write 40 figures of speech

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Want to make your writing more exciting? Figures of speech are the answer! They transform ordinary sentences into memorable expressions.

This article dives into 25 commonly used figures of speech, offering clear explanations and practical examples. So, if you love playing with words, this article is for you!

Let’s first quickly understand the figure of speech meaning.

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What is a figure of speech?

Figures of speech are useful language techniques that convey ideas beyond the actual meaning of words. They make words more fun to read. Whether it is music, books, speaking, or poems , figures of speech are used everywhere!

Now let’s explore the types of figures of speech in detail!

1. Metaphor

A metaphor compares different ideas without using the words “like” and “as”. It shows a shared quality or feature between compared ideas. For example:

The classroom was a zoo.

In this example, a classroom full of noisy kids is compared to a zoo full of noisy wild animals.

A simile compares ideas using the words “like” and “as”. They help readers understand the thing described by relating it to something they already know. For example:

The runner was as fast as lightning, racing towards the finish line.

In this sentence, the runner’s speed is compared to lightning.

3. Alliteration

Alliteration is a writing technique where words starting with the same sound are used in the same phrase or sentence together. It’s like a tongue twister that repeats the same letter or sound at the beginning of multiple words. For example:

The big blue balloon bounced off the boy.

In the above sentence, the “b” sound is repeated at the beginning of multiple words.

4. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech where human qualities, actions, or emotions are given to non-human things. It is different from anthropomorphism where non-human things are not only given human traits but also act like humans. Here are some examples of personification:

The sun smiled down on the children playing in the park.

In the above example, the sun is given the human quality of smiling.

5. Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech where two opposite ideas are placed together in a sentence to create a contrast. Think of it like a seesaw, with one idea on one side and the opposite idea on the other side. For example:

It can be used to highlight a point, create a dramatic effect, or make a statement more memorable. For example:

My brother is tall, but I am short.

In this example, two opposite ideas of tall and short are placed in the same sentence to create a contrast.

6. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to make a point. When you use hyperbole, you describe something as being much bigger, better, worse, or more intense than it really is. For example:

I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!

Here, the level of hunger is exaggerated to emphasize it and make a point.

7. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech where sounds are described to create an effect. They help to make the description more engaging. For example:

The soda fizzed and hissed as it was poured into the glass.

In this sentence, the words “fizzed” and “hissed” describe the sound soda creates.

8. Anaphora

Anaphora is a writing technique where the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of multiple sentences. This helps to create an effect. For example:

He ran through the forest. He ran over the hills. He ran until he couldn’t run anymore.

In the above sentence, the phrase “He ran” is repeated to create an effect.

9. Allusion

An allusion is a brief, indirect reference to a famous person, place, event, literary work, or work of art. Allusions can add depth and meaning to a piece of writing. Let’s browse through an example to understand better!

He was as brave as Superman when he stood up to the bully.

Here, Superman is an allusion to the comic book superhero Superman.

10. Paradox

A paradox is a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but may be true in reality. It’s a situation or idea that appears illogical or self-contradictory. Here is an example:

Less is more.

This paradox suggests that having less of something can actually be better or more effective than having more.

Irony is a figure of speech where the words one expresses do not mean what their literal meaning indicates but mean the opposite. Often, irony refers to a situation or fact that is opposite to what you would expect, often in a funny or strange way. It’s like a twist or surprise that goes against what seems logical or normal. For example:

A dentist has bad teeth.

You would expect a dentist to have good teeth, so it’s ironic when a dentist has bad teeth.

12. Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild, indirect way of saying something that might be considered harsh, blunt, or offensive. It’s like using a softer or more pleasant word or phrase to talk about something unpleasant, embarrassing, or taboo. Here is an example of this:

He passed away on 9th November 2002.

Here, the word “passed away” is a gentler phrase for death, which can be a sensitive topic for many.

13. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part. It helps to focus on a specific aspect of what is being described. For example:

The stage was filled with talented faces.

In the above sentence, the word “faces” (part) represents people (whole). Let’s see another example!

“England won the World Cup in 1966.”

In this sentence, England (whole) represents the English national football team (part) and not the whole country.

14. Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech where something bad/negative is said to highlight the positive/good. It is usually used in creative writing and in informal speech. For example:

The party was not bad.

This means the party was actually quite good or enjoyable, but the speaker is understating it.

15. Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a figure of speech where two contradictory or opposing words are used to create a new meaning. When put together, two contradictory ideas express a unique or paradoxical meaning. For example:

There was a deafening silence in the hall.

Silence is the absence of sound, so it cannot be deafening. Deafening indicates an extremely loud noise. Hence, this is an oxymoron highlighting pin-drop silence.

16. Apostrophe

An apostrophe is a literary device in which a person speaks about someone or something that is not there. It could be a person, an object, an abstract idea, or even a deceased individual. This writing technique is often used in poetry and dramatic works to express strong emotions, show closeness, or personify non-living objects.

Here is an example:

“Oh, moon, why must you shine so brightly on this sad day?”

(In this example, the speaker is directly addressing the moon, even though the moon cannot respond.)

17. Transferred Epithet

A transferred epithet is a descriptive word or phrase that is used to describe a noun . However, it’s not a word or phrase that would be usually used to describe that specific noun. For example:

He walked on the lonely streets.

The phrase “lonely streets” is a transferred epithet as streets can’t be lonely. “Lonely” is a word used to describe people.

18. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is used to highlight or focus on something related to it. In other words, it’s when you replace the name of something with a word closely associated with it. For example:

I love reading Sidney Sheldon.

In this example, “Sidney Sheldon” is used to represent the books written by him, not the person himself.

19. Climax

A climax is a figure of speech where ideas are arranged in the increasing order of their importance (ascending order). This creates a strong impression on the reader. Let’s see an example of this!

The cricketer trained for months, overcame injuries, and finally performed well in the T20 Cricket World Cup.

In this example, the ideas of training, overcoming injuries, and performing well are in ascending order. They reflect the cricketer’s journey.

20. Tautology

Tautology is a figure of speech in which an idea is repeated using different words that essentially mean the same thing. It’s an unnecessary repetition of a word or a phrase using synonyms and similar words. For example:

She saw it with her own eyes.

This sentence is an example of tautology as the word “own” is unnecessary since a person sees with their eyes.

21. Circumlocution

Circumlocution is a figure of speech in which a person uses more words than necessary to express an idea. The speaker or writer often uses a longer, more complex phrase or description to convey the same meaning. For example:

“This particular area appears to be suffering from a notable lack of tidiness and organization.”

In the above example, the writer uses a verbose description instead of saying “The area is messy”.

22. Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech in which a person expresses an idea and makes it seem less important or serious. This is often done by using words or phrases that are mild, neutral, or positive. For example:

“It’s just a scratch”. (to describe a serious injury.)

23. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a way of writing or speaking where you switch the order of words or phrases. It is often used to create a sense of balance or contrast and can make the sentence more memorable. For example:

“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” – John F. Kennedy

In the above sentence the order of the words “what your country can do for you” is changed.

24. Epigram

An epigram is a short, clever, and memorable statement that often expresses a general truth or observation. Epigrams are typically concise and thought-provoking. For example:

“Little strokes fell great oaks.” – Benjamin Franklin

This epigram suggests that small, consistent efforts can overcome even the greatest challenges.

The final technique in our figures of speech list is polysyndeton. Let’s explore this technique in detail!

25. Polysyndeton

Polysyndeton is a figure of speech in which a writer uses multiple coordinating conjunctions (such as “and,” “or,” “but,” or “nor”), even when they are not grammatically necessary. This creates a rhythmic effect. For example:

I searched high and low, near and far, over and under, but I still couldn’t find my keys.

In the above sentence the repetition of conjunctions like “and” creates a rhythmic effect.

Now let’s see some figures of speech examples from well-known books!

Nine amazing examples of figures of speech

“Loving someone is like moving into a house,” Sonja used to say. – A Man Called Ove by Fredrik Backman
Words are like tiny bombs, Liesel. – The Book Thief by Markus Zusak
“Her hair was like spun gold.” – Rapunzel by The Brothers Grimm

2. Metaphor

“The wind howled through the trees.” – The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame
“The flowers danced in the breeze.” – Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
“The waves crashed against the shore, as if angry at the land.” – The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
“Some rules are made to be broken.” – The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton
“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” – Animal Farm by George Orwell
“You need to spend money to make money.” – Rich Dad Poor Dad by Robert Kiyosaki

While these examples show how figures of speech can be used in creative writing, this is not all. Let’s understand how to use figures of speech to improve daily conversations!

How to use figures of speech to enhance everyday conversations?

The following figures of speech can be used to make daily conversations engaging:

Hyperbole: This figure of speech can be used to make conversations fun or convey distress.

For example, instead of saying: “I have a lot of work to do”, you could say: “I’m drowning in a sea of paperwork!” (conveying distress)

Another example is the sentence: “My internet is so slow, I could drive faster than it takes to load a webpage!”

Irony: This involves saying the opposite of what you mean to be witty. If it’s pouring rain and someone says, “Lovely weather we’re having,” the irony adds a touch of humor to the situation.
Rhetorical question: Asking a question you don’t expect an answer to can make people think. Instead of “This is important,” you could ask “Isn’t this something we should all care about?” You can use this literary device to discuss any sensitive, important issue that needs attention.
Allusion: Making a quick reference to a shared culture (a book, movie, song, etc.) can create a sense of connection and understanding. You can use this when you meet friends, family, and acquaintances with whom you share similarities. For example,

“This situation feels like something out of a Shakespearean tragedy.”

This allusion to Shakespeare can be used if you and the reader/writer are aware of Shakespearean tragedies.

To conclude, figures of speech are useful speaking and writing techniques for communication. By using figures of speech while writing, you can make your text more engaging. Save this guide for quick access to the figures of speech definition and examples!

Once you complete writing, editing the text is crucial. As a trusted provider of editing and proofreading services , PaperTrue can easily help you polish your text.

What did you think about this article on the different types of figures of speech? Share your thoughts in the comments section!

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Frequently Asked Questions

What type of figure of speech is a pun, which figure of speech uses “like” or “as” for comparison, is an idiom a figure of speech.

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Figures of Speech: 40 Ways to Improve your Writing

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Figurative speech plays an important role in our ability to communicate with one another. It helps create compelling narratives, and evoke emotion in readers.

With this in mind, this periodic table graphic by Visual Communication Guy groups the 40 different figures of speech into two distinct categories—schemes and tropes.

What’s the difference between the two, and how can they help improve your writing?

Types of Schemes

In linguistics, a scheme is language that plays with sentence structure to make a sentence smoother, or even more persuasive, using syntax, word order, or sounds.

Here are four different ways that schemes fiddle with sentence structure.

This is especially important when trying to make a sentence smoother. A good example of balance is parallelism , which is when you use the same grammatical form in at least two parts of a sentence.

Not parallelism: “She likes reading, writing, and to paint on the weekends.”
Parallelism: “She likes reading, writing, and painting on the weekends.”

Changing the position of words can have an impact on the way a sentence is understood. For instance, anastrophe is the deliberate reordering of words in a sentence to either emphasize a certain point, or distinguish a character as different.

An example of anastrophe: “The greatest teacher, failure is.” -Yoda

Omission and/or Inclusion

Omissions and inclusions are useful in order to build suspense or add emotional expression to text. For example, an ellipsis is a form of punctuation that uses three dots (…) to either replace a word in a sentence or indicate a break in speech or an incomplete thought.

Example of an ellipsis: “I was thinking of calling her Susie. Well, at least I was until…never mind. Forget I said anything.”

Similar to the other types of schemes, repetition allows you to emphasize a certain point you want the reader to pay attention to, but it’s also used to create rhymes and poetry.

A well-known literary device, alliteration uses the same consonant sound at the start of each word in a sentence. It doesn’t necessarily have to be the same letter, so long as the sound is the same.

A popular example is this nursery rhyme: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
Another example: Phillip’s feet. (different letter, but same sound)

Types of Tropes

While schemes play around with the mechanics of a sentence, tropes stray from the literal or typical meanings to evoke emotion, and keep a reader engaged and interested.

Tropes help create an alternative sense of reality, using these five strategies.

These are literary devices that help paint a deeper picture of a concept, using a reference to something related, but different.

Metaphors and similes are common examples of references, but a lesser-known type of reference is a synecdoche , which is when a small part of something is used in reference to the thing as a whole.

An example of a synecdoche: “Check out my new wheels.” (where wheels refer to a car)

Wordplay & Puns

This type of literary device plays with sounds or meaning to add depth to a sentence. For instance, a syllepsis uses one word to create parallels between two separate thoughts, while an onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that uses words (either real or made-up) or even letters to describe a sound.

An example of a syllepsis: “When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes.” – E.B. White
An example of an onomatopoeia: “Ding-dong” (the sound of a doorbell)

Substitutions

This is when someone replaces a word or thought with something else. For instance, anthimeria is the use of a word in a grammatical form it’s not generally used in, while periphrasis is when someone intentionally elaborates on a point, instead of expressing it succinctly.

An anthimeria: “I could use a good sleep .” (Sleep is normally a verb, but here it’s used as a noun)
Example of a periphrasis: Instead of saying, “It’s cold outside.” you say, “The temperature of the atmosphere when I exited my home this morning was quite chilly and exceptionally uncomfortable.”

Overstatement and/or Understatement

These are intentionally exaggerated, or downplayed situations that aren’t meant to be taken literally. A hyperbole is an example of an overstatement, while litotes are the opposite—deliberate understatements.

An example of a hyperbole: I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.
While a litotes looks like this: It’s not rocket science.

This type of literary technique uses contradictory ideas and indirect questions for dramatic effect, or to emphasize a point. For instance, an oxymoron is when two contradictory words are used back-to-back.

An example of an oxymoron: Act natural

Using Figures of Speech to Craft Content

First, let’s just address it…Yes, I did use alliteration in the above header, and yes, now I’m using an ellipsis in this sentence.

Because let’s face it—in the age of information overload, writing articles that are interesting and compelling to readers is a top priority for online content creators. And using figurative language is a good way to keep readers attention.

So, if you’re a content creator yourself (or simply looking to beef up your knowledge on linguistics), hopefully this graphic has helped you on that journey.

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25 Important Figures of Speech with Easy Examples

You may well have heard of the term a figure of speech but what exactly does this refer to? We are going to look into what a figure of speech is and how it can be used. We will also look in-depth at some examples of figures of speech and explain what they mean.

Figures of speech are an essential aspect of language and communication, serving as creative tools that generate specific effects and enhance the impact of a message. They can be found in everyday language as well as in literature, ranging from oral storytelling to polished poetry and prose. Intentional deviations from literal statements or common usage, these expressions emphasize, clarify, and embellish language to make it more engaging and expressive.

What Is A F igure of Speech?

Figure of speech definition.

A figure of speech is something that is used to convey a more deep or intense meaning. It is a phrase made up of two or more words that can add effect to the meaning of something and is used in a non-literal sense. When using literal speech, the words and sentences explain what is happening literally, or in other words, what is happening in reality. When we use a figure of speech to explain a situation, the words and sentences become nonliteral and do not convey what is actually happening but rather give a feeling as to what is happening.

An example to show the comparison between literal speech and a figure of speech would be:

Literal – it is raining heavily.
Figure of speech – it is raining cats and dogs .

Whilst we know that it is not literally raining cats and dogs, the figure of speech adds intensity to the meaning of the sentence and puts an emphasis on how much it is raining.

A figure of speech is a word or phrase which is used to describe something in a non-literal sense. These can be used as a literary device within a written text in order to explain something in a more artistic sense or they can be used in English speaking. In the latter, they are usually used to compare something, give advice or create a less literal description of something.

When used as a rhetorical device a figure of speech will give an opposite or different meaning to what is intended. It can also be used to convey a meaning or trigger emotion to the reader or listener.

Figures of Speech Examples

There are various different types of figures of speech, whilst there are a large amount of types, there are ten more common ones which we see in both written and spoken English. They are:

Simile : this makes a comparison between two things using the words like or as, for example ‘she shone as bright as the sun.’
Metaphor : makes a comparison between two things which have something in common, for example ‘the eyes are the window to the soul.’
Hyperbole : uses an exaggeration to convey a more profound meaning, for example ‘I have a thousand things to do this morning.’
Oxymoron : uses a two-word phrase where the words contradict one another to give a positive meaning, for example ‘she is pretty ugly.’
Pun : a play on words, for example, ‘a boiled egg for breakfast is hard to beat.’
Alliteration : uses repeated letter sounds throughout a sentence, for example ‘the high horse hopped along the highway.’
Onomatopoeia : these are words that resemble the sound they are describing, for example ‘the car alarm went beep.’
Irony : the use of language which is the opposite of what is meant, for example, ‘I love it when I drop my phone, how wonderful.’
Anaphora : the repetition of a word or phrase for rhythmic effect, for example ‘you must not stop, you must not wane, you must not fail.’
Antithesis : this makes a comparison or connection between two ideas in a sentence, for example ‘that is one small step for man and one giant leap for mankind.’

Types of Figures of Speech

There are different types of figures of speech and we are now going to look at those types, what they are and how to use them by looking at some examples of them being used in sentences.

Metaphor is when there is a comparison made between two different things which share something in common. Here are some examples of metaphor in use.

The world is your oyster.
She was the shining star of the talent show.
His eyes were ice.

Simile is a phrase that compares something to something else using the words like or as. Here are some examples of simile in use.

Her hair was as golden as the sun
The dog is as fit as a fiddle.
I felt as high as a kite.

Hyperbole is a term that uses exaggeration to add a more dramatic meaning to the sentence. Here are some examples of hyperbole in use.

My bag weighs a tonne.
His nose is the length of the river Nile.
I have a million things to do today.

Irony is a statement that conveys the exact opposite meaning of what is literally being said. It is also a statement that contradicts the situation. Here are some examples of irony in use.

The fire station burnt to the ground.
The pilot had a fear of flying.
‘What lovely weather.’ she said when it was raining

Alliteration

Alliteration is when there is a repetition of sound within a phrase or sentence. Here are some examples of alliteration in use.

She sells seashells on the seashore
Peter piper picked a peck of pickled pepper
The dog dug deeper into the depths.
Nicky’s necklace nipped at her neck.

Anaphora is when a word is repeated multiple times within a phrase. Here are some examples of anaphora in use.

Every morning, every afternoon and every evening I walk by the lake.
He had one apple, one banana and one pear.
My life is happy, my life is simple, my life is complete.

Antithesis is applying a juxtaposition of ideas which are contrasting in a statement that is balanced. Here are some examples of antithesis in use.

Man proposes and God deposes.
Love is an ideal thing and marriage is a real thing.
That is one small step for man and one huge leap for mankind.

