a term paper on the internet of things

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Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review

• Published: 28 May 2020
• Volume 114 , pages 1687–1762, ( 2020 )

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• Abhishek Khanna   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8114-4214 1 &
• Sanmeet Kaur 1  

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During recent years, one of the most familiar names scaling new heights and creating a benchmark in the world is the Internet of Things (IoT). It is indeed the future of communication that has transformed things (objects) of the real-world into smart objects. The functional aspect of IoT is to unite every object of the world under one common infrastructure; in such a manner that humans not only have the ability to control those objects; but to provide regular and timely updates on the current status. IoT concepts were proposed a couple of years ago and it may not be incorrect to quote that this term has become a benchmark for establishing communication among objects. In context to the present standings of IoT, a comprehensive review of literature has been undertaken on various aspects of IoT, i.e., technologies, applications, challenges, etc. This paper evaluates various contributions of researchers in different areas of applications. These papers were investigated on various parameters identified in each application domain. Furthermore, existing challenges in these areas are highlighted. Future research directions in the field of IoT have also been highlighted in the study to equip novel researchers in this area to assess the current standings of IoT and to improve upon them with innovative ideas.

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The authors would like to acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for funding grants vide No. 38(1464)/18/EMIR-II for carrying out research work.

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Khanna, A., Kaur, S. Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and Challenges: A Comprehensive Review. Wireless Pers Commun 114 , 1687–1762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07446-4

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The Internet of Things (IoT): An Overview

Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More Connected World

On 15 October 2015 the Internet Society published this 50-page whitepaper providing an overview of the IoT and exploring related issues and challenges. You may download the complete document at the link above. The Executive Summary is included below to provide a preview of the full document.

Learn more about  our work to strengthen the security and resiliency of the Internet .

This IoT Overview whitepaper is also available in Russian  and in Spanish .

Executive Summary

The Internet of Things is an emerging topic of technical, social, and economic significance. Consumer products, durable goods, cars and trucks, industrial and utility components, sensors, and other everyday objects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerful data analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live, and play. Projections for the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are impressive, with some anticipating as many as 100 billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by 2025.

At the same time, however, the Internet of Things raises significant challenges that could stand in the way of realizing its potential benefits. Attention-grabbing headlines about the hacking of Internet-connected devices, surveillance concerns, and privacy fears already have captured public attention. Technical challenges remain and new policy, legal and development challenges are emerging.

This overview document is designed to help the Internet Society community navigate the dialogue surrounding the Internet of Things in light of the competing predictions about its promises and perils. The Internet of Things engages a broad set of ideas that are complex and intertwined from different perspectives. Key concepts that serve as a foundation for exploring the opportunities and challenges of IoT include:

• IoT Definitions: The term Internet of Things generally refers to scenarios where network connectivity and computing capability extends to objects, sensors and everyday items not normally considered computers, allowing these devices to generate, exchange and consume data with minimal human intervention. There is, however, no single, universal definition.
• Enabling Technologies: The concept of combining computers, sensors, and networks to monitor and control devices has existed for decades. The recent confluence of several technology market trends, however, is bringing the Internet of Things closer to widespread reality. These include Ubiquitous Connectivity , Widespread Adoption of IP-based Networking , Computing Economics , Miniaturization , Advances in Data Analytics , and the Rise of Cloud Computing .
• Connectivity Models : IoT implementations use different technical communications models, each with its own characteristics. Four common communications models described by the Internet Architecture Board include: Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway , and Back-End Data-Sharing . These models highlight the flexibility in the ways that IoT devices can connect and provide value to the user.
• Transformational Potential: If the projections and trends towards IoT become reality, it may force a shift in thinking about the implications and issues in a world where the most common interaction with the Internet comes from passive engagement with connected objects rather than active engagement with content. The potential realization of this outcome – a “hyperconnected world” — is testament to the general-purpose nature of the Internet architecture itself, which does not place inherent limitations on the applications or services that can make use of the technology.

Five key IoT issue areas are examined to explore some of the most pressing challenges and questions related to the technology. These include security; privacy; interoperability and standards; legal, regulatory, and rights; and emerging economies and development.

While security considerations are not new in the context of information technology, the attributes of many IoT implementations present new and unique security challenges. Addressing these challenges and ensuring security in IoT products and services must be a fundamental priority.Users need to trust that IoT devices and related data services are secure from vulnerabilities, especially as this technology become more pervasive and integrated into our daily lives. Poorly secured IoT devices and services can serve as potential entry points for cyber attack and expose user data to theft by leaving data streams inadequately protected.

