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.." The Free Library. 2003 Business Wire 03 Jun. 2015 http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TA+Associates+Completes+%2460+Million+Investment+in+Center+for...-a0109563239 Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. TA Associates Completes $60 Million Investment in Center for Financial Research & Analysis.." Retrieved Jun 03 2015 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TA+Associates+Completes+%2460+Million+Investment+in+Center+for...-a0109563239 APA style: TA Associates Completes $60 Million Investment in Center for Financial Research & Analysis.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jun 03 2015 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TA+Associates+Completes+%2460+Million+Investment+in+Center+for...-a0109563239 Business Editors BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nov. 3, 2003 TA Associates, a leading private equity and buyout firm, today announced it has completed a $60 million investment in the Center for Financial Research & Analysis, Inc. (CFRA), a highly regarded independent financial research organization serving the investment community. Founded in 1994, CFRA has pioneered quality-of-earnings research, using a unique methodology to analyze public company financial data, news and other information to aid clients in their investment and business decision-making. The company provides research on more than 2,500 companies in North America, Europe, Japan and Continental Asia. CFRA's clients include hundreds of the nation's leading money management, brokerage, banking, accounting and insurance firms. CFRA and its founder, Dr. Howard Schilit, who will remain on as Director of Research, have gained national recognition as the preeminent source for quality-of-earnings research and analysis. The company is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland. "CFRA was founded a decade ago to offer clients a highly reliable and independent research source. 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The Moscow Capital Region: An Example of Accelerated Development

OLD-DEVELOPED AREAS IN THE SPACE OF RUSSIA
Published: 20 February 2023
Volume 12 , pages S105–S122, ( 2022 )

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A. G. Makhrova 1

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This article is devoted to Moscow oblast and its interaction with Moscow. The latter largely explains the increased level of investment and retail turnover, and, most importantly, the attractiveness for the population. The share of Moscow oblast in the population and economy of the country is increasing against the background of depopulation of other regions of Central Russia. The uneven distribution of the population within Moscow oblast, which is converging closer to Moscow, is also growing. The maps of fractional municipal units show the dynamics of the population, the direction of its migration, as well as the change in the location of the manufacturing industry, retail trade and agricultural production. This reflects the decline in the role of industry in the municipalities closest to Moscow, while maintaining some large competitive enterprises, and the rapid development of logistics and trade. Industry, as well as agriculture, are relegated to the periphery of the region, where they enter into contradictory relationships with the expanding dacha use of the territory. The cities located to the northeast of Moscow (Mytishchi, Korolev, Pushkino, Ivanteevka, Sergiev Posad, etc.) are considered in more detail, including the change in their economic base and functions in the post-Soviet period.

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The work was carried out at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project no. 19-17-00174 and within the framework of the state budget research topic of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University no. 1.17 “Modern dynamics and factors of socio-economic development of regions and cities of Russia and the countries of the Near Abroad.”

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Makhrova, A.G. The Moscow Capital Region: An Example of Accelerated Development. Reg. Res. Russ. 12 (Suppl 1), S105–S122 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970522700381

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Received : 15 July 2022

Revised : 31 August 2022

Accepted : 27 September 2022

Published : 20 February 2023

Issue Date : December 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970522700381

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40 Facts About Elektrostal

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 01 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy , materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes , offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development .

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy , with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Elektrostal's fascinating history, vibrant culture, and promising future make it a city worth exploring. For more captivating facts about cities around the world, discover the unique characteristics that define each city . Uncover the hidden gems of Moscow Oblast through our in-depth look at Kolomna. Lastly, dive into the rich industrial heritage of Teesside, a thriving industrial center with its own story to tell.

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Fair Lending Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

A Notice by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on 07/02/2024

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Supplementary information:, 1. fair lending enforcement and supervision, 1.1. risk-based prioritization, 1.2. fair lending enforcement, 1.2.1. ecoa-related public enforcement actions, 1.2.2. hmda-related public enforcement actions, freedom mortgage, bank of america, 1.2.3. ecoa referrals to department of justice, 1.2.4. implementing enforcement orders, 1.3. fair lending supervision, 2. rulemaking and guidance, 2.1. rulemaking, 2.1.1. small business lending data collection rulemaking, 2.1.2. automated valuation models rulemaking, 2.2. guidance, 2.2.1. proposed interagency guidance on reconsiderations of value for residential real estate valuations, 2.2.2. consumer financial protection circular 2023-03: adverse action notification requirements and the proper use of the cfpb's sample forms provided in regulation b, 2.2.3. coverage of franchise financing under ecoa, including the small business lending rule, 2.2.4. supervisory highlights, 2.2.5. hmda guidance and resources, 3. stakeholder engagement, 3.1. promoting and broadcasting the fair lending and access to credit mission, 3.1.1. cfpb blog posts, press releases, and other communications, 3.1.2. cfpb engagements with stakeholders, 3.2. data and reports, 3.2.1. state community reinvestment act: summary of state laws, 3.2.2. banking and credit access in the southern region of the united states, 3.2.3. consumer finances in rural areas of the southern region, 3.2.4. availability of 2022 hmda data, 3.2.5. report on the home mortgage disclosure act rule voluntary review, 3.2.6. data point: 2022 mortgage market activity and trends, 4. interagency engagement, 4.1. special purpose credit program interagency roundtable, 4.2. joint statements, 4.3. appraisal bias, 5. amicus program and other litigation, 5.1. amicus briefs and statements of interest, 5.2. litigation, 6. interagency reporting on ecoa and hmda, 6.1. reporting on ecoa enforcement, 6.1.1. public enforcement actions, 6.1.2. cfpb enforcement actions, colony ridge, 6.1.3. interagency enforcement actions, 6.1.4. number of institutions cited for ecoa/regulation b violations, 6.1.5. violations cited during ecoa examinations, 6.1.6. referrals to the department of justice, 6.2. reporting on hmda, 7. looking forward & focus on digital discrimination, appendix a: hmda resources, appendix b: defined terms, signing authority, enhanced content - submit public comment.

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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

Fair Lending Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is issuing its eleventh Fair Lending Report of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Fair Lending Report) to Congress. The CFPB is committed to ensuring fair, equitable, and nondiscriminatory access to credit for both individuals and communities. This report describes our fair lending activities in supervision and enforcement; guidance and rulemaking; interagency coordination; and outreach and education for calendar year 2023.

The CFPB released the 2023 Fair Lending Report on its website on June 26, 2024.

Susan Grutza, Senior Policy Counsel, Fair Lending, at 1-855-411-2372. If you require this document in an alternative electronic format, please contact [email protected] .

Because Congress charged the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) with the responsibility of overseeing many lenders and products, the CFPB has long used a risk-based approach to prioritizing supervisory examinations and enforcement activity. This approach helps ensure that the CFPB focuses on areas that present substantial risk of credit discrimination for consumers and small businesses. [ 1 ]

As part of the prioritization process, the CFPB identifies emerging developments and trends by monitoring key consumer financial markets. If this field and market intelligence identifies Start Printed Page 54787 fair lending risks in a particular market, that information is used to determine the type and extent of assets applied to address those risks.

The prioritization process incorporates a number of additional factors, including tips and leads from industry whistleblowers, advocacy groups, and government agencies; supervisory and enforcement history; consumer complaints; and results from analysis of Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and other data.

As a result of its annual risk-based prioritization process, in 2023 the CFPB focused much of its fair lending supervision efforts on: mortgage origination (including redlining, property valuation bias, and HMDA and Regulation C compliance); credit card marketing and the use of alternative data in digital marketing; and on the use of automated systems and models, sometimes marketed as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning models, in credit card originations.

As in previous years, the CFPB's 2023 mortgage origination work continued to focus on redlining (intentional discrimination against applicants and prospective applicants living or seeking credit in minority neighborhoods, including by discouragement). The CFPB's mortgage work also included assessing potential discrimination in mortgage underwriting and pricing processes, including assessing whether there were disparities in application, underwriting, and pricing processes, and whether there were weaknesses in fair lending-related compliance management systems. The CFPB's mortgage origination work also included reviewing residential property appraisal service providers to identify risks that may arise due to potential discrimination or bias as well as HMDA data integrity and validation reviews.

The CFPB's credit card work included assessing credit card lenders' digital marketing practices relating to credit cards, as well as credit card lenders' use of alternative data in that marketing. The CFPB's credit card work also included evaluation of automated systems and models, sometimes marketed as artificial intelligence and machine learning models, used by credit card lenders in credit card originations, as well as assessing whether there were disparities in application, underwriting, and pricing processes, and whether the institutions searched for less discriminatory alternatives to the models used.

Across multiple markets, the CFPB continued to assess whether lenders complied with the adverse action notice requirements of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and Regulation B and evaluated whether lenders maintain policies and procedures that unlawfully exclude property on the basis of geography in underwriting decisions, unlawfully exclude certain types of income, and treat criminal history in an unlawful manner.

Congress authorized the CFPB to bring actions to enforce the requirements of eighteen enumerated statutes, including ECOA, HMDA, and the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 (CFPA), which prohibits unfair, deceptive, and abusive acts or practices. The CFPB is able to engage in research, conduct investigations, file administrative complaints, hold hearings, and adjudicate claims through the CFPB's administrative enforcement process. The CFPB also uses its independent litigation authority to file cases in Federal court alleging violations of fair lending laws under the CFPB's jurisdiction. Like other Federal regulators, the CFPB is required to refer matters to the Department of Justice (DOJ) when it has reason to believe that a creditor has engaged in a pattern or practice of lending discrimination. [ 2 ]

In 2023, the CFPB announced two ECOA-related public enforcement actions, relating to discrimination on the basis of race and national origin, one against Citibank N.A. (Citibank) and the other against Colony Ridge Development, LLC, and Colony Ridge BV, LLC, and affiliate mortgage company Colony Ridge Land, LLC (collectively, the Colony Ridge defendants). For more information on these ECOA-related enforcement actions, see section 6.1.2 of this report.

HMDA, its implementing Regulation C, and Regulation B require mortgage lenders to report certain information about loan applications and originations to the CFPB and other Federal regulators. HMDA data are the most comprehensive source of publicly available information on the U.S. mortgage market. Both the public and regulators can use this information to monitor whether financial institutions are serving the housing needs of their communities, as well as to identify possible discriminatory lending patterns.

In 2023, the CFPB announced public enforcement actions against two repeat offenders for reporting false, erroneous, or incorrect HMDA data: Freedom Mortgage Corporation (Freedom Mortgage) and Bank of America, N.A.

The CFPB will continue to monitor the rate at which mortgage lenders fail to collect and report applicants' demographic information. The rate of nonreporting of demographic information has been increasing since 2019, potentially compromising the ability of the CFPB and other financial regulators, enforcement agencies, academics, other mortgage lenders, and civil rights and consumer advocates, to detect and remedy redlining, discouragement, and other forms of discrimination in the mortgage market. The CFPB's evaluations will include assessments of lenders' demographic reporting practices and HMDA compliance systems to ensure they are monitoring for inaccurate or incomplete demographic information reporting and complying with HMDA.

On October 10, 2023, the CFPB filed a lawsuit against Freedom Mortgage, a residential mortgage loan originator and servicer, alleging that it submitted legally-required mortgage loan data that were riddled with errors. [ 3 ] In 2020, Freedom Mortgage reported HMDA data on over 700,000 applications and originated nearly 400,000 HMDA-reportable loans worth almost $100 billion, making it the third largest mortgage lender in the United States by origination volume. Freedom Mortgage is a repeat offender: at the time the CFPB filed its complaint, Freedom was already under a CFPB Consent Order related to previous HMDA violations. In 2019, the CFPB issued an order against Freedom finding that it intentionally misreported certain HMDA data fields from at least 2014 to 2017. [ 4 ] In the CFPB's lawsuit, the CFPB alleges that the mortgage loan data for 2020 that Freedom Mortgage submitted contained widespread errors across multiple data fields, in violation of HMDA and Regulation C. The CFPB's complaint further alleges that by reporting inaccurate HMDA mortgage loan data for 2020, Freedom Mortgage also violated the 2019 order and the CFPA. The CFPB seeks appropriate injunctive relief and a civil money penalty.

On November 28, 2023, the CFPB issued an order against Bank of America for routinely submitting falsified HMDA data. [ 5 ] The CFPB found that between 2016 and late 2020, hundreds of Bank of America's loan officers failed to ask applicants for their race, ethnicity, and sex, as required by law, and instead falsely recorded that the applicants chose not to provide this information, in violation of HMDA, Regulation C, and the CFPA. The CFPB's order requires Bank of America to pay a $12 million civil money penalty and to develop policies and procedures to ensure compliance with HMDA and Regulation C, including recording and auditing phone applications to make sure that HMDA data are accurately collected and recorded.

The CFPB must refer to DOJ any matter when it has reason to believe that a creditor has engaged in a pattern or practice of lending discrimination in violation of ECOA. [ 6 ] The CFPB may refer other potential ECOA violations to DOJ as well. [ 7 ] In 2023, the CFPB referred 18 matters to DOJ pursuant to 15 U.S.C. 1691e(g) . More information on these referrals can be found in section 6.1.6 of this report.

When an enforcement action is resolved through a public enforcement order, the CFPB (together with other government entities, when relevant) takes steps to ensure that the respondent or defendant complies with the requirements of the order. Depending on the specific requirements of individual public enforcement orders, the CFPB may take steps to ensure that borrowers who are eligible for compensation receive remuneration and that the defendant has complied with the injunctive provisions of the order, including implementing a comprehensive fair lending compliance management system.

The CFPB's Supervision program assesses compliance with Federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations at banks and nonbanks over which the CFPB has supervisory authority. As a result of the CFPB's efforts to fulfill its fair lending mission during 2023, the CFPB initiated 28 fair lending examinations or targeted reviews.

In 2023, two of the most frequently identified fair lending issues in supervisory communications related to the granting of pricing exceptions and HMDA violations.

In 2023, the CFPB issued several fair lending-related Matters Requiring Attention and entered Memoranda of Understanding directing entities to take corrective actions that the CFPB will monitor through follow-up supervisory actions. In these communications, the CFPB directed mortgage lenders to correct violations relating to redlining, including by institutions providing consumer remediation designed to spur lending in redlined areas. The CFPB also directed lenders to enhance their fair lending compliance management systems in several ways, including by directing institutions to, when testing and approving credit scoring models, document the specific business needs the models serve, as well as document specific standards for assessing whether a model serves each stated business need. Further, the CFPB also directed the institutions to test credit scoring models for prohibited basis disparities and to require documentation of considerations the institutions will give to how to assess those disparities against the stated business needs. To ensure compliance with ECOA and Regulation B, institutions were directed to develop a process for the consideration of a range of less discriminatory models. Additionally, institutions were directed to test and validate the methodologies used to identify principal reasons in adverse action notices required under ECOA and Regulation B. Finally, institutions were directed to implement policies, procedures, and controls designed to effectively manage HMDA compliance, including regarding integrity of data collection.

During 2023, informed by the Director's priority to address risks of consumer harm from advanced and emerging technologies in consumer finance, the CFPB continued to increase its technical capacity and analyses to ensure that the use of this technology does not pose risks to consumers or violate Federal consumer financial law.

During 2023, the CFPB issued a final rule on small business lending data collection and issued a notice of proposed rulemaking on automated valuation models (AVMs).

The CFPB publishes an agenda of its planned rulemaking activity biannually, which is available at: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulatory-agenda .

In section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress directed the CFPB to adopt regulations governing the collection of small business lending data. [ 8 ] Section 1071 amended ECOA to require financial institutions to compile, maintain, and submit to the CFPB certain data on applications for credit for women-owned, minority-owned, and small businesses.

Congress enacted section 1071 for the purpose of facilitating enforcement of fair lending laws and enabling communities, governmental entities, and creditors to identify business and community development needs and opportunities for women-owned, minority-owned, and small businesses.

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued a final rule amending Regulation B to implement changes to ECOA made by section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. [ 9 ] Consistent with section 1071, covered financial institutions are required to collect and report to the CFPB data on applications for credit for small businesses, including those that are owned by women or minorities. The rule also addresses the CFPB's approach to privacy interests and the publication of section 1071 data; shielding certain demographic data from underwriters and other persons; recordkeeping requirements; enforcement provisions; and the rule's effective and compliance dates.

In light of court orders in ongoing litigation, the CFPB has announced plans to extend the compliance dates in the small business lending rule. [ 10 ] More information about pending litigation is contained in section 5 of this report.

On June 1, 2023, the CFPB, along with its interagency partners, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), National Start Printed Page 54789 Credit Union Administration (NCUA), and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) (collectively, the Agencies) requested public comment on a proposed rule designed to ensure the credibility and integrity of models used in real estate valuations. [ 11 ] In particular, the proposed rule would implement quality control standards for AVMs used by mortgage originators and secondary market issuers in valuing real estate collateral securing mortgage loans. AVMs are used as part of the real estate valuation process, driven in part by advances in database and modeling technology and the availability of larger property datasets. While advances in AVM technology and data availability have the potential to contribute to lower costs and reduce loan cycle times, it is important that institutions using AVMs take appropriate steps to ensure the credibility and integrity of their valuations. It is also important that the AVMs that institutions are using adhere to quality control standards designed to comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

The proposed standards are designed to ensure a high level of confidence in the estimates produced by AVMs; help protect against the manipulation of data; seek to avoid conflicts of interest; require random sample testing and reviews; and promote compliance with applicable nondiscrimination laws.

The comment period for the proposed rule closed on August 21, 2023.

The CFPB issues guidance to its various stakeholders in many forms, including Consumer Financial Protection Circulars (Circulars), advisory opinions, interpretive rules, statements, bulletins, publications such as Supervisory Highlights.

On June 8, 2023, the CFPB, along with FRB, FDIC, NCUA, and OCC requested public comment on proposed guidance addressing reconsiderations of value (ROV) for residential real estate transactions. [ 12 ] ROVs are requests from a financial institution to an appraiser or other preparer of a valuation report to reassess the value of residential real estate. A ROV may be warranted if a consumer provides information to a financial institution about potential deficiencies or other information that may affect the estimated value. The proposed guidance advises on policies that financial institutions may implement to allow consumers to provide financial institutions with information that may not have been considered during an appraisal, or if deficiencies are identified in the original appraisal.

The comment period for the proposed guidance closed on September 19, 2023.

On September 19, 2023, the CFPB released a circular pertaining to certain legal requirements that lenders must adhere to, including when using artificial intelligence and other complex models. [ 13 ] The circular describes how, under ECOA and Regulation B, lenders must make available to an applicant a statement of specific and accurate reasons when taking adverse action against the applicant and cannot simply use the CFPB sample adverse action forms and checklists if they do not reflect the actual reason for the denial of credit or other adverse action. This requirement is especially important with the growth of advanced algorithms and personal consumer data in credit underwriting. The legal requirement to explain the reasons for adverse actions helps improve consumers' chances for future credit and protect consumers from illegal discrimination and serve an educational role, allowing consumers to understand the reasons for a creditor's action and take steps to improve their credit status or rectify mistakes made by creditors.

On June 5, 2023, the CFPB published a document affirming the extent to which ECOA and Regulation B apply with respect to franchisees seeking credit to finance their businesses. [ 14 ] Franchising is a significant portion of the small business ecosystem, and franchisees generally obtain credit either directly from the franchisor or from third party finance companies, which could be independent of the franchisor or brokered by or affiliated with the franchisor. These financing arrangements are likely “credit” and “business credit” under ECOA and Regulation B.

The CFPB's Supervisory Highlights reports provide general information about the CFPB's supervisory activities at banks and nonbanks without identifying specific entities. These reports communicate the CFPB's key examination findings and operational changes to the CFPB's supervision program. In 2023, the CFPB published three issues of Supervisory Highlights. [ 15 ]

The CFPB released the 30th edition of Supervisory Highlights on July 26, 2023, which covered examinations completed between July 1, 2022, and March 31, 2023. [ 16 ] This report included findings of ECOA and Regulation B violations in several areas, including pricing discrimination and discriminatory lending restrictions. Specifically, examiners found that mortgage lenders violated ECOA and Regulation B by discriminating in the incidence of granting pricing exceptions for competitive offers across a range of ECOA-protected characteristics, including race, national origin, sex, and age.

Additionally, this edition detailed examiners' findings on certain lending restrictions, including how lenders handled the treatment of applicants' criminal records. The use of criminal history in credit decisioning may create a heightened risk of violating ECOA and Regulation B. In this review, examiners uncovered risky policies and procedures relating to the use of criminal history information at several institutions in several areas of credit, including mortgage origination, auto lending, and credit cards, but most notably within small business lending.

Further, examiners identified institutions improperly treating income derived from public assistance. In some instances, lenders imposed stricter standards on income derived from public assistance programs, while in Start Printed Page 54790 other instances, institutions excluded income derived from certain public assistance programs.

In 2023, the CFPB issued two other editions of Supervisory Highlights, which pertained specifically to junk fees.

All issues of Supervisory Highlights are available at: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/supervisory-highlights/ .

Given the importance of accurate HMDA data, including to the CFPB's fair lending mission and for transparency in the mortgage market, the CFPB maintains a comprehensive suite of resources on its public website to help filers fulfill their reporting requirements under HMDA and Regulation C and to allow others to evaluate and study mortgage lending. A complete accounting of the CFPB's materials for HMDA data users and filers can be found in Appendix A of this report.

