises with Solution ]
• For Loop [ 61 Exercises with Solution ]
• Array [ 107 Exercises with Solution ]
• Structure [ 9 Exercises with Solution ]
• Pointer [ 22 Exercises with Solution ]
• Linked List [ 64 Exercises with Solution ]
• Stack [ 17 Exercises with Solution ]
• Binary Heap (Tree-Based Structure) [ 9 Exercises with Solution ]
• Queue [ 13 Exercises with Solution ]
• Hash [ 10 Exercises with Solution ]
• Tree [ 10 Exercises with Solution ]
• Graph [ 10 Exercises with Solution ]
• Numbers [ 38 Exercises with Solution ]
• Math [ 38 Exercises with Solution ]
• String [ 41 Exercises with Solution ]
• Date Time [ 10 Exercises with Solution ]
• Function [ 12 Exercises with Solution ]
• Callback Function [ 11 Exercises with Solution ]
• Variadic Function [ 8 Exercises with Solution ]
• Inline Function [ 11 Exercises with Solution ]
• Recursion [ 21 Exercises with Solution ]
• File Handling [ 19 Exercises with Solution ]
• Search and Sorting [ 31 Exercises with Solution ]
• Challenges [ 35 exercises with solution ]
• C Snippets [29]
• More to Come !

[ Want to contribute to C exercises? Send your code (attached with a .zip file) to us at w3resource[at]yahoo[dot]com. Please avoid copyrighted materials.]

Do not submit any solution of the above exercises at here, if you want to contribute go to the appropriate exercise page.

Popularity of Programming Language Worldwide, Nov 2023 compared to a year ago:

`

Rank	Change	Language	Share	Trend
1		Python	27.99 %	+0.0 %
2		Java	15.91 %	-0.8%
3		Javascript	9.18 %	-0.3%
4		C/C++	6.76 %	+0.2%
5		C#	6.67 %	-0.3 %
6		PHP	4.86 %	-0.3 %
7		R	4.45%	+0.4%
8		TypeScript	2.95 %	+0.1%
9		Swift	2.7 %	+0.6%
10		Objective-C	2.32%	+0.2%
11		Rust	1.98%	+0.3%
12		Go	1.98%	-0.0%
13		Kotlin	1.76 %	-0.1%
14		Matlab	1.6 %	+0.0%
15		Ada	1.02%	+0.2%
16		Ruby	1.0 %	-0.1 %
17		Dart	0.99 %	+0.1 %
18		Powershell	0.93 %	+0.0 %
19		VBA	0.93 %	-0.1 %
20		Scala	0.62 %	-0.1 %
21		Lua	0.62 %	0.0 %
22		Abap	0.58 %	+0.1 %
23		Visual Basic	0.55 %	-0.1 %
24		Julia	0.35 %	-0.0 %
25		Groovy	0.31 %	-0.1 %
26		Perl	0.31 %	-0.1 %
27		Haskell	0.27 %	-0.0 %
28		Cobol	0.25 %	-0.1 %
29		Delphi/Pascal	0.18 %	+0.2 %

Source : https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html

TIOBE Index for November 2023

Nov 2023	Nov 2022	Change	Programming Language	Ratings	Change
1	1		Python	14.16%	-3.02%
2	2		C	11.77%	-3.31%
3	4		C++	10.36%	-0.39%
4	3		Java	8.35%	-3.63%
5	5		C#	7.65%	+3.40%
6	7		JavaScript	3.21%	+0.47%
7	10		PHP	2.30%	+0.61%
8	6		Visual Basic	2.10%	-2.01%
9	9		SQL	1.88%	+0.07%
10	8		Assembly language	1.35%	-0.83%
11	17		Scratch	1.31%	+0.43%
12	24		Fortran	1.30%	+0.74%
13	11		Go	1.19%	+0.05%
14	15		MATLAB	1.15%	+0.14%
15	28		Kotlin	1.15%	+0.68%
16	14		Delphi/Object Pascal	1.14%	+0.07%
17	18		Swift	1.04%	+0.17%
18	19		Ruby	0.99%	+0.14%
19	12		R	0.93%	-0.20%
20	20		Rust	0.91%	+0.16%