Apostrophe is speaking to an object or item that is not alive as if it were in fact, alive. Here are some examples of apostrophe is use.

Oh come on you stupid door, just unlock.
Thank you oven, for helping me make this meal.
Come on trousers, you have to fit me.

Assonance is the similarity in sound between vowels in the middle of neighboring words. Here are some examples of assonance in use.

How now, brown cow.
On the side of the hide.
Top of the pop

Chiasmus is when two sentences are balanced against one another but with the words reversed. Here are some examples of chiasmus in use.

Work to live and do not live to work.
She went to town, off to town went she.
You forget what you want to remember yet you remember what you want to forget

Euphemism is the replacement of a phrase that might be deemed offensive by one which implies the same meaning but does not carry offense with it. Here are some examples of euphemisms in use.

Instead of ‘he died’ you would say ‘he passed away.’
Instead of ‘she had an abortion’ you would say ‘she terminated the pregnancy.’
Instead of ‘going for a poo’ you would say ‘going to use the bathroom.’

Litotes is an understatement that applies a negative to express the meaning of the affirmative. Here are some examples of litotes in use.

She isn’t the friendliest woman in the world.
I wasn’t unhappy with the gift
That dress is not too bad

Metonymy is when a phrase is replaced with another which has a similar meaning, used to describe something in an indirect manner. Here are some examples of metonymy in use.

The pen is more mighty than the sword.
I remain loyal to the crown.
My husband is considered a silver fox.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a word that resembles the sound it is describing. Here are some examples of onomatopoeia in use.

The bacon sizzled in the pan.
My watch ticks loudly.
The crow cawed overhead.

Oxymoron is when two words in a phrase contradict one another. Here are some examples of oxymoron in use.

The girl next door is pretty ugly.
That cat is mighty small.
Our farewell was bittersweet.

Paradox is a statement that contradicts itself. Here are some examples of paradoxes in use.

He is a wise fool.
Deep down Anna is really shallow.
It is the beginning of the end.

Personification

Personification is when an object which is not alive is given human qualities. Here are some examples of personification in use.

My car is a real beauty.
That rod will take out someone’s eye.
My alarm clock screams at me every morning.

A pun is a play on words, it uses a word to give a different sense to the sentence and add a double meaning. Here are some examples of puns in use.

The two guitarists got on well as they were always in a chord.
I spend a lot of time doing DIY so I know the drill.
An egg for breakfast is not easy to beat.

Synecdoche is a statement in which only part of something is expressed to relate to the whole. Here are some examples of synecdoche in use.

At school, the children learn ABCs and 123s
He has just got some new wheels.
There were many hired hands in the factory.

Understatement

An understatement is a statement that is made to be less important than what is actually being conveyed. Here are some examples of understatement in use.

The grand canyon is a hole in the ground.
I only have two million dollars.
There was a flood in the town, it must have rained a bit in the night.

An epigram is a concise and witty statement that conveys a thought or observation. Typically, it is used to challenge or entertain the reader. Epigrams may be poetic or prose statements, but they usually exhibit a rhythmic, memorable quality.

Example : “I can resist everything except temptation.” – Oscar Wilde

Ellipsis refers to the deliberate omission of words or phrases, typically for the sake of conciseness or to create an effect. It allows the reader to fill in the gaps, which can create suspense or build emphasis.

Example : “The thief was bold, cunning, ruthless…”; in this case, the reader can imagine other adjectives describing the thief.

Antanaclasis

Antanaclasis is a figure of speech in which a word is repeated within the same sentence or clause, but with a different or opposing meaning each time. It serves to create emphasis on a particular point and often adds a playful or humorous tone to the writing.

Example : “Your argument is sound…all sound!” – Benjamin Franklin

Anthimeria is the use of a word outside of its traditional grammatical role, often for stylistic or creative purposes. It typically involves using a noun as a verb or vice versa.

Example : “I could use a good sleep.”; in this case, the word “sleep” (a noun) is used as a verb.

Rhetorical Question

A rhetorical question is a question asked to make a point, provoke thought, or create emphasis, rather than to elicit a direct response. The answer is usually self-evident, and the question serves to emphasize the intended message.

Example : “Is the Pope Catholic?”; the answer is obvious, but the question drives home a point.

Figures of Speech Infographic

Figures of Speech | Infographic 1

Figure of Speech: Definition, Types and Examples of Figure of Speech

Figures of Speech | Infographic 2

Figures of Speech | Video

FAQs on Figures of Speech

What is a figure of speech?

A figure of speech is a creative use of language that intentionally deviates from the literal meaning or common usage of words to generate an effect. These are found in everyday spoken language as well as in polished poetry, prose, and other types of written work.

What are some common figures of speech?

Some common figures of speech include:

Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things without using “like” or “as”
Simile: a comparison between two unlike things using “like” or “as”
Personification: attributing human characteristics to non-human entities
Hyperbole: exaggeration for effect
Irony: a statement implying its opposite for effect

What is the difference between figures of speech and figurative language?

Figurative language is a broader term that encompasses various types of non-literal language use, including figures of speech. Figures of speech are specific instances of figurative language that rely on creative and intentional deviations from the literal meanings of words or phrases.

How do I use figures of speech effectively in my writing?

To effectively use figures of speech in your writing, consider the following tips:

Know your audience: tailor your use of figures of speech to the expected readership
Practice: develop a feel for when and how to use figures of speech through reading, writing, and analyzing various forms of literature
Be intentional: use figures of speech purposefully and with clear intent to generate the desired effect
Don’t overuse: too many figures of speech may distract from your message or make your writing appear forced or contrived

Are figures of speech only used in creative writing or can they be used in other types of writing?

While figures of speech are often associated with creative writing, they can also be used effectively in other types of writing, such as persuasive essays, blog articles, and even business communications. The key is to use them judiciously, ensuring that the figure of speech serves a clear purpose and strengthens the overall message of the text.

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Figure of Speech

Definition of figure of speech.

you fit into me like a hook into an eye a fish hook an open eye

Types of Figures of Speech

Common examples of figures of speech used in conversation, understatement, common examples of figure of speech in writing, personification, writing figure of speech, figure of speech as artistic use of language, figure of speech as entertainment for reader, figure of speech as memorable experience for reader, examples of figure of speech in literature, example 1: the great gatsby (f. scott fitzgerald).

In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.

Example 2: One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)

Both described at the same time how it was always March there and always Monday, and then they understood that José Arcadio Buendía was not as crazy as the family said, but that he was the only one who had enough lucidity to sense the truth of the fact that time also stumbled and had accidents and could therefore splinter and leave an eternalized fragment in a room.

Example 3: Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury)

A book is a loaded gun in the house next door…Who knows who might be the target of the well-read man?

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Literary Terms
Figures of Speech
Definition & Examples
When & How to Use Figures of Speech

I. What are Figures of Speech?

A figure of speech is a word or phrase using figurative language—language that has other meaning than its normal definition. In other words, figures of speeches rely on implied or suggested meaning, rather than a dictionary definition. We express and develop them through hundreds of different rhetorical techniques, from specific types like metaphors and similes , to more general forms like sarcasm and slang.

Figures of speech make up a huge portion of the English language, making it more creative, more expressive, and just more interesting! Many have been around for hundreds of years—some even thousands—and more are added to our language essentially every day. This article will focus on a few key forms of figures of speech, but remember, the types are nearly endless!

III. Types of Figure of Speech

There are countless figures of speech in every language, and they fall into hundreds of categories. Here, though, is a short list of some of the most common types of figure of speech:

A. Metaphor

Many common figures of speech are metaphors. That is, they use words in a manner other than their literal meaning. However, metaphors use figurative language to make comparisons between unrelated things or ideas. The “peak of her career,” for example, is a metaphor, since a career is not a literal mountain with a peak , but the metaphor represents the idea of arriving at the highest point of one’s career.

An idiom is a common phrase with a figurative meaning. Idioms are different from other figures of speech in that their figurative meanings are mostly known within a particular language, culture, or group of people. In fact, the English language alone has about 25,000 idioms. Some examples include “it’s raining cats and dogs” when it is raining hard, or “break a leg” when wishing someone good luck.

This sentence uses an idiom to make it more interesting:

There’s a supermarket and a pharmacy in the mall, so if we go there, we can kill two birds with one stone.

The idiom is a common way of saying that two tasks can be completed in the same amount of time or same place.

A proverb is a short, commonplace saying that is universally understood in today’s language and used to express general truths. “Don’t cry over spilt milk” is a popular example. Most proverbs employ metaphors (e.g. the proverb about milk isn’t literally about milk).

This example uses a proverb to emphasize the situation:

I know you think you’re going to sell all of those cookies, but don’t count your chickens before they hatch!

Here, “don’t count your chickens before they hatch” means that you shouldn’t act like something has happened before it actually does.

A simile is a very common figure of speech that uses the words “like” and “as” to compare two things that are not related by definition. For example, “he is as tall as a mountain,” doesn’t mean he was actually 1,000 feet tall, it just means he was really tall.

This example uses a simile for comparison:

The internet is like a window to the world —you can learn about everything online!

The common phrase “window to the world” refers to a hypothetical window that lets you see the whole world from it. So, saying the internet is like a window to the world implies that it lets you see anything and everything.

E. Oxymoron

An oxymoron is when you use two words together that have contradictory meanings. Some common examples include s mall crowd, definitely possible, old news, little giant , and so on.

A metonym is a word or phrase that is used to represent something related to bigger meaning. For example, fleets are sometimes described as being “thirty sails strong,” meaning thirty (curiously, this metonym survives in some places, even when the ships in question are not sail-powered!) Similarly, the crew on board those ships may be described as “hands” rather than people.

Irony is when a word or phrase’s literal meaning is the opposite of its figurative meaning. Many times (but not always), irony is expressed with sarcasm (see Related Terms). For example, maybe you eat a really bad cookie, and then say “Wow, that was the best cookie I ever had”—of course, what you really mean is that it’s the worst cookie you ever had, but being ironic actually emphasizes just how bad it was!

IV. The Importance of Figures of Speech

In general, the purpose of a figure of speech is to lend texture and color to your writing. (This is itself a figure of speech, since figures of speech don’t actually change the colors or textures on the page!) For instance, metaphors allow you to add key details that make the writing more lively and relatable. Slang and verbal irony, on the other hand, make the writing seem much more informal and youthful (although they can have the opposite effect when misused!) Finally, other figures of speech, like idioms and proverbs, allows a writer to draw on a rich cultural tradition and express complex ideas in a short space.

V. Examples of Figures of Speech in Literature

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances, and one man in his time plays many parts.” (William Shakespeare, As You Like It)

This is one of the most famous metaphors ever crafted in the English language. Shakespeare uses his extended metaphor to persuade the audience of the similarities between the stage and real life. But rather than making his play seem more like life, he suggests that life is more like a play. His metaphor calls attention to the performative, creative, and fictional aspects of human life.

“Our words are b ut crumbs that fall down from the feast o f the mind.” (Khalil Gibran, Sand & Foam )

Gibran’s timeless metaphor succeeds for a number of reasons. For one thing, it is not a cliché – had Gibran said “words are just the tip of the iceberg ,” he would have been making roughly the same point, but in a much more clichéd way. But the feast of the mind is a highly original metaphor. In addition, it’s a successful double metaphor. The crumbs and the feast are two parts of the same image, but they work together rather than being “mixed” (see How to Use Figures of Speech ).

“If you chase two rabbits, you will lose them both.” (Russian Proverb)

Like many proverbs, this one draws on a simple metaphor of chasing rabbits. The rabbits can stand in for all sorts of objectives, from jobs to relationships, but the coded message is quite clear – focus your energy on a single objective, or you will likely fail. This literal statement, though, is quite dry and not terribly memorable, which shows the power of figures of speech.

VI. Examples of Figures of Speech in Pop Culture

The chorus to Sean Kingston’s Fire Burning contains a couple of figures of speech. First of all, there’s the word “shorty” used as a slang term (see Related Terms ) for a young woman. She may or may not be literally short, but the figure of speech applies either way (though it could easily be taken as belittling and derogatory). Second, Kingston sings the metaphor: “she’s fire, burning on the dance floor.” Hopefully this is a figure of speech and not a literal statement; otherwise, Kingston and everyone else in the club are in mortal danger!

“Oh, thanks! This is much better!” (Townspeople, South Park )

This is an example of irony. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, South Park satirized the government’s response to the disaster by writing about a similar disaster in South Park. In a bumbling effort to rescue people from the floods, the authorities accidentally spill oil on the flood waters and set it on fire, making the situation far more dangerous. In response, they ironically “thank” the people responsible—their meaning is obviously the opposite of their words!

Years of talks between Washington and Havana resulted in Obama’s historic visit to Cuba on March 21st. (Patreon 2016)

This is a common form of metonym in foreign policy and news media. The capital city of a country is used as a metonym for the national government. The talks, of course, are not literally between these two cities, but between the leaders and government officials of the two countries (US and Cuba).

VII. Related Terms

Literal and figurative language.

Language is generally divided into two categories: literal, and figurative. Literal language relies on the real definition of words and phrases, or their literal meanings. Figurative language, on the other hand, relies on implied meanings, which can be understood differently depending on the location or who is using it. For example, “the sky is blue” relies on the literal definition of the word “blue,” while “I am feeling blue” relies on the figurative definition. All figures of speech rely on the use of figurative language for their meaning.

Sarcasm is mocking or bitter language that we use to express different meaning than what we say; often the exact opposite. When your intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning, that’s irony (another type of figure of speech), which includes common phrases like “Oh, great…” when you really mean something is bad.

Slang is language that uses atypical words and phrases to express specific meanings. It varies greatly by region, demographic, and language—for example, you would find different slang in the U.S. and in the U.K. even though they are both English speaking countries. Likewise, teenagers and the elderly will use different slang terms, as would Spanish and English. Many slang terms are figures of speech. For example, “bro” could be used to describe a friend rather than an actual brother; this would be using the word as a figure of speech.

List of Terms

Alliteration
Amplification
Anachronism
Anthropomorphism
Antonomasia
APA Citation
Aposiopesis
Autobiography
Bildungsroman
Characterization
Circumlocution
Cliffhanger
Comic Relief
Connotation
Deus ex machina
Deuteragonist
Doppelganger
Double Entendre
Dramatic irony
Equivocation
Extended Metaphor
Flash-forward
Foreshadowing
Intertextuality
Juxtaposition
Literary Device
Malapropism
Onomatopoeia
Parallelism
Pathetic Fallacy
Personification
Point of View
Polysyndeton
Protagonist
Red Herring
Rhetorical Device
Rhetorical Question
Science Fiction
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Synesthesia
Turning Point
Understatement
Urban Legend
Verisimilitude
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Figures of Speech: Definition and Types with Examples

A figure of speech is a word or phrase that is used in a non-literal sense to add emphasis or artistic effect. For example, if someone says “The room was so quiet you could hear a pin drop,” they are using a figure of speech to exaggerate the silence in the room for emphasis.

Figures of speech are literary devices that are used to create a more imaginative and engaging way of speaking or writing. These literary devices are often used to create vivid images or to express complex ideas in a more concise and impactful way.

Some common examples of figures of speech include metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole, and irony. These devices are often used in poetry and literature to add depth and meaning to the text.

Did you know

Figures of speech are also known as figures of rhetoric, rhetorical figures, figurative language, figures of style, and schemes .

Most Common Figures of Speech in English Grammar

There is no fixed number of figures of speech in English grammar. New figures of speech can be created and old ones can fall out of use, so the number is constantly changing. Additionally, different sources may classify figures of speech differently, so the number can vary depending on the criteria used. Some common figures of speech in English include:

In simple terms, a simile is a figure of speech that compares two things using the words “like” or “as.” It’s a way of describing something by saying it’s similar to something else.

Imagine you’re trying to describe how fast a cheetah runs. You could say, “The cheetah runs like lightning.” By using the word “like,” you’re comparing the cheetah’s speed to the speed of lightning. This is a simile because you’re saying the cheetah is similar to lightning in terms of speed.

Similes help make our language more interesting and descriptive. They can create vivid images in our minds and help us understand something better by relating it to something more familiar. For example, if you say, “Her smile is as bright as the sun,” you’re comparing the brightness of her smile to the brightness of the sun.

So, similes are like little tools that writers and speakers use to make their descriptions more engaging and imaginative. They allow us to compare things in a fun and creative way, using “like” or “as” to highlight the similarities between them.

Here are a few more examples of similes:

“He is as brave as a lion.” This simile compares someone’s bravery to the courage of a lion, emphasizing their fearlessness.
“Her voice was like music to my ears.” In this simile, the person’s voice is being compared to the pleasant and melodious nature of music.
“The water shimmered like diamonds under the sunlight.” This simile compares the sparkling quality of water to the brilliance and shine of diamonds.
“She ran as fast as a cheetah chasing its prey.” Here, the speed of the person running is likened to the incredible speed of a cheetah in pursuit of its prey.
“His anger erupted like a volcano, spewing fiery words.” This simile compares the sudden and intense anger to the eruption of a volcano, highlighting the force and intensity of the emotions.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two things by saying that one thing is another thing, even though they are not literally the same. It’s a way of describing something by using a word or phrase that is unrelated to the thing being described. Metaphors make our language more imaginative and creative.

Let’s look at an example to help explain it better. Imagine you want to describe a person who is very brave. You could say, “He is a lion.” Now, obviously, the person is not actually a lion. What you’re doing is using the word “lion” to describe his bravery. Lions are known for their courage and strength, so by calling him a lion, you’re saying that he has similar qualities.

Here are a few more examples to help you understand:

“Her eyes are sparkling diamonds.” Here, the person’s eyes are being compared to diamonds to emphasize their brightness and beauty.
“Time is money.” In this metaphor, time is compared to money to convey the idea that time, like money, is valuable and should be used wisely.
“Life is a journey.” This metaphor suggests that life can be thought of as a journey, with ups and downs, detours, and destinations.
“He has a heart of gold.” Here, someone’s kind and generous nature is being compared to a heart made of gold, emphasizing their good-heartedness.
“The world is a stage.” This metaphor compares the world to a stage, suggesting that life is like a play with different roles and performances.

Metaphors help us see things in new and interesting ways. They add depth and layers of meaning to our language by comparing one thing to another. By using metaphors, we can express ourselves creatively and make our descriptions more engaging and imaginative.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that gives human qualities or attributes to non-human things or abstract concepts. It’s a way of making something (that is not alive or human) seem like it has human characteristics or abilities.

Let’s suppose you’re describing a storm. Instead of just saying, “The storm was loud and powerful,” you could use personification and say, “The storm roared and unleashed its fury.” By using the word “roared” and attributing the ability to unleash fury to the storm, you’re giving it human-like qualities of sound and emotions.

Personification helps us create a more vivid and relatable image in our minds. It helps us understand and connect with things that are not human by making them seem more familiar.

