essay on tihar for class 4

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Essay on Tihar Festival

Essay on tihar festival – 800+ words.

Tihar is one of the biggest festivals celebrated in Nepal after Dashain . With the end of Dashain, we have Tihar just around the corner. Tihar is celebrated not only in Nepal but also in some states of India. It is also popularly known as Dipawali and even as the “Festival of Lights”. Dipawali is best known as Diwali in India.

Tihar is considered to be of great importance as it shows the contribution to not just the humans and the gods, but also to the animals like crows, cows, and dogs that maintain an intimate relationship with the humans. The main Goddess that is worshiped in this festival is Goddess Laxmi, also known as the goddess of wealth and luck.

Tihar falls right after Dashain. It falls in the month of Kartik ( October to November in Solar Calendar ) and continues for five days. This festival has its own unique ways of celebration. Each of the 5 days of this festival is for celebrating and worshipping different animals and gods. The first day of Tihar is known as Kaag puja (worship of crows).

In ancient mythology, Crows are known to be the “messenger of death”. And the first day of Tihar is their only day of rest. So to ensure they have proper rest, people feed crows and worship them lest to prevent any negative news to be informed which would bring a bad omen. People worship the crows to bring good luck to themselves.

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The second day of Tihar is known as Kukur Puja (Worship of dogs). It is to worship a mans’ best friend, dogs. On this day dogs are treated with delicious treats and hung garlands on their neck with tikas on their forehead. We can see many dogs roaming around the city with a tika and a garland on their necks on this day. It is believed that dogs can see incoming dangers and death and is the “gatekeeper of the underworld”. It would be for the best if every stray dog we see on the streets treated this way each and every day.

The third day of Tihar is Gai Puja – Laxmi Puja (worship of the cows and goddess Laxmi). This is a special day which has its own separate set of celebrations. In the mornings, the cows are worshipped and hung garland around their necks, with their body in red colors with holy strings tied onto their tails. In Hinduism, cows signify wealth and prosperity. The uses of cows have outstripped many domesticated animals. So on this day the cows are worshipped and fed the juiciest of grass as a sign of gratitude. In the afternoons, the entire house is cleaned and groomed. People may even put fancy lights on their rooms and outside their houses.

Houses are cleaned and the doorways and windows are decorated with garlands made of Saya Patri (marigolds) and Makhamali (Gomphrena globosa) flowers. People also put paint small patterns of footprints to and from their entrance to their rooms as to invite Laxmi in. At night, we can see beautiful and dazzling lights from Diyo(oil lamp) as well as fancy lights. This is done to attract Goddess Laxmi’s attention. The night of the Gai puja is truly a spectacle to look at. Starting this day, people (especially children and teenagers) come together and travel house to house sing Deusi and Bhailos (traditional songs) and earn money as well. The people who witness these traditional songs give some amount of money as an offering. Offerings may also include delicious Sel Rotis ( traditionally homemade circle snacks ), fruits, and rice grains. From the night of Gai Puja, the nights become more lively.

The fourth day is also known as Govardhan Puja. An ox is also an indispensable lifeline for a farmer, so on this day, farmers worship oxen. The fourth day of Tihar is also taken as the start of a new year for the Newar community and similarly, they celebrate “Mha Puja”. The night is lively with Deusi and Bhailo going on.

The widely celebrated fifth day of Tihar is also known as Bhai tika . On this day brothers and sisters come together. Sisters apply multi-colored tikas (Saptarangi tika)on their brother’s forehead. It is to ensure the long and prosperous life of their brothers. According to Hindu mythology, Yamraj, the God of Death, visited his sister, Goddess Yamuna, on this day during which she applied the auspicious tika on his forehead, garlanded him, and fed him special dishes. Together, they ate sweets, talked, and enjoyed themselves to their hearts’ content.