The CFPB engages with external stakeholders, including Tribal governments, consumer advocates, civil rights organizations, industry, academia, and other government agencies. This engagement comes in varied forms, including disseminating the CFPB's work and policy priorities through blogs, press releases, or speeches, as well as reaching out directly to advocates and consumers through website updates and social media. The CFPB also regularly issues research and reports analyzing data and market conditions. To further an all-of-government approach to fair lending enforcement, the CFPB also participates in several interagency groups.

The CFPB regularly uses blog posts, statements, press releases, guides, brochures, social media, media interviews, and other tools to timely and effectively communicate with stakeholders.

In 2023, the CFPB published numerous blog posts relating to fair lending topics, including: the joint letter sent to The Appraisal Foundation, urging it to revise its draft ethics rule; [ 17 ] the CFPB's Statement of Interest filed in Connolly & Mott v. Lanham et al. and the CFPB's commitment to ensuring fair and accurate appraisals; [ 18 ] the CFPB's Statement of Interest filed in Roberson v. Health Career Institute LLC; [ 19 ] an interagency proposed rulemaking on AVMs; [ 20 ] a blog explaining how chatbots, including those supported by large language models and those marketed as AI can fail to provide adequate customer service; [ 21 ] the CFPB's Amicus brief in Saint-Jean v. Emigrant Mortgage Company; [ 22 ] the publication of the 2022 Annual Fair Lending Report to Congress; [ 23 ] the CFPB's initiative to better understand the financial experiences of immigrants in the United States; [ 24 ] and the Appraisal Subcommittee's November 1 public hearing to discuss the challenges and solutions to preventing bias in the home appraisal process. [ 25 ]

The CFPB also issued several press releases relating to fair lending topics, including announcements regarding: the availability of the 2022 HMDA modified loan application register data; [ 26 ] the finalization of the small business lending rule, [ 27 ] the issuance of a joint statement confirming that automated systems and advanced technology is not an excuse for law-breaking behavior; [ 28 ] the publication of the proposed AVM rule and request for public comment; [ 29 ] an issue spotlight on AI chatbots in banking; [ 30 ] the publication of two new reports on the financial opportunities and challenges facing Southern communities; [ 31 ] the availability of 2022 HMDA data; [ 32 ] a roundtable on special purpose credit programs (SPCPs); [ 33 ] the issuance of Consumer Financial Protection Circular 2023-03, Adverse action notification requirements and the proper use of the CFPB's sample forms provided in Regulation B; [ 34 ] the Freedom Mortgage enforcement action for reporting allegedly erroneous data under HMDA; [ 35 ] the issuance of the CFPB and DOJ's joint statement reminding financial institutions that all credit applicants are protected from Start Printed Page 54791 discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, race, and other characteristics covered by ECOA, regardless of their immigration status; [ 36 ] the publication of a new analysis on State Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) laws, highlighting how states ensure financial institutions' lending, services, and investment activities meet the credit needs of their communities; [ 37 ] the Citibank enforcement action; [ 38 ] the Bank of America enforcement action; [ 39 ] and the Colony Ridge enforcement action. [ 40 ]

The CFPB often engages directly with external stakeholders to inform the CFPB's policy developments and message the CFPB's priorities and recent work. In 2023, CFPB staff participated in 69 stakeholder engagements related to fair lending and access to credit issues. Through speeches, presentations, podcasts, roundtables, webinars, and other smaller discussions on fair lending topics, the CFPB strives to keep abreast of economic and market realities that impact the lives of individuals, small businesses, and communities the CFPB is charged with protecting.

Throughout 2023, numerous engagements centered around the use of advanced technologies including their use in discriminatory targeting, consumer surveillance, and digital redlining; redlining; discrimination on the basis of receipt of public assistance income; false and erroneous HMDA data reporting; student lending; and credit reporting.

On November 2, 2023, the CFPB published a new analysis of state-specific versions of CRA laws, highlighting how States ensure financial institutions' lending, services, and investment activities meet the credit needs of their communities. Many States adopted laws similar to the Federal CRA in the decades following the 1977 passage of the landmark Federal anti-redlining law. The report examined the laws of seven States (Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Washington, West Virginia) and the District of Columbia, and found that data collected by Federal agencies, such as HMDA, are often used for State CRA compliance and other oversight purposes. [ 41 ]

On June 21, 2023, the CFPB published a data spotlight, Banking and Credit Access in the Southern Region of the U.S. [ 42 ] Spanning the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, this report seeks to identify gaps as well as opportunities to increase financial access in the region, particularly through branch presence and bank account access, and capital access such as mortgage lending and small business lending. The analysis looks at trends by State, the region as a whole, and differences between rural and non-rural areas. Utilizing HMDA data, the analysis also identified differences for mortgage originations and denials by race and ethnicity in both rural and non-rural communities.

On June 21, 2023, the CFPB published a data spotlight, Consumer Finances in Rural Areas of the Southern Region. [ 43 ] This report is the second in a series profiling the finances of consumers in rural communities. Nearly 48 million people live in the southern region examined in this report, which includes Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Intended to provide a starting point in better understanding the financial lives of consumers in rural areas of the southern United States, this report takes a broad survey of consumer financial profiles, including credit scores, financial distress, medical debt, and other debt categories and compares profiles of consumers in the rural South to those in other geographies. Among other things, the report examines originations for auto loans by credit score and majority-minority census tracts, by State and for the region as a whole.

On March 20, 2023, the CFPB announced the initial availability of the 2022 HMDA modified loan application register data on the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council's (FFIEC) HMDA Platform for approximately 4,394 HMDA filers. [ 44 ] These published data contain loan-level information filed by financial institutions, modified to protect consumer privacy. [ 45 ]

On June 29, 2023, the FFIEC announced the availability of static “Snapshot” HMDA data, a static dataset of 2022 mortgage lending transactions at 4,460 financial institutions reported under HMDA as of May 1, 2023. [ 46 ] These data include a total of 48 data points providing information about the applicants, the property securing the loan or proposed to secure the loan in the case of non-originated applications, the transaction, and identifiers.

On March 3, 2023, the CFPB published a report containing the findings of the CFPB's voluntary review of the CFPB's final HMDA rule (issued in October 2015) and related Start Printed Page 54792 amendments (collectively, the HMDA Rule). [ 47 ] The report analyzed, among other key issues, how changes in reporting thresholds and other amendments affected HMDA data coverage and the available data on the supply over time of open-ended lines of credit and closed-end mortgage loans; how new or revised HMDA data points have contributed to predicting underwriting and pricing outcomes; and how revised and expanded reporting of race and ethnicity helped provide additional data on subpopulation groups in the residential mortgage market.

On September 27, 2023, the CFPB released its annual report on residential mortgage lending activity and trends for 2022. [ 48 ] The report shows that in 2022, mortgage applications and originations declined markedly from the prior year, while rates, fees, discount points, and other costs increased. Overall affordability declined significantly, with borrowers spending more of their income on mortgage payments and lenders more often denying applications for insufficient income. Most refinances during the reported period were cash-out refinances, and, in a reversal of recent trends, the median credit score of refinance borrowers declined below the median credit score of purchase borrowers. As in years past, independent lenders continued to dominate home mortgage lending, with the exception of home equity lines of credit.

The CFPB regularly coordinates with other Tribal, Federal, State, county, municipal, and international government entities; policymakers; and the organizations that represent them regarding current and emerging fair lending risks. Through numerous interagency organizations and taskforces, the CFPB coordinated its 2023 fair lending regulatory, supervisory, and enforcement activities to promote consistent, efficient, and effective enforcement of Federal fair lending laws.

The CFPB, along with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Federal Trade Commission (FTC), FDIC, FRB, NCUA, OCC, DOJ, and FHFA, constitute the Interagency Task Force on Fair Lending. This Task Force meets regularly to discuss fair lending enforcement efforts, share current methods of conducting supervisory and enforcement fair lending activities, and coordinate fair lending policies. In 2023, the NCUA was the Chair of this Task Force.

Through the FFIEC, the CFPB has robust engagements with other partner agencies that focus on fair lending issues. For example, throughout the reporting period, the CFPB has continued to chair the HMDA and CRA Data Collection Subcommittee, a subcommittee of the FFIEC Task Force on Consumer Compliance. This subcommittee oversees FFIEC projects and programs involving HMDA data collection and dissemination, the preparation of the annual FFIEC budget for processing services, and the development and implementation of other related HMDA processing projects as directed by this Task Force.

Together with DOJ, HUD, and FTC, the CFPB also participates in the Interagency Working Group on Fair Lending Enforcement, a standing working group of Federal agencies that meets regularly to discuss issues relating to fair lending enforcement. The agencies use these meetings to also discuss fair lending developments and trends, methodologies for evaluating fair lending risks and violations, and coordination of fair lending enforcement efforts.

As required by section 1022 of the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB also consults with other agencies as part of its rulemaking process. [ 49 ] For example, in 2023, while developing its small business lending data collection final rule, the CFPB consulted or offered to consult with FRB, FDIC, NCUA, OCC, HUD, DOJ, FTC, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Treasury, the Economic Development Administration, the Farm Credit Administration (FCA), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, and the Small Business Administration (SBA) including, among other things, on consistency with any prudential, market, or systemic objectives administered by such agencies.

In addition to the established interagency organizations, CFPB personnel meet regularly with personnel from other agencies, including with DOJ, HUD, FTC, FHFA, State Attorneys General, and the prudential regulators to coordinate and discuss the CFPB's fair lending work.

On September 12, 2023, the CFPB, along with HUD, OCC, and FHFA hosted a roundtable discussion on SPCPs. [ 50 ] In addition to remarks by the respective leaders of the participating agencies, the event included a roundtable discussion with representatives from community groups and trade organizations that are focused on the opportunities and benefits of SPCPs. The event was open to the public via livestream.

On April 25, 2023, the CFPB, along with DOJ, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and FTC issued a joint statement committing to enforcement efforts against discrimination and bias in automated systems. [ 51 ] In the statement, all four agencies resolved to vigorously enforce their collective authorities and to monitor the development and use of automated systems, including those sometimes marketed as AI.

On October 12, 2023, the CFPB along with DOJ, issued a joint statement reminding financial institutions that, while ECOA and Regulation B do not expressly prohibit consideration of immigration status, they prohibit creditors from using immigration status to discriminate on the basis of national origin, race, or any other characteristic covered by ECOA. [ 52 ]

Appraisal bias is a key fair lending priority of the CFPB. Throughout 2023, the CFPB has been very active with its interagency partners to advance work to combat appraisal bias through the FFIEC Appraisal Subcommittee (ASC), correspondence, court briefs, proposed guidance, and work of the Property Start Printed Page 54793 Appraisal and Valuation Equity Task Force.

The ASC comprises designees from the CFPB and certain other Federal agencies, including FDIC, HUD, FRB, OCC, NCUA, and FHFA, and is tasked with providing Federal oversight of State appraiser and appraisal management company regulatory programs, as well as a monitoring and reviewing framework for The Appraisal Foundation, the private, nongovernmental organization that sets appraisal standards. CFPB Deputy Director Zixta Martinez currently serves as the Chairperson of the ASC. Through the ASC, the CFPB addresses topics including discriminatory bias in home appraisals.

The ASC held its first-ever hearing about appraisal bias on January 24, 2023. The hearing served to raise awareness of the issue of appraisal bias by focusing on its scope and impact, and to provide information on the role of the ASC in the appraisal regulatory system. On May 19, 2023, the ASC held its second public hearing, which explored the appraisal regulatory system and focused on appraisal standards, appraiser qualification criteria and barriers to entry into the profession, appraisal practice, and State regulation. The ASC held its third public hearing on November 1, 2023, which discussed how a residential appraisal is developed and reviewed, the ROV process for residential real estate valuations, and the development of rural appraisals. These hearings were the first three in a series of four planned hearings relating to appraisal bias.

On February 14, 2023, senior officials from the CFPB, FDIC, HUD, NCUA, FRB, DOJ, OCC, and FHFA submitted a joint letter to The Appraisal Foundation. The letter urged The Appraisal Foundation to revise its draft Ethics Rule for appraisers to include a detailed statement of Federal prohibitions against discrimination that exist under the FHA and ECOA. The agencies expressed concern that some appraisers may be unaware of these prohibitions and, of particular concern, that the draft Ethics Rule emphasized that “[a]n appraiser must not engage in unethical discrimination,” implying that appraisers may engage in “ethical” discrimination, a concept foreign to current law and practice.

On March 13, 2023, the CFPB filed a joint statement of interest with DOJ in Connolly & Mott v. Lanham et al., explaining the application of the FHA and ECOA to lenders relying on discriminatory home appraisals. For more information on this statement of interest, see section 5.1 of this report.

On June 1, 2023, the CFPB, in conjunction with the FRB, FDIC, FHFA, NCUA, and OCC, proposed a rule regarding quality control standards for AVMs. For more information on this rulemaking, see section 2.1.2 of this report.

On June 8, 2023, the CFPB, in conjunction with the FRB, FDIC, NCUA, and OCC, requested public comment on proposed guidance addressing ROV for residential real estate transactions. The proposed guidance would advise on policies that financial institutions may implement to allow consumers to provide financial institutions with information that may not have been considered during an appraisal or if deficiencies are identified in the original appraisal. For more information on this proposed guidance, see section 2.2.1 of this report.

In 2023, the CFPB also continued to engage with other agencies on issues of bias in home appraisals through the Interagency Task Force on Property Appraisal and Valuation Equity. More information on this Task Force is available at https://pave.hud.gov .

The CFPB files amicus, or “friend-of-the-court,” briefs in significant court cases concerning Federal consumer financial protection laws, including cases involving ECOA. These briefs provide courts with the CFPB's views and help ensure that consumer financial protection statutes are correctly and consistently interpreted. In 2023, the CFPB filed two fair lending related amicus briefs and a statement of interest.

On June 23, 2023, the CFPB filed an amicus brief in Saint-Jean et al. v. Emigrant Mortgage Co. & Emigrant Bank in support of Plaintiffs who won a jury verdict against Emigrant Mortgage Company and Emigrant Bank (Emigrant) for violating ECOA. [ 53 ] The jury found that Emigrant had for years targeted Black and Latino borrowers and neighborhoods in New York City with predatory mortgage loans and practices. The CFPB's brief addresses three issues raised on appeal to explain why the jury verdict should be affirmed: (1) the timeliness of Plaintiff's claims under the doctrine of equitable tolling, (2) the propriety of the district court's jury instructions under ECOA, and (3) the public policy goals undermined by enforcing a waiver of claims in a loan modification agreement. [ 54 ]

On April 14, 2023, the CFPB filed an amicus brief in Roberson v. Health Career Institute LLC. [ 55 ] In the brief, the CFPB explained that discriminatory targeting violates ECOA. In particular, the CFPB's brief explains that ECOA's prohibition on discrimination applies to “any aspect of a credit transaction,” meaning it covers every aspect of a borrower's dealings with a creditor, not just the specific terms of a loan—like the interest rate or fees. The CFPB's brief also explains that in order to survive a motion to dismiss under ECOA, plaintiffs need only plead facts that plausibly allege discrimination, rather than the elements of a prima facia case, which is not a pleading requirement but rather an evidentiary standard. [ 56 ]

On March 13, 2023, the CFPB and DOJ filed a joint statement of interest in Connolly & Mott v. Lanham et al. explaining that relying on discriminatory home appraisals can violate ECOA. [ 57 ] The law is clear that mortgage lenders cannot take race, sex, or any other prohibited bases into account when evaluating the creditworthiness of an applicant. As such, lenders cannot rely on a discriminatory appraisal if they knew, or should have known, that the appraisal was discriminatory. The statement of interest also explains that, to survive a motion to dismiss under ECOA, plaintiffs need only plead facts that plausibly allege discrimination, rather than establish a prima facie case, which is not a pleading requirement but rather an evidentiary standard. In the statement of interest, the Department of Justice also addresses how the FHA applies to discriminatory appraisals. [ 58 ]

More information regarding the CFPB's amicus program is available on the CFPB's website. [ 59 ]

In September 2022, the CFPB was sued in the U.S. District Court for the Start Printed Page 54794 Eastern District of Texas by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce et al., challenging an update to the UDAAP section of the CFPB's examination manual. The updated manual clarified that discriminatory conduct may violate the CFPA's prohibition on unfair practices and provided guidance to examiners on how discriminatory conduct should be examined to determine whether it violates the unfairness prohibition. The court granted plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment, vacated the manual update, and permanently enjoined the CFPB from engaging in any examination, supervision, or enforcement action against any member of the plaintiff associations based on the CFPB's interpretation of its unfairness authority set forth in the updated manual. The CFPB filed a notice of appeal in November 2023, and the appeal was stayed by the Fifth Circuit pending the Supreme Court's resolution of CFPB v. CFSA. [ 60 ]

On March 30, 2023, the CFPB issued its final rule on small business lending under ECOA, as required by section 1071 of the Dodd-Frank Act. [ 61 ] On April 26, 2023, the Texas Bankers Association and Rio Bank sued the CFPB in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas challenging the validity of the final rule. The court entered a preliminary injunction enjoining the CFPB from enforcing or implementing the rule against plaintiffs (including the American Bankers Association, who had joined as a plaintiff via an amended complaint filed on May 14, 2023) and their members, and stayed the compliance dates for plaintiffs and their members pending a decision in CFPB v. CFSA. [ 62 ] On October 26, 2023, the court extended that order to apply to all covered entities following the intervention of other plaintiffs seeking to join the lawsuit. Separately, on August 11, 2023, the Kentucky Bankers Association and several Kentucky banks sued to challenge the rule in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky. The court preliminarily enjoined the CFPB from enforcing the rule pending a decision in CFPB v. CFSA. [ 63 ] A third lawsuit was filed on December 26, 2023, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida by the Revenue Based Finance Coalition, a trade association representing merchant cash advance providers.

The CFPB is statutorily required to file a report to Congress annually describing the administration of its functions under ECOA, summarizing public enforcement actions taken by other agencies with administrative enforcement responsibilities under ECOA, and providing an assessment of the extent to which compliance with ECOA has been achieved. [ 64 ] In addition, the CFPB's annual HMDA reporting requirement calls for the CFPB, in consultation with HUD, to report annually on the utility of HMDA's requirement that covered lenders itemize certain mortgage loan data. [ 65 ] The information below provides the required reporting.

The enforcement and compliance efforts and assessments made by the eleven agencies assigned enforcement authority under section 704 of ECOA are discussed in this section, as reported by the agencies.

In 2023, of the Federal agencies with ECOA enforcement authority, the CFPB, FDIC, and FTC brought a total of four fair lending enforcement actions. Information on the DOJ's fair lending Start Printed Page 54796 program and fair lending related public enforcement actions can be found at: https://www.justice.gov/crt/fair-lending-program-0 .

In 2023, the CFPB brought two fair lending enforcement actions: Citibank and Colony Ridge.

On November 8, 2023, the CFPB ordered Citibank, N.A. to pay $25.9 million in fines and consumer redress for intentionally and illegally discriminating against credit card applicants the bank identified as Armenian American. [ 69 ] From at least 2015 through 2021, Citibank discriminated against retail services credit card applicants with surnames that Citibank employees associated with consumers of Armenian national origin, targeting applicants with surnames ending in “-ian” and “-yan” as well as applicants in or around Glendale, California. Nicknamed “Little Armenia,” Glendale is home to approximately 15 percent of the Armenian American population in the U.S. When Citibank identified credit card applicants as potentially being of Armenian national origin, the bank applied more stringent criteria to these applications, including denying them outright and requiring additional information or placing a block on the account.

Further, Citibank supervisors conspired to hide the discrimination by instructing employees not to discuss the discriminatory practices in writing or on recorded phone lines. Citibank employees also lied about the bases of denial, providing false reasons to denied applicants.

On December 20, 2023, the CFPB, together with DOJ, filed a complaint against the Texas-based Colony Ridge defendants. [ 70 ] The lawsuit alleges Colony Ridge sells unsuspecting families flood-prone land without water, sewer, or electrical infrastructure, and that the company sets borrowers up to fail with loans they cannot afford. As alleged in the complaint, roughly one in four Colony Ridge loans ends in foreclosure, after which the company repurchases the properties and sells them to new borrowers. As alleged in the complaint, Colony Ridge targets Hispanic borrowers. In particular, Colony Ridge advertises almost exclusively in Spanish, often on TikTok or other social media platforms, often featuring national flags and regional music from Latin America. In their marketing, Colony Ridge promised consumers the American dream of home ownership with its own seller financing: an easy-to-obtain loan product that requires no credit check and only a small deposit. The complaint alleges that foreclosure and property deed records from September 2019 through September 2022 show that Colony Ridge initiated foreclosures on at least 30 percent of seller-financed lots within just three years of the purchase date, with most loan failures occurring even sooner. Records also confirm that Colony Ridge accounted for more than 92 percent of all foreclosures recorded in Liberty County, Texas between 2017 and 2022.