Source : https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/

List of Exercises with Solutions :

• HTML CSS Exercises, Practice, Solution
• JavaScript Exercises, Practice, Solution
• jQuery Exercises, Practice, Solution
• jQuery-UI Exercises, Practice, Solution
• CoffeeScript Exercises, Practice, Solution
• Twitter Bootstrap Exercises, Practice, Solution
• C# Sharp Programming Exercises, Practice, Solution
• PHP Exercises, Practice, Solution
• Python Exercises, Practice, Solution
• R Programming Exercises, Practice, Solution
• Java Exercises, Practice, Solution
• SQL Exercises, Practice, Solution
• MySQL Exercises, Practice, Solution
• PostgreSQL Exercises, Practice, Solution
• SQLite Exercises, Practice, Solution
• MongoDB Exercises, Practice, Solution

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Home » C programming language

C Programs with Solutions

This section contains popular C programs with solution. Learn and practice these programs to test and enhance your C skills. Last updated : April 01, 2023

The best way to learn C programming is by practicing and solving the C programs (C problems). We have 1000+ C programs with solutions which are categorized below. Practice these C programs to learn and enhance your C problem-solving skills.

List of C programs

Practice the C programs based on the categories, library functions, advanced, top searched, and latest.

C programs by categories

• C Basic and Conditional Programs 90
• C switch case programs 06
• C 'goto' programs 10
• Bitwise related Programs 32
• Looping (for, while, do while) Programs 18
• C String Manipulation programs 10
• C String programs 50
• String User Define Functions Programs 11
• Recursion Programs 13
• Number (Digits Manipulation) Programs 10
• Number System Conversion Programs 15
• Star/Pyramid Programs 17
• Sum of Series Programs (set 1) 05
• Sum of Series Programs (set 2) 13
• Pattern printing programs 01
• User Define Function Programs (1) 05
• User Define Function Programs (2) 13
• One Dimensional Array Programs 58
• Two Dimensional Array (Matrix) Programs 21
• File Handling Programs 32
• Structure & Union Programs 12
• Pointer Programs 13
• Dynamic Memory Allocation Programs 05
• Command Line Arguments Programs 06
• Common C program Errors 22
• C scanf() programs 11
• C preprocessor programs 24
• C typedef programs 03
• C SQLite programs 11
• C MySQL programs 09
• C Tricky Programs 07
• Misc Problems & Solutions 05

C programs on standard library functions

• ctype.h Library Functions (Set 1)
• ctype.h Library Functions (Set 2)
• string.h Library Functions
• conio.h Library Functions
• dos.h Library Functions
• math.h Library Functions
• graphics.h Library Functions
• assert.h Library Functions
• stdio.h Library Functions

Advance C programs

• C program to create your own header file/ Create your your own header file in C
• gotoxy(),clrscr(),getch(),getche() for GCC, Linux.
• fork() function explanation and examples in Linux C
• C program to print character without using format specifiers.
• C program to find Binary Addition and Binary Subtraction.
• C program to print weekday of given date.
• C program to format/extract ip address octets
• C program to check given string is a valid IPv4 address or not.
• C program to extract bytes from an integer (Hexadecimal) value
• C program to store date in an integer variable

Top searched C programs

Here is the list of most important/useful programs searched on the web .

Top visited programs on IncludeHelp

• Pattern Programs in C
• C program to design calculator with basic operations using switch
• C program to find factorial of a number
• C program to check whether number is Perfect Square or not
• C program to find SUM and AVERAGE of two numbers
• C program to convert temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to Fahrenheit
• C program to read and print an employee's detail using structure
• Dynamic Memory Allocation programs
• C program to convert number from Decimal to Binary
• C program to check whether number is Palindrome or not

Top searched programs on the web

• First C program to print "Hello World".
• C program to find factorial of a number.
• C program to swap two numbers without using third variable.
• C program to check whether a number if Armstrong or not.
• C program to check whether a number if Even or Odd.
• C program to print all leap years from 1 to N.
• C program to calculate employee gross salary.
• C Program to print tables of numbers from 1 to 20.
• C program to print star/pyramid series.
• C program to convert temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa.
• C program to convert number from Decimal to Binary.
• C program to convert number from Binary to Decimal.
• C program to print ASCII Table.
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Problem Solving with Computer

By Bipin Tiwari

Problem Solving is a scientific technique to discover and implement the answer to a problem. The computer is the symbol manipulating device that follows the set of commands known as program.