Upon parting, Yamraj gave the Yamuna a special gift as a token of his affection and, in return, Yamuna gave him a lovely gift which she had made with her own hands. That day Yamraj announced that anyone who receives tilak from his sister will never die on that day. And so it gave birth to Bhai tika. Sisters also prepare gifts for their brothers and brothers also gift their sister’s various things. After the ceremony is done, everyone present will observe a feast with delicious meals. It is a grand festival that is celebrated by all.

The bad social customs present in these festivals include the mentality of people. People think they need to make it extravagant. No, it is not that. Each and every festival are to be celebrated with the right minds and any pressure. It isn’t necessary that one must have a grand celebratory feast, it isn’t necessary to gift expensive gifts. the main essence of Tihar is to bring people together, share the love, and enjoy it to one’s content. The real joy of Tihar can only be brought together with the closeness of one’s loved ones.

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Tihar (festival) facts for kids

Tihar also known as Deepawali is a Hindu festival. It is celebrated for 5 days. It is celebrated mainly in Nepal and the Indian states of Assam and Sikkim . It is also celebrated in Darjeeling district of West Bengal . It is the festival of lights. In this festival diyas are lit inside and outside the houses to make it bright at night. It is known as Swanti among the Newars and as Diwali among Madhesis. Set in the Vikram Samvat calendar, the festival begins with Kaag Tihar in Trayodashi of Kartik Krishna Paksha. It ends with Bhai Tika in Dwitiya of Kartik Sukla Paksha every year.

Tihar is the second biggest festival in Nepal after Dashain . In this festival animals like crows, cows, and dogs are also worshipped. People make Rangolis on the floor of living rooms or courtyards. They use materials such as colored rice, dry flour, colored sand or flower Petals to make these Rangolis. Rangolis are made for welcoming Gods and Goddesses of Hinduism mainly Goddess Lakshmi .

Kaag Tihar (Day 1)

Kukur tihar (day 2), gai tihar and laxmi puja (day 3), govardhan puja (day 4), bhai tika (day 5), images for kids.

Kaag Tihar (Crow Festival) is the first day of Tihar. In this day the crow is worshipped. Hindus regard crows as the messengers of Yamraja, the god of death. People worship it to bring good luck in their houses.

The second day is called Kukur Tihar (Dog Festival). In this day, people offer garlands , tika and delicious food to dogs. Dogs are important animals in Hindu mythology . It is believed that Bhairava, an incarnation of Lord Shiva, had a dog as a vahana (vehicle). It is also believed that Yama , the god of death, had two guard dogs – each with four eyes. The dogs are said to watch over the gates of Naraka, the Hindu concept of Hell . Due to this belief, this day is also known as Naraka Chaturdashi.

The morning of the third day is Gai Tihar (worship of the cow). In Hinduism , cow is the symbol of prosperity and wealth. In ancient times cows were very useful. Their milk, dung, even urine was used for purpose like purification . So, on this day people worship cow by garlanding and feeding them with the best grass. They clean and decorate the houses. Doorways and windows are decorated by garlands made of Saya Patri ( marigolds ) and makhamali ( Gomphrena globosa ) flowers.

In the evening Laxmi , the goddess of wealth is worshipped. She is worshipped by lighting oil lamps (Diyo) or candles on doorways and windows. It is believed that in this day she visits her followers and gives them blessings. At night the girls enjoy playing Bhailo by singing and dancing. They visit many houses with musical instruments. They collect money as a tip from houses and share the money amongst themselves.

From the third day onward Tihar is celebrated with Deusi and Bhailo with light and fireworks . Boys sing Deusi and the girls sing Bhailo. In return, the home owners give them money, fruit and selroti (a Nepali roundel made of rice flour and sugar). Social workers, politician, and young people also visit local homes. They sing these songs and collect money for social activities.

Laxmi Prasad Devkota , who is regarded as the greatest poet of Nepali language , was born on this day. He was named after the Laxmi Puja .