In the complaint, the CFPB and DOJ allege that defendants violated ECOA by targeting consumers of Hispanic origin with a predatory loan product. The CFPB separately alleges that the Colony Ridge defendants violated the CFPA by making deceptive representations to consumers; that Colony Ridge Development and Colony Ridge BV violated the Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (ILSA) by making untrue statements, omitting material facts, failing to provide required accurate translations, and failing to report and disclose required information; and that defendants violated the CFPA by virtue of their violations of ECOA and ILSA, respectively. DOJ further alleges defendants' conduct violated the FHA.

The joint complaint seeks, among other things, injunctions against defendants to prevent future violations of Federal consumer financial laws, redress to consumers, damages, and the imposition of civil money penalties.

In 2023, the FTC, along with the State of Wisconsin, brought an enforcement action in Federal court against Rhinelander, a Wisconsin auto dealer group, its current and former owners, and general manager Daniel Towne, alleging, among other things, that defendants violated ECOA and Regulation B by discriminating against American Indian consumers by charging them higher financing costs and fees. [ 71 ] Among other things, the settlement with Rhinelander's current owners and Defendant Towne requires the company to establish a comprehensive fair lending program that will, among other components, allow consumers to seek outside financing for a purchase, and cap the additional interest markup Rhinelander can charge consumers, as well as require the current owners and Defendant Towne to pay $1 million to refund affected consumers. [ 72 ] The former owners, Rhinelander Auto Center, Inc. and Rhinelander Motor Company, agreed to a separate settlement, that requires the companies to permanently wind down the businesses and pay $100,000 to refund affected consumers. [ 73 ]

On March 8, 2023, the FDIC issued a public consent order for Cross River bank under section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (Act), 12 U.S.C. 1813(q) . The FDIC determined that Cross River bank engaged in unsafe or unsound banking practices related to its compliance with applicable fair lending laws and regulations by failing to establish and maintain internal controls, information systems, and prudent credit underwriting practices in conformance with the Safety and Soundness Standards contained in appendix A of 12 CFR part 364 , or the violations of ECOA, 15 U.S.C. 1691 , et seq., as implemented by Regulation B, 12 CFR part 1002 , and the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. 1601 , et seq., as implemented by Regulation Z, 12 CFR part 1026 .

In 2023, the agencies and the CFPB collectively reported citing 189 institutions with violations of ECOA and/or Regulation B.

Among institutions examined for compliance with ECOA and Regulation B, the FFIEC agencies reported that the most frequently cited violations were as follows: Start Printed Page 54797

Table 3—Regulation B Violations Cited by FFIEC Agencies, 2023

Regulation B violations: 2023FFIEC Agencies reporting , : Discrimination —Discrimination on a prohibited basis in a credit transaction; improperly requiring the signature of the applicant's spouse or other personNCUA, CFPB. , , : Inquiring about protected class —Inquiring about the race, color, religion, national origin, or sex of an applicant or any other person in connection with a credit transaction, except as permitted in sec. 1002.5(b)(1) and (b)(2), or sec.1002.8 in the case of a special purpose credit program; requesting any information concerning an applicant's spouse or former spouse, except as permitted in sec. 1002.5(c)(2); requesting the marital status of a person applying for individual, unsecured credit, except as permitted in sec. 1002.5(d)(1) (for credit other than individual, unsecured, a creditor may inquire about the applicant's marital status, but must only use the terms “married,” “unmarried,” and “separated”); inquiring as to whether income stated in an application is derived from alimony, child support, or separate maintenance payments, except as permitted in sec.1002.5(d)(2); or requesting information about birth control practices, intentions concerning the bearing or rearing of children, or capability to bear children, except as permitted in sec. 1002.5(d)(3)FDIC, OCC. , : Specific rules concerning use of information —Improperly evaluating age, receipt of public assistance in a credit transaction.CFPB. , , ; ; : Adverse Action —Failure to provide notice to the applicant 30 days after receiving a completed application concerning the creditor's approval of, counteroffer to, or adverse action on the application; failure to provide appropriate notice to the applicant 30 days after taking adverse action on an incomplete application; failure to provide sufficient information in an adverse action notification, including the specific reasons for the action takenOCC, NCUA, FRB, FDIC, CFPB. , : Information for Monitoring Purposes —Failure to obtain information for monitoring purposes; failure to request information on an application pertaining to the applicant's ethnicity or raceOCC. , , , : Appraisals and Valuations —Failure to provide appraisals and other valuationsOCC, NCUA.

Among institutions examined for compliance with ECOA and Regulation B, the Non-FFIEC agencies reported that the most frequently cited violations were as follows:

TABLE 4: Regulation B Violations Cited by Non-FFIEC Agencies Enforcing ECOA, 2023

Regulation B violations: 2023Non-FFIEC agencies reporting , : Adverse Action —Failure to provide notice to the applicant 30 days after receiving a completed application concerning the creditor's approval of, counteroffer to, or adverse action on the application; failure to provide sufficient information in an adverse action notification, including the specific reasons for the action takenFCA. : Failure to request and collect information for monitoring purposes —Failure to obtain information for monitoring purposesFCA.

The AMS, SEC, and the SBA reported that they received no complaints based on ECOA or Regulation B in 2023. The FTC is an enforcement agency and does not conduct compliance examinations.

The agencies assigned enforcement authority under section 704 of ECOA must refer a matter to DOJ when there is reason to believe that a creditor has engaged in a pattern or practice of lending discrimination in violation of ECOA. [ 85 ] They also may refer other potential ECOA violations to DOJ. [ 86 ] In 2023, 5 agencies (FDIC, NCUA, FRB, OCC and CFPB) collectively made 33 such referrals to DOJ involving discrimination in violation of ECOA. This is an increase of 175 percent in such referrals since 2020 (12 referrals). A brief description of those matters follows.

In 2023, the CFPB referred 18 fair lending matters to DOJ. The referrals included: discrimination on the basis of race and national origin in mortgage lending (redlining); discrimination in underwriting on the basis of receipt of public assistance income; predatory targeting on the basis of race and national origin; discrimination in pricing exceptions on the basis of race, national origin, sex, and age; and discrimination in credit cards on the basis of national origin and race.

In 2023, the FDIC referred seven fair lending matters to DOJ. The referrals included: one matter involving discrimination on the basis of race in mortgage lending (redlining); three matters for discrimination on the basis of race and national origin in mortgage lending (redlining); one matter involving discrimination in underwriting in commercial loans on the basis of race, color, national origin, and religion; one matter involving discrimination in auto loan pricing on the basis of sex or gender; and one matter for discrimination in auto loan pricing on the basis of race and national origin.

NCUA referred six ECOA matters to DOJ which involved discrimination Start Printed Page 54798 based on age and discrimination based on marital status.

The OCC made one referral to DOJ for a matter that involved discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in mortgage lending (redlining).

The FRB referred one fair lending matter to DOJ. The matter involved discrimination on the basis of marital status in agricultural and commercial lending.

The CFPB's annual HMDA reporting requirement calls for the CFPB, in consultation with HUD, to report annually on the utility of HMDA's requirement that covered lenders itemize loan data in order to disclose the number and dollar amount of certain mortgage loans and applications, grouped according to various characteristics. [ 87 ] The CFPB, in consultation with HUD, finds that itemization and tabulation of these data furthers the purposes of HMDA.

The CFPB has made clear that the same laws and regulations apply to all technologies, regardless of the complexity or novelty of the technology deployed by institutions, including when it comes to combatting unlawful discrimination or explaining how certain credit decisions are made. ECOA is a powerful means to address unlawful digital discrimination in any aspect of a credit transaction. In 2023, the CFPB continued to combat digital discrimination through enforcement matters, [ 88 ] supervisory matters, [ 89 ] rulemaking, [ 90 ] guidance, [ 91 ] and using an all-of-government interagency approach. [ 92 ]

Looking forward, the CFPB will continue to enforce the law to root out unlawful discrimination, including when discrimination may be disguised by other processes within credit transactions. This includes actions that financial institutions take around the selection and procurement of data for use in advanced technological methods. Data brokers sell myriad types of personal data and sensitive information about consumers, some of which may directly implicate protected bases under ECOA. These data, alone or in combination with other data, may create proxies for, or have a disparate impact on, any of the ECOA prohibited bases. Creditors subject to ECOA and Regulation B may violate these laws if they use these data to engage in discriminatory targeting, steering, redlining, or in other ways that create unlawful discrimination.

The same holds true for fraud screens purported to facilitate compliance with other consumer protection and banking laws. While fraud detection compliance regimes may serve important purposes, institutions that are subject to ECOA and Regulation B may not use fraud screens and associated policies and procedures as an excuse to violate or circumvent fair lending laws. [ 93 ]

Further, as the CFPB continues to monitor markets and institutions for fair lending compliance, the CFPB will also continue to review the fair lending testing regimes of financial institutions. Robust fair lending testing of models should include regular testing for disparate treatment and disparate impact, including searches for and implementation of less discriminatory alternatives using manual or automated techniques. CFPB exam teams will continue to explore the use of open-source automated debiasing methodologies to produce potential alternative models to the insitutions' credit scoring models.

In 2024 and beyond, the CFPB will continue to combat digital discrimination and also continue to take steps to be a leader when it comes to building the Federal government's capabilities to address these types of transformative technologies.

As stated in section 2.2.5, the CFPB maintains a comprehensive suite of resources pertaining to the reporting and use of HMDA data, in addition to the annual HMDA filing guides released annually by the FFIEC. These resources include: Executive Summaries of HMDA rule changes; [ 94 ] Small Entity Compliance Guide; [ 95 ] Institutional and Transactional Coverage Charts; [ 96 ] Reportable HMDA Data Chart; [ 97 ] sample data collection form; [ 98 ] FAQs; [ 99 ] a Beginners Guide to Accessing and Using HMDA Data; [ 100 ] and downloadable webinars, [ 101 ] which provide an overview of the HMDA rule. In June of 2023, the CFPB published a summary of the 2022 data on mortgage lending. [ 102 ] The CFPB also provides on its website an interactive version of Regulation C that is easier to access and navigate than the printed version of Regulation C. [ 103 ]

Together with the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Start Printed Page 54799 (FFIEC), [ 104 ] the CFPB also routinely updates its HMDA resources throughout the year to ensure HMDA reporters have the most up-to-date information. For example, in November 2023, the CFPB released the 2024 Filing Instructions Guide, [ 105 ] an online interactive Filing Instructions Guide, [ 106 ] and the 2023 Supplemental Guide for Quarterly Filers. [ 107 ] Together with the FFIEC, in March of 2023, the CFPB also published the 2023 edition of the HMDA Getting it Right Guide. [ 108 ] The CFPB also works with the FFIEC to publish data submission resources for HMDA filers and vendors on its Resources for HMDA Filers website, https://ffiec.cfpb.gov .

In addition, HMDA reporters can ask questions about HMDA and Regulation C, including how to submit HMDA data, by emailing the CFPB's HMDA Help at [email protected] . The CFPB also offers financial institutions, service providers, and others informal staff guidance on specific questions about the statutes and rules the CFPB implements, including ECOA and Regulation B and HMDA and Regulation C, through its Regulation Inquiries platform at www.reginquiries.consumerfinance.gov .

TermDefinitionAMSAgricultural Marketing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.ASCFFIEC's Appraisal Subcommittee.AVMAutomated Valuation Models.CFPAConsumer Financial Protection Act of 2010.CFPBConsumer Financial Protection Bureau.CRACommunity Reinvestment Act.Dodd-Frank ActDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.DOJU.S. Department of Justice.DOTU.S. Department of Transportation.ECOAEqual Credit Opportunity Act.FCAFarm Credit Administration.FDICFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation.FHAFair Housing Act.FHFAFederal Housing Finance Agency.Federal Reserve Board or FRBBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.FFIECFederal Financial Institutions Examination Council—the FFIEC member agencies are the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( ), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( ), the National Credit Union Administration ( ), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( ), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). The State Liaison Committee was added to FFIEC in 2006 as a voting member.FTCFederal Trade Commission.HMDAHome Mortgage Disclosure Act.HUDU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.ILSAInterstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act.NCUANational Credit Union Administration.OCCOffice of the Comptroller of the Currency.ROVReconsideration of Value.SBASmall Business Administration.SECSecurities and Exchange Commission.SPCPSpecial Purpose Credit Program.UDAAPUnfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices.USDAU.S. Department of Agriculture.

The Director of the Bureau, Rohit Chopra, having reviewed and approved this document, is delegating the authority to electronically sign this document to Laura Galban, a Bureau Federal Register Liaison, for purposes of publication in the Federal Register .

Laura Galban,

Federal Register Liaison, Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

1. See Risk-Based Approach to Examinations, Supervisory Highlights Summer 2013 at 23, https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201308_cfpb_supervisory-highlights_august.pdf , for additional information regarding the CFPB's risk-based approach in prioritizing supervisory examinations.

2. See 15 U.S.C. 1691e(g) .

3. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/freedom-mortgage-corporation-hmda-2023/ .

4. See https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_freedom-mortgage-corporation_consent-order_2019-05.pdf .

5. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/bank-of-america-na-hmda-data-2023/ .

6. 15 U.S.C. 1691e(g) .

7. Id.

8. 15 U.S.C. 1691c-2 .

9. CFPB, Small Business Lending under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B) (Mar. 30, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/small-business-lending-under-the-equal-credit-opportunity-act-regulation-b/ .

10. More information is available at: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/1071-rule/ , a page compiling key materials related to the CFPB's small business rulemaking, including information on the interim final rule to extend compliance deadlines.

11. CFPB, OCC, FHFA, FRB, FDIC, NCUA. Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models (June 1, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_automated-valuation-models_proposed-rule-request-for-comment_2023-06.pdf .

12. CFPB, OCC, FRB, FDIC, NCUA, Interagency Guidance on Reconsideration of Value of Residential Real Estate Valuations (June 8, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_interagency-guidance-reconsiderations-of-value-of-residential-real-estate_2023-06.pdf .

13. CFPB, Consumer Financial Protection Circular 2023-03 Adverse action notification requirements and the proper use of the CFPB's sample forms provided in Regulation B (Sept. 19. 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/circulars/circular-2023-03-adverse-action-notification-requirements-and-the-proper-use-of-the-cfpbs-sample-forms-provided-in-regulation-b/ .

14. CFPB, Coverage of Franchise Financing Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Including the Small Business Lending Rule (May 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_coverage-of-franchise-financing_2023-05.pdf .

15. CFPB Issue 29, Junk Fees Special Edition, Winter 2023; Issue 30, Summer 2023; Issue 31, Junk Fees Update Special Edition Fall 2023.

16. CFPB, Issue 30, Summer 2023 (July 31, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_supervisory-highlights_issue-30_2023-07.pdf .

17. Patrice Alexander Ficklin and Tim Lambert, Appraisal standards must include federal prohibitions against discrimination (Feb. 14, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/appraisal-standards-must-include-federal-prohibitions-against-discrimination .

18. Seth Frotman, Zixta Q. Martinez, and Jon Seward, Protecting homeowners from discriminatory home appraisals, (Mar. 13, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/protecting-homeowners-from-discriminatory-home-appraisals/ .

19. Seth Frotman, Protecting people from discriminatory targeting (Apr. 14, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/protecting-people-from-discriminatory-targeting/ .

20. Rohit Chopra, Algorithms, artificial intelligence, and fairness in home appraisals (June 1, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/algorithms-artificial-intelligence-fairness-in-home-appraisals/ .

21. Eric Halperin and Lorelei Salas, The CFPB has entered the chat (June 7, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/cfpb-has-entered-the-chat/ .

22. Seth Frotman, Protecting consumers' right to challenge discrimination (June 26, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/protecting-consumers-right-to-challenge-discrimination/ .

23. Patrice Alexander Ficklin, The CFPB's 2022 fair lending annual report to congress (June 29, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/the-cfpbs-2022-fair-lending-annual-report-to-congress/ .

24. Sonia Lin, Protecting immigrant access to fair credit opportunities, (Oct. 12, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/protecting-immigrant-access-to-fair-credit-opportunities/ .

25. CFPB, Next public hearing on appraisal bias: November 1 (Oct. 23, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/next-public-hearing-on-appraisal-bias-november-1/ .

26. CFPB, 2022 HMDA Data on Mortgage Lending Now Available (Mar. 20, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/2022-hmda-data-on-mortgage-lending-now-available/ .

27. CFPB, CFPB Finalizes Rule to Create a New Data Set on Small Business Lending in America (Mar. 30, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-finalizes-rule-to-create-a-new-data-set-on-small-business-lending-in- america/.

28. CFPB, CFPB and Federal Partners Confirm Automated Systems and Advanced Technology Not an Excuse for Lawbreaking Behavior (Apr. 25, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-federal-partners-confirm-automated-systems-advanced-technology-not-an-excuse-for-lawbreaking-behavior/ .

29. CFPB, Agencies Request Comment on Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models Proposed Rule (June 1, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/agencies-request-comment-on-quality-control-standards-for-automated-valuation-models-proposed-rule .

30. CFPB, CFPB Issue Spotlight Analyzes “Artificial Intelligence” Chatbots in Banking (June 6, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-issue-spotlight-analyzes-artificial-intelligence-chatbots-in-banking/ .

31. CFPB, CFPB Releases Reports on Banking Access and Consumer Finance in Southern States (June 20, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-releases-reports-on-banking-access-and-consumer-finance-in-southern-states/ .

32. CFPB, FFIEC Announces Availability of 2022 Data on Mortgage Lending (June 29, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/ffiec-announces-availability-of-2022-data-on-mortgage-lending/ .

33. CFPB, Agencies to Host Roundtable on Special Purpose Credit Programs (Aug. 24, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/agencies-to-host-roundtable-on-special-purpose-credit-programs/ .

34. CFPB, CFPB Issues Guidance on Credit Denials by Lenders Using Artificial Intelligence (Sept. 19, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-issues-guidance-on-credit-denials-by-lenders-using-artificial-intelligence/ .

35. CFPB, CFPB Sues Repeat Offender Freedom Mortgage Corporation for Providing False Information to Federal Regulators (Oct. 10, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-sues-repeat-offender-freedom-mortgage-corporation-for-providing-false-information-to-federal-regulators/ .

36. CFPB, CFPB and Justice Department Issue Joint Statement Cautioning that Financial Institutions May Not Use Immigration Status to Illegally Discriminate Against Credit Applicants (Oct. 12, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-and-justice-department-issue-joint-statement-cautioning-that-financial-institutions-may-not-use-immigration-status-to-illegally-discriminate-against-credit-applicants/ .

37. CFPB, CFPB Issues New Report on State Community Reinvestment Laws (Nov. 2, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-issues-new-report-on-state-community-reinvestment-laws/ .

38. CFPB, CFPB Orders Citi to Pay $25.9 Million for Intentional, Illegal Discrimination Against Armenian Americans (Nov. 8, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-orders-citi-to-pay-25-9-million-for-intentional-illegal-discrimination-against-armenian- americans/.

39. CFPB, CFPB Orders Bank of America to Pay $12 Million for Reporting False Mortgage Data (Nov. 28, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-orders-bank-of-america-to-pay-12-million-for-reporting-false-mortgage-data/ .

40. CFPB, C FPB and Justice Department Sue Developer and Lender Colony Ridge for Bait-and-Switch Land Sales and Predatory Financing (Dec. 20, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/cfpb-and-doj-sue-developer-and-lender-colony-ridge-for-bait-and-switch-land-sales-and-predatory-financing/ .

41. CFPB, State Community Reinvestment Act: Summary of State Laws (Nov. 2, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/state-community-reinvestment-acts-summary-of-state-laws/ .

42. CFPB, Banking and Credit Access in the Southern Region of the U.S. (June 21, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_ocp-data-spotlight_banking-and-credit-access_2023-06.pdf .

43. CFPB, Consumer Finances in Rural Areas of the Southern Region (June 21, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_or-data-point_consumer-finances-in-rural-south_2023-06.pdf .

44. CFPB, 2021 HMDA Data on Mortgage Lending Now Available (Mar. 20, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/2022-hmda-data-on-mortgage-lending-now-available/ .

45. Additional activity has occurred since the close of this reporting period. On March 26, 2024, the CFPB announced the availability of the HMDA modified loan application data for 2023, available at https://ffiec.cfpb.gov/data-publication/modified-lar/2023 .

46. CFPB, FFIEC Announces Availability of 2022 Data on Mortgage Lending (June 29, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/ffiec-announces-availability-of-2022-data-on-mortgage-lending/ .

47. CFPB, Report on the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Rule Voluntary Review (Mar. 3, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_hmda-voluntary-review_2023-03.pdf .

48. CFPB, Data Point: 2022 Mortgage Market Activity and Trends (Sept. 27, 2022), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/research-reports/data-point-2022-mortgage-market-activity-trends/ .

49. 12 U.S.C. 5512 .

50. CFPB, Agencies to Host Roundtable on Special Purpose Credit Programs, (Aug. 24, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/newsroom/agencies-to-host-roundtable-on-special-purpose-credit-programs/ .

51. CFPB; Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Div.; Equal Opportunity Comm'n; Federal Trade Comm'n; Joint Statement on Enforcement Efforts Against Discrimination and Bias in Automated Systems, (Apr. 25, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_joint-statement-enforcement-against-discrimination-bias-automated-systems_2023-04.pdf .