Program is the set of instructions which is run by the computer to perform specific task. The task of developing program is called programming.

Problem Solving Technique:

Sometimes it is not sufficient just to cope with problems. We have to solve that problems. Most people are involving to solve the problem. These problem are occur while performing small task or making small decision. So, Here are the some basic steps to solve the problems

Step 1: Identify and Define Problem

Explain you problem clearly as possible as you can.

Step 2: Generate Possible Solutions

• List out all the solution that you find. Don’t focus on the quality of the solution
• Generate the maximum number of solution as you can without considering the quality of the solution

Step 3: Evaluate Alternatives

After generating the maximum solution, Remove the undesired solutions.

Step 4: Decide a Solution

After filtering all the solution, you have the best solution only. Then choose on of the best solution and make a decision to make it as a perfect solution.

Step 5: Implement a Solution:

After getting the best solution, Implement that solution to solve a problem.

Step 6: Evaluate the result

After implementing a best solution, Evaluate how much you solution solve the problem. If your solution will not solve the problem then you can again start with Step 2 .

Algorithm is the set of rules that define how particular problem can be solved in finite number of steps. Any good algorithm must have following characteristics

• Input: Specify and require input
• Output:  Solution of any problem
• Definite:  Solution must be clearly defined
• Finite: Steps must be finite
• Correct:  Correct output must be generated

Advantages of Algorithms:

• It is the way to sole a problem step-wise so it is easy to understand.
• It uses definite procedure.
• It is not dependent with any programming language.
• Each step has it own meaning so it is easy to debug

Disadvantage of Algorithms:

• It is time consuming
• Difficult to show branching and looping statement
• Large problems are difficult to implement

The solution of any problem in picture form is called flowchart. It is the one of the most important technique to depict an algorithm.

Advantage of Flowchart:

• Easier to understand
• Helps to understand logic of problem
• Easy to draw flowchart in any software like MS-Word
• Complex problem can be represent using less symbols
• It is the way to documenting any problem
• Helps in debugging process

Disadvantage of Flowchart:

• For any change, Flowchart have to redrawn
• Showing many looping and branching become complex
• Modification of flowchart is time consuming

Symbol Used in Flowchart:

	Terminal	Terminal represent start and end
	Input / Output	Used for input (reading) and output (printing) operation.
	Processing	Used for data manipulation and data operations.
	Arrow	Used to represent flow of operations.
	Connector	Used to connect different flow of lines
	Decision	Used to make decision

Example: Algorithm and Flowchart to check odd or even

Coding, Compiling and Execution

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Problem Solving & Program design in C Paperback – January 1, 2013

• Print length 840 pages
• Language English
• Publisher PEARSON INDIA
• Publication date January 1, 2013
• Reading age 15 years and up
• Dimensions 7.99 x 10 x 1.85 inches
• ISBN-10 9332518815
• ISBN-13 978-9332518810
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ PEARSON INDIA; 7th edition (January 1, 2013)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 840 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 9332518815
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-9332518810
• Reading age ‏ : ‎ 15 years and up
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.93 pounds
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 7.99 x 10 x 1.85 inches
• Best Sellers Rank: #2,883,931 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books )

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Problem-solving initiative.

• Learning Collaborative

The Sheridan Center for Teaching and Learning is engaged in a number of initiatives to enhance Brown University students’ capacities for effective problem solving.

Problem solving may be the quintessential expression of human thinking.

CEOs, HR executives, college presidents, faculty, and students demonstrate remarkable consensus that problem-solving is one of the most important outcomes of a college education (Bok, 2017; Hart Research Associates, 2015; Hora, Benbow, Oleson, 2016; Passow & Passow, 2017). However, nationally, a scant majority of college seniors report that they are well-prepared to be effective problem solvers -- and fewer than a quarter of employers perceive graduating students to be competent at this key skill (Hart Research Associates).

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Problem-solving fellows program, teaching problem solving.