“The flowers danced in the breeze.” Here, the flowers are given the human quality of dancing, even though flowers cannot literally dance.
“The sun smiled down on us.” This personification gives the sun the human ability to smile, adding a sense of warmth and happiness to the description.
“The leaves whispered secrets to each other.” By attributing the action of whispering secrets to leaves, this personification creates a sense of intimacy and secrecy among the leaves.
“The car coughed and sputtered before finally starting.” The act of coughing and sputtering is typically associated with humans, but here it is attributed to a car, giving it human-like qualities.
“Time flies .” This personification suggests that time moves quickly, just like a bird or an insect in flight.

Personification helps make our language more colorful and imaginative. By giving non-human things human qualities, we can relate to them better and create more engaging and memorable descriptions.

Alliteration

Alliteration is a literary technique that involves the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of closely connected words or stressed syllables. It’s a way of creating a rhythmic and musical effect in writing or speech.

To understand alliteration, let’s look at an example. Suppose you want to describe a rainy day and you say, “The raindrops danced delicately on the roof.” The repetition of the “d” sound in “raindrops,” “danced,” and “delicately” is an example of alliteration. It adds a pleasing and melodic quality to the sentence.

“Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” This famous tongue twister is a playful example of alliteration, with the repeated “p” sound.
“She sells seashells by the seashore.” In this phrase, the repeated “s” sound creates a smooth and flowing rhythm.
“A big brown bear bounced on the bed.” The repeated “b” sound in this sentence adds emphasis and creates a strong beat.
“Misty mountains majestically rise.” Here, the repeated “m” sound captures the sense of grandeur and adds a musical quality.
“Silent as a shadow, he slipped through the night.” The repeated “s” sound in this sentence creates a sense of stealth and smoothness.

Alliteration is like a musical instrument in writing. It helps create a pleasing and rhythmic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. It adds a touch of playfulness, emphasis, and sometimes even a sense of sound effects to the words.

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Assonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words. It’s a technique used to create a musical or melodic effect in writing or speech.

To understand assonance, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to describe a serene lake, and you say, “The serene scene of the lake.” The repetition of the long “ee” sound in “serene,” “scene,” and “lake” is an example of assonance. It creates a soothing and harmonious quality in the sentence.

“I feel the heat as I read.” In this sentence, the repeated “ee” sound in “feel,” “heat,” and “read” creates a flowing and musical effect.
“The cat sat on the mat.” Here, the repeated short “a” sound in “cat,” “sat,” and “mat” adds a rhythmic quality to the sentence.
“Hear the mellow wedding bells.” The repeated long “e” sound in “hear,” “mellow,” and “bells” creates a soft and melodic tone.
“The owl howled at the moon.” In this example, the repeated long “o” sound in “owl” and “howled” adds emphasis and creates a haunting effect.
“The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain.” This famous phrase from the musical “My Fair Lady” demonstrates assonance with the repeated long “a” sound.

Assonance helps create a musical and lyrical quality in writing. It adds a pleasing and melodic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. Assonance, along with other sound devices like alliteration and rhyme, can enhance the overall beauty and rhythm of a piece of writing or speech.

Consonance is a literary device that involves the repetition of consonant sounds in nearby words, specifically in the middle or at the end of words. It is a technique used to create a harmonious and musical effect in writing or speech.

To understand consonance, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to describe the sound of the waves, and you say, “The waves crashed and splashed.” The repeated “sh” sound in “crashed” and “splashed” is an example of consonance. It creates a soothing and rhythmic quality in the sentence.

“Mike likes his bike.” In this sentence, the repeated “k” sound in “Mike,” “likes,” and “bike” adds a crisp and sharp quality to the sentence.
“Pitter-patter, raindrops scatter.” The repeated “t” and “r” sounds in this phrase create a sense of lightness and quick movement.
“She sells seashells by the seashore.” Here, the repeated “s” and “sh” sounds add a soft and smooth rhythm to the sentence.
“The whisper of the wind.” In this example, the repeated “w” sound in “whisper” and “wind” creates a gentle and airy effect.
“A sweet tweet from a little bird.” The repeated “t” sound in “sweet,” “tweet,” and “little” adds emphasis and creates a playful tone.

Consonance helps create a musical and harmonious quality in writing. It adds a pleasing and rhythmic effect, making the language more memorable and engaging. Consonance, along with other sound devices like alliteration and rhyme, can enhance the overall beauty and rhythm of a piece of writing or speech.

Anaphora is a literary device that involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It’s a technique used to add emphasis and create a powerful effect in writing or speech.

To understand anaphora, let’s look at an example. Imagine you want to inspire a group of people, and you say, “We will fight for justice. We will fight for equality. We will fight for a better future.” In this example, the repetition of the phrase “We will fight” at the beginning of each sentence is anaphora. It creates a sense of determination and reinforces the message.

“I have a dream that one day… I have a dream that one day…” In Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous speech, the repetition of the phrase “I have a dream” at the beginning of multiple sentences emphasizes the vision and hope.
“Love is patient. Love is kind. Love is selfless.” The repetition of the word “love” at the beginning of each sentence highlights different aspects of love.
“Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.” In this phrase, the repetition of “let it snow” creates a sense of longing or excitement for snowfall.
“I came, I saw, I conquered.” This famous quote from Julius Caesar demonstrates anaphora with the repetition of “I” at the beginning of each phrase, emphasizing the speaker’s actions.

Anaphora helps create a strong and memorable effect in writing or speech. By repeating words or phrases, it adds emphasis, rhythm, and power to the message being conveyed. Anaphora can be used to inspire, persuade, or create a sense of unity by reinforcing key ideas or themes.

An apostrophe is a figure of speech that involves addressing or speaking to someone or something that is not present or cannot respond as if they were present and able to listen. It’s a way of giving human-like qualities or directly addressing an absent person, an inanimate object, or even an abstract concept.

To understand apostrophe, let’s look at an example. Imagine you’re looking at a beautiful sunset, and you say, “Oh, Sun, your golden rays embrace the world.” In this sentence, you are directly addressing the Sun as if it can hear you and feel its rays. This is an example of apostrophe.

“O, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?” In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is speaking to Romeo, who is not physically present. She is expressing her longing for him.
“O, Death, be not proud.” In John Donne’s poem “Death, be not proud,” the poet directly addresses death and challenges its power.
“Ocean, you mighty force, swallow my sorrows.” Here, the speaker is speaking to the ocean, personifying it as a powerful entity capable of engulfing their sorrows.
“Hello, old friend, how I’ve missed you.” This is an example of addressing an absent friend, expressing the speaker’s sentiment of longing or nostalgia.

Apostrophe allows writers and speakers to give life and voice to non-living things or absent individuals. It adds emotional depth, expresses intense feelings, and helps create a sense of connection with the subject being addressed. Apostrophe is a powerful tool to convey emotions, explore ideas, and create a dramatic effect in literature and poetry.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis or dramatic effect. It’s a way of making something sound much bigger, greater, or more extreme than it actually is.

To understand hyperbole, let’s look at an example. Imagine you’re really hungry, and you say, “I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!” Now, of course, you don’t actually mean that you could eat an entire horse. By using hyperbole, you’re exaggerating your hunger to emphasize just how strong it is.

“I’ve told you a million times!” Here, the speaker is exaggerating the number of times they have told someone something to emphasize their frustration.
“This suitcase weighs a ton!” The speaker is exaggerating the weight of the suitcase to emphasize how heavy it feels.
“I’m as old as the hills.” This hyperbole suggests that the speaker is very old, even though they may not be that old in reality.
“She cried an ocean of tears.” This exaggeration emphasizes the intensity and amount of tears shed by the person.
“I have a million things to do today.” The speaker is exaggerating the number of tasks they need to accomplish to emphasize a busy schedule.

Hyperbole helps create emphasis, adds humor, and makes a point more memorable. By using extreme exaggeration, writers and speakers can draw attention to a particular aspect or evoke strong emotions in their audience. It adds a touch of excitement and playfulness to the language.

Litotes is a figure of speech that involves expressing an idea by using understatement or negation to convey the opposite meaning. It’s a way of making a point by stating something in a negative or ironic way, rather than directly affirming it.

To understand litotes, let’s look at an example. Suppose someone asks you if you enjoyed a movie that you absolutely loved, and you respond, “Oh, it wasn’t bad.” By using litotes, you’re downplaying your true enthusiasm and expressing it indirectly. The negative statement of “wasn’t bad” actually means that you really enjoyed the movie.

“She’s not unfamiliar with the topic.” This litotes suggests that the person is actually quite knowledgeable about the topic.
“He’s not the friendliest person.” This understatement implies that the person is not very friendly at all.
“It’s not a bad view from here.” This litotes implies that the view is actually quite good or impressive.
“She’s no ordinary singer.” This statement suggests that the person is an exceptional or extraordinary singer.
“He’s not unfamiliar with trouble.” This litotes implies that the person is frequently involved in troublesome situations.

Litotes allows writers and speakers to make a point indirectly by using a form of understatement or negation. It adds a layer of subtlety, irony, or modesty to the language, and can be used to downplay or highlight certain qualities or situations. Litotes adds depth and nuance to expressions and can be an effective way to make a statement more memorable.

Euphemism is a figure of speech that involves using mild or indirect words or phrases to replace harsh, blunt, or sensitive terms. It’s a way of softening or sugar-coating the language to convey a potentially uncomfortable or offensive idea in a more polite or socially acceptable manner.

To understand euphemism, let’s look at an example. Suppose someone is talking about a person who passed away, and instead of saying “he died,” they say “he passed away.” By using euphemism, they’re choosing a gentler phrase to talk about the sensitive topic of death.

“She’s in a better place now.” This euphemism is often used to refer to someone who has died, suggesting that they are in a peaceful or happier state.
“He’s let go from his job.” This euphemism is used to soften the idea of being fired or terminated from employment.
“I’m under the weather.” This phrase is a euphemism for saying that you’re feeling sick or unwell.
“She’s expecting.” This euphemism is used to indicate that someone is pregnant.
“He’s a little challenged in that area.” This euphemism is used to avoid directly saying that someone is lacking in a particular skill or ability.

Euphemisms help us navigate sensitive or potentially offensive topics by using more polite or less harsh language. They allow us to convey ideas with a touch of diplomacy, respect, or cultural sensitivity. Euphemisms are widely used in social settings, formal contexts, or when discussing delicate matters. They provide a way to discuss difficult subjects while maintaining politeness and decorum.

Antithesis is a figure of speech that involves contrasting or juxtaposing two opposing ideas, words, or phrases within a sentence or paragraph. It’s a way of highlighting the stark contrast between two things to create a powerful effect or emphasize a point.

To understand antithesis, let’s look at an example. Suppose you want to describe a character who is both kind and cruel, and you say, “She was both the epitome of kindness and the embodiment of cruelty.” In this sentence, the contrasting ideas of kindness and cruelty are placed side by side, creating an antithesis. It emphasizes the stark opposition between the two qualities.

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” In this famous line from Charles Dickens’ novel “A Tale of Two Cities,” the contrast between the best and worst of times emphasizes the extreme nature of the era being described.
“Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.” This antithesis juxtaposes the idealized notion of love with the practical reality of marriage.
“Give me liberty or give me death.” This well-known phrase by Patrick Henry highlights the choice between freedom and death, creating a powerful antithesis.
“To err is human; to forgive, divine.” This antithesis contrasts the fallibility of human nature with the divine quality of forgiveness.

Antithesis allows writers and speakers to highlight the stark opposition between two contrasting ideas, emphasizing their differences and creating a strong impact. By placing contrasting words or phrases side by side, antithesis adds emphasis, drama, and clarity to the language. It can be used to convey deeper meaning, create memorable statements, or draw attention to the stark contrast between concepts.

A paradox is a figure of speech that involves a statement or situation that appears to be contradictory or absurd, but upon closer examination, reveals a deeper truth or logic. It’s a way of presenting a seemingly illogical or contradictory idea to provoke deeper thinking and contemplation.

To understand paradox, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “I can resist anything except temptation.” At first, it may seem contradictory because resisting implies not giving in to something, while temptation suggests a strong desire to indulge. However, the paradox reveals the human struggle and the irony that resisting temptation can be particularly challenging.

“The more you know, the more you realize you don’t know.” This paradox highlights the idea that as knowledge increases, awareness of one’s own ignorance also grows.
“I’m nobody.” This paradoxical statement suggests that by claiming to be nobody, one may actually be asserting their individuality or unique perspective.
“This is the beginning of the end.” This paradox captures the contradictory notion that an ending can also mark the start of something new.
“You have to be cruel to be kind.” This paradox suggests that sometimes, an act of apparent cruelty can actually be a kind or compassionate action in the long run.

Paradoxes challenge our thinking by presenting ideas that seem contradictory on the surface but contain a deeper truth or insight. They engage our minds, provoke reflection, and encourage us to question assumptions and explore complexities. Paradoxes can be found in literature, philosophy, and everyday language, and they help us grapple with the complexities of life and the inherent contradictions within our world.

An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposite terms to create a new meaning or concept. It’s a way of expressing a paradoxical idea by placing contrasting words side by side.

To understand an oxymoron, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “bittersweet.” The term “bitter” and “sweet” are opposites, as bitterness and sweetness are contradictory tastes. However, when used together as an oxymoron, “bittersweet” creates a unique meaning that expresses a complex blend of both positive and negative emotions.

“Jumbo shrimp.” The word “jumbo” suggests something large, while “shrimp” refers to something small. Together, they create an oxymoron that plays on the contrasting sizes.
“Living dead.” This oxymoron combines the idea of being alive (“living”) with the notion of being deceased (“dead”).
“Deafening silence.” The word “deafening” suggests a loud and overwhelming sound, while “silence” refers to the absence of sound. This oxymoron creates a powerful image of a silence that is so profound it becomes almost overwhelming.
“Cruel kindness.” This oxymoron combines the contrasting ideas of cruelty and kindness, suggesting a kind act that may have an unintended negative impact.

Oxymorons add depth, complexity, and intrigue to language. By combining contradictory terms, they create a vivid and memorable effect. Oxymorons often capture the nuances and complexities of human experiences by highlighting the coexistence of opposing elements. They challenge our expectations, provoke thought, and provide a fresh perspective on familiar concepts.

An epigram is a short and witty statement or verse that expresses a clever or insightful idea. It’s a concise and memorable way of conveying a thought, often with a touch of humor or irony.

To understand an epigram, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone saying, “I can resist everything except temptation.” This short statement by Oscar Wilde captures a clever twist on the idea of resisting temptation, highlighting the humorous struggle many people face.

“In youth, we learn; in age, we understand.” This epigram by Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach captures the idea that as we grow older, we gain wisdom and a deeper understanding of life.
“A little learning is a dangerous thing.” This epigram by Alexander Pope highlights the idea that having limited knowledge on a subject can be more harmful than having no knowledge at all.
“I can resist everything but temptation.” This playful epigram by Oscar Wilde adds a humorous twist by emphasizing the difficulty of resisting temptation.
“Honesty is the best policy, but insanity is a better defense.” This epigram plays on the idea that sometimes, unconventional or unexpected approaches can yield surprising results.

Epigrams are often used to encapsulate a complex idea concisely and cleverly. They provide a memorable way to express a thought, provoke thought, or offer a fresh perspective on a subject. Epigrams are commonly found in literature, speeches, and everyday conversations. They add a touch of wit, humor, and insight to the language, making them a powerful and engaging form of expression.

Irony is a figure of speech that involves the use of words or expressions to convey a meaning that is the opposite of their literal meaning. It is a way of using language to express a contrast between what is said and what is meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.

To understand irony, let’s look at an example. Imagine it’s raining heavily outside, and someone looks out the window and says, “What a beautiful day!” Here, the statement is ironic because the speaker’s words directly contradict the reality of the rainy weather.

There are three main types of irony:

Verbal irony: This involves saying one thing but meaning the opposite. For example: “Oh, that’s just great. Now we’re really in trouble.” (said sarcastically when something goes wrong)
Dramatic irony: This occurs when the audience or reader knows something that the characters in a story or play do not. For example: In the play “Romeo and Juliet,” the audience knows that Juliet is not really dead, but Romeo does not, and he kills himself in despair.
Situational irony: This involves a situation in which the outcome is the opposite of what was expected or intended.
A fire station burns down. This is an example of situational irony because it’s unexpected and contrary to what one would normally expect to happen.
A dentist with bad teeth. This is an example of verbal irony because it’s a contradiction between what is said (a dentist is someone who takes care of teeth) and the situation (the dentist has bad teeth).
A person saying “I love waking up early” when they’re known for always sleeping in. This is an example of irony because their words contradict their actions or reputation.
A person saying “Great job!” sarcastically when someone makes a mistake. This is an example of dramatic irony because the person’s words convey the opposite of what they truly mean.

Irony adds depth and complexity to language by highlighting contradictions or unexpected outcomes. It can be used to convey humor, make a point, or create a sense of surprise. Irony often relies on context or an understanding of the situation to appreciate the contrast between what is expected and what actually occurs. It’s a powerful tool in literature, comedy, and everyday communication.

A pun is a figure of speech that involves the use of words that have multiple meanings or that sound similar to create a humorous or clever effect. It is a play on words that relies on the use of words that have more than one meaning or that sound similar to create a humorous or clever effect.

To understand a pun, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.” In this pun, the word “dough” has a double meaning. It can refer to the bread-making ingredient, but it is also used colloquially to mean money. The pun cleverly plays on this dual meaning to create a humorous effect.

“I’m reading a book about anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down!” This pun relies on the double meaning of “put down” as both physically placing something down and losing interest in a book.
“I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough bread. It wasn’t my knead.” This pun plays on the words “bread” and “knead,” using a word that sounds similar to “need” to create a humorous effect.
“I’m glad I know sign language; it’s pretty handy.” This pun relies on the double meaning of “handy” as both having practical skills and being physically helpful.
“Why did the scarecrow win an award? Because he was outstanding in his field!” This pun uses the word “outstanding” to play on the idea of the scarecrow being exceptional in his field (the field where crops grow).

Puns are a form of wordplay that adds humor, cleverness, and wit to language. They rely on the multiple meanings, homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings), or wordplay to create a humorous or clever effect. Puns can be found in jokes, advertising slogans, literature, and everyday conversations. They’re a playful and entertaining way to engage with language and tickle our funny bones.

Metonymy is a figure of speech that involves using a word or phrase to represent something closely associated with it, but not actually part of it. It’s a way of referring to something by mentioning another word or phrase that is related to it.

To understand metonymy, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “The pen is mightier than the sword.” Here, the word “pen” is used to represent writing or communication, while the word “sword” symbolizes warfare or violence. The phrase suggests that the power of words and ideas (represented by the pen) can be more influential than physical force (represented by the sword).