52. CFPB; Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Div. Joint Statement on Fair Lending and Credit Opportunities for Noncitizen Borrowers under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Oct. 12, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb-joint-statement-on-fair-lending-and-credit-opportunities-for-noncitizen-b_jA2oRDf.pdf .

53. Brief for CFPB as Amici Curiae Supporting Plaintiff-Appellees, Saint-Jean v. Emigrant Mortg. Co., 50 F. Supp. 3d 300 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (No. 22-3094).

54. See https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_saint-jean-et-al-v-emigrant-mortgage-coemigrant-bank_2023-06.pdf .

55. Statement of Interest of the CFPB in Support of Plaintiffs, Roberson et al v. Health Career Institute LLC, et al. (S.D.Fla. 2023) (No. 9:22CV81883).

56. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/amicus/briefs/roberson-v-health-career-institute-llc/ .

57. Statement of Interest for the United States, Connolly et al. v. Lanham et al., 685 F.Supp.3d 312 (No. 1:22CV02048).

58. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/amicus/briefs/connolly-mott-v-lanham-et-al/ .

59. See generally https://www.consumerfinance.gov/policy-compliance/amicus/ .

60. Additional activity has occurred since the close of this reporting period. On May 16, 2024, the Supreme Court issued a decision in CFPB v. CFSA. See CFPB v. Cmty. Fin. Servs. Ass'n of Am., Ltd., 601 U.S. 416 (2024).

61. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/final-rules/small-business-lending-under-the-equal-credit-opportunity-act-regulation-b/ .

62. Additional activity has occurred since the close of this reporting period. See n.65, supra.

63. Additional activity has occurred since the close of this reporting period. See n.65, supra.

64. 15 U.S.C. 1691f .

65. 12 U.S.C. 2807 .

66. Collectively, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (Bureau) comprise the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). The State Liaison Committee was added to FFIEC in 2006 as a voting member. Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, http://www.ffiec.gov (last visited Mar. 30, 2021).>

67. The Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) was eliminated as a stand-alone agency within USDA in 2017. The functions previously performed by GIPSA have been incorporated into the Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS), and ECOA reporting comes from the Packers and Stockyards Division, Fair Trade Practices Program, AMS.

68. 15 U.S.C. 1691c .

69. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/citibank-n-a/ .

70. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/colony-ridge/ .

71. FTC v. Rhinelander Auto Ctr., Inc., No. 23-cv-737 (W.D. Wis., filed Oct. 24, 2023), available at https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/1-ComplaintbyFTC-WIagainstRhinelander.pdf .

72. FTC v. Rhinelander Auto Ctr., Inc., No. 23-cv-737 (W.D. Wis. Nov. 6, 2023) (stipulated order for permanent injunction, monetary judgment, and other relief as to Defendants Rhinelander Auto Group LLC, Rhinelander Import Group LLC, and Daniel Towne), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/18-ConsentJudgmentEnteredastoRAGRMGandTowne.pdf .

73. FTC v. Rhinelander Auto Ctr., Inc., No. 23cv737 (W.D. Wis. Nov. 6, 2023) (stipulated order for permanent injunction, monetary judgment, and other relief as to Defendants Rhinelander Auto Center, Inc., and Rhinelander Motor Company), https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/ftc_gov/pdf/17-ConsentJudgmentEnteredastoRACandRMC.pdf .

74. 12 CFR 1002.4(a) .

75. 12 CFR 1002.4 , 1002.7(d)(1) .

76. 12 CFR 1002.5(b)-(d) .

77. 12 CFR 1002.5(b) .

78. 12 CFR 1002.9(a)(2) ; 1002.9(a)(1)(i) ; 1002.9(b)(2) .

79. 12 CFR 1002.9(a)(1) ; 1002.9(a)(2) ; 1002.9(b)(2) .

80. 12 CFR 1002.9(a)(1)(i) ; 1002.9(b)(2) .

81. 12 CFR 1002.9(a)(1) ; (a)(2) ; (b)(2) .

82. 12 CFR 1002.9(a)(1) , (2) ; 1002.9(b) ; 1002.9(c) .

83. 12 CFR 1002.14(a)(1) ; 1002.14(a)(2) .

84. 12 CFR 1002.14(a)(2) .

85. 15 U.S.C. 1691e(g) .

86. Id.

87. 12 U.S.C. 2807 .

88. See https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/colony-ridge/ .

89. See section 1.3, supra.

90. CFPB, OCC, FHFA, FRB, FDIC, NCUA, Quality Control Standards for Automated Valuation Models (June 1, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_automated-valuation-models_proposed-rule-request-for-comment_2023-06.pdf .

91. CFPB, Consumer Financial Protection Circular 2023-03 Adverse action notification requirements and the proper use of the CFPB's sample forms provided in Regulation B (Sept. 19. 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/circulars/circular-2023-03-adverse-action-notification-requirements-and-the-proper-use-of-the-cfpbs-sample-forms-provided-in-regulation-b/ .

92. CFPB, OCC, FRB, FDIC, NCUA, Interagency Guidance on Reconsideration of Value of Residential Real Estate Valuations (June 8, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_interagency-guidance-reconsiderations-of-value-of-residential-real-estate_2023-06.pdf ; CFPB; Dept. of Justice Civil Rights Div.; Equal Opportunity Comm'n; Federal Trade Comm'n; Joint Statement on Enforcement Efforts Against Discrimination and Bias in Automated Systems (Apr. 25, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_joint-statement-enforcement-against-discrimination-bias-automated-systems_2023-04.pdf .

93. Discrimination on a prohibited basis can violate ECOA and Regulation B when it occurs in any aspect of a credit transaction, including when it occurs through practices that entities may characterize as related to fraud detection. See, e.g., https://www.consumerfinance.gov/enforcement/actions/citibank-n-a/ .

94. CFPB, Executive Summary of the 2020 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (Regulation C) Final Rule (Apr. 16, 2020), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_rule-executive-summary_hmda-2020.pdf ; https://www.consumerfinance.gov/about-us/blog/changes-to-hmda-closed-end-loan-reporting-threshold/ . Summaries for different reporting years are available at: https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/mortgage-resources/hmda-reporting-requirements/ .

95. CFPB, Home Mortgage Disclosure (Regulation C) Small Entity Compliance Guide (Feb. 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_hmda_small-entity-compliance-guide_2023-02.pdf .

96. CFPB, HMDA Institutional Coverage Chart, https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_hmda-institutional-coverage_2023.pdf ; CFPB, HMDA Transactional Coverage Chart, https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_hmda-transactional-coverage_2023.pdf .

97. CFPB, Reportable HMDA Data: A Regulatory and Reporting Overview Reference Chart for HMDA Data Collected in 2023 (Feb. 9, 2023), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_reportable-hmda-data_regulatory-and-reporting-overview-reference-chart_2023-02.pdf .

98. CFPB, Sample Data Collection Form, https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/201708_cfpb_hmda-sample-data-collection-form.pdf .

99. CFPB, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act FAQs, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/mortgage-resources/hmda-reporting-requirements/home-mortgage-disclosure-act-faqs/ .

100. CFPB, A Beginner's Guide to Accessing and Using Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Data (June 13, 2022), https://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/documents/cfpb_beginners-guide-accessing-using-hmda-data_guide_2022-06.pdf .

101. CFPB, HMDA Webinars, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/compliance/compliance-resources/mortgage-resources/hmda-reporting-requirements/webinars/ .

102. CFPB, Summary of 2022 Data on Mortgage Lending (June 29, 2023), https://www.consumerfinance.gov/data-research/hmda/summary-of-2022-data-on-mortgage-lending/ .

103. Interactive Bureau Regulations, Regulation C, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/rules-policy/regulations/1003/ .

104. Collectively, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRB), the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the CFPB comprise the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). The State Liaison Committee was added to FFIEC in 2006 as a voting member. Federal Fin. Instit. Examination Council, http://www.ffiec.gov (last visited June 5, 2024).

105. CFPB, Filing instructions guide for HMDA data collected in 2024 (Nov. 2023), https://s3.amazonaws.com/cfpb-hmda-public/prod/help/2024-hmda-fig.pdf .

106. 2023 FIG (Filing Instructions Guide), https://ffiec.cfpb.gov/documentation/fig/2023/overview .

107. CFPB, Supplemental Guide for Quarterly Filers for 2024 (Aug. 2023), https://s3.amazonaws.com/cfpb-hmda-public/prod/help/supplemental-guide-for-quarterly-filers-for-2024.pdf .

108. Federal Fin. Instit. Examination Council, A Guide to HMDA Reporting, Getting it Right! (Mar. 23, 2023), https://www.ffiec.gov/hmda/pdf/2023Guide.pdf .

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Insights into Parkinson's Disease-Related Freezing of Gait Detection and Prediction Approaches: A Meta Analysis

Elbatanouny, Hagar
Kleanthous, Natasa
Dahrouj, Hayssam
Alusi, Sundus
Almajali, Eqab
Mahmoud, Soliman
Hussain, Abir

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms, prominently featuring the freezing of gait (FOG), which significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying FOG remain elusive, posing challenges for effective management and treatment. This paper presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of FOG prediction and detection methodologies, with a focus on the integration of wearable sensor technology and machine learning (ML) approaches. Through an exhaustive review of the literature, this study identifies key trends, datasets, preprocessing techniques, feature extraction methods, evaluation metrics, and comparative analyses between ML and non-ML approaches. The analysis also explores the utilization of cueing devices. The limited adoption of explainable AI (XAI) approaches in FOG prediction research represents a significant gap. Improving user acceptance and comprehension requires an understanding of the logic underlying algorithm predictions. Current FOG detection and prediction research has a number of limitations, which are identified in the discussion. These include issues with cueing devices, dataset constraints, ethical and privacy concerns, financial and accessibility restrictions, and the requirement for multidisciplinary collaboration. Future research avenues center on refining explainability, expanding and diversifying datasets, adhering to user requirements, and increasing detection and prediction accuracy. The findings contribute to advancing the understanding of FOG and offer valuable guidance for the development of more effective detection and prediction methodologies, ultimately benefiting individuals affected by PD.

Parkinson's disease;
FOG prediction;
machine learning;
explainable AI;
wearable sensors;
cueing devices


		Revised:

Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynok Street, 24/26.
Telephone: (095) 2394545
Web: http: www.minatom.ru

, Aleksandr Appointed ( 28 March 01).

First Deputy Minister --- RYABEV, Lev Dmitriyevich (Izvestiya, 23 May 02). Deputy Minister (Nuclear Weapons Complex) --- KAMENSKIKH, Ivan (Izvestiya, 19 Mar 03). Deputy Minister --- NIGMATULIN, Bulat, ( Interfax 8 Dec 01). Deputy Minister --- VINOGRADOV, V. (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 Apr 00) Deputy Minister --- ANTIPOV, Sergey Viktorovich, appointed (Nuclear.ru, 15 Nov 02).

["Antipov was born in 1948, graduated from the Moscow Physical Engineering Institute (1972), and is a physicist and engineer (experimental and theoretical physics, plasma physics). In 1996 he graduated from the Moscow State Law Academy as a lawyer specializing in jurisprudence. Prior to being appointed to the post of deputy minister he headed the Center for Organizational and Legal Issues at the Kurchatovskiy Institut Russian Scientific Center. As director and coordinator of the project on nonproliferation and nuclear weapons control in the sphere of the record keeping and control of nuclear materials, and of systems for the physical protection of nuclear installations, he participated in regular Russian-American working conferences. . . .the main areas of his activity . . . will be the recycling of nuclear submarines, the decommissioning of nuclear reactors, the management of radioactive wastes, and the restoration of land" (Nuclear.ru, 15 Nov 02).]

Deputy Minister (States Secretary) --- LEBEDEV, Valeriy Aleksandrovich. (Atompressa, No 32 Sep 99; Appointed "States Secretary," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 12 Sep 01).

Formerly: General Director of the Mining and Chemical Combine, Zheleznogorsk. (Atompressa, No 32 Sep 99)

Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials and the Provision of Guarantees for their Non-proliferation and Physical Protection, Directorate for the Supervision of

Chief --- Volodin, Yuriy Georgiyevich. Telephone: (095) 9116081.

Central Apparatus

Crisis situation center.

(Izvestiya 22 May 01).

Department for Liaison with State Power Bodies and Information Policy

Head -- Nikolay Shingarev (ITAR-TASS, 22 Jan 03).

Environment and Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities, Administration for

["The responsibility for the recycling of nuclear submarines was delegated from the Defense Ministry to the Atomic Energy Ministry only in 1998, and the technical bases of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are currently being handed over to the Atomic Energy Ministry's special enterprises SevRao and DalRao. Notably, the military are quite reluctantly parting with their property because those bases are financed from the state budget. So, Admiral Popov will now be supposed to settle down relations between his former and present co-workers" (Kommersant 05 Dec 01 P2).]

Chief --- POPOV, Vyacheslav, Adm appointed (Kommersant 05 Dec 01 P2). Popov was CINC NORFLT.

Experimental Physics, RF Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for (RFYaTs VNIIEF) (Sarov)

Previously known as Arzamas-16, Nizhegorod Oblast

Director --- Ilkayev, Radiy (Finmarket, 21 Apr 01).

Federal Inspectorate for Nuclear and Radiation Security

Address: 109147 Moscow, Taganskaya Street, 34.

Director --- Vishnevskiy, Yuriy Georgiyevich , (Chief of Directorate). Telephone: (095) 9116005. Fax: (095) 9124041

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Chief --- Kislov, Andrey Ivanovich Telephone: (095) 9116061.

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Chief --- Adamchik, Sergey Anatolyevich Telephone: (095) 9116061.

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Chief --- Mikhaylov, Mikhail Vladimirovich. Telephone: (095) 9116071.

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Chief of Directorate --- Nikolskiy, Rostislav Viktorovich Telephone: (095) 9116011

Scientific and Technological Council

Security Section

Chair --- Litvinov, Boris, Academician (ITAR-TASS 1404 GMT 18 Sep 00).

Litvinov, who chairs the security section under the Atomic Energy Ministry's Scientific and Technological Council, works as deputy head of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre and was the chief designer of Russian nuclear warheads for many years. (ITAR-TASS 1404 GMT 18 Sep 00).

Structural Directory of Russia's Nuclear Sector

(<Nuclear.ru>, 1 Dec 00, [Source date uncertain. Date given is the date of download from the internet])

[FBIS Translated Text]

The Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation. Structure of the Ministry of Atomic Energy.

1. Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Department of the

2. nuclear munitions, department for the development and testing of, 3. nuclear munitions industry, department of the, 4. atomic power engineering, department for, 5. branch economics and planning, department of,, 6. social policy, production relations, and personnel, department of, 7. security and emergency situations, department for, 8. international economic cooperation, department for, 9. atomic science and technology, department for, 10. finance, analysis, and computation department for, 11. information, nuclear materials, and facilities, department for the protection of, 12. atomic facilities construction, department for, 13. normative-legal security and regulation of forms of property, department for, 14. department for the conversion of atomic industry., 15. directorate of bookkeeping and accounts., 16. social-productive directorate., 17. directorate for business and protocol of the ministry., 18. directorate for the optimization of productive-economic relations., 19. directorate for the security of the activities of the scientific and scientific-technological councils., 20. directorate for ecology and the removal of nuclear facilities from operation., 21. directorate for atomic machine-building and instrument-making., scientific-technical directorate. aleksandr anatolyevich.

Chief --- Matveyev, ?? Telephone: (095) 9116411. Office: Telephone (095) 9123911. Fax: (095) 9124041.

Professional emergency-rescue units of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia:

"Eprom", the center for emergency-rescue underwater-technical operations.

Address: 143392 Moscow oblast., Naro-Fominskiy rayon, Selyatino. Director: Mikhail Nikolayevich Gumenok, Chief of Center. Telephone: (812) 2475669. Fax: (812) 2475798. Web: http:

www.atom.nw.ru

The Emergency-Technical Center (Novovoronezh).

Address: 396072 Voronenezh oblast., Novovoronezh. Director: Ivan Ivanovich Burdin, Director of Center. Telephone: (07364) 20268. Fax: (07464) 20268.

Emergency-Technical Center (Sarov).

Address: 607200 Nizhegorodod oblast, Sarov. Director: Vladislav Viktorovich Kuznetsov, Director of Center. Telephone: (83130) 45708. Fax: (83130) 45979.

Emergency-Technical Center (Snezhinsk)

Address: 456770 Chelyabinsk oblast., Snezhinsk. Director: Lev Vladimirovich Borisov, Director of Center. Telephone: (35172) 32424.

Emergency-Technical Center (Seversk).

Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, Seversk Director[Sic. No director listed].

Telephone: (38242) 62693. Fax: (38242) 21146.

Gas-Rescue Station of the Joint-Stock Company, "Kirovo-Chepetsk Chemical Combine".

Address: 631020 Kirov oblast., Kirovo-Chepetsk, Pozharnyy Lane., 7. Director: Nikolay Ivanovich Aprin. Telephone: (83361) 94204. Fax: (30245) 25121.

Separate Militarized Mine-Rescue Detachment of the Priargunskiy Mining-Chemical Production Association.

Director: Vladimir Georgiyevich Bondarev, Chief of Detachment. Telephone: (30245) 25781. Fax: (30245) 25121.

Engineering-Technical and Training Center for Robotics.

Address: 127410 Moscow, Altufyev Highway, 43. Director: Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sidorkin, Director of Center. Telephone: (095) 4899032. Fax: (095) 4899032. [Sic: Telephone and fax numbers are the same.]

3. Closed Administrative-Territorial Formations.

Zhelznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-26).

Address: 660026 Krasnoyarsk kray. Zhelznogorsk, XXII Partsyezd Street, 21. Director: Andrey Vasilyevich Katargin, Head of Administration. Telephone: (39197) 26048. Web: http:

www.adm26.krasnoyarsk.su Population: About 105,000.

The Mining-Chemical Combine.

Address: 660033 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Lenin Street, 53. Director: Vasiliy Vasilyevich Zhitkov, General Director. Telephone: (39197) 32001, 32290. Fax: (39197) 320374

Science and Production Association of Applied Mechanics.

Address: 660033 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Lenin Street, 52. Director: Mikhail Fedorovich Reshetnev. Telephone: (39197) 21759, 32032 Fax: (39197) 22635

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Sibkhimstroy".

Address: 660033 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Shtefan Street, 1. Director: Vladimir Mikaylovich Kiyayev. Telephone: (39197) 22076. Fax: (39197) 29839.

"Sibkhimmontazh" Trust.

Address: 660033 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Severnaya Street, 9. Director: Viktor Chukhno Mikhaylovich. Telephone: (39197) 26802.

Krasnoyarskiy State Design and Research Institute. Address: 660026 Krasnoyarsk kray. Zheleznogorsk, Lenin Street, 39. Director: Yuriy Nikolayevich Baskakov. Telephone: (39197) 25625. Fax: (39197) 25625.

Krasnoyarsk Industrial College. Address: 662990 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Sverdlov Street, 5. Director: Yevgeniy Borisovich Vasilyev. Telephone: (39197) 23944.

Zarechnyy (Penza-16). Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, 30-th Anniversary of Pobeda [Victory] Street, 27. Director: Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Sergeyev, Head of Administration. Telephone: (8412) 664988. Fax: (8412) 664979. Web: http:

zarechnyy.penza.ru Population: About 65,000.

Production Association, "Start", a State enterprise. Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Mir Avenue, 1. Director: Anatoliy Andreyevich Yesin, General Director. Telephone: (8412) 550907. Fax: (8412) 665 887.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Penza Directorate of Construction". Address: 440019 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Komsomol Street, 41. Director: Nikolay Semenovich Konolenko. Telephone: (8412) 550907. Fax: (8412) 550973.

State Unitary Branch SNPO [Special Science and Production Association], "Yeleron". (Scientific- Research and Design Institute of Radio- Electronic Engineering.) Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Mir Avenue, 1. Director: Yuriy Aleksandrovich Olenin. Telephone: (8412) 692474. Fax: (8412) 552528.

Central Scientific Research Laboratory. Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Mir Avenue, 1. Director: Vladimir Mikhaylovich Sorokin. Telephone: (8412) 692706.

Zarechnyy Industrial College (a municipal educational establishment). Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Lenin Street, 10. Director: Vasiliy Georgiyevich Zelenskiy. Telephone: (8412) 692182.

Zelenogorsk (Krasnoyarsk-45). Address: 663690 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk, Mir street, 15. Director: Valentin Grigoryevich Kazachenko, Head of Administration. Telephone: (39169) 35532. Fax: (39169) 35640, 35993. Population: About 65,000.

Electro-Chemical Plant. Address: 663690 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk. Director: Anatoliy Nikolayevich Shubin, General Director. Telephone: (39169) 33350, 33321. Fax: (39169) 24225, 21262. Teletype: 288 845 "Tayfun".

Joint-Stock Company, "Sibvolonko". Address: 663960 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk, Joint-Stock Company, "Sibvolonko". Director: Petr Pavlovich Kostyushko. Telephone: (39169) 23020, 24405. Fax: (39169) 28122, 24087. Telex: 288 145 SV SU.