For more information about the Sheridan Center’s problem-solving initiatives, please contact  [email protected] .

Bok, D. (2017).  The struggle to reform our colleges . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hart Research Associates. (2015). Falling short? College learning and career success. Survey carried out for AAC&U. Available:  https://www.aacu.org/sites/default/files/files/LEAP/2015employerstudents...

Hora, M.T., Benbow, R. J., & Oleson, A. K.. (2016).  Beyond the skills gap: Preparing college students for life and work . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

National Research Council. (2012).  Discipline-based education research: Understanding and improving learning in undergraduate science and engineering . S.R. Singer, N.R. Nielsen, and H.A. Schweingruber, Editors. Committee on the Status, Contributions, and Future Directions of Discipline-Based Education Research. Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Passow, H.J., & Passow, C.H. (2017). What competencies should undergraduate engineering programs emphasize? A systematic review.  Journal of Engineering Education , 106(3): 475-526.

Watch CBS News

Microsoft outages caused by CrowdStrike software glitch paralyze airlines, other businesses. Here's what to know.

By Haley Ott

Updated on: July 20, 2024 / 12:06 AM EDT / CBS News

Banks, airlines, television networks and health systems around the world that rely on Microsoft 365 apps were hit by widespread outages early Friday linked to the company CrowdStrike. Thousands of flights and train services were canceled globally, including more than 1,800 in the U.S., and there were disruptions to many other public and retail services. 

Here's what we know about the outages:

What caused the global Microsoft outages?

The issue was caused by a technical problem that global cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike said it had identified in its software and was working to resolve. CrowdStrike provides antivirus software to Microsoft for its Windows devices.

"Earlier today, a CrowdStrike update was responsible for bringing down a number of IT systems globally," Microsoft said in a statement to CBS News. 

Later on Friday, Microsoft said on social media that it had "completed our mitigation actions and our telemetry indicates all previously impacted Microsoft 365 apps and services have recovered. We're entering a period of monitoring to ensure impact is fully resolved."

In a statement, CrowdStrike CEO George Kurtz said the issue had been identified and a solution was being implemented. He added that "this is not a security incident or cyberattack. The issue has been identified, isolated and a fix has been deployed."

In an update shared Friday afternoon  on social media , Kurtz again apologized to those impacted and said he was committed "to provide full transparency on how this occurred and the steps we're taking to prevent anything like this from happening again."

What has been affected by the Microsoft outages?

Over 3,000  flights had been canceled  within, into or out of the U.S. as of Friday night, and more than 11,400 others were delayed, according to the flight tracking service,  FlightAware . Globally, more than 42,000 flights were delayed Friday. 

American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines resumed at least some flight departures later Friday morning after pausing operations earlier in the day due to the outages. 

"We have recovered our operation today and expect to deliver a reliable operation for our customers tomorrow," American Airlines said in a statement Friday evening. 

And Toby Enqvist, chief operations officer for United Airlines, said in a statement late Friday night that "while we had to cancel and delay far more flights than we ever want to, we are poised to return to a near-normal operation on Saturday."

A timelapse shared by the Federal Aviation Administration showed flights resuming Friday afternoon.

Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston canceled all previously scheduled surgeries and medical visits that were not considered urgent because many of the computer systems were down, preventing access to vital digital records.

"We do everything on our computers now," neuro ICU nurse Meghan Mahoney told CBS News. "…People's medical history, their allergies. So when that goes down, we have to revert back to paper charting."

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City postponed all procedures requiring anesthesia. Emory Healthcare system in Atlanta delayed certain types of surgeries. Seattle Children's Hospital closed its outpatient clinic.  

The Department of Health and Human Services said on Friday afternoon it was "working to assess the impact of the CrowdStrike outage on patient care and HHS systems, services, and operations."   

A Department of Homeland Security memo to staff obtained by CBS News said that "DHS systems are currently impacted by a global outage of the cybersecurity software CrowdStrike. This is impacting many businesses globally, as you may be seeing in the news. This was not a cyberattack."  