There are 3 different kinds of pujas on the fourth day. Mainly ox is worshipped in this day by giving different foods. It is observed as Goru Tihar or Goru Puja (worship of the oxen ). People who follow Vaishnavism perform Govardhan Puja. Govardhan Puja is worship towards Govardhan mountain. Cow dung is taken as representative of the mountain and is worshiped. Another type of puja is Mha Puja (worship of self). It is done by the people of Newar community during the night. This day is seen as the beginning of the new Nepal Sambat calendar year.

The fifth and last day of Tihar is called Bhai Tika . On this day sisters apply "tilaka" or "tika" on the foreheads of their brothers. This is done to ensure the long life of their bothers and thank them for the protection they provide. It is believed that, Yamaraj , the God of Death, visited his sister Goddess Yamuna's house. He stayed there for five days so Tihar is also called Yamapanchak . He was pleased with the Hospitality so he asked her to make a wish. Yamuna wished that the love and faith of the brothers and sisters who meet every year on the same day remain strong and the brothers have a long life and fame. Yamaraj granted the wish.

In Bhai Tika, brothers sit on the floor while their sisters perform their puja . During the puja sisters circle brothers by dropping oil on the floor from a copper pitcher. They also applying oil to their brother's hair. After that, they apply seven-color tikas on the brother's forehead. Similarly, brothers also give tikas to their sisters. They also exchange gifts. This ritual is practiced for both younger and elder brothers. Those without a sister or brother join relatives or friends for tika . This festival makes the relationship between brothers and sisters stronger.

Along with the seven-coloured tika , sisters provide brothers with Sagun, sweets, Makhamali (Gomphrena globosa) garland. They also provide a sacred cotton thread of Tantric importance. The thread is similar to Janai and is meant to protect their bodies.

Applying the Tika

• This page was last modified on 27 October 2023, at 13:19. Suggest an edit .

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Tihar – Dipawali (दीपावली) | Essay On Tihar

• November 6, 2018

Tihar, Bhai Tika, Dipawali, Yamapanchak, Diwali, Laxmi puja are often used interchangeably to mean Tihar. The essence of Tihar lies in the traditional way of celebration and ancient stories that compels us to believe and continue the amazing culture of celebration. Tihar is celebrated for five days with a great significance of each day. Dipawali signifies victory of light over darkness, good over evil,  knowledge over ignorance and hope over despair.

Based on legends the festival is celebrated remembering Yamuna’s (a sister) dedication and prayer to protect her brother from the God of death, Yamaraj. To prevent Yamaraj from taking her brother’s life, she performed a five-day ritual. The very first day she worshiped crow, the messenger of Yamaraj, on the second-day “dog”, the carrier of Yamaraj. On the third day, she worshipped Goddess Laxmi for the prosperity of the family along with cow as a representation of Goddess. The next day she prepared a large variety of dishes to offer to Yamaraj as a symbol of appreciation Govardhana puja which is also known as Annakut (Mountain of food). And the final day is Bhai Tika, Yamuna worshipped and fasted for her brother.

She prepared garland of Glove Amaranth flower (commonly known as Makhamali phool and Supari phool), A flower that never wears out, along with oil, Dubo (evergreen perennial green grass), Walnut Tika for the protection and most importantly Saptarangi Tika (Pigments of 7 different colors). She Broke Walnut before the ritual to constrict external bodies and bad omen from entering the house. She performed and created the ritual with much dedication and asked Yamaraj not to take her brother’s life until the garland of Makhamali wears out. By her efforts, Yamaraj was so impressed that he let her brother live a peaceful life. She set an example of true love. and the same tradition continues even today.

Also Read: Bada Dashain 

Tags: bhai tika essay on tihar laxmi puja mantra tihar festival nepal

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[…] Tihar, Bhai Tika, Dipawali, Yamapanchak, Diwali, Laxmi puja are often used interchangeably to mean another biggest festival of Nepal i.e Tihar. The essence of Tihar lies in the traditional way of celebration and ancient stories that compels us to believe and continue the amazing culture of celebration. Tihar is celebrated for five days with a great significance of each day. Dipawali signifies victory of light over darkness, good over evil,  knowledge over ignorance and hope over despair.  Read More….. […]

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Essay on Tihar or Dipawali [For school and college students]

Essay on Tihar or Dipawali is often asked in various levels of exams in Nepal. The following essay on " Dipawali " is a sample essay for school and college students. We will be uploading different versions of the essay over time.