The interconnected nature of IoT devices means that every poorly secured device that is connected online potentially affects the security and resilience of the Internet globally. This challenge is amplified by other considerations like the mass-scale deployment of homogenous IoT devices, the ability of some devices to automatically connect to other devices, and the likelihood of fielding these devices in unsecure environments.

As a matter of principle, developers and users of IoT devices and systems have a collective obligation to ensure they do not expose users and the Internet itself to potential harm. Accordingly, a collaborative approach to security will be needed to develop effective and appropriate solutions to IoT security challenges that are well suited to the scale and complexity of the issues.

The full potential of the Internet of Things depends on strategies that respect individual privacy choices across a broad spectrum of expectations. The data streams and user specificity afforded by IoT devices can unlock incredible and unique value to IoT users, but concerns about privacy and potential harms might hold back full adoption of the Internet of Things. This means that privacy rights and respect for user privacy expectations are integral to ensuring user trust and confidence in the Internet, connected devices, and related services.

Indeed, the Internet of Things is redefining the debate about privacy issues, as many implementations can dramatically change the ways personal data is collected, analyzed, used, and protected. For example, IoT amplifies concerns about the potential for increased surveillance and tracking, difficulty in being able to opt out of certain data collection, and the strength of aggregating IoT data streams to paint detailed digital portraits of users. While these are important challenges, they are not insurmountable. In order to realize the opportunities, strategies will need to be developed to respect individual privacy choices across a broad spectrum of expectations, while still fostering innovation in new technology and services.

Interoperability / Standards

A fragmented environment of proprietary IoT technical implementations will inhibit value for users and industry. While full interoperability across products and services is not always feasible or necessary, purchasers may be hesitant to buy IoT products and services if there is integration inflexibility, high ownership complexity, and concern over vendor lock-in.

In addition, poorly designed and configured IoT devices may have negative consequences for the networking resources they connect to and the broader Internet. Appropriate standards, reference models, and best practices also will help curb the proliferation of devices that may act in disrupted ways to the Internet. The use of generic, open, and widely available standards as technical building blocks for IoT devices and services (such as the Internet Protocol) will support greater user benefits, innovation, and economic opportunity.

Legal, Regulatory and Rights

The use of IoT devices raises many new regulatory and legal questions as well as amplifies existing legal issues around the Internet. The questions are wide in scope, and the rapid rate of change in IoT technology frequently outpaces the ability of the associated policy, legal, and regulatory structures to adapt.

One set of issues surrounds crossborder data flows, which occur when IoT devices collect data about people in one jurisdiction and transmit it to another jurisdiction with different data protection laws for processing. Further, data collected by IoT devices is sometimes susceptible to misuse, potentially causing discriminatory outcomes for some users. Other legal issues with IoT devices include the conflict between law enforcement surveillance and civil rights; data retention and destruction policies; and legal liability for unintended uses, security breaches or privacy lapses.

While the legal and regulatory challenges are broad and complex in scope, adopting the guiding Internet Society principles of promoting a user’s ability to connect, speak, innovate, share, choose , and trust are core considerations for evolving IoT laws and regulations that enable user rights.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other physical objects that are embedded with sensors, software, and network connectivity, allowing them to collect and share data.

IoT devices—also known as “smart objects”—can range from simple “smart home” devices like smart thermostats, to wearables like smartwatches and RFID-enabled clothing, to complex industrial machinery and transportation systems. Technologists are even envisioning entire “smart cities” predicated on IoT technologies.

IoT enables these smart devices to communicate with each other and with other internet-enabled devices. Like smartphones and gateways, creating a vast network of interconnected devices that can exchange data and perform various tasks autonomously. This can include:

• monitoring environmental conditions in farms
• managing traffic patterns with smart cars and other smart automotive devices
• controlling machines and processes in factories 
• tracking inventory and shipments in warehouses

The potential applications of IoT are vast and varied, and its impact is already being felt across a wide range of industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and agriculture. As the number of internet-connected devices continues to grow, IoT is likely to play an increasingly important role in shaping our world. Transforming the way that we live, work, and interact with each other.

In an enterprise context, IoT devices are used to monitor a wide range of parameters such as temperature, humidity, air quality, energy consumption, and machine performance. This data can be analyzed in real time to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies that can help businesses optimize their operations and improve their bottom line.

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IoT is important for business for several reasons. Here are the core benefits of IoT:

By using IoT devices to automate and optimize processes, businesses can improve efficiency and productivity. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor equipment performance and detect or even resolve potential issues before they cause downtime, reducing maintenance costs and improving uptime.