Contruction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Directorate of Construction No. 604". Address: 663960 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk, Kalinin Street, 25. Director: Anatoliy Yakovlevich Kurdyukov. Telephone: (39169) 35722. Fax: (39169) 24940.

Krasnoyarsk Electro-Mechanical Engineering College. Address: 663690 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk, Bortnikov Street, 13. Director: Grigoriy Antipyevich Porsyev. Telephone: (39169) 34433.

Lesnoy (Sverdlovsk-45). Address: 624200 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Lesnoy, Karl Marks [Marx] Street, 8. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Ivannikov, Head of Administration. Telephone: (34342) 57509. Fax: (34342) 24402. Population: 55,000.

Fiftieth Anniversary of the USSR Combine, "Elektrokhimpribor". Director: Leonid Aleksyevich Polyakov, General Director. Telephone: (34342) 24373. Teletype: 721 549 "Kedr".

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Severouralskoye Directorate of Construction". Address: 620045 Sverdslovsk oblast, city of Lesnoy, Lenin Street, 76. Director: Vladimir Timofeyevich Nesterenko. Telephone: (34342) 69271. Fax: (34342) 24054, 24681.

Polytechnic Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physical Institute. Address: 620045 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Lesnoy, Kommunist Avenue, 36. Director: Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Krapal, Rector. Telephone: (34342) 60693. Fax: (34342) 55621.

Novouralsk (Sverdlovsk-44). Address: 624130 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Michurin Street, 33. Director: Valentin Yegorovich Feldman, Head of Administration. Telephone: (34370) 23260. Web: http:

www.novouralsk.ru Population: 95,000.

Ural Electro-Chemical Combine. Address: 624130 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Dzerzhinskiy Street, 2. Director: Anatoliy Petrovich Knutarev, General Director. Telephone: (34370) 92424. Fax: (34370) 94141. Telex: 721 742 RIKON SU. Web: http:

www.ricon.e-burg.ru Teletype: 348823, 348813 "Tiris".

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Sredneural Directorate of Construction". Address: 620114 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Dzerzhinskiy Street, 13. Director: Petr Ivanovich Bokov. Telephone: (34370) 24961. Fax: (34370) 40977.

Novouralsk Polytechnic Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 624130 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk-3, Lenin Street, 85. Director: Aleksey Petrovich Dyagilev, Rector. Telephone: (34370) 23580.

Ural Institute for the Advancement of Qualification, "Progress". Address: 624133 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Pervomayskaya Street, 107. Director: Valeriy Ivanovich Makarov. Telephone: (34370) 91601. Fax: (34370) 91354. Web: http:

www.aib.ru/~uipk

/ Ural Polytechnic College. Address: 624130 Severdlovsk oblast, Novouralsk-3, Lenin Street, 85. Director: Leonid Nikolayevich Mochalov. Telephone: (34370) 22497.

Sarov (Arzamas-16). Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov. Director: Gennadiy Zakirovich Karatayev. Telephone: (83130) 11303. Fax: (83130) 58789. Population: 85,000.

The All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center. Address: 607190 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Mir Avenue, 37. Director: Radiy Ivanovich Ilkayev. Telephone: (83130) 56951, 11264, 11803. Fax: (83130) 53808, 54565. Telex: 151 109 APCA Web: http:

www.vniief.ru

Electro-Mechanical Plant, "Avangard". Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, City of Sarov, Yuzhnoye, area 6. Director: Yuriy Kuzmich Zavlishin. Telephone: (83130) 11077.

Sarov Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company. Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Silkin Street, 13. Director: Georgiy Georgiyevich Bulgakov. Telephone: (83130) 45994.

State Unitary Scientific-Technical Enterprise, "Efkon". Address: 601190 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Yunost Street, 22. Director: Anatoliy Petrovich Inozemtsev. Telephone: (83130) 45705. Fax: (83130) 45994..

Central Laboratory for the Protection of the Environment. Address: 607190 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, P. O. Box [Russian: a/ya--abonenenitnyy yashchik] 423. Director: Vasiliy Dmitriyevich Davidyuk. Telephone: (83130) 45288. Fax: (83130) 45288. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Sarov Physics-Technical Institute of Moscow State Engineering Physics Institute. Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Dukhov Street, 6. Director: Yuriy Petrovich Shcherbak, Rector. Telephone: (83130) 59809.

Seversk (Tomsk-7). Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, Kommunist Street, 51. Director: Nikolay Ivanovich Kuzmenko, Head of Administration. Telephone: (3822) 222159, 774760. Fax: (3822) 776728. Web: http:

www.seversk.ru Population: About 110,000.

Siberian Chemical Combine. Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, Kurchatov Street, 1. Director: Valeriy Konstantinovich Larin, General Director. Telephone: (3822) 771798. Fax: (3822) 772528. Web: http:

www.shk.tsk.ru

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Khimstroy". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, Transport Street, 32. Director: Gennadiy Sergeyevich Molokanov, General Director. Telephone: (3822) 776460. Fax: (3822) 241520.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Promekhanomontazh". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, P. O. Box 494. Director: Anatoliy Vladimirovich Maksimenko, General Director. Telephone: (3822) 784900. Fax: (3822) 241520.

Joint-Stock Company, "Spetskhimmontazh". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, P. O. Box 563. Director: Boris Alekseyevich Kormashov. Telephone: (3822) 777932. Fax: (3822) 776939.

Tomsk State Design-Research Institute, VNIPIET [All-Russian Design and Scientific-Research Institute of Power Technology] Address: 634039 Tomsk oblast, Seversk, Kurchatov Street, 2. Director: Mishin Vitaliy Alekseyevich. Telephone: (3822) 760913. Fax: (3822) 760913 [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Siberian Branch of "GNTs RF VNIINM" [State Science Center of the Russian federation, All- Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Inorganic Materials]. Address: 634018 Tomsk oblast, Seversk, Lermontov Street, 13. Director: Aleksandr Yakovlevich Svarovskiy. Telephone: (38242) 61880. Fax: (3822) 776739.

Seversk Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Address: 634036 Tomsk-36, Kommunist Avenue, 65. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich Zhiganov, Rector/ Telephone: (3822) 779529.

Seversk Industrial College (a municipal educational establishment). Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, Seversk, Kommunist Avenue, 65. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich Zhiganov. Telephone: (3822) 779529.

Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70). Address: 454070 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Snezhinsk, Sverdlov Street, 24. Director: Anatoliy Vladimirovich Oplanchuk, Head of Administration. Telephone: (35172) 32573. Fax: (35172) 32385. Population: 50,000.

The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics--the Russian Federal Nuclear Center. Address: 456770 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Snezhinsk, P. O. Box 245. Director: Georgiy Nikolayevich Rykovanov. Telephone: (35172) 32028. Fax: (35172) 32351. Telex: 124 846 SNOW SU. Web: http:

www.vniitf.ru

Snezhinsk Physics-Technical Institute--a branch of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 456776 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Snezhinsk, Mir Street, 6/8. Director: Vladimir Makarovich Skovpen, Rector. Telephone: (35172) 32422. Fax: (35172) 32526.

Trekhgornyy (Zlatoust-36). Address: 456080 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Trekhgornyy, Mir Street, 6. Director: Nikolay Andreyevich Lubenets. Telephone: (351112) 7001. Fax: (351112) 7042. Population: About 40,000.

Instrument-Making Plant. Address: 456080 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Trekhgornyy, Instrument-Making Plant. Director: Aleksandr Vasilyevich Dolinin, General Director. Telephone: (351112) 5121, 5123, 5210. Fax: (351112) 1622.

Design-Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Ural". Address: 456080 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Trekhgornyy, Street Stroiteley [Street of the Builders], 6. Director: Galina Ivanovna Morozova. Telephone (35111) 67061. Fax: (35111) 651120.

Trekhgornyy Polytechnic Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 456080 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Trekhgornyy, Mir Street, 17. Director: Fedor Ivanovich Dolinin. Telephone: (35111) 67067.

Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-65). Address: 456784 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Lenin Avenue, 30a. Director: Sergey Georgiyevich Chernyshev. Head of Administration. Telephone: (35171) 78959. Population: About 100,000.

Production Association, "Mayak". Address: 456065 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Lenin Avenue, 31. Director: Vitaliy Ivanovich Sadovnikov, General Director. Telephone: (35151) 31659. Fax: (35171) 73911. Telex: 124 864 ATOM SU.

Closed-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Yuzhno-Ural Directorate of Construction". Address: 456064 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Oktyabr Street, 7. Director: Aleksey Georgiyevich Belotnitskiy. Telephone: (35171) 45253. Fax: (35171) 73911.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Uralprommontazh", an installation-industrial company. Address: 456065 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Semenov Street, 22. Director: Sergey Vladimirovich Voloshin. Telephone: (35171) 79250. Fax: (35171) 22214.

Joint-Stock Company, "Uralgidromontazh" Address: 456065 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Semenov street, 22. Director: Anatoliy Ivanovich Loboda. Telephone: (35171) 79303. Fax: (35171) 73041.

Ural State Design-Research Institute, "VNIPIET" [see expansion of acronym above]. Address: 454065 Chelyabinsk oblast, Ozersk, Oktyabr Street, 11. Director: Leonid Vladimirovich Vaganov. Telephone: (35171) 79550. Fax: (35171) 73822.

Ozersk Technological Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 456783 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Pobeda Avenue, 48. Director: Yuriy Nikolayevich Stepanov. Telephone: (35171) 446646

Yuzhnoural Polytechnic College. Address: 456783 Chelyabinsk oblast, Ozersk, Pobeda Avenue, 48. Director: Angelina Valentinovna Tomanovna. Telephone: (35171) 44623.

4. The "Rosenergoatom" Concern, the atomic electrical power stations and "Rosenergoatom" Concern enterprises.

State Concern, "Rosenergoatom". Address: 101000 Moscow, P. O. Box 912. Director: Erik Nikolayevich Pozdyshev. Telephone: Chancellery: (095) 239740. Fax: Chancellery: (095) 2392724. Web: http:

www.rosatom.ru

Structure of "Rosenergoatom" Concern. Department for the Utilization of Atomic Power Stations and Water-Cooled Reactors. Department for the Utilization of Atomic Power Stations with Fuel-Channel-Type and Fast Reactors. Department for Technical Servicing and Repair of Atomic Power Stations. Department for Technical Inspection and Control and Monitoring of Security. Department for the Licensing of the Utilization of Atomic power Stations. Management for Protection of Nuclear Facilities and Materials. Department for Emergency Control and Prevention of Accidents. Department for Scientific-Technical Support. Structural Design Department. Management for Expertise and Prospective Technologies. Management for Major Construction. Management for Provision of Utilization and Repair. Management for Provision of Nuclear Fuel. Management for Investment Resources. Department of Economics. Department of Finances. Management for Property and Capital. Department for Book-Keeping and Accounting. Department for Auditing Activities. Management for Inspection Work. Legal Department. Department for International Activities. Management of Export. Management of FOREM [Federal Wholesale Market for Electricity and Generating Capacity].. Department for Sales. Directorate of Business Affairs.

Atomic power stations:

Balakov Atomic Power Station. Beloyarsk Atomic Power Station. Bilibin Atomic Power Station. Kalinin Atomic Power Station. Kolsk Atomic Power Station. Kursk Atomic Power Station. Leningrad Atomic Power Station. Novovoronezh Atomic Power Station. Smolensk Atomic Power Station.

Enterprises included in the structure of the "Rosenergoatom" Concern. Branch State Unitary Enterprise, "Energoatomfinans". Address: 123298 Moscow, Narodnoye Opolcheniye Street, 40, building 2. Director: Mikhail Vasilyevich Komissarov. Telephone: (095) 1926174. Fax: (095) 1926174. [Sic: Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Branch State Unitary Enterprise, "Atomstroyinvest". Address: 123298 Moscow, Narodnoye Opolcheniye Street, 40, building 2. Director: Vitaliy Vladimirovich Veselov. Telephone: (095) 1926029. Fax: (095) 1926029.[Sic: Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Branch State Unitary Enterprise "Kontrolno-Priemochnaya Inspektsiya". Address: 101000 Moscow, P. O. Box 912. Director: Vladimir Ilich Nikitenko. Telephone: (095) 2392436. Fax: (095) 2392436. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Branch State Unitary Enterprise, "Press-Tsentr Kontserna". Address: 109507 Moscow, Ferganskaya Street, 25. Director: Andrey Grigoryevich Polous. Telephone: (095) 2384894. Fax: (095) 2392016.

Branch State Unitary Enterprise, "Atom-Servis". Address: 123298 Moscow, Narodnoye Opolcheniye Street, building 2. Director: Grigoriy Alekseyevich Serafimov. Telephone: (095) 1927674.

Branch State Unitary Enterprise, "Kursk Specialized Installment Directorate".". Address: 307239 Kursk oblast, Kurchatov. Director: Nikolay Maksimovich Kovalev. Telephone: (07131) 46395. Fax: (07131) 46395. [Sic: Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

(5). "TVEL" [Fuel Element] Concern. Open Joint-Stock Company, "TVEL".. Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Vitaliy Fedorovich Konovalov, President. Petr Ivanovich Lavrenyuk, Vice President. Leonid Dmitriyevich Proskuryakov, Vice President. Vladimir Alekseyevich Zubakov, Vice President. Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Kozhin, Vice President. Telephone: (095) 2394440. Fax: (095) 2394404. Web: http:

www.tvel.ru

/ Structure:

Management for Commerce. Management for Productive-Technical Issues and Security. Management for Scientific-Technical Development. Management for Economics and Corporative Planning. Management for Economic Strategy and Control of Property. Management for International and External Economic Activities. Management for Financial Accounts and Analysis. Management for General Issues and Social Development. Legal Section.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "TVEL Concern". Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Vladimir Vladimirovich Karetnikov, General Director. Telephone: (095) 2394788.

Trans-Baykal Mining-Concentrating Combine (ZabGOK).

Address: 673382 Chitin oblast, Pervomayskiy Square, Mir Street,18. Director: Gennadiy Mikhaylovich Adosik. Telephone: (302) 42302. Fax: (30262) 41010.

Krasnoyarsk Chemical-Metallurgical Plant (KKhMZ). Address: 660079 Krasnoyarsk, Matrosov Street, 30. Director: Dmitriy Mikhaylovich Kovyadin. Telephone: (3912) 660185. Fax: (3912) 340939.

Chepetsk Mechanical plant (ChMZ). Address: 427000 Respublika Udmurtiya, city of Glazov, Belov Street, 7. Telephone: (34141) 72415. Fax: (34141) 72994. Web: http:

www.chmz.udm.net

/ Moscow Plant of Polymetals (MZP).

Address: 115409 Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 49. Director: Valeriy Viktorovich Kryukov, General Director. Telephone: (095) 3247234. Fax: (095) 7428298.

Novosibirsk Plant of Chemical Concentrates (NZKhK). Address: 638038 Novosibirsk, B. Khmelnitskiy Street, 94. Director: Vladimir Leonidovich Afanasyev. Telephone: (3832) 748454. Fax: (3832) 743071.

Machine-Building Plant (MSZ). Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, city of Elektrostal, K. Marks [Marx] Street, 12. Director: Valeriy Alekseyevich Mezhuyev, General Director. Telephone: (095) 7029901. Fax: (095) 7029221.

Production Association, "Ulbinskiy Metallurgical Plant". Address: 492026 Respublika Kazakhstan, city of Ust-Kamenogorsk, Shkolnoye Highway, 102. Director: Vitaliy Grogoryevich Khadeyev, General Director. Telephone: (3232) 475043. Fax: (3232) 640683.

Joint-Stock Company "Commercial Center, 100". Address: 127253 Moscow, Dmitrovskoye Highway, 116, building 3. Director: Aleksey Vasilyevich Goncharov. Telephone: (095) 4007474. Fax: (095) 4007277.

(6). Joint-Stock Company "Atomredmetzoloto" (enterprise). Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, building 24/26. Director: Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Krotkov, General Director. Telephone: 2394668 (reception room). Fax: 2394679. Director Vitaliy Vasilyevich Shatalov--2392174. Director Yuriy Vasilyevich Nesterov--2394775. Director: Boris Fedorovich Shevchenko--2392430.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Priargunskoye Proizvodstvennoye Gorno-Khimicheskoye Obyedineniye" [Priargunskiy Mining-Chemical Production association] (AOOT "PPGKhO"). Address: 674665 Chitin oblast, city of Krasnokamensk. Director: Valeriy Konstantinovich Larin, General Director. Telephone: (30245) 46911. Fax: (86535) 50131.

Lermontov State Enterprise, "Almaz" Address: 357340 Stavropol kray, city of Lermontov, Promyshlennaya Street, building 7. Director: Nikolay Nikolayevich Gridin, General Director. Telephone: (86535) 50131. Fax: (86535) 52313.

State Unitary Enterprise, "Gidrometallurgical Zavod" [Hydro-Metallurgical Plant] (GUP "GMZ"). Address: 357340 Stavropol kray, city of Lermontov, Promyshlennaya Street, building 7. Director: Sergey Vasilyevich Pashkov, General Director. Telephone: (86535) 52313. Fax: (86535) 52313 [Sic. Fax no. is same as telephone number].

State Unitary Enterprise, "Electromekhanicheskiy Zavod" [Electro-Mechanical Plant]. Address: 357340 Stavropol kray, city of Lermontov, Promyshlennaya Street, building 7. Director: Valeriy Ivanovich Minenkov. Telephone: (86535) 50350. Fax: (34365) 52077.

Rodniki Directorate of Enterprises. Address: 155240 Ivanov oblast, city of Rodniki. Director: Nikolay Petrovich Vorobyev. Telephone: (09336) 23464. Fax: (09336) 23464 [Sic. Fax no. is same as telephone no.].

Yekaterinburg Plant, "Kauchuk". Address: 620023 city of Yekaterinburg, Garshin Street, building 7. Director: Aleksandr Vasilyevich Svytko. Telephone: (3432) 254905. Fax: (3432) 250262.

Joint-Stock company "Nauchno-Issledovatelskoye Eksperimentalnoye Predpriyatiye" [Scientific- Research Experimental Enterprise] (AO "NIEP"). Address: 143392 Moscow oblast, Narofominskiy rayon, settlement of Selyatino. Director: Vladimir Nikolayevich Kuznetsov. Telephone: (095) 4365697. Fax: (095) 4365697 [Sic. Fax no. and tel. no. are the same].

Federal State Enterprise, "Ekspeditsiya No. 2" [Expedition No. 2]. Address: 163056 Arkhangelsk-56. Director: Anatoliy Andreyevich Gerasimov.

Joint-Stock Company, "Severalmaz". Address: 163061 city of Arkhangelsk, Sadovaya Street, building 2 Director: Vitaliy Sergeyevich Fertygin, General Director. Telephone: (8182) 496112. Fax: (8182) 496112. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. No.].

Production Association, "Vostokredmet". Address: 735730 Respublika Tadzhikistan, Leninabad oblast, city of Chkalovsk, Oplanchuk Street, 10. Director: Zafar Abdukkakhorovich Razykov, General Director. Telephone: (37771) 54434. Fax: (37771) 50945.

Navon Mining-Metallurgical Combine. Address: 706800 Respublika Uzbekistan, city of Navon, Navon street, building 27. Director: Nikolay Ivanovich Kucherskiy, General Director. Telephone: (43622) 32928. Fax: (31745) 91456.

Holding Company, "Tselinnoye Proizvodstvennoye Gorno-Khimicheskoye Obedineniye" [Virgin Land Mining-Chemical Production Association]. Address: 474456 Respublika Kazakhstan, Akhmalin oblast, city of Stepnogorsk. Director: Yuriy Nikolayevich Filtsev, General Director. Telephone: (31745) 92464. Fax: (31745) 91456.

Kara-Balta Mining Combine. Address: 720398 Respublika Kirgizstan, city of Kara-Balta, Trud Street, building 1. Director: Zhaman Iymanbekovich Kazakbayev. Telephone: (33133) 23018. Fax: (33133) 23018. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Science and Production Association, "Vostochnyy Gorno-Obogatelnyy Kombinat" [Eastern Mining Concentrating Combine]. Address: 322530 Respublika Ukraina, Dnepropetrov oblast, city of Zheltyye Vody, Gorkiy street, building 2. Director: Mikhail Ivanovich Babak, General Director. Telephone: (05652) 55309. Fax: (05652) 33005.

(7). Machine-Building and Instrument-Making Plants of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation.

Angarsk Electrolysis Chemical Combine (AEKhK). Address: 665804 Irkutsk oblast, city of Angarsk. Director: Viktor Panteleymonovich Shopen, General Director. Telephone: (39518) 40710. Fax: (39518) 66715.

B. P. Konstantinov Kirovo-Chepeteskiy Chemical Combine. Address: 613020 Kirov oblast, city of Kirovo-Chepetsk, Pozharnyy Lane., 7. Director: Boris Ivanovich Drozhdin, General director. Telephone: (8332) 624829, 624205. Fax: (8332) 627921.

Experimental Chemical-Technological Plant. Address: 125239 Moscow, Likhoborskaya Embankment, 11. Director: Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Matveyev. Telephone: (095) 9132289.

Scientific Design-Technological Firm of Non-traditional Methods for the Processing of Different Materials ("Netram" firm). Address: 123060 Moscow, P. O. Box 155. Director: Boris Vladimirovich Safronov. Telephone: (095) 1908089. Fax: (095) 1960038.