Brainstorming for the essay Tihar

[# Sample 1]: Essay on Tihar or Dipawali (383 words)

Tihar, or Dipawali, is the colourful festival of lights. It is the second greatest festival in Nepal after Dashain. The celebration takes place for five days in late October or early November. It is held in honour of Lord Ram's return to Ayodhya after a long exile of 14 years. It is also a seasonal festival because they are usually free after harvesting paddy.

The festival honours certain animals on successive days. It starts with offerings of bhat (rice) to the crows, which are thought to be sent by Yama, the God of Death. The crow is regarded as the messenger of death. On the second day, dogs are honoured or worshipped with garlands of flowers and tikas. The street and stray dogs, which are often kicked, are honoured on this day, hoping that the dog will lead the departed soul after death to cross the "River of Dead or Death". The dog is also taken as the vehicle of Loard Bhairab. On day 3, cows are worshipped by painting one horn yellow and the other gold. In the evening, Dipawali is observed by lighting palas, lamps, candles, and bulbs everywhere to make the goddess Laxmi happy.

It is believed that Laxmi comes to visit every house in the evening. Similarly, on the 4th day, bullocks are honoured. Their dung is also worshipped. Day 5 is known as Bhai Tika. On this day, brothers and sisters meet to place tika on each other's foreheads. Sisters offer small gifts of fruits and sweets to their brothers, while the brothers give money or gifts to their sisters in return. This brother-sister relationship is believed to have taken place since Yamuna brought her brother back from the God of Death-Yama.

On the other hand, there are some drawbacks to the festival, too. Children and young guys play with fireworks or patakas. It not only causes fire and noise pollution but also makes people frightened. They waste millions of rupees in a short period. Likewise, gambling also ruins people's status and property.

To sum up, since the festival reflects the cultural life of the nation, it is significant in many ways. It is our responsibility to celebrate it so that it lasts for hundreds of years to come and makes brother-sister relations as firm as a himal.

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Tihar: Light of Nepalese Festivities

About tihar festival.

Tihar, or the festival of lights, is a festival that lasts for five days in Nepal . This important Hindu festival, which is held in October or November, comes after Dashain. The Nepalese people’s hearts as well as their surroundings are illuminated by this holiday, which is celebrated with passion and fervor.

Table of Contents

Tihar is more than simply a holiday; it’s an explosion of culture that celebrates the values of love, appreciation, and community. It represents the victory of good over evil as well as the victory of knowledge over ignorance.

The story of the Death God Yama and his sister Yamuna lies at the heart of the Tihar festival. The touching story highlights the close link between brothers and emphasizes the value of kinship bonds, highlighting the need to love and honor one’s family.

Celebrations of Tihar

Five days of Tihar celebrate distinct beings. Kaag Tihar begins with crow worship, Yama’s messengers. Second-day Kukur Tihar honors dogs, who guard the afterlife. Gai Tihar and Laxmi Puja, the third day, celebrate cows and wealth-bringing Goddess Laxmi.

Goru Tihar and Govardhan Puja, the fourth day, honor cows and mountains, signifying Nature and agriculture’s importance in people’s lives. Finally, on the fifth day, Bhai Tika celebrates brother-sister relations and fosters love and affection.

Day 1- Kaag (Crow) Tihar:

On the first day of Tihar, which is a festival celebrated by the people of Nepal and is known for its worship of crows.

According to Sanskrit, it is a common belief in Hinduism that the sound made by a crow (its cawing) represents grief and mourning. As a result, on this day, people feed Crow some sweets and other delicacies in the hopes that he will take away our sadness and protect us from death. In Hinduism, the crow is seen as a symbol of both bad and good news, as it is believed to carry both messages.