“The crown” refers to a king or queen. In this case, the word “crown” is used to represent the power and authority associated with royalty.
“The White House issued a statement.” Here, “White House” is used to represent the government or the President of the United States, as the White House is closely associated with political decision-making.
“Let me give you a hand.” In this expression, “hand” is used to represent assistance or help, indicating a willingness to support or lend a hand.
“The press” refers to journalists or the media. Here, the word “press” is used to represent the industry or people involved in news reporting.

Metonymy allows us to use a word or phrase closely related to something to represent or refer to it. It adds depth, symbolism, and economy to language by using associations to convey meaning. Metonymy is commonly used in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations. It provides a way to express ideas concisely and indirectly, while still being understood within the context.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves using a part of something to represent the whole or using the whole to represent a part. It’s a way of referring to something by mentioning a related, but distinct, part or whole.

To understand synecdoche, let’s look at an example. Imagine someone says, “All hands on deck!” Here, the word “hands” is used to represent the whole person or the entire crew on a ship. By referring to a part (hands), the speaker is actually referring to the larger group (the crew).

“Nice wheels!” Here, the word “wheels” is used to refer to a car. The wheels are just a part of the car, but they represent the whole vehicle.
“The law” refers to the police or legal system. In this case, the word “law” is used to represent the entire system of rules and law enforcement.
“He’s a hired gun.” Here, the phrase “hired gun” is used to represent a person who is hired to carry out a specific task or job. The term “gun” refers to the person as a whole.

Synecdoche allows us to use a specific part or whole to represent something larger or smaller, creating a figurative meaning. It adds richness and depth to language by using associations and connections. Synecdoche can be found in literature, poetry, speeches, and everyday conversations. It provides a way to convey meaning in a concise and evocative manner by using familiar relationships between parts and wholes.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that involves using words that imitate or mimic the sound associated with the object or action they describe. It’s a way of creating a connection between the word and the sound it represents, making the text more vivid and engaging for the reader or listener.

To understand onomatopoeia, let’s look at some examples. Imagine the sound of a clock ticking, and someone says, “tick-tock.” Here, the word “tick-tock” imitates the actual sound made by the clock, creating an onomatopoeic effect.

“Buzz” represents the sound of a bee flying around.
“Boom” imitates the sound of an explosion.
“Hiss” imitates the sound a snake makes.
“Splash” imitates the sound of something falling into water.

Onomatopoeic words add a sense of realism, sensory experience, and sound imagery to writing. They allow readers to imagine or hear the sounds being described more vividly. Onomatopoeia is commonly used in literature, poetry, comic books, and children’s stories. By using words that imitate sounds, writers and speakers can bring their descriptions to life and engage the senses of their audience.

Classification of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech can be classified into various categories based on the different ways they manipulate language. Here are some common classifications of figures of speech:

Simile: Comparing two things using “like” or “as” (e.g., “She sings like an angel”).
Metaphor: Describing something by equating it with another unrelated thing (e.g., “He’s a shining star”).
Metonymy: Using a word or phrase to represent something closely associated with it (e.g., “The pen is mightier than the sword”).
Synecdoche: Using a part to represent the whole or vice versa (e.g., “All hands on deck”).
Hyperbole: Exaggerating or overstating for emphasis or effect (e.g., “I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse”).
Litotes: Understating or expressing something by negating its opposite (e.g., “She’s not unkind”).
Alliteration: Repeating the same sound or letter at the beginning of closely connected words (e.g., “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers”).
Assonance: Repetition of similar vowel sounds within words (e.g., “fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese”).
Apostrophe: Directly addressing an absent person or an abstract idea as if it were present (e.g., “O, Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?”).
Irony: Expressing something contrary to the intended meaning for humorous or dramatic effect (e.g., “The teacher said the test was easy, but it was actually very difficult”).
Oxymoron: Combining two contradictory terms to create a new meaning (e.g., “bittersweet” or “jumbo shrimp”).
Anaphora: Repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences (e.g., “I have a dream… I have a dream…”).
Epiphora or Epistrophe: Repeating the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences (e.g., “When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child”).

These are just a few examples of how figures of speech can be classified. Note that some figures of speech may fall into multiple categories, and there can be variations and subcategories within each classification.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of using figures of speech.

Figures of speech serve various purposes in communication. They add depth, creativity, and vividness to language, making it more engaging, memorable, and expressive. They help convey complex ideas, evoke emotions, create imagery, and enhance the overall impact of the message being communicated.

How do figures of speech enhance writing and speaking?

Figures of speech enhance writing and speaking by adding rhetorical devices and literary techniques that make the language more interesting and impactful. They capture the attention of the audience, evoke emotions, paint vivid pictures, and create a lasting impression. They make communication more persuasive, memorable, and engaging.

Can figures of speech be used in everyday conversations?

Absolutely! Figures of speech are not limited to formal writing or literature. They can be used in everyday conversations to make your speech more colorful, expressive, and engaging. Whether it’s using a simile to describe something, employing a metaphor to convey meaning, or utilizing a witty pun, figures of speech can add flair to your everyday communication.

How can one improve their use of figures of speech?

Improving the use of figures of speech involves developing a strong grasp of different types of figures of speech and their appropriate usage. Reading widely, exploring various literary works, and studying examples of figures of speech can enhance your understanding and help you recognize their applications in different contexts. Regular practice and experimentation in writing and speaking can also improve your ability to incorporate figures of speech effectively.

Parts of Speech: Definition and Types with Examples

Sentence Structure: Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences

Sentences: Definition & Types with Examples

Sentence: Definition & Types with Examples

Clauses: Definition, Types and Examples

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Figure of Speech

Figure of Speech Definition

What is a figure of speech? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

A figure of speech is a literary device in which language is used in an unusual—or "figured"—way in order to produce a stylistic effect. Figures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor , simile , and hyperbole ), and figures of speech that play with the ordinary arrangement or pattern in which words are written (such as alliteration , ellipsis , and antithesis ).

Some additional key details about figures of speech:

The ancient Greeks and Romans exhaustively listed, defined, and categorized figures of speech in order to better understand how to effectively use language. The names of most figures of speech derive from the original Greek or Latin.
Figures of speech that play with the literal meaning of words are called tropes , while figures of speech that play with the order or pattern of words are called schemes .
Figures of speech can take many forms. A figure of speech can involve a single word, a phrase, an omission of a word or phrase, a repetition of words or sounds, or specific sentence structures.

Figure of Speech Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce figure of speech: fig -yer of speech

Figures of Speech vs. Figurative Language

There's a lot of confusion about the difference between the terms "figures of speech" and " figurative language ." Most of the confusion stems from the fact that different people often use "figurative language" to mean slightly different things. The two most common (and most acceptable) definitions of figurative language are:

Figurative language refers to any language that contains figures of speech. According to this definition, figurative language and figures of speech are not quite the same thing, but it's pretty darn close. The only difference is that figures of speech refer to each specific type of a figure of speech, while figurative language refers more generally to any language that contains any kind of figures of speech.
Figurative language refers to words or expressions that have non-literal meanings : This definition associates figurative language only with the category of figures of speech called tropes (which are figures of speech that play with the literal meaning of words). So according to this definition, figurative language would be any language that contains tropes, but not language that contains the figures of speech called schemes.

You might encounter people using figurative speech to mean either of the above, and it's not really possible to say which is correct. But if you know about these two different ways of relating figurative language and figures of speech, you'll be in pretty good shape.

Figures of Speech, Tropes, and Schemes

The oldest and still most common way to organize figures of speech is to split them into two main groups: tropes and schemes.

Tropes are figures of speech that involve a deviation from the expected and literal meaning of words.
Schemes are figures of speech that involve a deviation from the typical mechanics of a sentence, such as the order, pattern, or arrangement of words.

The scheme/trope classification system is by no means the only way to organize figures of speech (if you're interested, you can find all sorts of different categorization methods for figures of speech here ). But it is the most common method, and is both simple and structured enough to help you understand figures of speech.

Generally, a trope uses comparison, association, or wordplay to play with the literal meaning of words or to layer another meaning on top of a word's literal meaning. Some of the most commonly used tropes are explained briefly below, though you can get even more detail on each from its specific LitCharts entry.

Metaphor : A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unrelated things by stating that one thing is another thing, even though this isn't literally true. For example, if someone says "it's raining cats and dogs," this obviously doesn't literally mean what it says—it's a metaphor that makes a comparison between the weight of "cats and dogs" and heavy rain. Metaphors are tropes because their effect relies not on the mechanics of the sentence, but rather on the association created by the use of the phrase "cats and dogs" in a non-literal manner.
Simile : A simile, like a metaphor, makes a comparison between two unrelated things. However, instead of stating that one thing is another thing (as in metaphor), a simile states that one thing is like another thing. To stick with cats and dogs, an example of a simile would be to say "they fought like cats and dogs."
Oxymoron : An oxymoron pairs contradictory words in order to express new or complex meanings. In the phrase "parting is such sweet sorrow" from Romeo and Juliet , "sweet sorrow" is an oxymoron that captures the complex and simultaneous feelings of pain and pleasure associated with passionate love. Oxymorons are tropes because their effect comes from a combination of the two words that goes beyond the literal meanings of those words.
Hyperbole : A hyperbole is an intentional exaggeration of the truth, used to emphasize the importance of something or to create a comic effect. An example of a hyperbole is to say that a backpack "weighs a ton." No backpack literally weighs a ton, but to say "my backpack weighs ten pounds" doesn't effectively communicate how burdensome a heavy backpack feels. Once again, this is a trope because its effect comes from understanding that the words mean something different from what they literally say.

Other Common Tropes

Antanaclasis
Onomatopoeia
Personification
Periphrasis
Rhetorical Question

Schemes are mechanical—they're figures of speech that tinker with words, sounds, and structures (as opposed to meanings) in order to achieve an effect. Schemes can themselves be broken down in helpful ways that define the sort of tinkering they employ.

Repetition: Repeating words, phrases, or even sounds in a particular way.
Omission: Leaving out certain words or punctuation that would normally be expected.
Changes of word order: Shifting around words or phrases in atypical ways.
Balance: Creating sentences or phrases with equal parts, often through the use of identical grammatical structures.

Some of the most commonly used schemes are explained briefly below, though you can get even more detail on each from its specific LitCharts entry.

Alliteration : In alliteration, the same sound repeats in a group of words, such as the “b” sound in: “ B ob b rought the b ox of b ricks to the b asement.” Alliteration uses repetition to create a musical effect that helps phrases to stand out from the language around them.
Assonance : A scheme in which vowel sounds repeat in nearby words, such as the "ee" sound in the proverb: "the squ ea ky wh ee l gets the gr ea se." Like alliteration, assonance uses repeated sounds to create a musical effect in which words echo one another—it's a scheme because this effect is achieved through repetition of words with certain sounds, not by playing with the meaning of words.
Ellipsis : The deliberate omission of one or more words from a sentence because their meaning is already implied. In the example, "Should I call you, or you me?" the second clause uses ellipsis. While its implication is "or should you call me," the context of the sentence allows for the omission of "should" and "call." Ellipsis is a scheme because it involves an uncommon usage of language.
Parallelism : The repetition of sentence structure for emphasis and balance. This can occur in a single sentence, such as "a penny saved is a penny earned," and it can also occur over the course of a speech, poem, or other text. Parallelism is a scheme because it creates emphasis through the mechanics of sentence structure, rather than by playing with the actual meanings of words.

Other Common Schemes

Anadiplosis
Antimetabole
Brachylogia
Epanalepsis
Parenthesis
Polysyndeton

Figure of Speech Examples

Figures of speech can make language more inventive, more beautiful, more rhythmic, more memorable, and more meaningful. It shouldn't be a surprise, then, that figures of speech are plentiful in all sorts of written language. The examples below show a variety of different types of figures of speech. You can see many more examples of each type at their own specific LitChart entries.

Figures of Speech Examples in Literature

Literature is riddled with figures of speech because figures of speech make language colorful and complex.

Metaphor in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca

On and on, now east now west, wound the poor thread that once had been our drive. Sometimes I thought it lost, but it appeared again, beneath a fallen tree perhaps, or struggling on the other side of a muddied ditch created by the winter rains.

In this quote from Rebecca , Daphne du Maurier refers to a washed-out road as "the poor thread." This is a metaphor —and a trope—because the writer indirectly compares the thread to the road and expects that readers will understand that "thread" is not used literally.

Parallelism in Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.

In the famous opening line of A Tale of Two Cities , Dickens uses parallelism —a scheme in which parts of a sentence repeat—in order to emphasize the contradictions of the time in which the book is set. Dickens has manipulated his sentence structure so that the parallel clauses emphasize the oppositional nature of his words ("it was the best of times, it was the worst of times"). The figure of speech doesn't play with the meaning of words, it emphasizes them through structure and repetition, which is why it is a scheme.

Alliteration in Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Birthmark"

In this manner, s electing it as the s ymbol of his wife's liability to s in, s orrow, d ecay, and d eath, Aylmer's s ombre imagination was not long in rendering the birthmark a frightful object, causing him more trouble and horror than ever Georgiana's beauty, whether of s oul or s ense, had given him delight.

This passage from " The Birthmark " uses alliteration to tie together all of the things that Georgiana's birthmark is supposed to symbolize. By using words that alliterate—"sin and sorrow" and "decay and death," for example—Hawthorne is making the reader feel that these ideas are connected, rather than simply stating that they are connected. Alliteration is a figure of speech—a scheme—because it uses the mechanics of language to emphasize meaning.

Verbal Irony in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar

For Brutus is an honorable man; So are they all, all honorable men,

This quote from Julius Caesar comes from Marc Antony's speech at Caesar's funeral. Antony needs to hold Brutus and his conspirators accountable for Caesar's death without contradicting the crowd's positive impression of Brutus, so Antony uses verbal irony to simultaneously please and trouble the crowd. On the surface, Antony says what the audience wants to hear (that Brutus is honorable), but it becomes clear over the course of his speech that he means the opposite of what he says (and over time he convinces the audience to believe this opposite meaning as well). This is a figure of speech (a trope) because it's based on a play on the meaning of Antony's words.

Figures of Speech Examples in Music

Figures of speech are also common in music. Schemes fit naturally with songs because both schemes and songs manipulate sound and rhythm to enhance the meanings of words. Music also uses many tropes, because using words that have meanings beyond their literal ones makes language more interesting, and it allows songwriters to create music that uses just a few words to imply a complex meaning.

Assonance and Metaphor in Rihanna's "Diamonds"

So sh ine br igh t ton igh t, you and I We're beautiful l i ke d i amonds in the sk y Eye to eye , so al i ve We're beautiful l i ke d i amonds in the sk y

Rihanna uses assonance when she repeats the " eye " sound throughout the chorus of "Diamonds." This make the words echo one another, which emphasizes the similarity between the singer, the person she's talking about, and the "diamonds in the sky" to which she's comparing them both. Assonance is a scheme because it's using the sound of words—not their meaning—to draw a parallel between different things.

Rihanna also uses the phrase "Diamonds in the sky" as a metaphor for stars. This is a trope—a phrase that means something other than what it literally says—as Rihanna obviously doesn't think that there are actually diamonds in the sky. This verse is a good example of how figures of speech can often work together and overlap. In this case, the metaphor that allows her to use "diamonds" instead of "stars" also fits into her use of assonance (because "stars" lacks the "eye" sound).

Personification in Green Day's "Good Riddance"

Another turning point, a fork stuck in the road Time grabs you by the wrist, directs you where to go

While the first line of this song uses "a fork stuck in the road" as a metaphor for a choice, the more arresting figure of speech at work here is the personification of time in the second line. By giving "time" human characteristics—the ability to grab a person and tell them where to go—Green Day is helping listeners to make sense of the power that time has over people. This is a trope because the line doesn't mean what it literally says; instead, it's asking listeners to make a comparison between the characteristics of time and the characteristics of a person.

Anastrophe in Public Enemy's "Fight the Power"

Straight up racist that sucker was Simple and plain

In the line "Straight up racist that sucker was," Public Enemy uses anastrophe (which is the inversion of typical word order) to preserve the rhythm of the verse. Instead of saying "That sucker was straight up racist," Public Enemy chooses an odd phrasing that has one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables— " ra cist that su cker was/ Sim ple and plain ." This way, the beat falls more regularly across those two lines, which allows the rapper to make his point (that Elvis was racist) without the flow sounding awkward. Since anastrophe manipulates the order of words in order to achieve a rhythmic effect, it's a scheme.

Why Do Writers Use Figures of Speech?

Figures of speech is a category that encompasses a broad variety of literary terms, so it's difficult to give one answer to this question. Writers use different figures of speech to achieve different effects.

Schemes (figures of speech that manipulate sound, syntax, and word order) can make language more beautiful, persuasive, or memorable. Writers can use schemes to draw attention to an important passage, to create a sound that mirrors (or contrasts with) the meaning of words, or to give language a rhythm that draws the reader in. As schemes tend to work through sound and rhythm, they generally produce a visceral effect, or an effect felt in the body—broadly speaking, schemes are more sensory than intellectual.

In contrast, writers use tropes to grab the reader intellectually by adding complexity or ambiguity to an otherwise simple word or phrase. Tropes can ask the reader to make a comparison between two unlike things, they can impose human qualities on nonhumans, and they can mean the opposite of what they say. Tropes engage the intellect because the reader has to be alert to the fact that tropes do not use language at face value—a trope never means what it literally says.

All figures of speech help a writer to communicate ideas that are difficult to say in words or that are more effectively communicated non-verbally. This could be by repeating harsh consonants to create a scary atmosphere, or by using a metaphor to impose the qualities of something concrete (say, a rose) onto something more difficult to define (say, love). In general, figures of speech attempt to bring out a reader's emotion and to capture their attention by making language more colorful, surprising, and complex.

Other Helpful Figure of Speech Resources

Silva Rhetoricae on Figures of Speech : An excellent reference from BYU that explains the various ways that figures of speech have been categorized over history, including into schemes and tropes.
Silva Rhetoricae on schemes and tropes :
The Oxford Reference Page for Figure of Speech : A helpful definition of figures of speech in the context of the ancient study of rhetoric (did you know that the Roman rhetorician Quintillian defined "figure of speech" in 95 AD?)
What Are Tropes in Language? Skip to the "Distinction Between Figures and Tropes" section and read to the end—full of informative and thought-provoking discussion about tropes.
A YouTube video about tropes and schemes with pop culture examples.

The printed PDF version of the LitCharts literary term guide on Figure of Speech

Alliteration
Climax (Figure of Speech)
Figurative Language
Parallelism
Verbal Irony
Connotation
Characterization
Common Meter
End-Stopped Line
Red Herring
Climax (Plot)
Protagonist
Understatement

Quizzes, saving guides, requests, plus so much more.