Portland, Oregon Mayor Ted Wheeler issued an Emergency Declaration for the city on Friday. The declaration will allow for "immediate response and resources to get city systems back to fully operational levels." In New York City , Mayor Eric Adams said the outage did not have a major impact on city operations because of previous drills that had been conducted to educate officials on how to respond to an IT issue. 

The FAA is working closely with airlines impacted by a global IT issue. This timelapse depicts air traffic recovering after airlines requested FAA assistance with ground stops this morning. Contact your airline for more info and monitor https://t.co/smgdqJN3td . pic.twitter.com/inRTK6ovTI — The FAA ✈️ (@FAANews) July 19, 2024

In Europe, Lufthansa, KLM and SAS Airlines reported disruptions. Switzerland's largest airport reported planes had not been allowed to land, according to CBS News partner network BBC News. In India, at the country's primary airport in Delhi, everything was being done manually. No electric check-in terminals were functioning and gate information was being updated by hand on a whiteboard, the BBC reported.

Hospitals in Germany said they were canceling elective surgeries Friday and doctors in the U.K. said they were having issues accessing their online booking system. Pharmacists in the U.K. said there were disruptions with medicine deliveries and accessing prescriptions. 

The Federal Bureau of Investigation said there were no operational problems related to the outage, though some of its systems had been affected. Those systems have workarounds that allow their use even amid the outage. 

The London Stock Exchange said it had experienced disruptions to its regulatory news service, but that trading had not been impacted. A spokesperson for the New York Stock Exchange said markets were fully operational and a normal opening was expected.

Starbucks said the outage was preventing customers from using its mobile ordering features. Delivery companies like FedEx also reported that some packages could be delayed due to the outages.

"FedEx has activated contingency plans to mitigate impacts from a global IT outage experienced by a third party software vendor. However, potential delays are possible for package deliveries with a commitment of July 19, 2024," the company said in a statement.

When will the Microsoft outages be fixed?

Even with the fix being implemented by CrowdStrike, some of the problems caused will likely take time to solve, Chief Information Officer at identity security firm CyberArk, Omer Grossman, told Reuters. He said the reason is that the problem has to do with Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) products that run on individual client computers.

"It turns out that because the endpoints have crashed — the Blue Screen of Death — they cannot be updated remotely and the problem must be solved manually, endpoint by endpoint. This is expected to be a process that will take days," Grossman said.

In an interview with CNBC, CrowdStrike's Kurtz said many of the affected systems were already beginning to recover, and a fix could be as straightforward for some clients as rebooting their computers or servers.

He acknowledged, however, that "some systems may not fully recover, and we're working individually with each and every customer to make sure we can get them up and running and operational." 

Kurtz did not provide a timeframe, and it appeared that many companies and organizations around the world would have to rely on their own technology departments to get systems back up and running.

— Kris Van Cleave contributed to this report.  

• CrowdStrike
• Internet Outage

Haley Ott is the CBS News Digital international reporter, based in the CBS News London bureau.

More from CBS News

South Florida impacted by Microsoft outages caused by CrowdStrike glitch

Flights delayed, canceled at South Florida airports due to Microsoft outage

What is CrowdStrike, the company behind the global Microsoft outages?

Florida man arrested, accused of making threats against Trump, Vance on social media

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Students choose from a variety of courses that meets program requirements and satisfies your interests in psychology. Electives in philosophy, ethics, the arts, foreign languages, theater, literature and writing enrich learning. 

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SUNY Adirondack offers a dual acceptance program with SUNY Plattsburgh at Queensbury. Earn a bachelor's degree right at SUNY Adirondack's beautiful campus in fields that include Psychology.

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The two-dimensional variable sized bin packing problem (2DVSBPP) is the problem of packing a set of rectangular items into a set of rectangular bins. The bins have different sizes and different costs, and the objective is to minimize the overall cost of ...

A clique covering MIP model for the irregular strip packing problem

A clique covering mixed integer programming model is proposed.New valid inequalities and better lower bounds are proposed for the model.The model can solve larger instances to optimality than state-of-the-art models.The model obtained an optimal ...

Using Decomposition Techniques and Constraint Programming for Solving the Two-Dimensional Bin-Packing Problem

The two-dimensional bin-packing problem is the problem of orthogonally packing a given set of rectangles into a minimum number of two-dimensional rectangular bins. The problem is NP-hard and very difficult to solve in practice as no good mixed integer ...