Joint-Stock Company, "Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod Invis" (Machine-Building Plant "Invis"]. Address: 427600, Respublika Udmurtiya, city of Glazov Director: Vladimir Anatolyevich Yekhlakov. Telephone: (34141) 73784. Fax: (34141) 36440.

Production Association, "Mashinostroyitelnyy Zavod, Molniya" [Machine-Building Plant, "Lightning"] (PO MSZ "Molniya"). Address: 109391 Moscow, Ryazanskiy Avenue, 6a. Director: Vladimir Ivanovich Nikolaichev. Telephone: (095) 1713460. Fax: (095) 1716761.

Electro-Mechanical Plant, "Avangard" (EMZ "Avangard"). Address: Nizhegorod oblast, city of Sarov, Nizhnyeye Highway, 6. Director: Yuriy Kuzmich Zavalishin. Telephone: (83130) 45881. Fax: (83130) 45090.

Nizhnyaya Tura Machine-Building plant, "Venta". Address: 624350 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Nizhnyaya Tura, Malyshev Street, 2a. Director: Sergey Vladimirovich Nastin. Telephone: (34342) 23020. Fax: (34342) 20733.

Ural Electro-Mechanical plant (UMZ). Address: 620151 Yekaterinburg, Studentskaya Street, 9. Director: Leonid Mikhaylovich Kuznetsov. Telephone: (3432) 741281. Fax: (3432) 413370.

"Elvaks" Plant. Address: 141420 Moscow oblast, Skhodnya, Pervomayskaya Street, 54. Director: Yuriy Georgiyevich Kolmogorov. Telephone: (095) 5742400. Fax: (095) 5740162.

State Enterprise, "Krasnaya Zvezda" [Red Star]. Address: 115230 Moscow, Electrolytic Avenue, 1a. Director: Vladimir Sergeyevich Vasilkovskiy. Telephone: (095) 1132309. Fax: (095) 1133488.

Production Association, "Sever" [North]. Address: 630075 Novosibirsk, Obyedineniye Street, 3. Director: Aleksey Nikolayevich Gorb. Telephone (3832) 255573. Fax: (3832) 741465.

Instrument Plant, "Kristall" [Crystal]. Address: 613020 Kirov oblast, city of Kirovo-Chepetsk, Kirov Avenue, 16. Director: Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Fadeichev. Telephone: (83361) 14913. Fax: (83361) 12150.

Joint-Stock Company, "Priborstroitelnyy Zavod, Signal" [Instrument-Making Plant, "Signal"]. Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, city of Obninsk, Lenin Street, 121. Director: Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Anisimov. Telephone: (08439) 79195. Fax: (08439) 40314.

Joint-Stock Company, "Pribornyy Zavod, Tenzor" [Instrument Plant, "Tensor"]. Address: 141980 Moscow oblast, city of Dubna, Street Priborstroiltelney [Street of the Instrument- Makers], 2. Director: Igor Borisovich Barsukov. Telephone: (221) 45524. Fax: (221) 46124.

Joint-Stock Company, "Pyatigorsk Zavod, Impuls" [Pyatigorsk Plant, Impulse]. Address: 357500, Stavropol kray, city of Pyatigorsk, Malgyn street, 5. Director: Sergey Ivanovich Kuzmenko. Telephone: (87933) 54554. Fax: (87933) 78936.

TOO [Limited Partnership], "Konsit-A". Address: 109180 Moscow, P. O. Box 29. Director: Yuriy Arkadyevich Brodskiy. Telephone: (095) 2360416. Fax: (095) 2394054.

Joint-Stock Company, "Gorkiy Kimry Fabrika" [Kimry Factory in the name Gorky]. Address: 171510 Tver oblast, Kimry, Pushkin Street, 72a. Director: Lev Nikolayevich Bocharov. Telephone: (08236) 32156. Fax: (08326) 31027.

Joint-Stock Company, "Energomashinostroitelnaya Korporatsiya, Atommash" [Power-Machine Building Corporation, "Atommash"]. Address: 347340 Rostov-on-the-Don, Volgodonsk-13. Director: Aleksey Ivanovich Golovin, General Director. Telephone: (86392) 20745. Fax: (86392) 21358.

Joint-Stock Company, "Karimos", affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Aleksandra Nikolayevna Strepikheyevna, Director for Development. Telephone: (095) 2392440. Fax: (095) 2316860.

Production-Technical Center, "Komito". Address: 107113 Moscow, Verkhne-Krasnoselskaya Street, 16. Director: Vasiliy Matveyevich Monakov. Telephone: (095) 2642995. Fax: (095) 264258.

Kanash Plant for Technological Equipping. Address: 429300 Respublika Chuvashiya, city of Kanash, Svoboda Street, 36. Director: Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich Kuznetsov. Telephone: (83533) 31994. Fax: (83533) 31994. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Joint-Stock Company, "Moskovskiy Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr, TESMO" [Moscow Technical Center, "TESMO"]. Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, city of Elektrostal, avenue 48. Director: Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Pukhov. Telephone: (257) 59218. Fax: (095) 7029122.

Joint-Stock Company, "Zavod Start" ["Start" Plant]. Address: 641730 Kurgan oblast, city of Dolmatovo, Rukmanis Street, 31. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Kolmogortsev. Telephone: (35252) 92163. Fax: (35252) 92175.

Astrakhan Experimental Machine-Building Plant, "Sirius". Address: 414000 Astrakhan, Gilyanskaya Street, 94. Director: Aleksandr Vasilyevich Rogov. Telephone: (8512) 220416. Fax: (8512) 254220.

Joint-Stock Company, "Vologoda Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod" [Vologda Machine-Building Plant]. Address: 160604 Vologda, Klubov Street, 5. Director: Leonid Borisovich Fedonov. Telephone: (8172) 257072. Fax: (8172) 257783.

Makhachkala Machine-Building Plant of Separators. Address: 367014 Respublika Dagestan, city of Makhachkala, K. Marks [Marx] Avenue, 9. Director: Igor Gafurovich Gafurov. Telephone: (8722) 643193.

Joint-Stock Company "Plavsk Mashinostroitelnyy Zavod" [Plavsk Machine-Building Plant]. Address: 301050 Tula oblast, city of Plavsk, Kommunarov Street, 25. Director: Viktor Georgiyevich Lifanov. Telephone: (08752) 21065. Fax: (08752) 22132.

Joint-Stock Company, "Opytnyy Zavod, Luch" [Experimental Plant, "Light"]. Address: 142100 Moscow oblast, Podolsk, Zheleznodorozhnaya Street, 22. Director: Viktor Arsenyevich Petrov. Telephone: (095) 9564867. Fax: (095) 9561057.

SKTB [Special Design and Technology Bureau] "UPMASH". Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, Elektrostal, P. O. Box 48. Director: Aleksandr Sergeyevich Igolkin. Telephone: (095) 7029150. Fax: (095) 7029150. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Production Organizations in the Complement of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation:

State Joint-Stock Company, "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 109180 Moscow, Staromonetnyy Lane, 26. Director: Vladimir Mikhaylovich Bednyakov, General Director. Telephone: (095) 2392102. Fax: (095) 9533051.

Joint-Stock Company, "Volgo-Vyatka Proizvodstvenno-Komplektovochnoye Predpriyatiye, Oboronpromkompleks" [Volgo-Vyatka Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks"]. Address: 603124 Nizhniy Novgorod, Ayvazoskiy Street, 10a. Director: Yevgeniy Vasilyevich Selikhov, General Director. Telephone: (8312) 244398. Fax: (8312) 465470.

Joint-Stock Company, "Yuzhno-Uralskoye Proizvodstvenno-Komplektochnoye Predpriyatiye, Oboronpromkompleks" [South Ural Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks"]. Address: 454087 Chelyabinsk, 2-nd Potrebitelskaya Street, 2. Director: Viktor Grigoryevich Braslavskiy, General Director. Telephone: (3512) 621198. Fax: (3512) 621196.

Western Siberia Joint-Stock Company, "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 630075 Novosibirsk, B. Khmelnitskiy Street, 84a. Director: Mikhail Ivanovich Kulagin, General Director. Telephone: (3832) 763973. Fax: (3832) 763551.

Joint-Stock Company, "Vostochno-Sibirskoye Proizvodstvennoye-Komplektovochnoye Predpriyatiye Oboronpromkompleks" [Eastern Siberia Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks"]. Address: 664053 Irkutsk, P. O. Box 2497. Director: Georgiy Ivanovich Tarusin, General Director. Telephone: (3952) 453625. Fax: (3952) 456341.

Northern Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 150000 Yaroslavl, General Post Office, P. O. Box 76. Director: Oleg Georgiyevich Pozdnyakov, General Director. Telephone: (0852) 231557. Fax: (0852) 558524.

Joint-Stock Company, North-Western Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 196143 St. Petersburg, Predportovaya Street, 7-th Thoroughfare, 1. Director: Anatoliy Artemovich Kurlyandchik. Telephone: (812) 1223715. Fax: (812) 1226790.

Joint-Stock Company, Tver Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 117000 Tver, General Post Office, P. O. Box 379. Director: Vladimir Genrikhovich Moryev, General Director. Telephone: (0822) 332697. Fax: (0822) 426388.

Joint-Stock Company, North Caucasus Production Enterprise Unit of "Oboronpromkompleks". Address: 344104 Rostov-on-the-Don, Dovator Street, 154/1. Director: Anatoliy Ivanovich Pravdyuk, General Director. Telephone: (8632) 240322. Fax: (8632) 220914.

Joint-Stock Company, Production Firm Unit of "Atompromresursy". Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Ivan Petrovich Guzhov. Telephone: (095) 2362325. Fax: (095) 9556068.

Joint-Stock Company, "Atomprom". Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynok Street, 24/26. Director: Roman Konstantinovich Rusalkin, General Director. Telephone: (095) 1119512. Fax: (095) 1119512. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Joint-Stock Company, "Kontrakt". Address: 101000 Moscow, Meshchanskaya Street, 7/21. Director: Andrey Grigoryevich Andrukh. Telephone: (095) 2841935. Fax: (095) 9710845.

Joint-Stock Company, "Atomenergozapchast". Address: 396072 Voronezh oblast, Novovoronezh. Director: Vladimir Grigoryevich Churin. Telephone: (073674) 25567. Fax: (073674) 21898.

Joint-Stock Company, Kursk Plant, "Atomremmash". Address: 307720 Kursk oblast, Kurchatov rayon, sub-division [Russian: p/o] Lukashovka. Director: Viktor Semenovich Kurilenko. Telephone: (07131) 21433. Fax: (07131) 61261.

State Enterprise for Repair and Servicing of Atomic Power Stations, Production Association "Atomenergoremont". Address: 141011 Moscow oblast, Mytishci, Kommunist Street, 23. Director: Stanislav Stepanovich Chertov. Telephone: (095) 5821603. Fax: (095) 5819034.

State Enterprise, "Kurskturboatomenergoremont". Address: 307239 Kursk oblast, Kurchatov. Director: Vladimir Prokopyevich Fedorenko. Telephone: (07131) 46258. Fax: (07131) 46258 [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel .no.].

Joint-Stock Company, Perlov Plant of Power Equipment. Address: 141011 Moscow oblast, Mytishchi, Kommunist Street, 23. Director: Valeriy Ivanovich Zabrodin. Telephone: (095) 5813144 Fax: (095) 5813144 [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

State Production Enterprise, "Sevatomremont". Address: 184151 Murmanks oblast, Polyarnyye Zori. Director: Inarik Gayazovich Mukhametshin. Telephone: (81532) 65667. Fax: (095) 5813144

"Atomtekhenergo", a firm for the setting up and improvement of the operation and organization of the management of atomic power stations. Address: 141011 Moscow oblast, Mytishchi, Kommunist Street, 23. Director: Anatoliy Grigoryevich Ivannikov. Telephone: (095) 5820454. Fax: (095) 5818011.

Joint-Stock Company, Machine-Building Corporation, "SPLAV". Address: 173021 Velikiy Novgorod, Nezhinskaya Street, 61. Director: Yevgeniy Izyaslavovich Shulman, General Director. Telephone: (8162) 113003. Fax: (8162) 113002.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Companies and Plants for Construction Materials of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation:

Holding Company, Joint-Stock company "Progress", affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka street, 24/26. Director: Ivan Yegorovich Deryabin. Telephone: (095) 9534553, 2394308. Fax: (095) 2394800.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Kirovo-Chepetsk Directorate of Construction". Address: 613020 Kirov oblast, Kirovo-Chepets, Shkolnaya Street, 2. Director: Aleksandr Romanovich Verba. Telephone: (83361) 10314. Fax: (83361) 19118.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Chepetsk Directorate of Construction". Address: 427600 Respublika Udmurtiya, city of Glazov, Belova Street, 7. Director: Vladimir Yuryevich Pereshein. Telephone: (34141) 72206. Fax: (34141) 34304.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "North Ural Directorate of Construction". Address: 620045 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Lesnoy, Lenin Street, 76. Director: Vladimir Timofeyevich Nesterenko. Telephone: (34342) 69271. Fax: (34342) 24054, 24681.

Design-Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock company, "Ural". Address: 456236 Chelyabinsk oblast, Trekhgornyy, Street Stroiteley [Street of the Builders], 6. Director: Galina Ivanovna Morozova. Telephone: (35111) 67061. Fax: (35111) 65120.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Sibakademstroy". Address: 630055 Novosibirsk, M. Dzhalil Street, 11. Director: Gennadiy Dmitriyevich Lykov. Telephone: (3832) 322050. Fax: (3832) 322032.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Khimstroy". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, Transport Street, 32. Director: Gennadiy Sergeyevich Molokanov. Telephone: (3822) 776460. Fax: (3822) 776463, 764754.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Sibkhimstroy". Address: 660033 Krasnoyarsk kray, city of Zheleznogorsk, Shtefan Street, 1. Director: Vladimir Mikaylovich Kiyayev. Telephone: (39197) 22076, 29812. Fax: (39197) 29839.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Compnay, "Directorate of Construction No. 604". Address: 663960 Krasnoyarsk kray, city of Zelenogorsk, Kalinin Street, 25. Director: Anatoliy Yakovlevich Kurdyukov. Telephone: (39169) 35722. Fax: (39169) 24940, 44094.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Vostok" [East]. Address: 665358 Irkutsk oblast, city of Sayansk-3, P. O. Box 238. Director: Aleksandr Petrovich Sigal. Telephone: (39513) 32449. Fax: (39513) 32916.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, Priargunskiy Directorate of Construction". Address: 674665 Chitin oblast, city of Krasnokamensk, Avenue Stroiteley [Avenue of the Builders], 7. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Filonich. Telephone: (30245) 25784. Fax: (30245) 46246.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Angarsk Directorate of Construction". Address: 665835 Irkutsk oblast, Angarsk, P. O. Box 2060. Director: Viktor Leonidovich Seredkin. Telephone: (39518) 95062. Fax: (39518) 66856.

AOZT {Closed-Type Joint-Stock Company], "South Ural Directorate of Construction".

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Mid-Ural Directorate of Construction". Address: 620114 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Dzerzhinskiy Street, 13. Director: Petr Ivanovich Bokov. Telephone: (34370) 24961. Fax: (34370) 40977.

Joint-Stock Construction Firm, "Aviastroy". Address: 432010 city of Ulyanovsk, Engineer Avenue, 24. Director: Yuriy Porfiryevich Grokhotov. Telephone: (8422) 200228. Fax: (8422) 200289.

SPAO [Special Production Joint-Stock Company], "Elektrostal Directorate of Construction". Address: 144000 Moscow oblast, city of Electrostal, Karl Marks [Marx] Street, 18. Director: Sergey Alekseyevich Novgorodov. Telephone: (095) 7024794. Fax: (095) 7024794.

Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company, "Atomstroy", affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 1011000 Moscow, B. Ordynka street, 24/26. Director: Konstantin Nikolayevich Moskvin. Telephone: (095) 2394369. Fax: (095) 9535361.

Joint-Stock Company Construction-Industrial Company, "Dimitrovgradstroy". Address: 433510 Ulayanovsk oblast, Dimitrovgrad, Dachnaya Street, 2. Director: Vladimir Sergeyevich Pisarchuk. Telephone: (84235) 32128. Fax: (84235) 54083.

Open-Type Joint-stock company, "Donatostroy". Address: 396072 Voronezh oblast, city of Novo-Voronezh. Director: Ivan Pavlovich Mikhalev. Telephone: (07364) 29646. Fax: (07364) 21802.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Northern Directorate of Construction". Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, city of Sosnovyy Bor-537, Leningrad Street, 7. Director: Igor Vladislavovich Ustinov. Telephone: (81269) 62774. Fax: (81269) 62415.

Obninsk Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company. Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, city of Obninsk, Kurchatov Street, 41. Director: Valeriy Ivanovich Chekmazov. Telephone: (08439) 49250. Fax: (08439) 49248.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Penza Directorate of Construction". Address: 440019 Penza oblast, city of Zarechnyy, Komsomol Street, 41. Director: Nikolay Semenovich Kononenko. Telephone: (8412) 550907. Fax: (8412) 5500973.

Sarov Construction-Industrial Joint-Stock Company. Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, city of Sarov, Silkin street, 13. Director: Georgiy Georgiyevich Bulgakov. Telephone: (83130) 11077.

Directorate of Construction No. 620. Address: 142284 Moscow oblast, Protvino. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Syatotskiy. Telephone: (277) 46991.

First Construction-Installation Trust. Address: 113191 Moscow, First Lyusinovskiy Lane., 36. Director: Yuriy Aleksandrovich Shilobreyev. Telephone: (095) 2376660. Fax: (0950 2374726.

Kaluga Construction-Installation Trust of Obninsk Directorate of Construction. Address: 248024 Kaluga oblast, city of Obninsk, K. Libknekht Street, 18. Director: Valeriy Fedorovich Desyatnikov. Telephone: (08422) 27162. Fax: (08422) 27878.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Directorate of Industrial Enterprises". Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, city of Sosnovyy Bor, Leningrad Highway, P. O. Box 32. Director: Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shegalo. Telephone: (81269) 62457.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "SMU-15". Address: 142234 Moscow oblast, city of Protvino, Obolensk Highway, 5. Director: Aley Safrovich Nekhay. Telephone: (277) 42517. Fax: (277) 42886.

Joint-Stock Company, "Spetsatommontazh", affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Valeriy Nikolayevich Karmachev, President. Telephone: (095) 2394500. Fax: (095) 2394567.

Joint-Stock Company PMSP "Elektron". Address: 630065 Novosibirsk-65, Tank Street, 72. Director: Valeriy Nikolayevich Karmachev. Telephone: (3832) 761331. Fax: (3832) 760712, 762076.

Joint-Stock Company, "Gidromontazh". Address: 143392 Moscow oblast, Naro-Fominskiy rayon, settlement of Selyatino. Director: Gennadiy Pavlovich Kryuchkov. Telephone: (095) 4365510. Fax: (095) 7204960.

Joint-Stock Company, Energospetsmontazh". Address: 107150 Moscow, Boytsovaya Street, 27. Director: Anatoliy Vasilyevich Shevchenko. Telephone: (0950 1608903. Fax: (095) 1694225.

Joint-Stock Company, "Promelektromontazh". Address: 107150 Moscow, Boytsovaya Street, 27. Director: Vladimir Grigoryevich Dedlovskiy. Telephone: (0950 1602710, 1695275. Fax: (095) 1601313.

Joint-Stock Company, "Mospromtekhmontazh". Address: 103473 Moscow, Third Samotechnyy Lane, 11. Director: Yuriy Leonyevich Ilin. Telephone: (095) 2889221, 2844200. Fax: (095) 2844348.

Joint-Stock Company, "Angarskteplokhimmontazh". Address: 665801 Irkutsk oblast, Angarsk. Director: Vladimir Mikhaylovich Varga. Telephone: (39515) 42658. Fax: (39515) 42678. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company "Promekhanomontazh". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, P. O. Box 494. Director: Anatoliy Vladimirovich Maksimenko. Telephone: (3822) 784900. Fax: (3822) 241520.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company MPK "Uralpromontazh". Address: 454065 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Semenov Street, 22. Director: Sergey Vladimirovich Voloshin. Telephone: (35171) 79250. Fax: (35117) 122214.

OAO "Spetsmontazhmekhanizatsiya". Address: 115230 Moscow, Nagitinskaya Street, 2 building 1. Director: Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Tarasov. Telephone: (095) 1168791. Fax: (095) 1168863.

OAO "Spetskhimmontazh". Address: 121069 Moscow, Khlebnyy Lane, 2/3. Director: Vladimir Mikhaylovich Tsitlenko. Telephone: (095) 2917136. Fax: (095) 2900830.

Joint-Stock Company, "Atomspetskonstruktsiya" Experimental Plant. Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, Elektrostal, Stroitelnyy Lane, 10. Director: Vladimir Alekseyevich Gurov. Telephone: (095) 7029784. Fax: (095) 7029738.

Open-Type Joint-Stock Company, "Installation-Construction Trust No. 3". Address: 396072 Voronezh oblast, city of Novovoronezh. Director: Anatoliy Nikiforovich Myshko. Telephone: (07364) 20631. Fax: (07364) 20082.