IoT devices generate vast amounts of data that can be used to make better-informed business decisions and new business models. By analyzing this data, businesses can gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational performance, allowing them to make more informed decisions about strategy, product development, and resource allocation.

By reducing manual processes and automating repetitive tasks, IoT can help businesses reduce costs and improve profitability. For example, IoT devices can be used to monitor energy usage and optimize consumption, reducing energy costs and improving sustainability.

By using IoT technology to gather data about customer behavior, businesses can create more personalized and engaging experiences for their customers. For example, retailers can use IoT sensors to track customer movements in stores and deliver personalized offers based on their behavior.

Several technologies come together to make IoT possible.

• Sensors and actuators: Sensors are devices that can detect changes in the environment, such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, or pressure. Actuators are devices that can cause physical changes in the environment, such as opening or closing a valve or turning on a motor. These devices are at the heart of IoT, as they allow machines and devices to interact with the physical world. Automation is possible when sensors and actuators work to resolve issues without human intervention.
• Connectivity technologies: To transmit IoT data from sensors and actuators to the cloud, IoT devices need to be connected to the internet. There are several connectivity technologies that are used in IoT, including wifi, Bluetooth, cellular, Zigbee, and LoRaWAN.
• Cloud computing: The cloud is where the vast amounts of data that is generated by IoT devices are stored, processed, and analyzed. Cloud computing platforms provide the infrastructure and tools that are needed to store and analyze this data, as well as to build and deploy IoT applications.
• Big data analytics: To make sense of the vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices, businesses need to use advanced analytics tools to extract insights and identify patterns. These tools can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools and predictive analytics models.
• Security and privacy technologies: As IoT deployments become more widespread, IoT security and privacy become increasingly important. Technologies such as encryption , access controls and intrusion detection systems are used to protect IoT devices and the data they generate from cyberthreats.

In the healthcare industry, IoT devices can be used to monitor patients remotely and collect real-time data on their vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation. This sensor data can be analyzed to detect patterns and identify potential health issues before they become more serious. IoT devices can also be used to track medical equipment, manage inventory and monitor medication compliance.

Industrial IoT devices can be used in manufacturing to monitor machine performance, detect equipment failures and optimize production processes. For example, sensors can be used to monitor the temperature and humidity in a manufacturing facility, ensuring that conditions are optimal for the production of sensitive products. IoT devices can also be used to track inventory, manage supply chains and monitor the quality of finished products. Industrial IoT is such an expansive new technology space, that it is sometimes referred to by its own abbreviation: IIoT (Industrial IoT).

In the retail industry, IoT devices can be used to track customer behavior, monitor inventory levels and optimize store layouts. For example, sensors can be used to track foot traffic in a store and analyze customer behavior, allowing retailers to optimize product placement and improve the customer experience. IoT devices can also be used to monitor supply chains, track shipments and manage inventory levels.

IoT devices can be used in agriculture to monitor soil conditions, weather patterns and crop growth. For example, sensors can be used to measure the moisture content of soil, ensuring that crops are irrigated at the optimal time. IoT devices can also be used to monitor livestock health, track equipment and manage supply chains. Low-power or solar-powered devices can often be used with minimal oversight in remote locations.

In the transportation industry, IoT devices can be used to monitor vehicle performance, optimize routes, and track shipments. For example, sensors can be used to monitor the fuel efficiency of connected cars, reducing fuel costs and improving sustainability. IoT devices can also be used to monitor the condition of cargo, ensuring that it arrives at its destination in optimal condition.

IoT offers many benefits, but it also poses several risks and challenges. Here are some of the most significant ones:

Security and privacy risks: As IoT devices become more widespread, security and privacy become increasingly important. Many IoT devices are vulnerable to hackers and other cyberthreats, which can compromise the security and privacy of sensitive data. IoT devices can also collect vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy and data protection.

Interoperability issues: IoT devices from different manufacturers often use different standards and protocols, making it difficult for them to perform what’s called “machine to machine” communication. This can lead to interoperability issues and create silos of data that are difficult to integrate and analyze.

Data overload: IoT devices generate vast amounts of data, which can overwhelm businesses that are not prepared to handle it. Analyzing this data and extracting meaningful insights can be a significant challenge, especially for businesses that lack the necessary analytics tools and expertise.

Cost and complexity: Implementing an IoT system can be costly and complex, requiring significant investments in hardware, software, and infrastructure. Managing and maintaining an IoT system can also be challenging, requiring specialized skills and expertise.