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KB5042421: CrowdStrike issue impacting Windows endpoints causing an 0x50 or 0x7E error message on a blue screen

.

Microsoft has identified an issue impacting Windows endpoints that are running the CrowdStrike Falcon agent. These endpoints might encounter error messages 0x50 or 0x7E on a blue screen and experience a continual restarting state.

We have received reports of successful recovery from some customers attempting multiple restart operations on affected Windows endpoints.

We are working with CrowdStrike to provide the most up-to-date information available on this issue. Please check back for updates on this ongoing issue. 

Important:  We have released a USB tool to help automate this manual repair process. For more information, see  New Recovery Tool to help with CrowdStrike issue impacting Windows endpoints .

To resolve this issue, follow these instructions for your version of Windows.

Hold the power button for 10 seconds to turn off your device and then press the power button again to turn on your device.

On the Windows sign-in screen, press and hold the  Shift key while you select  Power >  Restart .

Restart your device. Note  You may be asked to enter your  BitLocker recovery key . When the device restarts, continue pressing F4 and then it will log you in to safe mode. Please note, for some devices, you need to press F11 to log in through safe mode.

Once in safe mode, right-click Start , click  Run , type  cmd  in the Open box, and then click OK .

If your system drive is different than C:\, type C: and then press Enter . This will switch you to the C:\ drive.

Type the following command and then press Enter:

CD C:\Windows\System32\drivers\CrowdStrike

Note In this example, C is your system drive. This will change to the CrowdStrike directory.

Once in the CrowdStrike directory, locate the file matching “C-00000291*.sys”. To do this, type the following command and then press Enter :

dir C-00000291*.sys

Permanently delete the file(s) found. To do this, type the following command and then press Enter .

del C-00000291*.sys

Manually search for any files that match “C-00000291*.sys” and delete them.

Restart your device.

On the Windows sign-in screen, press and hold the  Shift  key while you select  Power   >  Restart .

Restart your device. Note  You may be asked to enter your  BitLocker recovery key .

When the device restarts, continue pressing F4 and then it will log you in to safe mode.

Once in safe mode, right-click Start , click  Run , type  cmd  in the Open box, and then click  OK .

Type in the following command and then press Enter :

Note  In this example C is your system drive. This will change to the CrowdStrike directory.

Recovery methods

If you receive the Windows Recovery screen, use one of the following methods to recover your device.

Method 1: Use Enable safe mode

Hold the power button for 10 seconds to turn off your device and thenpress the power button again to turn on your device.

On the Windows sign-in screen, press and hold the  Shift  key while you select  Power >   Restart .

After your device restarts to the  Choose an option  screen, select  Troubleshoot  >  Advanced options  >  Startup Settings  >  Enable safe mode . Then, restart your device. Note  You might be asked to enter your  BitLocker recovery key . When the device restarts, continue pressing F4 and then it will log you in to safe mode. Please note, for some devices, you need to press F11 to log in through safe mode.

If the screen asks for a BitLocker recovery key, use your phone and log on to  https://aka.ms/aadrecoverykey . Log on with your Email ID and domain account password to find the BitLocker recovery key associated with your device. To locate your BitLocker recovery key, click Manage Devices > View Bitlocker Keys > Show recovery key .

If your system drive is different than C:\, type C: and then press  Enter . This will switch you to the C:\ drive.

Type the following command and then press Enter :

Tip:  CD C:\Windows\System32\drivers\CrowdStrike

Note  In this example, C is your system drive. This will change to the CrowdStrike directory.

After your device restarts to the  Choose an option  screen, select  Troubleshoot  >  Advanced options  >  Startup Settings  >  Enable safe mode .  Then restart your device again. Note  You might be asked to enter your  BitLocker recovery key . When the device restarts, continue pressing F4 and then it will log you into safe mode. Please note, for some devices, you need to press F11 to log in through safe mode.

If the screen asks for a BitLocker recovery key, then use your phone and log on to  https://aka.ms/aadrecoverykey . Log on with your Email ID and domain account password to find the bit locker recovery key associated with your device. To locate your BitLocker recovery key, click Manage Devices > View Bitlocker Keys > Show recovery key .