Joint-Stock Company, "Spetsteplokhimmontazh". Address: 636070 Tomsk oblast, city of Seversk, Semenov Street, 22. Director: Boris Alekseyevich Kormashov. Telephone: (3822) 777932. Fax: (3822) 776939.

Joint-Stock Company, "Uralgidromontazh". Address: 456780 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Ozersk, Semenov Street, 22. Director: Anatoliy Ivanovich Loboda. Telephone: (35171) 79303. Fax: (35171) 73041.

Joint-Stock Company, "Spetskhimmontazh". Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, city of Sosnovyy Bor, P. O. Box 47. Director: Nikolay Nikolayevich Kiselev. Telephone: (81269) 64310. Fax: (81269) 64846.

Joint-Stock Company, "Orgmontazhproyekt". Address: 119146 Moscow, First Frunze Street, 3a. Director: Igor Sergeyevich Ivashkin. Telephone: (095) 2428692. Fax: (095) 2460191.

Joint-Stock Company, "KONATEM Concern". Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, city of Electrostal, Stroitelnyy Lane, 8. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich. Telephone: (095) 70207725. Fax: (095) 7029070.

Novosibirsk Plant, "Promstalkonstruktsia". Address: 630075 city of Novosibirsk, Tayginskaya Street, 11. Director: Vladimir Ivanovich Berezikov. Telephone: (3832) 765797. Fax: (3832) 743221.

Open Joint-Stock Company (Holding), "Spetsstroymaterialy". Address: 113191 Moscow, Kholodilnyy Lane, 3a. Director: Vladimir Aleksandrovich Barkov. Telephone: (095) 2353165. Fax. (095) 2353809.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Kamishlov Plant of Building Materials". Address: 623530 Sverdlovsk oblast, City of Kamyshlov, Street Stroiteley [Street of the Bulders], 1. Director: Oleg Timofeyevich Boyarnikov. Telephone: (34375) 93205. Fax: (34375) 24547.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Vikhorevka Timber-Cutting Combine". Address: 665737 Irkutsk oblast, city of Vikhorevka. Director: Vladimir Grigoryevich Serov. Telephone: (39531) 53548.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Gisopolimer". Address: 614043 Perm, Vasilyev Street, 1. Director: Maksim Veniaminovich Kirichenko, General Director. Telephone: (3422) 257315. Fax: (3422) 250743.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "NIKBOOR". Address: 144001 Moscow oblast, city of Electrostal, Stroitelnyy Lane, 5. Director: Vasiliy Nikolayevich Gulko. Telephone: (095) 7029713. Fax: (095) 7029713. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Stroyplastpolimer". Address: 620024 Yekaterinburg-24, Bisertskaya Street, 1. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Melnik, General Director. Telephone: (3432) 258811. Fax: (3432) 255233.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Udmurtiya Plant of Building Materials". Address: 427600 Respublika Udmurtiya, Glazov, Sovetskaya Street, 49. Director: Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Fedorovskiy. Telephone: (34141) 72564. Fax: (34141) 76482.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Lesstrom". Address: 618500 Perm oblast, city of Solikamsk, Kommunist Street, 44. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich Zinovyev. Telephone: (34253) 30107. Fax: (34253) 30100.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Iskitimramorgranit". Address: 633210 Novosibirsk oblast, Iskitim-5, Tsentralnaya Street, 24. Director: Aleksandr Semenovich Chirkov. Telephone: (38343) 42753, 44745.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Chuna Timber-Cutting Combine". Address: 665540 Irkutsk oblast, Chuna post office. Director: Vladimir Serafimovich Ilinskiy, General Director. Telephone: (39567) 91930. Fax: (39567) 91162.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Polistrom". Address: 456616 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Kopeyk, Tomsk Street, 2. Director: Vladimir Gustavovich Adayev, General Director. Telephone: (35126) 10373. Fax: (35126) 10373. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Krasnoyarskpolimerkeramika". Address: 663010 Krasnoyarsk kray, Berezovskiy rayon, Zykovo, Lineynaya Street, 31. Director: Aleksandr Vladimirovich Bevza, General Director. Telephone: (39175) 92510. Fax: (39175) 564089.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Tomsk Plant of Construction Materials and Products". Address: 634049 Tomsk, Irkutsk Road, 65. Director: Anatoliy Vasilyevich Valov, General Director. Telephone: (3822) 561793. Fax: (3822) 564089.

Open Joint-Stock Company, Stroypolimerkeramika". Address: 249200 Kaluga oblast, Babinskiy rayon, settlement of Vorotynsk. Director: Said Vaitovich Mambetshayev, General Director. Telephone: (08425) 81401. Fax: (08425) 82271.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Stromashpolimer". Address: 249855 Kaluga oblast, Dzerzhinskiy rayon, settlement of Tovarkovo. Director: Sergey Vasilyevich Kondratyev. Telephone: (08434) 23315. Fax: (08434) 26419.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Tizol". Address: 624350 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Nizhnyaya Tura-7. Director: Mikhail Grigoryevich Mansurov, General Director. Telephone: (34342) 23442. Fax: (34342) 211034.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Silikatstroymaterialy". Address: 636137 Tomsk oblast, settlement of Kopylovo. Director: Aleksey Alekseyevich Shachnev, General Director. Telephone: (38229) 82440. Fax: (38229) 82440.

Open Joint-Stock Company, "Sortavala Crushing-Grading Plant". Address: 186750 Respublika Kareliya, city of Sortavala, Lesnaya Street, 2. Director: Yuriy Borisovich Yudin, General Director. Telephone: (81430) 42969.

Closed Joint-Stock Company, "Filter". Address: 249855 Kaluga oblast, Dzerzhinskiy rayon, settlement of Tovarkovo. Director: Gennadiy Mikhaylovich Kadomtsev, General Director. Telephone: (08434) 23985.

GUP [State Unitary Enterprise], "Volga Testing and Experimental Combine". Address: 171510 Tver oblast, Kimry rayon, settlement of Savelovo. Director: Yuriy Aleksandrovich Matlakhov. Telephone: (095) 2760272. Fax: (095) 5877770.

Scientific-Research and Design Institutes; Scientific and Scientific-Technical Centers and Organizations of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation; Physical Profile on Research and Servicing of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle and the Servicing of the Atomic Power Plants.

All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF-RFYaTs). Address: 607190 Sarov, Nizhegorodsk oblast, Mir Avenue, 37. Director: Radiy Ivanovich Ilkayev. Telephone: (83130) 56951, 11264, 11803. Fax: (83130) 53808, 54565. Telex: 151 109 APCA. Web: http:

www.vniief.ru.

All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Technical Physics--Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIITF-RFYaTs). Address: 456770 Snezhinsk, Chelyabinsk oblast, P. O. Box 245. Director: Georgiy Nikolayevich Rykovanov. Telephone: (35172) 32028. Fax: (35172) 32351. Telex: 124 846 SNOW SU. Web: http:

/ Russian Scientific Center, "Kurchatov Institute". Address: 123182 Moscow, Kurchatov Square, 1. Director: Yevgeniy Pavlovich Velikhov, President. Telephone: (095) 9430074. Web: http:

www.kiae.ru

State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Thermo- Nuclear Research (GNTs RF TRINITI). Address: 142092 Moscow oblast, Troitsk. Director: Vyacheslav Dmitriyevich Pismennyy. Telephone: (095) 3345041. Fax: (095) 3345776. Web: http:

www.triniti.troitsk.ru.

State Scientific Center of the Russian federation, " A. I. Leypunskiy Physics-Energy Institute" (GNTs RF FEI). Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, city of Obninsk, Bondarenko Square, 1. Director: Anatoliy Vasilyevich Zrodnikov. Telephone: (095) 9530017, extension 8231. Fax: (09439) 48225. Web: http:

www.ippe.obninsk.ru.

State Unitary Enterprise, "Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Power Engineering" (NIKIET). Address: 101000 Moscow, General Post Office, P. O. Box 788. Director: Boris Arsentyevich Gabarayev. Telephone: (095) 9752017. Fax: (095) 9752019. Web: http:

www.entek.ru

Sverdlovsk Branch of the Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Power Engineering (NIKIET). Address: 624051 Yekaterinburg oblast, Beloyarsk rayon, Zarechnyy. Director: Viktor Ivanovich Perekhozhev. Telephone: (34377) 35162. Fax: (34377) 33396.

State Scientific Center, Scientific-Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (GNTs RF NIIAR). Address: 433510 Ulyanovsk oblast, Dimitrovgrad-10. Director: Aleksey Frolovich Grachev. Telephone: (84235) 35648. Web: http:

www.niiar.simbirsk.su

State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, "Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics" (GNTs RF ITEF). Address: 117259 Moscow, Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya Street, 25. Director: Mikhail Vladimirovich Danilov. Telephone: (095) 1250292. Fax: (095) 1270833. Web: http:

www.itep.ru

State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, "Institute of High Energy Physics" (GNTs RF IFVE). Address: 142284 Moscow oblast, Serpukhov rayon, Protvino, Pobeda street, 1. Director: Anatoliy Alekseyevich Logunov. Telephone: (095) 2175857. Fax: (095) 9246752. Web: http:

www.ihep.su.

Joint Institute of Nuclear Research (OIYaI). Address: 141980 Moscow oblast, Dubna. Director: Vladimir Georgyevich Kadyshevskiy. Telephone: (095) 2002283. Fax: (095) 9752381. Web: http:

www.jinr.ru

Scientific-Research Institute of Pulse Engineering (NIIIT). Address: 115304 Moscow, Luganskaya Street, 9. Director: Konstantin Nikolayevich Danilenko. Telephone: (095) 3213501. Fax: (095) 3214855.

Yu. S. Sedkov Scientific-Research Institute of Measuring Systems (NIIIS). Address: 603600 N. Novgorod, GSP. Director: Valentin Yefimovich Kostyukov. Telephone: (8312) 654990. Fax: (8312) 668752.

State Unitary Scientific-Technical Enterprise, "EFKON" (GNTP "EFKON"). Address: 601190 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Yunost Street, 22. Director: Anatoliy Petrovich Inozemtsev. Telephone: (83130) 45705. Fax: (83130) 45994.

Design Bureau of Auto-Transport Equipment (KB ATO). Address: 141007 Moscow oblast, city of Mytishchi, Khlebozavodskaya Street, 2. Director: Ernest Pavlovich Kornilovich. Telephone: (095) 5832303. Fax: (095) 5839334.

State Unitary Enterprise, "A. P. Aleksandrov Scientific-Research and Technological Institute" (NITI). Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, Sosnovyy Bor. Director: Vyacheslav Andreyevich Vasilenko. Telephone: (81269) 62667. Fax: (81269) 63672.

All-Russian Scientific-research Institute of Technical Physics and Automation (VNIITFA). Address: 115230 Moscow, Varshavskoye Highway, 46. Director: Nikolay Revokatovich. Telephone: (095) 1119496. Fax: (095) 1115434. Web: http:

www.vniitfa.ru

/ Saransk Branch of the All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Technical Physics And Automation (VNIITFA). Address: 430003 Respublika Mordoviya, city of Saransk, Rabochaya Street, 82. Director: Vladimir Ivanovich Piskunov. Telephone: (8342) 171155. Fax: (8342) 171019.

State Unitary Enterprise, "Special Science and Production Association 'Eleron' (SNPO "Eleron"). Address: 115563 Moscow, General Belov Street, 14. Director: Yevgeniy Trofimovich Mishin. Telephone: (095) 3939072. Fax: (095) 3939163.

Branch State Unitary Enterprise, Special Science and Production Association "Eleron" Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Radio-Electronic Engineering (NIKIRET). Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Mir Avenue, 1. Director: Yuriy Aleksandrovich Olenin. Telephone: (8412) 629474. Fax: (8412) 552528.

Branch Enterprise, Special Science and Production Association "Eleron" State Unitary Enterprise "Dedal". Address: 141930 Moscow oblast, Dubna, P.O. Box 89. Director: Sergey Leonidovich Fedyayev. Telephone: (221) 62120. Fax: (221) 40469.

Branch Special Science and Production Association Eleron" "Lepton". Address: 353340 Stavropol kray, Lermontov, Komsomol Street, 24. Director: Anatoliy Vladimirovich Podshibyakin. Telephone: (86535) 22530.

N. L. Dukhov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Automation (VNIIA). Address: 101000 Moscow, P. O. Box 918. Director: Yuriy Nikolayevich Barmakov. Telephone: (095) 9787803. Fax: (095) 9780903.

State Unitary Enterprise, "Scientific-Research Institute of Instruments" (NIIP). Address: 140061 Moscow oblast, Lytkarino, settlement of Turayevo. Director: Vladimir Ivanovich Rogov. Telephone: (095) 5523939. Fax: (095) 5523911.

State Enterprise, "D. V. Yeremov Scientific-Research Institute of Electro-Physics Equipment" (NIIEFA). Address: 189631 St. Petersburg, Metallostroy, Sovetskiy Avenue, 1. Director: Vasiliy Andreyevich. Telephone: (812) 4648963 Fax: (812) 4647979.

Institute of Physics-Technical Problems (IFTP). Address: 141980 Moscow oblast, Dubna, GUS, P. O. Box 39. Director: Vladimir Pavlovich Plotnikov. Telephone: (095) 9262209. Fax: (221) 65523.

Research Center of Applied Nuclear Physics (ITsPYaF). Address: 141980 Moscow oblast, Dubna, Zh. Kyuri Street, 6. Director: Vladimir Dmitriyevich Shestakov. Telephone: (221) 40665. Fax: (221) 65523.

Moscow Radio-Engineering Institute (MRTI). Address: 113519 Moscow, Varshavskoye Highway, 132. Director: Gennadyy Ivanovich Batskikh. Telephone: (095) 3153111. Fax: (095) 3141053.

State Center, "Physics of Concentrated Media" Address: 123060 Moscow, VNIINM [All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Inorganic Materials]. Director: Aleksandr Zinovyevich Solontsov. Telephone: (095) 1966389. Fax: (095) 1966389. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.]

Joint-Stock Company, "Scientific-Production Center, "Rosna". Address: 620151 Yekaterinburg, General Post Office, P. O. Box 74. Director: Grigoriy Yemelyanovich Vedernikov. Telephone: (3432) 413228. Fax: (3432) 413370.

Scientific-Engineering Center, "SNIIP" (NITs "SNIIP"). Address: 123060 Moscow, Raspletin street, 5. Director: Sergey Borisovich Chebyshov. Telephone: (095) 1987947. Fax: (095) 9430063. Web: http:

www.sniip.ntl.ru

Specialized Design-Structure Bureau, "Automation" (SPKB "Avtomatika"). Address: 153428 Ivanovo, 11-th Sosnevskaya, 72. Director: Yevgeniy Borisovich Butnikov. Telephone: (0932) 304275. Fax: (0932) 350548.

State Scientific-Research and Design Enterprise, "Vibrotekhnika". (GNIKP "Vibrotekhnika"). Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 29. Director: Vladimir Petrovich Savchenko. Telephone: (095) 9516750. Fax: (095) 2394609.

All-Russian Design-Research and Scientific-Research Institute of Industrial Technology (VNIPI Promtekhnolgii). Address: 115409 Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 33. Director: Vladimir Viktorovich Lopatin. Telephone: (095) 3247945. Fax: (095) 3245025.

Siberian Branch of the All-Russian Design-Research and Scientific-Research Institute of Industrial Technology (SibNIIPromtekhnologii). Address: 674665 Chitin oblast, Krasnokamensk, P. O. Box 3. Director: Nikolay Matveyevich Zemskov. Telephone: (30245) 26147. Fax: (30245) 43670.

All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Chemical Technology (VNIIKhT). Address: 115230 Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 3. Director: Viktor Vasilyevich Shatalov. Telephone: (095) 3247584. Fax: (095) 3245441.

State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, "A. A. Bochvar All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute of Inorganic Materials" (VNIINM). Address: 123060 Moscow, Rogov Street, 5. Director: Mikhail Ivanovich Solonin. Telephone: (095) 1904993. Fax: (095) 1964168. Web: http:

www.bochvar.ru

Siberian Branch of State scientific Center of the Russian Federation, "A. A. Bochvar All- Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials". Address: 634018 Tomsk oblast, Seversk, Lermontov Street, 13. Director: Aleksandr Yakovlevich Svarovskiy. Telephone: (38242) 61880. Fax: (3822) 776739.

State Unitary Enterprise, Scientific-Research Institute, "Luch" (NII "Luch"). Address: 142100 Moscow oblast, city of Podolsk, Zheleznodorozhnaya Street, 24.

Science and Production Association, "V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute". Address: 194021 St. Petersburg, 2-nd Murinskiy Thoroughfare, 28. Director: Aleksandr Andreyevich Rimskiy-Korsakov. Telephone: (812) 2475641. Fax: (812) 2475781. Web: http:

Scientific-Research Institutes and Design Institutes, Scientific Centers, and Scientific- Technical Centers of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation for Research and Servicing of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle:

Moscow Science and Production Association, "Radon" (NPO "Radon"). Address: 141335 Moscow oblast, Sergiyevo-Posadskiy rayon, sub-division Shemetovo. Director: Igor Andreyevich Sobolev. Telephone: (095) 9289069. Fax: (095) 9289916. Web: http:

www.radon.ru

Central Laboratory for the Protection of the Environment. Address: 607190 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, P. O. Box 423. Director: Vasiliy Dmitriyevich Davydok. Telephone: (83130) 45288. Fax: (86130) 45288.

Central Scientific-Research Laboratory. Address: 440901 Penza oblast, Zarechnyy, Mir Avenue, 1. Director: Vladimir Mikhaylovich Sorokin. Telephone: (8412) 692706.

Scientific-Production Center for Conversion. Address: 101000 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsisarskiy. Telephone: (095) 2392205. Fax: (095) 2392711.

All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for Utilization of Atomic Power Stations (VNII AES). Address: 105507 Moscow, Ferganskaya Street, 25. Director: Armen Artvazdovich Abagyan. Telephone: (095) 3761550. Fax: (095) 3768333. Web: http:

www.vniiaes.ru.

Scientific-Technical Center for Emergency-Technical Work at Atomic Power Stations (NTTs ATR). Address: 109507 Moscow, Ferganskaya Street, 25. Director: Eduard Saakovich Saakov. Telephone: (095) 5819223. Fax: (095) 5818011.

Technological Branch of the Scientific-Technical Center for Emergency Work at Atomic Power Stations. Address: 142530 Moscow oblast, Pavlo-Posadskiy rayon, Elektrogorsk, Bezymyannaya Street, 6. Director: Anatoliy Yuryevich Likhachev. Telephone: (095) 3760069. Fax: (095) 3760069 [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Structural Design Branch of the Scientific-Technical Center for Emergency Work at Atomic Power Stations. Address: 107818 Moscow, Bakunin Street, 7, building 1. Director: Mikhail Falevich Rogov. Telephone: (095) 3891355. Fax: (095) 3891355. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.].

Dimitrovgrad Branch of the Scientific-Technical Center for Emergency Work at Atomic Power Stations. Address: 433510 Ulyanovsk oblast, Dimitrovgrad. Director: Vasiliy Ivanovich Shepilov. Telephone: (84235) 34063. Fax: (84235) 35648.

Elektrogorsk Scientific-Research Center for Security of Atomic Power Stations. Address: 142530 Moscow oblast, Pavlo-Posadskiy rayon, Elektrogorsk, Bezymyannaya Street, 6. Director: Vladimir Nikolayevich Blinkov. Telephone: (243) 33074. Fax: (243) 31235.

Joint-Stock Company, "Small Power Engineering" [Malaya Energetika]". Address: 105318 Moscow, Tkatskaya Street, Building 1, P. O. Box No. 75. Director: Yevgeniy Alekseyevich Kuzin, General Director. Telephone: (095) 9629269. Fax: (095) 9641900. Web: http:

www.glasnet.ru/~merev Design [Institutes]:

State Specialized Design Institute (GSPI). Address: 107014 Moscow, Novoryazan Street, building 8a. Director: Vladimir Lvovich Rozhkov. Telephone: (095) 2611259. Fax: (095) 2617264.

State Unitary Enterprise, Leading Institute "All-Russian Design and Scientific- Research Institute of Integrated Power Engineering technology (GI VNIPIET). Address: 197228 St. Petersburg, Savushkin Street, 82. Director: Valeriy Dmitriyevich Safutin. Telephone: (812) 4301491. Fax: (812) 4300393.

Krasnoyarsk State Design-Research Institute of VNIPIET [see acronym expansion above]. Address: 660026 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zheleznogorsk, Lenin Street, 39. Director: Yuriy Nikolayevich Baskakov. Telephone: (39197) 22087. Fax: (39197) 25625.

Tomsk State Design-Research Institute of VNIPIET. Address: 634039 Tomsk oblast, Seversk, Kurchatov Street, 2. Director: Vitaliy Alekseyevich Mishin. Telephone: (35171) 79550. Fax: (35171) 73822.

Novosibirsk State Design-Research Institute of VNIPIET. Address: 630075 Novosibirsk-75, B. Khmelnitskiy Street, 2. Director: Anatoliy Vladimirovich Volushchuk. Telephone: (3832) 761315. Fax: (3832) 769613.