Regulatory and legal challenges: As IoT devices become more widespread, regulatory, and legal challenges are emerging. Businesses need to comply with various data protection, privacy and cybersecurity regulations, which can vary from country to country.

Managing IoT devices can be a complex and challenging task, but there are several best practices that businesses can follow to ensure that their IoT devices are secure, reliable, and optimized for performance. Here are some tips for managing IoT devices:

Plan your IoT strategy: Before deploying any IoT devices, businesses should have a clear understanding of their objectives, use cases and desired outcomes. This can help them choose the right devices, IoT platforms and technologies, and ensure that their IoT strategy is aligned with their business goals.

Choose secure IoT products: Security is a critical consideration for IoT solutions, as they can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Businesses should choose devices that are designed with security in mind and implement appropriate security systems, such as encryption, authentication, and access controls.

Monitor and maintain devices: IoT devices need to be monitored and maintained regularly to ensure that they are performing optimally and are not vulnerable to security threats. This can involve monitoring device health and performance, updating firmware and software and conducting regular security audits and predictive maintenance.

Manage data effectively: IoT devices generate vast amounts of real-world data, which can be challenging to manage and analyze. Businesses should have a clear data management strategy in place, including data storage, analysis, and visualization. To ensure that they can extract meaningful insights from the data that is generated by their IoT devices.

Build an ecosystem: IoT devices are often part of a larger ecosystem that includes other devices, platforms, and technologies. Businesses should have a clear understanding of this ecosystem and ensure that their IoT devices can integrate effectively with other systems and technologies.

The future of IoT is promising, with many exciting developments for businesses on the horizon. Here are some of the trends and predictions for the future of IoT:

Growth: The number of IoT devices is expected to continue to grow rapidly, with estimates suggesting that there will be tens of billion IoT devices in use over the next few years. This growth will be driven by increased adoption across industries, as well as the development of new use cases and applications.

Edge computing: Edge computing is becoming increasingly important for IoT, as it allows data to be processed and analyzed closer to the source of the data, rather than in a centralized data center. This can improve response times, reduce latency and reduce the amount of data that needs to be transferred over IoT networks.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning: AI and machine learning are becoming increasingly important for IoT, as they can be used to analyze vast amounts of data that is generated by IoT devices and extract meaningful insights. This can help businesses make more informed decisions and optimize their operations.

Blockchain: Blockchain technology is being explored as a way to improve security and privacy in the IoT. Blockchain can be used to create secure, decentralized networks for IoT devices, which can minimize data security vulnerabilities.

Sustainability: Sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration for IoT, as businesses look for ways to reduce their environmental impact. IoT can be used to optimize energy usage, reduce waste and improve sustainability across a range of industries.

The future of IoT is exciting, with many new developments and innovations on the horizon, with providers of devices offering attractive pricing, as the cost of IoT device production declines. As the number of IoT devices continues to grow, businesses need to be prepared to adapt to new technologies and embrace new use cases and applications. Those that are able to do so will be positioned to reap the benefits of this transformative technology.

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Application of metal halide perovskite in internet of things.

1. Introduction

1.1. basic concepts of iot, 1.2. three-layer architecture of iot.

• The perception layer covers various physical devices and sensors to gather physical data from the environment, serving as the source for IoT object identification and information collection.
• The network layer comprises various networks and computing platforms, functioning as the central hub of the entire IoT system. Data collected from the perception layer undergo further processing in this part.
• The application layer provides specific services to end users, acting as the interface between the IoT and users. This layer employs a variety of intelligent technologies to analyze and process data received from perception layers, which is closely integrated with industry requirements.

1.3. Development Status and Trend of Perception Layer

2. general properties of perovskites, 2.1. concepts, 2.2. structure and composition, 2.3. properties, 3. perovskite sensors, 3.1. gas and humidity sensor, 3.2. photodetector.

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3.3. Optical Conversion Sensor

3.4. nanogenerator, 4. perovskite solar cells and indoor photovoltaics, 4.1. research progress, 4.2. advantages, 4.2.1. excellent photoelectric property, 4.2.2. low cost and simple preparation process, 4.2.3. excellent mechanical properties, 4.3. applications of pscs in iot field, 5. conclusions and prospects, author contributions, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Chai, Z.; Lin, H.; Bai, H.; Huang, Y.; Guan, Z.; Liu, F.; Wei, J. Application of Metal Halide Perovskite in Internet of Things. Micromachines 2024 , 15 , 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091152

Chai Z, Lin H, Bai H, Huang Y, Guan Z, Liu F, Wei J. Application of Metal Halide Perovskite in Internet of Things. Micromachines . 2024; 15(9):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091152