50 Examples of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech are the spices of language. These add flavor and intensity to our everyday communication. These rhetorical devices transform simple sentences into powerful messages in literature, speeches, or casual conversations and can leave a lasting impact.

In this post, you’ll find 50 examples of figures of speech that illustrate their beauty, versatility, and effectiveness. It includes well-known metaphors and similes that light up our literary texts, as well as the subtle ironies and euphemisms that color our daily dialogues.

Figures of speech are not just tools for writers or orators; they are instruments for anyone who wishes to enhance their communication skills, add creativity to their language, or simply appreciate the nuanced art of wordplay.

Simile : “As brave as a lion.”
Metaphor : “Time is a thief.”
Personification : “The wind whispered through the trees.”
Hyperbole : “I’ve told you a million times.”
Understatement : “It’s just a scratch,” said about a large dent.
Metonymy : “The White House issued a statement.” (Referring to the U.S. President or administration)
Synecdoche : “All hands on deck.” (Referring to sailors)
Irony : Saying “What a pleasant day!” during a storm.
Sarcasm : Saying “Great job!” when someone fails.
Alliteration : “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”
Assonance : “The early bird catches the worm.”
Onomatopoeia : “The bees buzzed in the garden.”
Oxymoron : “Deafening silence.”
Paradox : “Less is more.”
Pun : “A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.”
Anaphora : “Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better.”
Epistrophe : “Government of the people, by the people, for the people.”
Euphemism : “Passed away” instead of “died.”
Litotes : “Not bad” to mean “good.”
Apostrophe : “O Death, where is thy sting?”
Allegory : “The Tortoise and the Hare” represents slow and steady wins the race.
Cliché : “Love is blind.”
Idiom : “It’s raining cats and dogs.”
Analogy : “Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.”
Chiasmus : “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.”
Antithesis : “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Paralipsis : “I will not mention the fact that you were late.”
Zeugma : “He opened his mind and his wallet at the movies.”
Synesthesia : “Tasting of Flora and the country green.”
Tautology : “Free gift.”
Anadiplosis : “Fear leads to anger; anger leads to hate.”
Asyndeton : “I came, I saw, I conquered.”
Polysyndeton : “We lived and laughed and loved and left.”
Euphony : “Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness.”
Cacophony : “Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!”
Ellipsis : “So… what happened?”
Hyperbaton : “Alone he walked on the cold, lonely roads.”
Anthropomorphism : “The teapot shouted at the kettle.”
Antanaclasis : “Your argument is sound, nothing but sound.”
Antimetabole : “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
Aphorism : “Actions speak louder than words.”
Archaism : “Thou art the fairest maiden.”
Bathos : “He spent his final hour of life doing what he loved most: arguing with his wife.”
Circumlocution : “The thing you use to sweep the floor” instead of “broom.”
Enthymeme : “He is a U.S. citizen, so he must speak English.”
Epigram : “Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind.”
Epithet : “Alexander the Great.”
Equivocation : “I stand with my country, but I also stand with my party.”
Hendiadys : “Nice and warm” instead of “nicely warm.”
Hypophora : “What makes a good writer? Good writing, of course.”
Types of Figurative Language
Importance of Figures of Speech
Figures of Speech Examples in Literature
Figures of Speech Examples in Poetry

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What Are Figures of Speech? Definition & 100+ Examples

Have you ever pondered how our words can paint vivid pictures, evoke intense emotions, or transport us to magical realms? Welcome to the enchanting world of figures of speech! As the spices of language, these expressive tools bring flavor to our conversations and help us articulate our thoughts with creativity and flair.

Join us as we embark on this exciting linguistic adventure, and unlock the secrets to using figures of speech effectively. Whether you’re a writer, a speaker, or simply someone who loves the art of language, this exploration promises to enlighten and inspire.

So grab your metaphorical paintbrush, and get ready to turn your words into a masterpiece!

Table of Contents

Figures of Speech: Definition

Figures of speech are expressive language devices used to add color, depth, and creativity to our communication. They go beyond the literal meaning of words and phrases, employing stylistic and imaginative techniques to convey ideas more vividly and engagingly.

By intentionally manipulating words and phrases, figures of speech create richer and more impactful expressions, giving language its poetic, persuasive, and emotive qualities.

Figures of speech breathe life into our language, making it more engaging and memorable. They enable us to paint vivid images, evoke emotions, and convey complex ideas with clarity and impact.

Types of Figures of Speech

There are numerous figures of speech, each serving a unique purpose in enhancing the beauty and expressiveness of language. Here are some of the types:

A metaphor is a powerful figure of speech that allows us to make connections between two dissimilar things by asserting that one thing is another. By drawing attention to a shared characteristic, metaphors create vivid images, enhance understanding, and enrich language. Unlike similes, metaphors don’t use comparative words such as “like” or “as.”

Here are some examples of metaphors and their meanings:


	This metaphor, coined by Shakespeare, suggests that our lives are like performances on a stage, with everyone playing different roles at various times.
	In this metaphor, the speaker is expressing that the sound of her voice is as pleasing and enjoyable as listening to music.
	This metaphor implies that war creates confusion and uncertainty, just as fog obscures vision.
	The metaphor compares the chaotic and unruly nature of the classroom to the wild and noisy environment of a zoo.
	This metaphor conveys that the speaker’s words can have both positive and negative effects, similar to how a double-edged sword can cut in both directions.
	In this metaphor, laughter is compared to medicine, suggesting that it has healing and rejuvenating effects on our well-being.

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two distinct things by using the words “like” or “as” to establish a connection. By highlighting a shared quality or characteristic, similes create vivid images and enhance the reader’s or listener’s understanding of the subject.

While metaphors make direct comparisons without using comparative words, similes explicitly use “like” or “as” to draw attention to the similarity between the two things being compared.

Here are some examples of similes and their meanings:


	This simile suggests that the person being described is exceptionally courageous, similar to the bravery associated with lions.
	In this simile, the person’s temper is compared to a volcano, emphasizing its explosive and unpredictable nature.
	The simile creates a vivid image by comparing the brightness and beauty of her eyes to the sparkling quality of stars.
	This simile compares the person’s speed and agility while running to the swiftness of the wind, highlighting his impressive athletic ability.
	In this simile, the growth and development of their love are likened to the blooming of a flower, evoking a sense of beauty and tenderness.
	This simile captures the quiet and delicate nature of falling snow by comparing it to the soft sound of a whisper.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that employs intentional exaggeration to create emphasis, drama, or humor. By magnifying a particular quality or characteristic, hyperboles draw attention to the subject and evoke strong emotions.

Although not meant to be taken literally, hyperboles effectively convey the intensity or extremity of a situation or feeling, enriching language and engaging the reader or listener.

Here are some examples of hyperboles and their meanings:


	This hyperbole emphasizes the speaker’s extreme hunger, but it doesn’t mean that they will actually eat a horse.
	In this hyperbole, the expression conveys the depth of the person’s sadness by suggesting that her tears were so abundant that they formed a river.
	This hyperbole highlights the overwhelming amount of homework the person has by comparing it to the size of a mountain.
	The hyperbole uses the large number “ to exaggerate the number of times the speaker has repeated the information, emphasizing their frustration.
	In this hyperbole, the speaker exaggerates the weight of the bag by comparing it to a ton, suggesting that it is extremely heavy.
	This hyperbole employs an exaggeration to describe someone’s age, implying that they are very old, though not literally as old as hills.

Alliteration

Alliteration is a figure of speech that features the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Often used in poetry, prose, and tongue twisters, alliteration adds a rhythmic and musical quality to language, making it more memorable and engaging.

Here are some examples of alliteration:


	This classic tongue twister showcases alliteration with the repeated sound at the beginning of each word, creating a playful and challenging effect.
	In this popular example, the alliterative sound adds a sense of harmony and flow to the phrase.
	In this line from Shakespeare’s the repeated sound creates a sense of unity and emphasis, highlighting the importance of the idea being conveyed.
	This tongue twister uses the alliterative sound to create a catchy and memorable phrase.
	This phrase employs alliteration with the sound, adding a rhythmic quality and reinforcing the idea of chaotic and unruly weather conditions.

An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines two seemingly contradictory or opposing terms to create a new concept or expression. By juxtaposing these contrasting words, oxymorons emphasize contrast, create paradoxes, and evoke curiosity or surprise in the reader.

They can also add depth, complexity, or humor to language, highlighting the nuances and contradictions in human experience.

Here are some examples of oxymorons:


	This oxymoron describes a situation in which the absence of sound is so pronounced that it becomes in its own way, emphasizing the intensity of the silence.
	This term combines the opposing tastes of and to describe an experience that is simultaneously pleasant and painful, such as a fond memory tinged with sadness.
	By pairing with this oxymoron highlights the paradox of something being both the first of its kind and a duplicate.
	This oxymoron, often associated with zombies, combines the contradictory ideas of life and death, emphasizing the eerie, unnatural nature of the subject.
	This oxymoron pairs the negative term with the positive term to emphasize that something is exceptionally good or impressive.

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate or sound like the action they describe. This figure of speech is commonly used in poetry and helps to convey a more vivid image to the reader.

Here are some examples of onomatopoeia:


	This word imitates the humming sound made by bees, flies, or other insects as they fly around.
	This word captures the hissing sound made by food, such as bacon or vegetables, cooking in a hot pan.
	This word mimics the loud, disruptive sound produced when objects collide or fall, such as a car accident or dishes shattering on the floor.
	This word imitates the soft, indistinct sound of people speaking quietly or water flowing gently over rocks.
	This word resembles the sound of a door, floorboard, or other object moving under pressure, often associated with old or poorly maintained structures.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human qualities, emotions, or actions to non-human objects, animals, or abstract concepts.

By giving human characteristics to inanimate objects or intangible ideas, personification helps to create vivid imagery, evoke emotions, and make abstract concepts more relatable and engaging for the reader or listener.

It is frequently used in poetry, prose, and other forms of creative expression to enhance the impact and appeal of language.

Here are some examples of personification:


	In this example, the wind is given the human ability to whisper, suggesting a gentle and calming presence.
	Flowers are personified as dancers, creating a lively and dynamic image of their movement in response to the wind.
	This personification portrays time as a relentless soldier, emphasizing its unstoppable progress and the inevitability of change.
	In this example, the sun is given the human attribute of smiling, evoking a sense of warmth, happiness, and benevolence.
	The car is personified as having a cough, conveying the idea that it is struggling to function and perhaps in need of repair.

A pun is a form of wordplay that exploits the multiple meanings or similar sounds of words to create humor, irony, or rhetorical impact. Puns often rely on homophones (words that sound alike but have different meanings) or homonyms (words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings).

They can be used to create jokes, add levity, or bring attention to a particular idea or concept. Puns are a popular form of humor in literature, advertising, and everyday conversation.

Here are some examples of puns:


	In this pun, has a double meaning, referring both to exercising and the success of a relationship.
	Here, the pun plays on the double meaning of referring to both the captivating nature of the book and the literal concept of anti-gravity.
	This pun uses the homophones and to create a humorous connection between the donut holes and the baker’s experience.
	In this pun, has a double meaning, referring to both the scarecrow’s exceptional abilities and its literal position in a field.
	the pun plays on the terms and creating a connection between the idea of a photographic memory and the process of developing photographs.

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or conversely, the whole is used to represent a part. This literary device allows writers and speakers to create emphasis or simplification by using a representative term, making their language more concise, vivid, and engaging.

Synecdoche is commonly used in poetry, prose, and everyday speech to create impactful imagery and evoke emotions.

Here are some examples of synecdoche:


	In this example, represent the sailors or crew members, with the term “hands” emphasizing their physical labor and participation in the task.
	In this synecdoche, stands for the people or society that the person has encountered, creating a sense of scale and universality in the experience.
	Here, represents the person’s speech or manner of speaking, emphasizing the cutting or critical nature of her words.
	In this example, are used to represent the whole car, with the term focusing on a key aspect of the vehicle.
	Here, represents the entire presidential administration or the president themself, simplifying the source of the statement.

Irony is a figure of speech that uses words to convey a meaning that is opposite to or different from their literal or usual meaning, often to create humor, critique, or emphasize a point.

Irony highlights the discrepancy between what is said or expected and what actually occurs or is meant. It is commonly used in literature, conversation, and other forms of communication to engage the audience and provoke thought.

There are several types of irony, including verbal, situational, and dramatic irony.

Here are some examples of irony:


	Verbal irony	In this example, the speaker uses the word to express their frustration with the undesirable situation, rather than to genuinely praise it.
	Situational irony	In this example, the unexpected event of a fire station burning down creates situational irony, as one would typically expect a fire station to be well-equipped to handle fires.
In Shakespeare’s play the audience knows that Juliet is not actually dead, but Romeo does not.	Dramatic irony	This creates dramatic irony, as the audience is aware of information that the characters are not, heightening the tension and tragedy of the play.
said the intern sarcastically.	Verbal irony	In this example, the intern’s statement is ironic because they actually dread reading the lengthy report, but their words suggest enthusiasm.
A health and fitness blogger wins a lifetime supply of donuts.	Situational irony	Here, the situational irony arises from the contrast between the blogger’s focus on healthy living and the unhealthy prize they receive.

Litotes is a figure of speech that employs understatement or a double negative to emphasize a point or convey a positive meaning. By presenting a statement in a weaker or more modest form, litotes highlights the intended meaning through contrast or irony.

This rhetorical device is frequently used in literature, speeches, and everyday language to create emphasis, evoke humor, or express modesty and politeness.

Here are some examples of litotes:


	By using litotes, this statement implies that the person actually liked the book or found it enjoyable.
	This statement uses a double negative to subtly convey that the new employee is indeed qualified for the job.
	By using litotes, this sentence suggests that the person being discussed is an exceptional or extraordinary athlete.
	This litotes implies that you’ll actually be quite pleased or delighted with the dessert.
	This double negative conveys that the person is indeed aware of the issue at hand.

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a closely associated but non-literal term is substituted for the word it is intended to represent. This rhetorical device allows writers and speakers to create emphasis or simplification by using a representative term or symbol, making their language more concise, vivid, and engaging.

Metonymy is commonly used in poetry, prose, and everyday speech to create impactful imagery and evoke emotions.

Here are some examples of metonymy:


	In this example, represents written words or intellectual pursuits, while “sword” symbolizes physical force or violence. This metonymy highlights the power of ideas over brute force.
	In this example, is used to represent the monarchy or royal authority, with the term focusing on a key symbol of the institution.
	In this metonymy, stands for the entire film industry, creating a sense of scale and universality in the statement.
	Here, represents the restaurant staff or chefs, emphasizing their hard work and dedication.
	In this example, is used to represent the religious or spiritual profession, with the term evoking the traditional garments worn by religious leaders.

A euphemism is a figure of speech in which a mild or indirect expression is substituted for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one. This rhetorical device allows writers and speakers to convey sensitive or potentially uncomfortable information in a more delicate or polite manner.

Euphemisms are often used to address taboo subjects, unpleasant situations, or impolite language, helping to maintain a sense of decorum and respect in communication.

Here are some examples of euphemisms:


instead of	In this example, the euphemism is used to soften the impact of the word making it easier to discuss the sensitive subject of death.
instead of	Here, is used as a more gentle way to express the termination of someone’s employment, avoiding the harshness of the term
instead of	In this instance, is employed as a euphemism to describe a person’s state of unemployment, making it sound less negative and more temporary.
instead of	This euphemism conveys the idea of dishonesty or lying in a more subtle and indirect manner, avoiding the blunt accusation of lying.
instead of	Here, the euphemism is used humorously to describe someone’s height in a less direct or potentially offensive manner.

Antithesis is a figure of speech that places two opposing or contrasting ideas side by side to create a clear, contrasting relationship or an intense effect. This rhetorical device emphasizes the differences between the ideas and enhances the impact of both concepts by using their contrast to create a striking and memorable image or statement.

Antithesis is often used in literature, speeches, and other forms of communication to engage the audience, provoke thought, and highlight the complexity or depth of an idea.

Here are some examples of antithesis:


	In this example, Alexander Pope’s famous line contrasts the human tendency to make mistakes with the divine act of forgiveness, highlighting the importance of compassion and understanding.
	This famous opening line from Charles Dickens’ sets up a stark contrast between two opposing experiences, emphasizing the complex nature of the era.
	In this well-known quote by Patrick Henry, the antithesis places the concepts of liberty and death side by side, emphasizing the speaker’s strong conviction and determination to fight for freedom.
	In this statement by Martin Luther King Jr., the antithesis contrasts the idea of living in harmony with the destructive alternative of perishing, emphasizing the importance of unity and cooperation.
	In Shakespeare’s Brutus uses antithesis to explain his motivation for participating in Caesar’s assassination, contrasting his love for Caesar with his greater love for Rome.

Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, an abstract concept, or a personified object. This rhetorical device allows writers and speakers to create a more emotional, intimate, or dramatic effect in their work, engaging the audience and evoking strong feelings.

Apostrophe is often used in literature, particularly poetry and drama, to convey deep emotions, personal reflections, or powerful messages.

Here are some examples of apostrophe:


	In this famous line from Shakespeare’s Juliet addresses her absent lover Romeo, expressing her longing and frustration with the situation that keeps them apart.
	In this line from John Donne’s poem the speaker directly addresses Death as a personified entity, challenging its power and asserting the triumph of the soul over death.
	In Walt Whitman’s poem, the speaker addresses the deceased captain of a ship, mourning his loss and reflecting on the end of a difficult journey.
	In Lord Byron’s poem the speaker addresses the ocean, personifying it and expressing admiration for its power and beauty.
	In Percy Bysshe Shelley’s poem the speaker uses apostrophe to address the abstract concepts of the world, life, and time, reflecting on their impermanence and the fleeting nature of human existence.

Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech that deliberately minimizes the importance or impact of something, often for humorous or ironic effect. This rhetorical device allows writers and speakers to convey their message in a subtle, indirect manner, emphasizing their point by downplaying its significance.

Understatement is often used in literature, speeches, and everyday conversations to create humor, irony, or to heighten the impact of a situation by contrasting it with its mild description.

Here are some examples of understatement:


	In this example, a person might say this about a large, deep wound, humorously minimizing the severity of the injury.
	Here, the speaker downplays the immense size and magnificence of the Grand Canyon, creating an ironic effect by contrasting the description with the reality.
	In this understatement, the speaker minimizes the extraordinary intelligence of Albert Einstein, a renowned physicist and one of the most influential figures in the history of science.
	Here, the speaker minimizes the extensive body of work and the impact of William Shakespeare, one of the most significant and influential playwrights in history.
	In this example, a person might say this after a massive storm or flood, humorously downplaying the intensity of the weather event.