Select the name of the device where you see the BitLocker prompt. In the expanded window, select View BitLocker Keys . Go back to your device and input the BitLocker key that you see on your phone or secondary device.

Note  In this example, C is your system drive. This will change to the CrowdStrike directory.

Method 2: Use System Restore

After your device restarts to the  Choose an option  screen, select  Troubleshoot  >  Advanced options  >  System Restore .

If the screen asks for a BitLocker recovery key, use your phone and log on to  https://aka.ms/aadrecoverykey . Login with your email id and domain account password to find the bit locker recovery key associated with your device. To locate your BitLocker recovery key, click Manage Devices > View Bitlocker Keys > Show recovery key .

Click Next  on System Restore.

Select the Restore option in the list, click  Next , and then click  Finish .

Click Yes  to confirm the restore. Note  This will perform just the Windows system restore and personal data should not be impacted. This process might take up to 15 minutes to complete.

If the screen asks for a BitLocker recovery key, use your phone and log on to  https://aka.ms/aadrecoverykey . Log in with your Email ID and domain account password to find the bit locker recovery key associated with your device. To locate your BitLocker recovery key, click Manage Devices > View Bitlocker Keys > Show recovery key .

Select the Restore option in the list, click Next , and then click  Finish .​​​​​​​

Contact CrowdStrike

If after following the above steps, if you still experience issues logging into your device, please reach out to CrowdStrike for additional assistance.

Start your PC in safe mode in Windows

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The third-party products that this article discusses are manufactured by companies that are independent of Microsoft. We make no warranty, implied or otherwise, about the performance or reliability of these products.

We provide third-party contact information to help you find technical support. This contact information may change without notice. We do not guarantee the accuracy of this third-party contact information.

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What is CrowdStrike, and how did it cripple so many computers?

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Talk about irony: The software that paralyzed Windows computers around the world late Thursday night and early Friday morning was planted by a company that protects Windows computers against malware.

That company is CrowdStrike, a publicly traded cybersecurity firm based in Austin, Texas. It acknowledged the problem around 11 p.m. Thursday and started working on a solution, offering a work-around in the wee hours Friday and a fix a few hours later.

The vast sea of “blue screens of death” triggered by CrowdStrike’s error is a testament to the market-leading status of the company’s software, which detects and defends against malicious code planted by hackers. Its approach is known as “ endpoint security ” because it installs its defenses on devices that connect to the internet, such as computers and smartphones.

According to the website 6sense.com, CrowdStrike has more than 3,500 customers , which represent about 1 out of 4 companies buying endpoint security. Although most of its customers are based in the United States, it has hundreds in India, Europe and Australia, 6sense reports.

Here’s a quick explanation for how things went wrong so quickly for so many Windows users around the world , including airlines, hospitals, banks and government agencies.

From LAX to hospitals to Starbucks, global tech outage brings chaos and frustration

The software issue was part of an update from cybersecurity company CrowdStrike, which protects computers for many of the biggest companies in the world.

July 19, 2024

The Falcon Sensor update

One of the selling points of CrowdStrike service is that it can improve its defenses rapidly as new threats are discovered. As part of that service, it continuously and automatically updates the Falcon Sensor software on its customers’ machines.

Automatic updates are, under normal circumstances, a good cybersecurity practice because they prevent clients from having machines with outdated defenses on their networks. But the latest incident reveals the flip side of the coin.

According to CrowdStrike , the problem was triggered by a “single content update” for its customers with Windows PCs. The buggy code wasn’t detected until after it had been downloaded and installed on many of CrowdStrike’s clients’ machines.

Once loaded, the bad update interfered with core functions of the PC, causing Microsoft’s infamous blue error screen to pop up and convey a message along the lines of, “Your PC ran into a problem and needs to restart.” And as long as the update remained in place, restarting the machine led to the same errant result.

The fix offered by CrowdStrike

CrowdStrike stopped sending out the faulty update early Friday morning, so machines that had not loaded it yet were spared the turmoil.