Day 2- Kukur (Dog) Tihar:

The second day of the Tihar celebration, also known as the festival of the dog, is called Kukur Tihar. In celebration of the special bond that exists between people and their dog companions, worship services for dogs include the offering of tika, flowers (ful), and food.

In addition, there are traditions that the dog holds a unique significance in Hindu mythology. The Hindu god Shiva, whose story is told in the Mahabharata, is said to have used a dog as his vahan (carrier). In a similar manner, it is thought that Yama, the god of death, possesses two guard dogs, each of which has four eyes.

Also, according to a belief that originates from Hinduism, dogs are tasked with keeping watch over the entrances to hell. As a result, worship of dogs takes place on this day in an effort to reduce the negative impacts of the holiday, which include untimely deaths, thievery, and the prospect of eternal damnation. On the holiday of Kukur Tihar, Nepalese officers will reward the patrol dogs for their efforts to social security by giving them beautiful garlands and painting red cinnabar on their foreheads. This is done as a sign of appreciation.

Day 3- Gai (Cow) Tihar and Laxmi Puja

On the third day of Tihar, Hindus worship cows early in the morning to symbolize prosperity and abundance.

In Nepal, cow milk, dung, and urine have been utilized for cleaning since ancient times. On this day, houses are cleaned and decorated with Marigold and Gomphrena globosa garlands, known as Saya Patri and Makhamali in Nepali.

Later, oil lamps Diyo or candles are lit on entrances and windows to honor Laxmi, the Goddess of riches, for prosperity and well-being. Clean residences with many Diyos or candles are also thought to attract Goddess Laxmi.

Girls and boys perform Deusi Bhailo (traditional song) with lights and fireworks on Tihar. Girls and boys love dancing, singing, and visiting all the neighborhood houses with musical instruments all night to bless them with wealth while playing Deusi Bhailo.

The home owner gives fruits, money, and Selroti (rice flour with sugar), a Nepalese tradition. Deusi is sung by guys, Bhailo by girls.

“Deu” means to bestow, and “Sire” means “head” in Sanskrit. The origin of traditional Deusi Bhailo is unknown. However, the tune played while playing Deusi-Bhailo may be tied to King Mahabali. According to Deusire, it means to sacrifice oneself for a good purpose.

History of Deusi-Bhailo traditional song:

It is said in the Puranas that King Bali gave his own head to Vamana, who is the fifth form of Lord Vishnu.

King Bali was doing the Ashwamedha Yajna, which means love, respect, and offering. This was the start of the stories. So, when Vamana, pretending to be Lord Vishnu, asked King Bali for land the size of three long steps, Bali said yes. Two steps, though, were enough to cover the whole world. Vamana then asked King Bali where he should put his third step. In order to keep his promise to give Vamana what he asked for, King Bali gave up his own head. It was Kartik month on this day.

In the same way, when Lord Vishnu saw how much he loved him, he blessed him and put him at the top of the hierarchy in heaven. Because of this story, some people believe that giving something this month will bring them good luck. That’s why people give food, money, and other things in desi-Bhailo.

Day 4- Goru Tihar and Govardhan Puja:

Govardhan Puja is the name for the fourth day of Tihar. People from three different cultures enjoy it in three different pujas.

The story, on the other hand, says that the mountain was called Govardhan and was the main source of food. This is how the Govardhan Pooja is celebrated:

1. Goru (Ox) Puja

On this day, many different foods are offered to the ox as part of the devotion that is done in its honor. Another name for this event is the Govardhan Puja.

2. Govardhan Puja

Followers of Vaishnavism conduct the Govardhan Puja, a type of worship that is primarily directed at the Govardhan mountain.

Myth has it that on this day, God Sri Krishna lifted the Govardhan Hill in order to give the inhabitants of the hamlet protection from the raging rains. And it was Lord Indra who was responsible for flooding and rain in the area since the locals had been indoctrinated by Lord Krishna. In a similar vein, worshiping Lord Krishna is also known as Govardhan.