Sosnovyy Bor State Design-Research Institute of VNIPIET. Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, Sosnovyy Bor, 50-th October Anniversary Street, 1, P. O. Box 115.

Sosnovyy Bor State Scientific-Research Institute of VNIPIET. Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, Sosnovyy Bor, P. O. Box 49. Telephone: (81269) 79452. Fax: (81269) 63480.

Sosnovyy Bor State Scientific-Research Institute of VNIPIET. Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, Sosnovyy Bor, P. O. Box 49. Director: Leonid Vasilyevich Kizhnerov. Telephone: (81269) 64373. Fax: (81269) 61932.

State Unitary Enterprise, Scientific-Research and Structural Design Institute, "Atomenergoproekt". Address: 107815 Moscow, Bakunin Street, block 7, building. 1. Director: Andrey Borisovich Malyshev. Telephone: (095) 2614187. Fax: (095) 2650974.

State Unitary Enterprise, St. Petersburg Scientific-Research and Structural Design Institute, "Atomenergoproekt". Address: 19306 St. Petersburg, Suvorov Avenue, 2a. Director: Vladislav Nikolayevich Korkunov. Telephone: (812) 2772196. Fax: (812) 2770703.

State Unitary Enterprise, Nizhegorod Scientific-Research and Structural Design Institute, "Atomenergoproekt". Address: 603006 N. Novgorod, GSP-54, Svoboda Square, 3. Director: Yevgeniy Mikhaylovich Koroloev. Telephone: (8312) 333424. Fax: (8312) 358490.

Joint-Stock Company, "Sverdlovsk Scientific-Research Institute of Chemical Machine-Building (SverdNIIkhimmash). Address: 620010 Yekaterinburg, Groboyedov Street, 32. Director: Boris Pimanovich Shevelin. Telephone: (3432) 274310. Fax: (3432) 275505.

State Unitary Enterprise, Experimental Design Bureau, "Gidropress" (OKB "GIDROPRESS"). Address: 142103 Moscow oblast, city of Podolsk, Ordzhonikidze Street, 21. Director: Yuriy Grigoryevich Dragunov. Telephone: (275) 42576. Fax: (275) 42516.

State Unitary Enterprise, "I. I. Afrikantov Experimental Design Bureau of Machine- Building". Address: 603074 N. Novgorod, Burnakov Avenue, 15. Director: Aleksandr Ivanovich Kiryushin. Telephone: (8312) 418772. Fax: (8312) 418772. [Sic. Fax no. is same as tel. no.]

State Unitary Enterprise, Central Design Bureau of Machine-Building" (TsKBM). Address: 195272 St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk Square, 3. Director: Yevgeniy Nikolayevich Sokolov. Telephone: (812) 2242075. Fax: (812) 2243257.

Science and Production Association, "Scientific-Research and Design Institute of Installation Technology" (NPO NIKIMT). Address: 127410 Moscow Altufyevskoye Highway, 43. Director: Leonid Nikolayevich Shchavelev. Telephone: (095) 4899095. Fax: (095) 903100.

Joint-Stock company, Design-Research and Scientific-Research Institute, "OrgstroyNIIproekt". Address: 113191 Moscow, Kholodilnyy Lane, 3a. Director: Nikolay Nikolayevich Yegorov. Telephone: (095) 2353841. Fax: (095) 2351941.

Joint-Stock Company, Lermontov Design-Research Institute, "OrgstroyNIIproekt". Address: 357340 Stavropol kray, city of Lermontov, Lermontov Avenue, 1. Director: Vladimir Stepenovich Sorokin. Telephone: (86535) 31604. Fax: (86535) 22191.

State Unitary Enterprise, Siberian Design Research Institute, "OrgstroyNIIproekt". Address: 665830 Irkutsk oblast, city of Angarsk, Vostochnaya Street, 14. Director: Viktor Ivanovich Shkaptsov. Telephone: (39518) 95945. Fax: (39518) 526745.

Joint-Stock Company, "Siberian Structural-Design Technological Institute". Address: 630055 Novosibirsk, M. Dzhalil Street, 21. Director: Aleksandr Vladimirovich Glinskiy. Telephone: (3832) 321330. Fax: (3832) 323245.

State Enterprise, Design-Technological Trust, "Orgstroy-11". Address: 113191 Moscow, Danilov Bank, 10/12. Director: Yuriy Aleksandrovich Pokrovskiy. Telephone: (095) 2376400. Fax: (095) 2376407.

Informational and analytical [facilities].

The Situation-Crisis Center. Address: 101100 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Venedikt Petrovich Berchik. Telephone: (095) 2392875. Fax: (095) 2382890.

Central Scientific-Research Institute of Control, Economics, and Information of The Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia (TsNIIatominform). Address: 127434 Moscow, Dmirovskoye Highway, 2. Director: Nikolay Yegorovich Yakovlev. Telephone: (095) 9767272. Fax: (095) 9767203.

Novosibirsk Branch of TsNIIATOMINFORM (see acronym expansion above)--Branch Scientific-Technical Center of Information Science in Construction (ONTTs "Informstroy"). Address: 630055 Novosibirsk, M. Dzhalil Street, 23. Director: Anatoliy Nikolayevich Tseba. Telephone: (3832) 321747. Fax: (3832) 325853.

Angarsk Scientific-Research Center of Control, Economics, and Information Science (ATOMINFORM-A). Address: 665816 Irkutsk oblast, Angarsk, P. O. Box 289. Director: Vitaliy Valentinovich Denisenko. Telephone: (39518) 43621. Fax: (39518) 40262.

State Enterprise, "Chernobyl Archive". Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Yevgeniy Viktorovich Postnikov. Telephone: (095) 2394687. Fax: (095) 2392237.

Firm for Commercial Advertisement and Scientific-Technical Propagation. Address: 113105 Moscow, Varshavskoye Highway, 3. Director: Stanislav Mikhaylovich Tsvetayev. Telephone: (095) 9541082. Fax: (095) 9525963.

Inter-Branch Coordination Center, "Nuklid" Address: 194100 St. Petersburg, Lesnoy Avenue, 64. Director: Nina Simonovna Yanovskaya. Telephone: (812) 5429342. Fax: (812) 5426228.

Informational and Analytical Scientific-Research Institutes, Science Centers, and Scientific-Technical Centers of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation:

State Unitary Enterprise, "Exhibition and Marketing Center." Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Galina Viktorovna Gorshteyn. Telephone: (095) 2392853. Fax: (095) 2392690.

Press-Service of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation. Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Yuriy Grigoryevich Bespalko. Telephone: (095) 2394650. Fax: (095) 2392535.

Others:

All-Russian Scientific-Research Institute for the Comprehensive Use of Milk Raw Materials (VNIKIM). Address: 355040 Stavropol-40, Dovatortsev Street, 52a. Director: Veterinary Surgeon, Director of Milkmen. Telephone: (8652) 97592. Fax: (8652) 73615.

State Establishment, Institute for Problems of Secure Development of Atomic Power, Russian Academy of Sciences ( IBRAE RAN). Address: 113191 Moscow, B. Tulskaya Street, 52. Director: Leonid Aleksandrovich Bolshov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Telephone: (095) 9522421. Fax: (095) 9581151. Web: http:

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Institute of Nuclear Physics of Budker (IyaF). Address: 630090 Novosibirsk, Lavrentyev Avenue, 11. Director: A. N. Skrynskiy. Telephone: (3832) 356031. Fax: (3832) 352163. Web: http:

www.inp.nsk.su.

D. V. Skobeltsyn Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Physics (NIIYaF MGU). Address: 119899 Moscow, Vorobyevy gory, NIIYaF MGU. Director: Mikhail Igoryevich Panasyuk. Telephone: (095) 9391818. Fax: (095) 9390896. Web: http:

www.npi.msu.su.

St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics. Address: 188350 Leningrad oblast, Gatchina. Director: V. A. Nazarenko. Telephone: (812) 7137196. Fax: (812) 7137196.

11. Educational Establishments.

Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute (Technical University) (MIFI). Address: 115409 Moscow, Kashirovskoye Highway, 31. Director: Boris Nikolayevich Onykiy. Telephone: (095) 324 3384. Web: http:

www.mifi.ru

Novouralsk Polytechnic Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 624130 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk-3, Lenin street, 85. Director: Aleksey Petrovich Dyagilev. Telephone: (34370) 23580.

Polytechnic Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 620045 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Lesnoy, Kommunist Avenue, 36. Director: Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Khrapal. Telephone: (34342) 60963. Fax: (34342) 55621.

Sarov Physics-Technical Institute of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 607200 Nizhegorod oblast, Sarov, Dukhov Street, 6. Director: Yuriy Petrovich Shcherbak. Telephone: (83130) 59809.

Snezhinsk Physics-Technical Institute--Branch of Moscow State Engineering-Physics Institute. Address: 456776 Chelyabinsk oblast, city of Snezhinsk, Mir Street, 6/8. Director: Vladimir Makarovich Skovpen. Telephone: (35172) 32422. Fax: (35172) 32256.

Northern Technological Institute of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Address: 634036 Tomsk-36, Kommunist Avenue, 65. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich Zhiganov. Telephone: (3822) 779529.

St. Petersburg State Technical University. Address: 195251 St. Petersburg, Politekhnicheskaya Street, 29. Director: Yuriy Sergeyevich Vasilyev, President. Telephone: (812) 2471616. Fax: (812) 5527882.

St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Engineering Physics- Chemistry Faculty. Address: 198013 St. Petersburg, Moscow Avenue, 26. Director: Anatoliy Sergeyevich Dudyrev. Telephone: (812) 2596500. Fax: (812) 1127791.

Moscow Power Institute (MEI). Address: 105835 Moscow, Krasnokazarmennaya Street, 14. Director: Yevgennyy Viktorovich Ametistov, Rector. Telephone: (095) 3627088. Web: http:

www.mpei.ac.ru

Inter-Branch Special Training Center affiliated to the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, Obninsk, Kurchatov Street, 21. Director: Vladimir Nikolayevich Serikov. Telephone: (08439) 25344. Fax: (08439) 48510.

State Central Institute for Qualification Enhancement. Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, Obninsk, Kurchatov Street, 21. Director: Yuriy Petrovich Rydnev. Telephone: (08439) 48833. Fax: (08439) 48011.

Moscow Institute for Qualification Enhancement, "Atomenergo". Address: 125413 Moscow, Senezhskaya Street, 1/9. Director: Nikolay Ivanovich Ishchenko, Rector. Telephone: (095) 453 0277. Fax: (095) 453 8559.

State Regional Educational Center of the Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russia. Address: 197348 St. Petersburg, Aerodromnaya Street, 4. Director: Yuriy Petrovich Lisnenko, Rector. Telephone: (812) 3945005.

Ural Institute for Qualification Enhancement, "Progress". Address: 624133 Sverdlovsk oblast, city of Novouralsk, Pervomayskaya Street, 107. Director: Valeriy Ivanovich Makarov. Telephone: (34370) 91601. Fax: (34370) 91354. Web: http:

/ Siberian Institute for Qualification Enhancement, "Spetsmontazh". Address: 630075 Novosibirsk-75, Narodnaya Street, 7/1. Director: Oleg Igorevich Sidorov. Telephone: (3832) 760564. Fax: (3832) 760117.

Central Scientific-Research Institute of Control, Economics, and Information of the Ministry of Atomic energy of Russia (TsNIIatominform). Address: 127434 Moscow, Dmitrovskoye Highway, 2. Director: Nikolay Yegorovich Yakovlev. Telephone: (095) 9767272. Fax: (095) 9767203.

Novosibirsk Branch of TsNIATOMINFORM [see acronym expansion above]--Branch Scientific-Technical Center of Information Science in Construction (ONTTs "Informstroy). Address: 630055 Novosibirsk, M. Dzhalil Street, 23. Director: Anatoliy Nikolayevich Tseba. Telephone: (3832) 321747. Fax: (3832) 325853.

Angarsk Scientific-Research Center of Control, Economics, and Information (ATOMINFORM-A). Address: 665816 Irkutsk oblast, Angarsk, P. O. Box 289. Director: Vitaliy Valentinovich Denisenko. Telephone: (39518) 43621. Fax: (39518) 40262.

State Enterprise, "Chernobyl Archive". Address: 109017 Moscow, B. Ordynka Street, 24/26. Director: Yevgenyy Viktorovich Postnikov. Telephone: (095) 2394687. Fax: (095) 2392237.

Firm for Commercial Advertisement and Scientific-Technical Propagation. Address: 103105 Moscow, Varshavskoye Highway, 3. Director: Stanislav Mikhaylovich Tsvetayev. Telephone: (095) 9541082. Fax: (095) 9525963.

Northern Indusrial College (municipal educational establishment). Address: 636070 Tomsk obalst, Seversk, Kommunist Avenue, 65. Director: Aleksandr Nikolayevich Zhiganov. Telephone: (3822) 779529.

Beloyarsk Polytechnic College Address: 624051 Sverdlovsk oblast, Zarechnyy, Lenin Street, 27. Director: Oleg Nikolayevich Arefyev. Telephone: (34377) 32004.

Balakhna Polytechnic College. Address: 606400 Nizhegorod oblast, Balakhna, Dzerzhinskiy Street, 21. Director: Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Checherin. Telephone: (83144) 20781.

Moscow Industrial College. Address: 113191 Moscow, Kholodilnyy Lane, 7. Director: Viktor Sergeyevich Geraskin. Telephone: (095) 9522621.

Moscow Oblast Polytechnic College. Address: 144000 Mocow oblast, Electrostal, Lenin Street, 41. Director: Nikolay Stepanovich. Telephone: (095) 7029028.

Siberian Polytechnic College. Address: 630075 Novosibirsk-75, B. Khmelnitskiy Street, 9. Director: Pavel Andreyevich Tereshchenko. Telephone: (3832) 760239.

Novovoronezh Polytechnic College. Address: 396072 Voronezh oblast, Novovoronezh, Oktyabrskaya Street. Director: Mikhail Alekseyevich Dukhanin. Telephone: (07364) 28096.

Yuzhnouralsk Polytechnic College. Address: 456783 Chelyabinsk oblast, Ozersk, Pobeda Street, 48. Director: Angelina Valentinovna Romanovna. Telephone: (35171) 44623.

Uralsk Polytechnic College. Address: 624130 Sverdlovsk oblast, Novouralsk-3, Lenin street, 85. Director: Leonid Nikolayevich Mochalov. Telephone: (34370) 22497.

Volgodonsk Engineering College of Power-Machine Building. Address: 347340 Rostov oblast, Volgodonsk, Lenin street, 27. Director: Tamara Vailyevna Bazavova. Telephone: (86392) 25673.

Zarechnyy Industrial College (municipal educational establishment). Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, Obninsk, Lenin Avenue, 71. Director: Vladimir Petrovich Petrov. Telephone: (08439) 61209.

Obninsk Poly-Engineering College. Address: 249020 Kaluga oblast, Obninsk, Lenin Avenue, 71. Director: Vladimir Petrovich Petrov. Telephone: (08439) 61209.

Krasnoyarsk Electro-Mechanical Engineering College. Address: 663690 Krasnoyarsk kray, Zelenogorsk, Bortnikov Street, 13. Director: Grigoriy Antipyevich Porsev. Telephone: (39169) 34433.

Angarsk Polytechnic College. Address: 665030 Irkutsk oblast, Angarsk, P. O. Box 60. Director: Yuriy Vasilyevich Dragunov. Telephone: (3951) 999362.

Sosnovyy Bor Branch of Moscow Obalst Polytechnic College. Address: 188537 Leningrad oblast, Sosnovyy Bor, Mir Street, 5. Director: Tatyana Nikolayevna Keller. Telephone: (812) 69662224.

Protvino Branch of Moscow Oblast Polytechnic College. Address: 142284 Moscow Oblast, Serpukhov rayon, P. O. Box 66. Director: Nadezhna Pavlovna Sholokhova, Branch Head. Telephone: (09677) 41362.

Kirovo-Chepetsk Branch of Moscow Oblast Polytechnic College. Address: 613020 Kirov oblast, Kirovo-Chepetsk, P. O. Box 32. Director: Lidiya Aleksandrovna Malykh, Branch Head. Telephone: (83361) 31296.

Dubna Branch of Moscow Oblast Polytechnic College. Address: 141980 Moscow oblast, Dubna, Priborstroitelnaya Street, 2. Director: Galina Nikolayevna Lepunova, Head of Branch. Telephone: (09621) 40523.

Glazov Branch of Moscow Oblast Polytechnic College. Address: 427600 Udmurt Republic, Glazov, General Post Office, P. O. Box 238. Director: Olga Andreyevna Trushkina, Head of Branch. Telephone: (34141) 30476.

Professional-Technical School No. 1. Address: 171850 Tver Oblast, Udomlya, Kurchatov Avenue, 8. Director: Viktor Mikhaylovich Bezverkhov. Telephone: (08255) 43075.

12. Export Services.

Joint-Stock Company, "Tekhsnabeksport". Address: 109180 Moscow, Staromonetnyy Lane, 26. Director: Revmir Georgiyevich Frayshtut. Telephone: (095) 9533864. Fax: (095) 2302638.

Firm, "Uranservis"--Director Aleksy Antonovich Grigoryev. Firm, "TVELy"--Director Oleg Valeriyevich Bondarenko. Firm, "Atomimpeks"--Director Viktor Mikhaylovich Rodin. Currency and Finance Section. Section for State of Market and Prices. Section for Foreign Relations and Protocol. Section for Informational Provision. Section for Processing and Protection of Information.

Separation Plants.

Ural Electro-Chemical Combine. Separation Plant. Address: 624130 Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk oblast, Dzerzhinskiy Street, 2. Director: Anatoliy Petrovich Knutarev, General Director. Telephone: (34370) 92424. Fax: (34370) 94141. Web: http:

www.ricon.e-burg.ru

Electro-Chemical Plant (EkhZ). Separation Plant. Address: 663690 Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk kray. Director: Anatoliy Nikolayevich Shubin, General Director. Telephone: (39169) 33350, 33321.

Siberian Chemical Combine. Separation Plant. Address: 636070 Seversk, Tomsk oblast, Kurchatov oblast, 1. Director: Valeriy Konstantinovich Larin, General Director. Telephone: (3822) 771798. Fax: (3822) 772528. Web: http:

Angarsk Electrolytic Chemical Combine. Separation Plant. Address: 665804 Irkutsk oblast, city of Angarsk. Director: Viktor Panteleymonovich Shopen. Telephone: (39518) 40710. Fax: 39518) 66715.

Joint-Stock Company, "Atomstroyeksport". Address: 113184 Moscow, Malaya Ordynka Street, 35, building 3. Director: Viktor Vasilyevich Kozlov. Telephone: (095) 7379037.

All-Regional Association, "Izotop" [Isotope].

State Unitary Enterprise, All-Regional Association, "Izotop" (V/O "Izotop"). Address: 119435 Moscow, Pogodinskaya Street, 22. Director: Boris Viktorovich Akakiyev. Telephone: (095) 2450118. Fax: (095) 2452492.

Yekaterinburg Enterprise, "Izotop". Address: 620142 Yekaterinburg, Belinskiy Street, 143. Director: Lilian Akhramovich Khamitov. Telephone: (3432) 223149. Fax: (3432) 227473.

Khabarovsk Enterprise, "Izotop". Address: 680020 Khabarovsk, Volchayevskaya Street, 83. Director: Vladimir Vladimirovich Fedorov. Telephone: (4212) 222025. Fax: (4212) 222025.

13. Business Partners of Enterprises of Ministry of Atomic Energy (none listed).

14. Banks, Insurance Organizations, and Investment Companies (none listed).

15. Ecological Organizations.

Bellona. Web: http:

www.bellona.no.

Green World. Web: http:

www.spb.org.ru/greenworld

Social-Ecological Union. Web: http:

www.cci.glasnet.ru/seu

Contructive-Ecological Movement, "Kedr". (no listing)

Ecoline. Web: http:

www.cci.glasnet.ru

World-Wide Informational Service for Problems of Energy. Web: http:

www.antenna.nl

E-tip. Web: http:

www.ecologia.nier.org

EcoNet. Web: http:

www.igs.org/igs/econet

Grinpis [Greenpeace] Russia. Web: http:

www.greenpeace.ru

Grinpis Interneshnl [Greenpeace International]. Web: http:

www.greenpeace.org

Prima-M. Web: http:

www.glasnet.ru/aoprima

Center for Disarmament, Energy, and Ecology MFTI [Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]. Web: http:

www.armscontrol.ru

16. Social and Non-Commercial Organizations. (none listed)

17. Strategic Nuclear Forces of Russia. (none listed)

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Center for Financial Research

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FDIC Center for Financial Research Working Paper No. 2024-03
Haelim Anderson, Jaewon Choi and Jennifer Rhee

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FDIC Center for Financial Research eJournal showcases current working papers on the Social Science Research Network.

The Center for Financial Research (CFR) Working Paper Series allows CFR staff and their coauthors to circulate preliminary research findings to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Views and opinions expressed in CFR Working Papers reflect those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the FDIC or the United States. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be directed to the authors. References should cite this research as a “FDIC CFR Working Paper” and should note that findings and conclusions in working papers may be preliminary and subject to revision.

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