A paradox is a figure of speech that presents a statement or situation that seems contradictory or illogical but can hold a deeper meaning or truth. This rhetorical device challenges the reader or listener to think beyond the surface and find a more profound understanding or insight.

Paradoxes are often used in literature, philosophy, and everyday language to create intrigue, provoke thought, and reveal the complexity of ideas or situations.

Here are some examples of paradox:


	In this example, the paradox combines two seemingly contradictory ideas, the beginning and the end, suggesting that the initiation of a particular event or process will ultimately lead to its conclusion.
	This statement contradicts the idea that having more is always better, instead suggesting that simplicity and restraint can lead to a more profound or effective outcome.
	In this paradox, the stability implied by the word is contrasted with the inherent instability of change, emphasizing the idea that change is an inevitable and ever-present aspect of life.
	This famous quote attributed to Socrates presents a paradox by claiming both knowledge and ignorance, illustrating the importance of humility and the pursuit of wisdom.
	In this example, the paradox highlights the idea that as one gains knowledge, they also become more aware of the vastness of the unknown, resulting in a humbling sense of the limits of human understanding.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in non-rhyming words, often used to create internal rhymes and enhance the rhythm in poetry or prose. This figure of speech contributes to the musicality, mood, and overall atmosphere of a piece, making it more engaging and memorable for the reader or listener.

Assonance can also be employed for emphasis, to draw attention to certain words or ideas, and to create a sense of cohesion within a text.

Here are some examples of assonance:


	In this line by Edgar Allan Poe, the repetition of the sound in and creates a sense of harmony and musicality.
	In this famous line from the musical the repeated sound in and contributes to the rhythm and catchiness of the phrase.
	In this line from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem the sound is repeated in and creating a rich, melodic effect.
	In this example, the repetition of the long sound in and enhances the rhythm and musicality of the phrase.
	In this phrase, the repetition of the long sound in and creates a sense of cohesion and rhythm, making the phrase more memorable.

Anaphora is a figure of speech involving the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive clauses or sentences to emphasize an idea, create a sense of rhythm, and reinforce a particular point.

This rhetorical device is commonly used in poetry, speeches, and prose to establish a pattern, evoke emotion, and make a message more memorable and powerful.

Here are some examples of anaphora:


	In Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous speech, the repetition of at the beginning of several consecutive sentences emphasizes his vision for a more equal and just society, making the speech more impactful and memorable.
	In this opening line from Charles Dickens’ the repetition of creates a sense of rhythm and contrast, highlighting the dichotomies of the period described.
	In Winston Churchill’s famous speech, the repetition of emphasizes the determination and resolve of the British people during World War II.
	In this positive affirmation, the repetition of at the beginning of each phrase reinforces the idea of continuous improvement.
	In William Shakespeare’s play the repetition of “this” emphasizes the speaker’s love and reverence for his country.

Chiasmus is a figure of speech where the order of words in one phrase is reversed in the following phrase, creating a mirrored or inverted structure. This rhetorical device is used to create emphasis, balance, and contrast, making a message more memorable and impactful.

Chiasmus is often found in literature, speeches, and everyday language to convey a sense of symmetry, harmony, or irony.

Here are some examples of chiasmus:


	In this famous quote from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, the reversal of the phrases and emphasizes the importance of civic responsibility and national unity.
	In this popular saying, the reversal of the word order in and creates a sense of balance and highlights the idea of resilience in the face of adversity.
	In this quote attributed to Benjamin Franklin, the chiasmus highlights the importance of planning and the consequences of neglecting it.
	In this saying attributed to Adlai Stevenson, the chiasmus emphasizes the value of living a meaningful and fulfilling life rather than focusing solely on longevity.
	In this example from Cormac McCarthy’s the chiasmus underscores the paradoxical nature of memory and desire.

Figurative Language in Literature and Writing

Figurative language is a crucial aspect of literature and writing, serving to create vivid images and engaging scenes for readers.

It is commonly used in poetry, prose, and other forms of writing to enhance the narrative and provide deeper meaning. By employing various literary devices and wordplay, writers can evoke emotions, provoke thought, and create memorable experiences for their readers.

One of the primary purposes of figurative language is to convey abstract ideas and concepts through concrete images. Writers often use metaphors, similes, and personification to create connections between seemingly unrelated subjects.

Another common technique employed in literature and writing is the use of symbolism, where objects, characters, or events represent abstract ideas or concepts.

This can contribute to the development of themes, the exploration of human experiences, and the layering of meaning throughout a narrative. For example, a recurring motif of birds may symbolize freedom, while a shattered mirror may represent broken relationships.

Wordplay, such as puns, alliteration, and onomatopoeia, also enriches literary works and adds an element of sophistication to writing. These devices showcase the writer’s mastery of language and provide additional layers of interpretation for readers.

Using Figures of Speech in Writing: Strategies

Figures of speech are essential tools that writers use to refine their craft and convey meaning effectively. They can enrich writing by providing additional layers of meaning and enlivening prose by introducing distinctive language patterns.

One strategy for using figures of speech is to incorporate various literary devices such as similes, metaphors, and personification in text. These tropes allow writers to make comparisons that evoke strong mental images, enhancing the reader’s understanding of the content.

Another effective approach is to incorporate elements of grammar and structure, such as alliteration, anaphora, or chiasmus, to create memorable and captivating patterns in writing.

Incorporating irony, sarcasm, or understatement in text can also help writers convey meaning in a subtle, witty, or humorous manner. These figures of speech add another dimension to the narrative by contrasting what is said with what is meant or what is expected.

Lastly, it is crucial for writers to understand their audience and consider the context in which the writing will be read. Tropes that work well for one audience might not resonate with another, and overusing figures of speech may hinder understanding or distract from the message being conveyed.

Related Terms and Concepts

In the realm of figures of speech, several related terms and concepts can be found. These terms help clarify the various devices and techniques that contribute to a more evocative and effective use of language.

Circumlocution is a figure of speech in which a speaker or writer uses more words than necessary to express an idea, often with the purpose of avoiding a direct statement. Examples of circumlocution can be found in politics, science, and everyday conversation. It can be a useful tool in crafting an evasive response, obscuring a truth or maintaining diplomatic neutrality.

Pleonasm refers to the use of redundant words or phrases in a sentence. This figure of speech may seem superfluous, but it can be used intentionally to emphasize a point or create a specific effect. In some cases, pleonasm can add lyrical or rhythmic qualities to a phrase, as in poetry.

Term	Definition
Circumlocution	The use of more words than necessary to convey an idea or meaning, often to avoid a direct statement.
Pleonasm	The use of redundant words or phrases, sometimes for emphasis or effect.

Epigram is a brief, witty, and often satirical statement that conveys a thought or observation in a concise and memorable way. Epigrams are often used in literature and social commentary to offer insight or provoke thought. Examples of epigrams can be found across diverse literary works, from ancient Greek and Roman texts to the modern-day writings of prominent authors.

Schemes refer to the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence or paragraph, focusing on syntax and structure. These rhetorical devices can elevate language by creating patterns, contrasts, or emphasis.

Some common examples of schemes include parallelism, chiasmus, and antithesis. Schemes can be powerful tools in crafting engaging and meaningful writing across numerous fields, from science to poetry.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a figure of speech and a literary device.

A figure of speech is a type of literary device that uses words or expressions in a non-literal or metaphorical way to create a particular effect, such as imagery, emphasis, or emotional impact.

Literary devices, on the other hand, are a broader category that encompasses various techniques and tools used by writers to enhance their work, create meaning, and engage readers.

Figures of speech are a subset of literary devices, which also include elements like symbolism, irony, foreshadowing, and alliteration.

Can using too many figures of speech be detrimental to communication?

While figures of speech can enrich language and make it more engaging, using too many of them can be detrimental to communication.

Overuse of figures of speech can make a text overly complicated, obscure the intended meaning, and even confuse or alienate readers who are unfamiliar with the expressions being used.

It’s essential to strike a balance between using figures of speech for stylistic effect and maintaining clarity and accessibility in communication.

Can understanding figures of speech improve critical thinking skills?

Yes, understanding figures of speech can contribute to the development of critical thinking skills.

By learning to identify and analyze various rhetorical devices in language, you become more adept at recognizing the underlying ideas, assumptions, and emotions that inform a message.

This heightened awareness can help you evaluate the validity and persuasiveness of arguments, identify potential biases or manipulative language, and make more informed decisions based on the information you encounter.

Can the use of figures of speech affect the tone of a piece of writing?

Yes, the use of figures of speech can significantly affect the tone of a piece of writing. Depending on the specific figure of speech used and the context, it can evoke various emotions, create a sense of humor, or convey a sense of seriousness or formality.

For instance, using a hyperbole can create a sense of exaggeration or humor, while employing a metaphor can add depth or poignancy to a description.

The choice and frequency of figures of speech can help establish the overall tone and style of a piece of writing, shaping the reader’s perception and experience of the text.

Figures of speech are versatile and powerful tools that breathe life into language, enabling writers and speakers to create vivid imagery, evoke emotions, and engage their audience.

By using various rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, irony, and litotes, communicators can express ideas in creative, memorable, and impactful ways.

The artful application of figures of speech not only enriches language but also helps to forge connections between the communicator and their audience, ultimately elevating the quality and resonance of any form of communication.

Embrace the world of figures of speech, and watch your language take flight!

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Figures of Speech: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, and Understatement

Introduction to figures of speech.

Figures of speech are literary devices that use language in a non-literal way to add depth, creativity, and emotion to writing. They help writers convey ideas more vividly and engage readers by creating mental images and associations. In this study guide, we will explore five common figures of speech: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and understatement.

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as" to highlight a shared characteristic. Similes help create vivid imagery and make descriptions more relatable to readers.

Her voice was as sweet as honey.
The baby's skin was soft like silk.
He ran like the wind to catch the bus.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using "like" or "as." Metaphors suggest that one thing is another, highlighting their similarities and creating a more profound connection in the reader's mind.

Life is a rollercoaster, full of ups and downs.
The world is a stage, and we are all actors.
Her eyes were diamonds, sparkling in the sunlight.

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human qualities, emotions, or actions to non-human objects, animals, or abstract ideas. Personification helps create a more engaging and relatable narrative by bringing inanimate objects to life.

The wind whispered through the trees.
The sun smiled down on the bustling city.
Time waits for no one.

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses exaggeration for emphasis or effect. It is not meant to be taken literally but rather to create a strong impression or convey intense emotions.

I've told you a million times to clean your room.
She was so hungry she could eat a horse.
His backpack weighed a ton after adding all his textbooks.

Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech that deliberately expresses an idea as less important or powerful than it actually is. It is often used for ironic or humorous effect, or to downplay a situation.

"It's just a scratch," he said, looking at the deep gash on his leg.
The Great Wall of China is a pretty long wall.
Winning the lottery would be nice, I suppose.

Using Figures of Speech Effectively

To use figures of speech effectively in your writing, consider the following tips:

Choose figures of speech that are appropriate for your audience and purpose.
Use them sparingly to avoid overwhelming your readers or diluting their impact.
Ensure that your figures of speech are consistent with the tone and style of your writing.
Avoid clichés and overused expressions; strive for originality and creativity.
Use figures of speech to enhance your writing, not to replace clear and concise language.

Common Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

A simile compares two unlike things using "like" or "as," while a metaphor makes a direct comparison without using these words.

Can a figure of speech be used in non-fiction writing?

Yes, figures of speech can be used in non-fiction writing to make ideas more engaging, memorable, and relatable to readers. However, they should be used judiciously to maintain the clarity and credibility of the content.

How can I create original figures of speech?

To create original figures of speech, observe the world around you and look for unique connections between seemingly unrelated things. Draw inspiration from your own experiences, emotions, and imagination. Don't be afraid to experiment with unconventional comparisons and descriptions.

Figures of speech are powerful tools that can elevate your writing and engage your readers on a deeper level. By understanding and effectively using similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and understatement, you can create vivid imagery, convey complex ideas, and evoke strong emotions in your writing. Remember to use them judiciously and creatively to make your writing more compelling and memorable.

Reviewing and Editing for Grammar Errors

Negation and double negatives, misplaced and dangling modifiers, reported speech and indirect quotations, conditionals and if-clauses, relative clauses and relative pronouns.

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Top 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

As an English learner, you probably would have heard of metaphor, personification, or simile. These are the most common types of figures of speech in English. Figures of speech play a significant role in English speaking and writing . You don’t necessarily use all types of figures of speech on a daily basis, but they act as a powerful tool in writing. In this article, we’ll go over the top 20 figures of speech that you need to know to improve your overall English language skills.

What is a Figure of Speech?

A figure of speech is a way of using language that goes beyond its literal meaning to convey a more vivid or imaginative expression. It involves the use of words or phrases in a non-literal sense to create a specific effect or emphasize a point. Figures of speech add color, creativity, and depth to language, making communication more interesting and engaging.

Importance of Figures of Speech

Figures of speech make language more interesting and expressive. They help convey emotions, create mental images, and emphasize ideas. By using metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech, speakers and writers can make their communication more vivid and memorable. These tools also add creativity to literature, contribute to cultural expressions, and play a role in humor. Overall, figures of speech enhance communication by making it more engaging, impactful, and versatile.

List of 20 Figures of Speech with Definitions and Examples

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words “like” or “as” to highlight a shared characteristic. It helps create vivid and imaginative descriptions.

Example: As brave as a lion.

Explanation: Emphasizes the person’s courage by likening it to the well-known bravery of a lion.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that implies a comparison between two unrelated things, suggesting that they share common characteristics without using “like” or “as.” It is a way of describing one thing as if it were another to create a deeper understanding or evoke a specific image.

Example: Time is a thief.

Explanation: Time is compared to a thief to convey the idea that it steals moments or experiences.

3. Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which human attributes or qualities are given to non-human entities or objects. It involves treating something non-human as if it has human-like characteristics.

Example: The wind whispered through the trees.

Explanation: Personifies the wind by attributing the human quality of whispering to it.

4. Hyperbole

A hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. It is used to emphasize a point, create emphasis, or add dramatic effect.

Example: I’ve told you a million times to clean your room

Explanation: The exaggeration of a million times emphasizes the speaker’s frustration or annoyance. The person didn’t actually say it a million times.

5. Alliteration

Alliteration is a series of words in a sentence or phrase that share the same initial consonant sound. It is often used to create rhythm, emphasize a particular sound, or make language more memorable.

Example: Sally sells seashells by the seashore

Explanation: The repetition of the “s” sound adds a musical quality to the sentence.

6. Assonance

Assonance is where the repetition of vowel sounds occurs within nearby words in a sentence or phrase. It is used for musicality, emphasis, or to create a specific mood.

Example: Hear the mellow wedding bells

Explanation: The repetition of the long “e” sound enhances the melodic quality of the expression.

Irony is a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, or between appearances and reality. It often involves a twist or contradiction that may be humorous, thought-provoking, or even tragic. An example of irony is situational irony, where a fire station burns down; this situation is ironic because a place dedicated to preventing fires becomes the victim of one.

8. Oxymoron

An oxymoron combines contradictory or opposing words to create a paradoxical effect. It is used to convey complexity, irony, or a unique perspective.

Example: jumbo shrimp

Explanation: The juxtaposition of “jumbo” and “shrimp” creates a contrasting and somewhat humorous image.

9. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech where words imitate the natural sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. These words are often used to evoke a sensory experience and bring a vivid quality to language.

Example: buzz

Explanation: The word itself imitates the sound of a buzzing bee.

10. Euphemism

A euphemism is a mild or indirect expression used to replace a harsh or blunt phrase that might be considered impolite, offensive, or too direct. It is often employed to soften the impact of sensitive or uncomfortable topics.

Example: Using “passed away” instead of “died” to refer to someone’s death

Explanation: “Passed away” is considered more gentle and considerate than “died.”

As a figure of speech, a cliché refers to an expression, idea, or phrase that has been so overused that it has lost its originality and impact. It involves using a predictable or stereotyped phrase that may lack creativity.

Example: Saying “quiet as a mouse” to describe silence is a cliché

Explanation: The phrase is often used and has become a common expression.

12. Allusion

An allusion involves referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art within a conversation, text, or speech. It allows the speaker or writer to convey complex ideas or emotions by drawing on the associations and meanings attached to the referenced element.

Example: Saying someone has “the Midas touch.”

Explanation: It is an allusion to the mythical King Midas, known for turning everything he touched into gold, suggesting a person’s ability to turn things successful or prosperous.

13. Anaphora

Anaphora is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. It is used for emphasis, rhythm, and to create a powerful impact.

Example: Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech

Explanation: He repeatedly begins sentences with “I have a dream” to highlight and reinforce his vision for a better future.

14. Chiasmus

Chiasmus is a figure of speech where the order of words or phrases in one clause is reversed in the following clause. This creates a balanced and often symmetrical structure, adding emphasis and style to the expression.

Example: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.

Explanation: The order of the terms is reversed in the second part, creating a memorable and impactful rhetorical structure.

15. Litotes

Litotes is a figure of speech that uses double negatives or understatement to emphasize an idea by negating its opposite.

Example: Not bad

Explanation: Conveys that something is good but in a subtle or understated manner.

16. Paradox

A paradox is a statement or situation that appears self-contradictory or absurd, but in reality, it illustrates a deeper truth or logic, often highlighting the complexities and nuances of a concept.

Example: Less is more

Explanation: The apparent contradiction suggests that simplicity or having less can sometimes be more effective or valuable.

17. Epistrophe

Epistrophe is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses or sentences. It is used to create emphasis, rhythmic effect, and a memorable expression.

Example: Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address”

Explanation: “…and that government of the people, by the people, for the people…” The repetition of “people” occurs at the end of each phrase for emphasis.

18. Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. It involves substituting a specific attribute or component for the entire entity.

Example: All hands on deck

Explanation: This means that everyone (the hands) is needed to help, representing the entire person.

19. Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that involves the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or words within parallel grammatical structures. It is used to emphasize the stark contrast between two opposing elements.

Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times” from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

Explanation: The contrasting ideas of “best” and “worst” highlight the dual nature of the time period described.

20. Apostrophe

Apostrophe, as a figure of speech, is when a speaker addresses an absent or imaginary person, a non-living object, or an abstract concept as if it were present and capable of responding. It often involves a strong emotional expression.

Example: Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar” when Mark Antony says, “O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,”

Explanation: Addresses the lifeless body of Caesar as if it could hear and respond.

FAQs About Figures of Speech

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about figures of speech in English.

What are the 12 main figures of speech?

The 12 main figures of speech include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, euphemism, oxymoron, allusion, chiasmus, and litotes.

What are the 10 types of figure of speech and their meaning?