In order to express their thanks to Lord Krishna, followers participate in this puja by preparing and offering a significant quantity of vegetarian food.

3. Mha Puja (Self Worship)

In addition, on this day, members of the Newar community will undertake the ritual of Maha Puja in the evening. This day also marks the beginning of a new year on the Nepal Sambat Calendar and is celebrated mostly by people of the Newari ethnic group.

Day 5- Bhai Tika (worship of Brother):

This is the fifth and last day of Tihar. It is called Bhai Tika. This is the day when women put tika on their brothers’ foreheads. In the custom, tika is used to wish brothers a long and happy life and to keep them from dying suddenly. In the same way, Bhai means “brother” when women pray for them.

People also think that Yamraj, the God of Death, went to see his sister, Yamuna, the Goddess of Light. Today, Goddess Yamuna made Yamraj some tasty food and a flower. Goddess Yamuna also put a lucky mark on his face. Yamraj and Goddess Yamuna ate food together and gave each other gifts. Following this, Yamraj said, “Anyone who gets tika from his sister on that day will never die.”

The same practices are still done for Goddess Yamuna and her brother and sister, Yamraj. Whether the brother is younger or older than the sister, this rite is always done. One of the best holidays in Nepal, this one makes the bond between brothers and sisters stronger.

If you want to celebrate in the way that is typical of Nepal, please get in touch with us. There will be new things to do and happiness for you.

Tihar and Deepawali: A Comparative Analysis

Both Deepawali and Tihar, which takes place in India and celebrates the triumph of light over darkness, have a lot in common. Tihar is one of the most important festivals in India. In spite of the fact that they revolve around similar topics, each of these celebrations has its own distinct cultural flavor, which is a reflection of the numerous religious and cultural traditions that are practiced in Nepal and India.

Tihar's Influence on Nepalese Art and Culture

Tihar has had a significant influence on the many categories of Nepalese art and culture, and as a result, artists, authors, and musicians have been motivated to produce works that are able to convey the spirit of the festival. Tihar’s impact may be seen across Nepal’s diverse cultural environment, from the elaborate rangoli drawings to the beautiful folk tunes.

Tihar in the Modern Context

In today’s society, the celebration of Tihar has developed to incorporate contemporary customs while continuing to honor its ancient origins. In today’s fast-paced and always-evolving world, the event has become a symbol of cultural flexibility and resiliency, illustrating how long-standing traditions can survive and continue to have meaning even in the face of modernization.

Maintaining Traditions in a Changing World

To keep a feeling of identity and history in a world where globalization and technology are changing quickly, it is important to keep cultural customs alive, like Dashain and Tihar. Nepal has a rich cultural history that will continue to inspire future generations as long as people work to protect and spread these traditions.

The Role of Food in Tihar Celebrations

Traditional Nepalese treats made with love and shared with family and friends are an important part of the Tihar celebrations. Food gifts at the holiday of Tihar, from sweets like sel roti to savory treats like samay baji, are a big part of the spirit of sharing and coming together.

Sustainability Measures during Tihar Celebrations

As people become more aware of the environment, attempts to make Tihar events more eco-friendly have become more popular. Using eco-friendly diyas and encouraging proper trash disposal are some of the steps that are taken to make sure that Tihar’s celebrations don’t harm nature and show that everyone is committed to protecting it.

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Essay on Diwali (Tihar) Festivals for students|500+ Words

Akancha Chhetri

Content Writer | Updated: March 3, 2024 18:18 NST

Deepawali or Tihar is the second greatest Hindu festival after Dashain which is celebrated for five days in either Kartik or Mangsir( November). It is a festival of lights, flowers, sweets, and kites. During festivals, birds and animals are worshipped.