For machines caught in the cycle of blue-screen hell, the company initially offered step-by-step instructions for how to reboot Windows in a mode that would allow them to find and delete the buggy update. The drawback, as many commenters online noted, is that this machine-by-machine approach isn’t much help for organizations with hundreds or thousands of bricked PCs.

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According to the tech website 404, Microsoft also suggested that rebooting a crashed machine multiple times — as many as 15 — could solve the problem.

Within a few hours, CrowdStrike was distributing a piece of software that removed the buggy code. This worked only for customers whose machines were able to connect to the internet and download the fix, though; everyone else would be left with the PC-by-PC work-around.

Scammers jump in

CrowdStrike Chief Executive George Kurtz issued an apology late Friday morning, promising that the company would “provide full transparency on how this occurred and steps we’re taking to prevent anything like this from happening again.” He also warned that bad actors online would try to take advantage of the incident, urging customers to be on the lookout and “ensure that you’re engaging with official CrowdStrike representatives.”

Sure enough, the company announced two hours later that it had found numerous instances of scammers trying to lure victims by posing as CrowdStrike technical support in emails or phone calls. Others were “posing as independent researchers, claiming to have evidence the technical issue is linked to a cyberattack and offering remediation insights.” And yet more were making bogus offers to sell software to fix the problem, the company said.

CrowdStrike identified at least 30 malicious websites that were involved in these cons.

Researchers at the internet security company Norton also warned about the emergence of fake domains and impersonation scams tied to the incident.

“Scammers can leverage social ads, emails and text messages to drive people to the bogus sites,” Norton warned. “These sites look legitimate and aim to extort personal or financial information, preying on the fear and doubt people may have related to the incident. Moreso, many times, fake domains have high search rankings, which can make them appear more credible.”

In an impersonation scam, con artists may send messages mimicking CrowdStrike’s branding to potential victims, claiming that they have been affected by the incident. The messages direct people to a fraudulent customer support line or web page, with a goal of stealing money or sensitive personal information, Norton said.

“This should serve as a cautionary tale, reminding people worldwide to remain extra vigilant as scammers use every angle and method to exploit them,” Luis Corrons, a Norton security evangelist, said in a statement.

The lessons from the CrowdStrike debacle

Some Macintosh and Linux users, who were immune to the CrowdStrike-induced upheaval, devoted a portion of their morning Friday to spiking the football on Windows, even though the problem wasn’t caused by Microsoft.

Other observers argued that the incident demonstrated the risk of having one potential point of failure affecting millions of computers — a problem that has been demonstrated repeatedly during the broadband era.

Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg made a similar point at a news conference Friday in East Los Angeles. “A lot of people around the country and around the world are shocked to discover that a single issue with a single piece of software can have that many knock-on implications. So ... that’ll be a question that really goes to the design of our systems for the long term,” Buttigieg said.

“As a recovering computer science major,” Rep. Ted Lieu (D-Torrance) said on X , “I’m not surprised a faulty update by CrowdStrike took down Microsoft Windows. Always risks in giving another software program full or near full access to an operating system.”

For the record:

12:26 p.m. July 19, 2024 An earlier version of this story reported that Steve Garrison was founder of Stellar Cyber in San Francisco. He is one of the founders, and the company is based in San Jose.

Steve Garrison, one of the founders of Stellar Cyber in San Jose, said it’s more important to figure out how to make improvements than to play the blame game. This incident, he said, underscores the need for companies to spend plenty of time checking the quality of their products in a controlled environment before releasing them to customers.

Another lesson, he said, is the need for companies, their competitors and their customers to work together as a community to spot problems. “What do we need to do to check the checkers of our supply chain?” he asked.

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Dan O’Dowd, a developer of security software for the military, said the fiasco demonstrates that we need better software in critical systems.

“The immense body of software developed using Silicon Valley’s ‘move fast and break things’ culture means that the software our lives depend on is riddled with defects and vulnerabilities,” O’Dowd said in a statement. “Defects in this software can result in a mass failure event even more serious than the one we have seen today.”

He added, “We must convince the CEOs and Boards of Directors of the companies that build the systems our lives depend on to rewrite their software so that it never fails and can’t be hacked. ... These companies will not take cybersecurity seriously until the public demands it. And we must demand it now, before a major disaster strikes.”

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