The 10 types of figures of speech and their meanings are:

Simile: Comparing two unlike things using “like” or “as.”
Metaphor: Implies a resemblance between unrelated things without using “like” or “as.”
Personification: Giving human characteristics to non-human entities.
Hyperbole: Exaggerating statements for emphasis or effect.
Onomatopoeia: Words imitating natural sounds.
Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.
Assonance: Repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.
Euphemism: Substituting a milder or indirect expression for a harsh or blunt one.
Oxymoron: Combining contradictory terms to create a paradoxical effect.
Allusion: Referencing a well-known person, place, event, or work of art.

What are 5 examples of personification?

Here are 5 examples of personification:

The sun smiled down on the beach.
The wind whispered through the trees.
Time flies when you’re having fun.
The flowers danced in the breeze.
The alarm clock screamed at me to wake up.

How many figures of speech are there in total?

According to Professor Rober Diyanni, “rhetoricians have catalogues more than 250 different figures of speech.” However, there are mainly 10-20 figures of speech there are commonly used.

Is my shoes are killing me a hyperbole?

“My shoes are killing me” is hyperbole because it is an exaggerated statement meant to convey extreme discomfort, not to be taken literally.

What are some examples of hyperbole?

Here are 5 examples of hyperbole:

I have a million things to do.
It’s raining cats and dogs.
This suitcase weighs a ton.
I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.
The queue at the amusement park is a mile long.

Is idiom a figure of speech?

Yes, an idiom is a type of figure of speech. Idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be inferred from the literal interpretation of their individual words.

More English Resources

If you want to learn more about the English language, check out the following topics.

Choose your Own Adventure ESL Writing Activity
Sequence Words: Meaning and Examples in English
American English Idioms and Phrases to Learn
100 Common English Questions and How to Answer Them
Parts of Speech Activities ESL | Adverbs, Articles, Nouns, Verbs

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English Grammar
Figures Of Speech

Figures of Speech - Definition, Types and Usage with Examples

Are you as busy as a bee? Why not take some time off your busy schedule to learn how you can make your speech and writing sound and look extraordinary and engaging? There are many ways to make your language creative and interesting. One of the most effective ways to do it is to use figurative language. In this article, you will be introduced to what figures of speech are, their meaning and definition, the different types of figures of speech and how to use them effectively in sentences with examples.

Table of Contents

Definition of a Figure of Speech

Classification of figures of speech.

How to Use a Figure of Speech in a Sentence? – Points to Remember

Examples of Figures of Speech

Frequently asked questions on figures of speech in english, what irs a figure of speech.

A figure of speech is an expression used to make a greater effect on your reader or listener. It includes making comparisons, contrasts, associations, exaggerations and constructions. It also gives a much clearer picture of what you are trying to convey.

Let us take a look at how different dictionaries define a figure of speech to have a much better idea of what it is.

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

Figures of Speech in English Grammar

In English grammar , there are around fifteen to twenty figures of speech. However, there are a few of them which are used more often than the others. Let us look at the most commonly used figures of speech.

Personification
Alliteration
Transferred Epithet

How to Use a Figure of Speech in English? – Points to Remember

You now know that a figure of speech can make your language look and sound a lot more poetical, interesting and flamboyant. However, the challenge is not about learning the different figures of speech but knowing when, where and how to use them. You cannot use it anywhere you like. Only if it is used right and where they are appropriate and necessary, will it make your language better.

Figures of speech are not meant to provide information literally, so it is not suggested that you use figurative language in professional presentations and writings like essays. Since they do not convey literal meanings, it is very important that you learn how each figure of speech can be used. What is more important is knowing what it would mean when used in a particular part of a sentence. So, the most significant point that you have to keep in mind when using figures of speech is to employ them only if they give you the desired effect and meaning.

The figures of speech can be categorized into types based on their functions when used in sentences. Accordingly, the main categories are composed of ones that:

Show a Relationship or Resemblance
Show Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds
Show Emphasis or Unimportance

Showing a Relationship or Resemblance

This category includes figures of speech which are designed to make comparisons to show a relationship or some resemblances. Similes, metaphors, personification, euphemism, metonymy and synecdoche are the figures of speech used for this purpose.

Showing Phonetic Resemblances and Representing Sounds

This category of figures of speech include alliteration, assonance and onomatopoeia. The first two figures of speech are used to create an effect by using similar sounding words or words starting with the same consonant and vowel sounds, whereas onomatopoeia includes words that are used to represent sounds.

Showing Emphasis or Unimportance

The figures of speech belonging to this category are used to provide emphasis or show how important or unimportant something is. Hyperbole, antithesis, oxymoron, irony and litotes are figures of speech that can be used for this purpose.

Here are a few examples of the different figures of speech in English grammar.

Simile – Rachel is as bright as the sun.
Metaphor – The whole world is a stage.
Personification – The wind whispered in my ears.
Apostrophe – O William, you should be living now to see all this.
Alliteration – Sally sold some seashells.
Assonance – I seem to like your little green trees.
Hyperbole – I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
Oxymoron – Euthanizing their sick pet dog was considered as an act of kind cruelty.
Epigram – The child is the father of man.
Irony – A fire station burned down yesterday.
Pun – Life depends upon the liver.
Metonymy – The Bench decided that the man is guilty.
Synecdoche – We need more hands to help us move this cupboard.
Transferred Epithet – She had a sleepless night.

What is a figure of speech?

What is the definition of a figure of speech.

A figure of speech, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, is defined as “a word or phrase used in a different way from its usual meaning in order to create a particular mental picture or effect.” The Cambridge Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “an expression that uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning.” According to the Collins Dictionary, a figure of speech is “an expression or word that is used with a metaphorical rather than a literal meaning.” The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a figure of speech as “ a form of expression (such as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener.” According to the Macmillan Dictionary, a figure of speech is defined as “an expression in which the words are used figuratively, not in their normal literal meaning.”

What are the different figures of speech in English?

Here is a list of the different figures of speech in English.

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Figures of Speech: Essential Guide for Effective Communication

Figures of speech are essential components of language that add an extra layer of depth and nuance to communication, enhancing written and spoken content. These devices are used in various forms of literature, including novels, poems, essays, and plays, as well as in everyday conversations. By intentionally deviating from the literal meanings of words or phrases, figures of speech grant writers and speakers the ability to emphasize, clarify, and enrich their message.

There are numerous types of figures of speech, each with its unique characteristics and stylistic effects. Some common examples include metaphors, similes, hyperboles, and personification. These instruments of figurative language allow individuals to create vivid images, comparisons, and expressions, capturing the reader or listener’s imagination and conveying ideas more effectively.

Incorporating figures of speech into one’s writing or speech can make a significant impact; it can make the text more engaging, help the audience connect with the content on a deeper level, and provide an element of creativity. The skillful use of these literary devices can also set one apart as an exceptional writer or speaker, leaving a lasting impression on readers and listeners alike.

Types of Figures of Speech

A metaphor is a figure of speech where a word or phrase is used to represent something else, usually by suggesting a common quality or characteristic between the two. For example, “Time is a thief” is a metaphor that implies time steals moments from us, just like a thief would.

A simile is a type of metaphor that uses “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two unlike things. An example of a simile is, “Her smile is as warm as the sun.”

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration to emphasize a point or evoke humor. For example, “I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.”

Irony is a figure of speech in which the intended meaning of a word or expression is opposite to its usual or literal meaning. For instance, saying “How nice!” when something unpleasant happens.

An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory terms are used together, such as “deafening silence” or “jumbo shrimp.”

A paradox is a statement that seems contradictory or absurd but may express a deeper truth. An example is, “The more you learn, the more you realize how little you know.”

Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to non-human things or abstract concepts. For example, “The wind whispered through the trees.”

A pun is a play on words that exploits the multiple meanings or similar sounds of words, often to create a humorous effect. An example is, “I used to be a baker, but I couldn’t make enough dough.”

Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words or syllables in close proximity. For example, “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, such as “the White House” to mean the US president’s administration.

Antithesis is a figure of speech in which contrasting ideas are expressed by the use of parallel structures. For instance, “To err is human; to forgive, divine.”

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech in which words mimic the sound they represent, like “buzz” or “drip.”

Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part represents the whole or vice versa. For example, “all hands on deck” means all crew members should help.

Understatement

Understatement is a figure of speech in which something is expressed with less strength or emphasis than it deserves, often for ironic effect. For instance, “It’s just a scratch” when referring to a deep wound.

Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker directly addresses an absent person, an abstract idea, or a thing as if it were present. For example, “O death, where is thy sting?”

Litotes is a figure of speech that uses understatement by negating the opposite, often to emphasize a point. An example is, “He’s not the friendliest person” to mean the person is quite unfriendly.

A euphemism is a figure of speech that uses a mild or indirect expression in place of a harsher or more offensive one. For instance, “passed away” instead of “died.”

Anaphora is a figure of speech in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis. For example, “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets.”

Circumlocution

Circumlocution is a figure of speech in which a word or idea is expressed indirectly or in a roundabout way. For instance, “the thing you use to write with that has ink” instead of “pen.”

Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within words in close proximity, often to create a sense of harmony or rhythm. An example is, “The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.”

An epigram is a concise and witty statement or verse that often contains a paradox or an ironic twist. For example, “I can resist everything except temptation” by Oscar Wilde.

Pleonasm is a figure of speech in which redundant or unnecessary words are used for emphasis, such as “burning fire” or “free gift.”

Functions and Effects

Rhetorical effect.

Figures of speech serve various functions in language, including producing a rhetorical effect. By using devices such as rhetorical questions, antimetabole, and ellipsis, speakers and writers can clarify, emphasize, or embellish their message in order to create a persuasive argument or profound observation. Rhetorical questions, for instance, are a technique where questions are posed without the expectation of an answer, serving to make an implied point. Antimetabole uses repetition with a reversal of a word order to create a powerful effect, while ellipsis omits words for a purposeful, concise impact.

Emphasis and Balance

Another function of figures of speech is to create emphasis and balance within a text. This can be achieved through devices like antithesis, which places opposite ideas or things next to each other to draw out their contrast. Similarly, the use of antanaclasis can also provide balance by repeating a word with a different meaning in one sentence, adding emphasis and creating intrigue.

Wordplay and Humor

Figures of speech can bring a sense of wordplay and humor to a text, making it more engaging and memorable. Devices like puns, anthimeria, and periphrasis help create a playful and lighthearted tone while still maintaining the writer’s intended message. Puns use similar or identical words with different meanings to create humor, whereas anthimeria involves using a word from one part of speech as another for a witty effect. Periphrasis, on the other hand, is a figurative device that uses more words than necessary to describe something, often for humorous or exaggerated effect.

Emotional and Imaginative Impact

Lastly, figures of speech can also evoke emotional and imaginative responses from audiences. By using vivid language, metaphors, similes, and other figurative techniques, writers and speakers can form mental pictures that enhance a reader or listener’s understanding of a concept or idea. This capacity to create powerful imagery and elicit strong emotions makes figures of speech essential tools in the art of communication.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are common examples of figures of speech?

Some common examples of figures of speech include similes, metaphors, alliteration, personification, and hyperbole. These figures are often used in literature, poetry, and everyday language to create vivid and memorable expressions.

How many types of figures of speech exist?

There are numerous types of figures of speech, with some sources suggesting over 100 different types. However, it’s essential to be familiar with a handful of commonly used figures of speech to improve one’s reading and writing skills.

What are the four most frequently used figures?

The four most frequently used figures of speech are similes, metaphors, alliteration, and personification. Similes compare two things using “like” or “as,” metaphors make direct comparisons between different objects, alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds, and personification attributes human qualities to non-human entities.

Can you provide examples of 10 different figures of speech?

Simile : Her smile was as bright as the sun.
Metaphor : Time is a thief.
Alliteration : Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
Personification : The wind whispered through the trees.
Hyperbole : He’s as strong as an ox.
Onomatopoeia : The bees buzzed in the flowers.
Oxymoron : The silence was deafening.
Pun : Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
Anaphora : We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets.
Irony : The fire station burned down.

What are the 8 main types of figures?

The 8 main types of figures of speech are similes, metaphors, alliteration, personification, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, oxymorons, and puns. These figures of speech each serve different purposes and are used in various contexts to convey vivid imagery and meaning.

Which figures of speech are found in a top 20 list?

In a top 20 list of figures of speech, one might find:

Anadiplosis
Anachronism

These figures of speech are frequently used in literature, speeches, and everyday language to enhance the meaning and impact of language.

The Top 20 Figures of Speech

Illustration by Hugo Lin. ThoughtCo.

An Introduction to Punctuation
Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
B.A., English, State University of New York

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in a distinctive way. Though there are hundreds of figures of speech, but here we'll focus on 20 top examples.

You'll probably remember many of these terms from your English classes. Figurative language is often associated with literature and poetry in particular. Whether we're conscious of it or not, we use figures of speech every day in our own writing and conversations.

For example, common expressions such as "falling in love," "racking our brains," and "climbing the ladder of success" are all metaphors—the most pervasive figure of all. Likewise, we rely on similes when making explicit comparisons ("light as a feather") and hyperbole to emphasize a point ("I'm starving!").

Did You Know?

Figures of speech are also known as figures of rhetoric, figures of style, rhetorical figures, figurative language, and schemes .

Watch Now: Common Figures of Speech Explained

Why use figures of speech.

Using original figures of speech or figurative language in our writing is a way to convey meanings in fresh, unexpected ways. They can help our readers understand and stay interested in what we have to say, and they also foster creativity and depth. Whether it's a vivid metaphor, a clever simile, or a thought-provoking paradox, these tools not only enhance clarity but also add layers of richness to our expression.

Top 20 Figures of Speech

Alliteration.

The repetition of an initial consonant sound.

Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.

The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or verses.

Example: Unfortunately, I was in the wrong place at the wrong time on the wrong day.

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.

Example: As Abraham Lincoln said, "Folks who have no vices have very few virtues."

Directly addressing a nonexistent person or an inanimate object as though it were a living being.

Example: "Oh, you stupid car, you never work when I need you to," Bert sighed.

Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.

Example: How now, brown cow?

A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.

Example: The famous chef said people should live to eat, not eat to live.

The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.

Example: "We're teaching our toddler how to go potty," Bob said.

An extravagant statement , the use of exaggerated terms for emphasis or heightened effect.

Example: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.

The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. Also, a statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea.

Example: "Oh, I love spending big bucks," said my dad, a notorious penny pincher.

A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.

Example: A million dollars is no small chunk of change.

An implied comparison between two dissimilar things that have something in common.

Example: "All the world's a stage."

A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.

Example: "That stuffed suit with the briefcase is a poor excuse for a salesman," the manager said angrily.

Onomatopoeia

The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

Example: The clap of thunder went bang and scared my poor dog.

A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.

Example: "He popped the jumbo shrimp in his mouth."

A statement that appears to contradict itself.

Example: "This is the beginning of the end," said Eeyore, always the pessimist.

Personification

A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities.

Example: That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your hand if you don't handle it safely.

A play on words , sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.

Example: Jessie looked up from her breakfast and said, "A boiled egg every morning is hard to beat."

A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common.

Example: Roberto was white as a sheet after he walked out of the horror movie.

A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole.

Example: Tina is learning her ABCs in preschool.

Understatement

A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

Example: "You could say Babe Ruth was a decent ballplayer," the reporter said with a wink.

More Figures of Speech Examples

There are hundreds of different figures of speech you can use to bolster your writing, many of them with overlapping or highly similar meanings. Like a paradox, for example, an oxymoron involves an apparent contradiction. However, a paradox presents a statement that seemingly contradicts itself ("If you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness"), while an oxymoron squeezes contradictory terms together ("deafening silence"). If you're interested in exploring more distinctions among similar figures of speech, you can find additional examples here .

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Figures of Speech

“All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women are merely players!”. One of the most memorable lines in the English language , this sentence is a perfect example of figures of speech . They help lend the prose a lyrical and fresh quality. Let us learn more about figures of speech.

Types of Figures of Speech

Now there are dozens of types of figures of speech. But here we will be focussing on the five main ones we use in our daily prose.

A simile is a figure of speech that uses comparison. In a simile, we use two specific words “like” and “as” to compare two unlikely things, that actually have nothing in common. This is done to bring out the dramatic nature of the prose and invoke vivid images and comparisons. It is one of the most common forms of a figure of speech and is used in everything from day-to-day talk to poems .

Let us see some examples of simile. “She is as brave as a lion”. Here you will notice a girl and her bravery are being compared to a lion. this is an unusual and illogical comparison, but it brings out the vivid imagery and lyrical quality in the sentence . The literal sentence would have read “She is brave”, but using the simile makes it sound much better. Other such examples can be

quite like a mouse
as tall as a mountain
as strong as an ox
precious like an angel

Browse more Topics under Vocabulary

Types of Phrases
Synonyms and Antonyms
Idioms and Phrases

2] Metaphor

A metaphor and a simile are quite similar actually. A metaphor also uses compares to things that are in no way similar. It does so to bring out the symbolism. A metaphor is a word or phrase used to show its similarity to another thing. It helps to explain an idea, but if you take a metaphor at its literal meaning it will sound absurd.

An example of a metaphor is “Alex is a chicken”. Literally, this sounds so very absurd. But this is a metaphor which suggests that Alex is a coward, or frightened. It compares or implies that Alex is a chicken to bring out the symbolism. Some other examples are ‘love is a battlefield”, “all the world’s a stage”, “that technology is a dinosaur” etc.

While a simile and metaphor seem to be very similar, there is one basic difference between the two. In a simile, the comparison happens with the help of the words “as” and “like”. A metaphor will not have either of those two words.

Read On the Face of it Summary here

3] Personification

Another very interesting figure of speech is personification. In this, we personify or represent a non-human entity as human . We give an inanimate object or an intangible idea of some human qualities such as emotions, or gestures or even speech. this is done to portray the object as alive and help the listener or reader paint a vivid picture. Again, if we take the words at their literal meaning they will sound absurd.

“The wind howled as the storm grew stronger”. Here we have taken an object, the wind, and personified it as a living thing by claiming it howled. Other such examples could be, “time ran away from him”, “the boat danced in the puddle”, “the car died in the middle of the road” etc.

Learn more about Parts of Speech here

4] Hyperbole

Hyperbole in the Greek language translates to ‘excess’. And that is what it does, it exaggerates. We use hyperboles to emphasize the importance or overstate something. This exaggerates claims and statements are never meant to be taken at their literal meaning. They are used to create a strong and lasting impression

An example would be “Since he has been away from home he has gotten as thin as a toothpick “. Obviously, he has not gotten as thin as a toothpick, we only exaggerate to emphasize on how thin he has become. Some other examples are, “Those shoes cost a king’s ransom”, “For the millionth time, clean the kitchen”, “his grandfather is older than the hills”.

5] Onomatopeia

This is a figure of speech where words or phrases indicate sounds. Often to bring about more imagery and better describe a setting, authors use words to involve all five of our senses. Onomatopeia refers to those words that imitate the sounds of an object or person.