Chai, Zhihao, Hui Lin, Hang Bai, Yixiang Huang, Zhen Guan, Fangze Liu, and Jing Wei. 2024. "Application of Metal Halide Perovskite in Internet of Things" Micromachines 15, no. 9: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091152

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TERM PAPER - INTERNET OF THINGS

The essence and importance of Internet of things

Related Papers

Fareha Nadeem

Introduction Now a days Internet of Things is very important topic all over the technological world and has become very much popular on Social media and Press media. The Phrase Internet of Things is a combination of two: One is the Internet (Network) and second is Things (Any object). The internet of things is the network of physical devices or objects/Things like: Vehicles, Home appliances, Industrial equipment, Office devices and Hospitals machines and also other things rooted with electronic devices, software, sensor devices, actuators and network connectivity-that enables these objects to communicate over a network. The internet of Things is a system of interconnected computing devices that refers with Human-to-Human, Things-to-Things and Human-to-Things over a shared network. The Internet of Things technology has a wide range of networked products, systems, devices, sensors and objects having advantages of advancements in computing power, electronic miniaturization, and network interconnections to offer new capabilities not previously possible. In others word, the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the capability of every day devices to connect to other devices and also people through the existing Internet Infrastructures. That devices connect and communicate in many ways. A huge scale of business proposals, business-conferences and debates has discussed that IoT is revolution for new technologies, Like; new market research and business models to concerns more about security, privacy, comfort, reliability and technical interoperability. For Example: like Smart devices interaction with another smart devices, Smartphones that interact with other smartphones over a network, Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication, Smartphones connected with home appliances, Smart Devices connected with video cameras, and medical devices.

Connecting Objects to the Web

Rob van Kranenburg

Ayushi Sharma

One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming era real world things like cars and buses, homes, factories, machine and tools will be connected to the internet in order to make our lives easy and more comfortable. The IoT aims to incorporate everything in our surroundings under a general infrastructure; it gives us control of things around us as well as keeps us informed of the state of the things. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summarization of Internet of Things, architectures, and fundamental technologies and their usages in our day to day routine. IoT is an apprehensively connected system of smart devices that arrange automatically, share information, data and resources, responding to a situation and changes in the environment.

IAEME Publication

Internet of things is developing rapidly by global users. IoT is gathering much attention in the field of networks, technology, gadgets, automation, healthcare, etc. The IoT has transformed our lives beyond our imagination within two decades. In this paper we presents today's issues, including the advantages, disadvantages, scope, as well as its approaches to find a way around the problems of integrating and employing Internet of Things devices in day to day life.

International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking

sukhdeep kaur

IRJET Journal

harika devi , Manisha Gunturi

International Journal of Research

SIRIPURI KIRAN

IoT applications have actually been extensively made use of in lots of area of social manufacturing and also social living such as health care, power and also commercial automation. While taking pleasure in the ease as well as effectiveness that IoT offers us, brand-new hazards from IoT likewise have actually arisen. There are raising research functions to alleviate these dangers, yet several troubles stay open. To much better recognize the important factors of brand-new threats and the challenges in existing research, this study initially suggests the idea of "IoT attributes". The paper provides the future difficulties of IoT, such as the technological (connection, compatibility and also durability, criteria. An area likewise talks about the different misconceptions that could interfere with the development of IOT .

IAEME PUBLICATION

IOT stands for "Internet of things", meaning various real world things connected with the internet. In upcoming days, IoT is gradually converting the real world things into the smart virtual things. The main goal is related to the Internet of Things is to combine all possible objects in this world under a common framework, not only also have can control on that object which is available in our surroundings,but also keep us up to date of their state related to that object.As an output, a huge amount of data is being generated and will be stored and after that this data is being processed in useful actions when needed then here we have command and control on that object, so that our life will be much simpler and secure and our impact on the environment will be reduced.In this era, internet access is convenient to individuals on their mobile devices as well as systems, so that easily information can be transferred through the internet at less cost.The main focus of this paper is to give an overview related to the Internet of things, their architectures, and important technologies and its applications and how these things play an important role in our daily life.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/impact-of-internet-of-things-a-review https://www.ijert.org/research/impact-of-internet-of-things-a-review-IJERTCONV9IS05071.pdf Internet of Things (IoT) has envisioned new paradigm where a network environment enabled to have interaction between machines and devices. IoT has lot of scope in wide range of industries, health care, agriculture and other application, as it is considered as future technology which can bring revolution in the fields. In this the basic concepts of IoT are discussed.

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