For example “The bees buzzed around in the garden”. Here the word ‘buzzed’ is indicating the sound coming from the bees. Some other examples are “the leaves were rustling”, “the door was squeaking”, “he closed the book with a thud” etc.

Learn the difference between ‘ Single Inverted Comma and Double Inverted Comma .”

Solved Question for You

Q: Identify the figure of speech in the following

The cat ran away like the wind
Suddenly in the middle of the night, the dog started barking.
Variety is the spice of life

Ans: The figures of speech are as follows

Simile. The cat (and its speed) speed is compared to the wind. And since the word ‘like’ is used, it is a simile
Onomatopeia. Barking is a word that indicates sound.
Metaphor. Here the two things are compared without the use of ‘as’ or ‘like’. The sentence indicates that one of the things is similar to the other.

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2 responses to “Types of Phrases”

this thing really helped me

Just a quick info for you because I believe you have a minor error in your definition on verb phrases. In the example ‘They have been playing since the last two hours’ shouldn’t it be ‘for’ instead of ‘since’ regarding the fact that ‘the last two hours’ is a period of time and not a certain point in the timeline in which case you were to use the word ‘since’? Other than that this is a useful guide to tha different types of phrases in the english language 🙂

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Introduction

Common figures of speech and their use

The five major categories
Figures of speech in non-Western languages

figure of speech

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Table Of Contents

figure of speech , any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language . Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in oral literatures as well as in polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting-card rhymes, advertising slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and institutions often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic , or eye-catching purposes. The argots of sports , jazz , journalism, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound in figurative language.

Most figures in everyday speech are formed by extending the vocabulary of what is already familiar and better known to what is less well known. Thus metaphors (implied resemblances) derived from human physiology are commonly extended to nature or inanimate objects as in the expressions “the mouth of a river,” “the snout of a glacier,” “the bowels of the earth,” or “the eye of a needle.” Conversely, resemblances to natural phenomena are frequently applied to other areas, as in the expressions “a wave of enthusiasm,” “a ripple of excitement,” or “a storm of abuse.” Use of simile (a comparison, usually indicated by “like” or “as”) is exemplified in “We were packed in the room like sardines” or “He is as slow as molasses.” Personification (speaking of an abstract quality or inanimate object as if it were a person) is exemplified in “Money talks”; metonymy (using the name of one thing for another closely related to it), in “The power of the crown was mortally weakened,” where “crown” means “king” or “queen”); synecdoche (use of a part to imply the whole), in expressions such as “brass” for high-ranking military officers or “hard hats” for construction workers.

Other common forms of figurative speech are hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration for the sake of effect), as in “I’m so mad I could chew nails”; the rhetorical question (asked for effect, with no answer expected), as in “How can I express my thanks to you?”; litotes (conscious understatement in which emphasis is achieved by negation), as in “It’s no fun to be sick”; and onomatopoeia (imitation of natural sounds by words), in such words as “crunch,” “gurgle,” “plunk,” and “splash.”

Almost all the figures of speech that appear in everyday speech may also be found in literature . In serious poetry and prose, however, their use is more fully conscious, more artistic, and much more subtle; it thus has a stronger intellectual and emotional impact, is more memorable, and sometimes contributes a range and depth of association and suggestion far beyond the scope of the casual colloquial use of imagery. The Old and New Testaments of the Bible—an example of a work rich in simile , metaphor , personification, and parallelism (which is often used in Hebrew poetry)—is an important literary influence.

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Figure of Speech: Definition

Significance of figures of speech in english, types of figures of speech, illustrations of figurative language, key takeaways:, understanding 13 figures of speech: comprehensive guide and examples.

English language is rich in figures of speech, which enhance our communication by adding depth and nuanced meanings to our words. To grasp this linguistic phenomenon fully, it is essential to familiarize ourselves with different types of figures of speech and examine them through examples.

Even if you are familiar with the phrase, it's important to understand the meaning of a "figure of speech":

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device in which the intended meaning of a word or phrase cannot be interpreted literally from its literal words. In other words, figures of speech employ words or phrases to convey meanings beyond their literal interpretation.

Rhetorical devices are techniques used by writers or speakers to convey meaning, elicit emotional responses, and often persuade or convince the audience.

Figures of speech can be employed both in spoken language and writing. They help us create vivid mental imagery for our listeners and readers, depending on the mode of communication.

Figures of speech find use in both fiction and non-fiction writing, serving various purposes and achieving diverse effects, which we will explore in this article.

Why do we bother using figures of speech and what is their significance in English?

Figures of speech serve various purposes and can be employed to:

Make descriptions of people, places, and things more engaging and interesting (e.g., The ocean stretched out like an endless blue-green carpet .)

Highlight and emphasize emotions (e.g., Her sadness was a supervolcano, ready to erupt at any moment .)

Create a sense of urgency or excitement (e.g., Bang! Pop! The barn crumpled to the ground as the flames engulfed the last wooden posts supporting it .)

Draw comparisons between different subjects (e.g., The puppy dashed into the waves, while the old dog observed, stiller than a petrified tree in the forest .)

The effect generated by a figure of speech largely depends on the specific type employed. Let's now explore various types of figures of speech in more depth:

There is an extensive array of figures of speech. Here is a list covering some of the most prominent ones:

Metaphor: A figure of speech that describes something by likening it to another thing.

Simile: A figure of speech that compares something to another using "like" or "as".

Irony: The use of words to express the opposite of their literal meaning.

Idiom: Phrases or expressions whose meaning is figurative and differs from the literal interpretation of their words.

Euphemism: The use of mild or indirect words or expressions in place of harsh or blunt ones.

Hyperbole: A figure of speech that involves deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect.

Pun: A play on words that exploits different meanings or similar sounds of words, often for humorous or rhetorical effect.

Epigram: A concise and witty statement that conveys an idea, often with a satirical undertone.

Circumlocution: The use of many words to express an idea instead of being concise, often resulting in vagueness or ambiguity.

Onomatopoeia: Words that phonetically imitate or evoke the sound they represent.

Personification: A figure of speech attributing human characteristics or qualities to non-human entities.

Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of figures of speech. However, it offers a good starting point to understand the different effects and impacts they can create in language usage.

Fig 2. - Figures of speech can bring writing to life!

Now, let's delve into a few common figures of speech and explore them in more detail:

Metaphor in Figure of Speech

A metaphor directly likens one thing to another by stating that the former is the latter. Metaphors have been widely employed across various literary genres. For example, in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1597):

But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun!"

-Romeo and Juliet, W. Shakespeare, 1597 1

In this instance, Juliet is metaphorically compared to the sun in the line "and Juliet is the sun." This metaphor conveys Romeo's intense love for Juliet by emphasizing her importance and radiant nature, much like the sun.

Oxymoron in Figure of Speech

An oxymoron involves combining contradictory terms to emphasize the meaning of the second word . Here's an example from Alfred Tennyson's Lancelot and Elaine (1870) that contains two oxymorons:

His honour rooted in dishonour stood, and faith unfaithful kept him falsely true."

-A. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine, 1870 2

In this example, two oxymorons are present: "faith unfaithful" and "falsely true." Both of these oxymorons serve to depict Lancelot as a paradoxical character, embodying both honor and dishonor, truth and falsehood. The positioning of "unfaithful" and "true" as the concluding words of each oxymoron presents Lancelot as indeed being both of these attributes , forming yet another oxymoron.

Fun fact! The term "oxymoron" itself is an oxymoron. It consists of two words with opposite meanings of Greek origin: oxus (meaning "sharp") and moros (meaning "dull"). Translated directly, "oxymoron" means "sharpdull."

Idiom in Figure of Speech

Idioms are phrases where the literal meaning of the words is entirely different from their figurative or intended meaning. They have been extensively used in literature as well.

The world is an oyster, but you don't crack it open on a mattress!"

-A. Miller, Death of a Salesman, 1949 3

You might be familiar with the phrase "the world is your oyster," which has nothing to do with actual oysters but symbolizes possibilities and opportunities. In Death of a Salesman , Willy Loman employs this idiom and adds a twist by saying, "you don't crack it open on a mattress." Willy addresses his son, Happy, explaining that although life offers numerous opportunities, success requires hard work and effort.

Simile in Figure of Speech

Similes resemble metaphors, but instead of asserting one thing is another, similes establish that one thing is like another. Similes utilize words such as "like" or "as." Consider this example from Louisa May Alcott's Little Women (1868):

...she tried to get rid of the kitten which had scrambled up her back and stuck like a burr just out of reach."

-L.M. Alcott, Little Women, 1868 4

In this excerpt, a character attempts to remove a kitten that has climbed onto her back. The simile "stuck like a burr" describes the difficulty of removing the kitten and the character's discomfort. Burrs are often prickly, hence conveying the idea of the kitten's claws.

Fig 3. - An example of a spiky burr. A burr is a seed or dried fruit covered in hairs, thorns, or hooked spines.

Hyperbole in Figure of Speech

Hyperbole involves deliberate exaggeration, not meant to be taken literally, to emphasize or intensify certain characteristics or emotions. Writers employ hyperbole to underscore the extremity of situations or feelings, be it extreme hunger, size, speed, intelligence, etc. Illustratively, consider this extract from William Goldman's The Princess Bride (1973):

I died that day!"

-W. Goldman, The Princess Bride, 1973 5

Princess Buttercup conveys the immense devastation she experienced following Westley's death at the hands of Dread Pirate Roberts. While she did not physically die, her emotional anguish was so profound that it felt as though a part of her had perished with him. The absence of Westley has left her feeling hollow and devoid of life.

Here are some examples of different figures of speech in literature:

Metaphor: "Love is a cruel mistress."
Simile: "She is as lovely as a rose."
Idiom: "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
Hyperbole: "I'm so hungry I could eat a chest of drawers!"
Oxymoron: "pretty ugly", "seriously funny", "clearly confused"
Irony: (on a rainy day) "What a beautiful day!"
Euphemism: "He kicked the bucket."
Metonymy: "Long live the crown!" (referring to a king or queen)
Pun: "English students have a lot of comma sense."
Epigram: "With great power comes great responsibility."
Circumlocution: "There is a possibility that I might potentially have been slightly dishonest." (instead of saying, "I lied")
Onomatopoeia: "Bang!" "sizzle," "Cuckoo!"
Personification: "The clouds were angry."
A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that adds emphasis and meaning to spoken and written language.
There are various types of figures of speech, such as metaphors, similes, puns, hyperbole, idioms, and more.
Each type of figure of speech creates a distinct effect and impact.
Figures of speech find utility in both verbal communication and written forms across literary genres.
Figures of speech have been extensively employed in literature, including works by Shakespeare, plays like Death of a Salesman , and modern novels.

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25 Important Figures of Speech with Easy Examples • 7ESL
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27 Figures of Speech with Examples
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Figures of speech| Figures of Speech in English
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20 Types of Figures of Speech, With Definitions and Examples
Some figures of speech, like metaphor, simile, and metonymy, are found in everyday language. Others, like antithesis, circumlocution, and puns take more practice to implement in writing. Below are some common figures of speech with examples, so you can recognize them and use them in your writing. Give your writing extra polish.
25 Figures of Speech Simplified with Examples
To conclude, figures of speech are useful speaking and writing techniques for communication. By using figures of speech while writing, you can make your text more engaging. Save this guide for quick access to the figures of speech definition and examples! Once you complete writing, editing the text is crucial.
Figures of Speech: 40 Ways to Improve your Writing
Balance. This is especially important when trying to make a sentence smoother. A good example of balance is parallelism, which is when you use the same grammatical form in at least two parts of a sentence. Not parallelism: "She likes reading, writing, and to paint on the weekends.". Parallelism: "She likes reading, writing, and painting ...
50 Figures of Speech (Types & Examples)
For finding figures of speech in the writing, it is necessary to look for words or phrases that are used in a non-literal way. For example, if someone says 'my heart is breaking', he is using a metaphor to describe his emotions. ... 40- Pathetic fallacy . Attributes human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in ...
25 Important Figures of Speech with Easy Examples
Antanaclasis. Antanaclasis is a figure of speech in which a word is repeated within the same sentence or clause, but with a different or opposing meaning each time. It serves to create emphasis on a particular point and often adds a playful or humorous tone to the writing. Example: "Your argument is sound…all sound!".
Figure of Speech
For example, Margaret Atwood utilizes figures of speech in her poem "you fit into me" as a means of achieving poetic meaning and creating a vivid picture for the reader.. you fit into me. like a hook into an eye. a fish hook. an open eye. The simile in the first two lines sets forth a comparison between the way "you" fits into the poet like a hook and eye closure for perhaps a garment.
Figures of Speech
A. Metaphor. Many common figures of speech are metaphors. That is, they use words in a manner other than their literal meaning. However, metaphors use figurative language to make comparisons between unrelated things or ideas. The "peak of her career," for example, is a metaphor, since a career is not a literal mountain with a peak, but the ...
Figures of Speech: Definition and Types with Examples
Figures of speech are literary devices that are used to create a more imaginative and engaging way of speaking or writing. These literary devices are often used to create vivid images or to express complex ideas in a more concise and impactful way. Some common examples of figures of speech include metaphors, similes, personification, hyperbole ...
Figure of Speech
A figure of speech is a literary device in which language is used in an unusual—or "figured"—way in order to produce a stylistic effect. Figures of speech can be broken into two main groups: figures of speech that play with the ordinary meaning of words (such as metaphor, simile, and hyperbole), and figures of speech that play with the ...
Guide to Figure of Speech: 16 Figures of Speech to Know
A figure of speech, also known as a rhetorical figure or figurative language, is a form of expression that deviates from the expected, normal use of words or phrases to demonstrate an idea or add weight to an opinion. When used to create deeper meaning in a work of prose or poetry, figures of speech are considered literary devices.
The Most Common Figures of Speech: Definitions, Examples, and How to
Metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different objects that have common qualities. Read the following excerpt from a poem by Emily Dickinson, in which she compares hope to a bird: "Hope" is the thing with feathers -. That perches in the soul -. And sings the tune without the words -.
50 Examples of Figures of Speech
50 Examples of Figures of Speech. Simile: "As brave as a lion.". Metaphor: "Time is a thief.". Personification: "The wind whispered through the trees.". Hyperbole: "I've told you a million times.". Understatement: "It's just a scratch," said about a large dent. Irony: Saying "What a pleasant day!" during a storm.
What Are Figures of Speech? Definition & 100+ Examples
Figures of Speech: Definition. Figures of speech are expressive language devices used to add color, depth, and creativity to our communication. They go beyond the literal meaning of words and phrases, employing stylistic and imaginative techniques to convey ideas more vividly and engagingly. By intentionally manipulating words and phrases ...
Figures of Speech: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Hyperbole, and
Explore the world of figurative language and its impact on writing. HyperWrite's Figures of Speech Study Guide is your comprehensive resource for understanding and utilizing similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and understatement in your writing. This guide covers the definitions, examples, and effective use of these literary devices to enhance your writing style and engage your ...
What Are Figures of Speech?
Figures of speech examples. Figures of speech can take many forms. They can involve a single word, a word combination, an omission of a word, a repetition of sounds or words, or specific sentence structures. Figures of speech list. There are different types of figures of speech, each with its own unique purpose and effect.
20 Figures of Speech in English: Meaning and Examples
Example: Using "passed away" instead of "died" to refer to someone's death. Explanation: "Passed away" is considered more gentle and considerate than "died.". 11. Cliché. As a figure of speech, a cliché refers to an expression, idea, or phrase that has been so overused that it has lost its originality and impact.
20 Types of Figures of Speech, With Definitions and Examples
20 Types of Figures of Speech, With Definitions and Examples. Writing is a craft. If you think of yourself as a craftsperson, then words are your raw materials, and figures of speech are one of ...
Figures of Speech
Here are a few examples of the different figures of speech in English grammar. Simile - Rachel is as bright as the sun. Metaphor - The whole world is a stage. Personification - The wind whispered in my ears. Apostrophe - O William, you should be living now to see all this. Alliteration - Sally sold some seashells.
Figures of Speech: Essential Guide for Effective Communication
June 16, 2023. Figures of speech are essential components of language that add an extra layer of depth and nuance to communication, enhancing written and spoken content. These devices are used in various forms of literature, including novels, poems, essays, and plays, as well as in everyday conversations. By intentionally deviating from the ...
The Top 20 Figures of Speech
The Top 20 Figures of Speech. Illustration by Hugo Lin. ThoughtCo. A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in a distinctive way. Though there are hundreds of figures of speech, but here we'll focus on 20 top examples. You'll probably remember many of these terms from your English classes.
Figures of Speech: Types, Simile, Metaphor etc with Examples ...
Types of Figures of Speech. Now there are dozens of types of figures of speech. But here we will be focussing on the five main ones we use in our daily prose. 1] Simile. A simile is a figure of speech that uses comparison. In a simile, we use two specific words "like" and "as" to compare two unlikely things, that actually have nothing ...
Figure of speech
conceit. euphemism. figure of speech, any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language. Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in oral literatures as well as in polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech.
Understanding 13 Figures of Speech: Comprehensive Guide and Examples
Personification: A figure of speech attributing human characteristics or qualities to non-human entities. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of figures of speech. However, it offers a good starting point to understand the different effects and impacts they can create in language usage. Fig 2. - Figures of speech can bring writing ...

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What is a figure of speech?

1. Metaphor

3. Alliteration

4. Personification

5. Antithesis

6. Hyperbole

7. Onomatopoeia

8. Anaphora

9. Allusion

10. Paradox

12. Euphemism

13. Synecdoche

14. Litotes

15. Oxymoron

16. Apostrophe

17. Transferred Epithet

18. Metonymy

19. Climax

20. Tautology

21. Circumlocution

22. Understatement

23. Chiasmus

24. Epigram

25. Polysyndeton

Nine amazing examples of figures of speech

2. Metaphor

How to use figures of speech to enhance everyday conversations?

Frequently Asked Questions

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Figures of Speech: 40 Ways to Improve your Writing

Types of Schemes

Omission and/or Inclusion

Types of Tropes

Wordplay & Puns

Substitutions

Overstatement and/or Understatement

Using Figures of Speech to Craft Content

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25 Important Figures of Speech with Easy Examples

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Onomatopoeia

Personification

Understatement

Antanaclasis

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Types of Figures of Speech

Example 2: One Hundred Years of Solitude (Gabriel Garcia Marquez)

Example 3: Fahrenheit 451 (Ray Bradbury)

Related posts:

I. What are Figures of Speech?

III. Types of Figure of Speech

A. Metaphor

E. Oxymoron

IV. The Importance of Figures of Speech

V. Examples of Figures of Speech in Literature

VI. Examples of Figures of Speech in Pop Culture

VII. Related Terms

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