Deepawali is observed for five days which is also called Yama Panchak. According to the mythology, it is celebrated especially by the sister in memory of the Yamuna and her brother Yamraj or Yama, the God of death. The first day is observed as Kag Tihar (Crow Festivals) on which day the crow is worshipped and given food on a leaf plate in the early morning. It is believed that the crow is the messenger of both good and bad news. The second day is Kukur Tihar (Dog Festivals) on which day dog is worshipped, put garlands around their necks, and offered various food which is considered the gatekeeper of Yama.

Goddess Laxmi is worshipped on the third day, i.e. Laxmi Pooja as the goddess of wealth. On the same day, the cow is worshipped as an incarnation of Laxmi. People started lighting candles or oil-lit clay lamps called palas in the different parts and corners of their houses from this day. The fourth day is Goru Tihar, the day of the oxen that are used widely to plow the fields in Nepal. People apply oil on its horns, worship it, and give delicious food including Sel roti. It is also called Govardhan Puja day and the mountain of cow dung is worshipped.

The fifth day and the most important day is Bhai Tika. on this day, sister worships their brother and put a seven-color special tika on their forehead and a Makhmali garland around the neck. They wish their brother good health and long life and offer delicious food and dry fruits. In return, the Brothers offer Tika, gifts, money, and clothes to their sisters.

Tihar helps us to strengthen the relationship between brother and sister. People also participate in Deusi and Bhailo which gives them full entertainment and helps to meet each other. Children enjoy eating delicious food and bread which is cooked in every house.

Although Tihar helps to enhance our relationship, some people misuse it. Especially children and youths make fireworks which may lead to serious accidents. While Performing Bhailo people demand high money which is also one of the bad aspects of Tihar. Drinking, gambling, extravagance, and over-eating are some evil aspects of the festivals. we should try to avoid them and make the Tihar a purely decent and joyous festival.

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The nepali festival tihar essay

About Tihar: The Nepali festival Tihar is also known by many titles such as Dipawali or Bhai Tika or Laxmi Lucha or as being a festival of lights. This can be a five-days festival, which comes soon after the Dashain Event, and Tihar is all about worshiping of different pets or animals such as crow, dog, cow, and worshiping of the Indio Goddess of Fortune or perhaps Wealth (Goddess Laxmi), and cooking superb meals in the home, brothers and sisters searching for gifts, soaring kites, designing homes and streets, handmade cards with friends, resting and relaxing, and then ending the festival with an exchange of a particular temporary mark on forehead (tika in Nepali).

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The last day time of the festival is known as Tika day or perhaps popularly called Bhai Tika day (Bhai in Nepali means Brother). To sum up Tihar festival, Tihar is the festivity when siblings wish a lengthy life with their brothers (Bhai)! Tihar is a festival for brothers and sisters, but you may be wondering what if you are a buddy without a sibling or a sibling without a sibling.

Very well, you can make 1 by receiving someone close to you in your family members. If absolutely nothing works, you find one among your buddies and neighbors, it becomes nearly as if it was real. Which ever you made your sister or perhaps brother continues to be so for life, and each year this festivity makes your bond more powerful. Tihar is actually a festival of sisters wishing a long life to their brothers, and Tihar is the most popular festival in Nepal. So hold on to your topi (hat), loads of excitement and entertaining are coming at you now!

Days of Tihar:

Tihar and Crows (1st Tihar Day) ” Below comes Tihar to teach you a lesson! Early each day of the initially day of Tihar, relatives prepares a great meal. Everybody takes the first area of the meals outside on the platter. The crows come down in large numbers and participate of the party, they will phone others before beginning to eat: Talk about, Share everything you have using! Crows (Kag in Nepali) are considered as the messenger of the Master ofDeath, Yama. There is a popular Nepali irrational belief of crows too: When the crows caw, sadness can be coming. ) On this day crows are worshiped and they are kept cheerful. Where there will be no crows, any kind of winged creature of the heavens (bird) will love the banquet. So Tihar is also regarding appreciating animals around all of us.

Tihar and Dogs (2nd Tihar Day) ” On the second working day of Tihar, Kukur (Dogs) are decorated with flower garland around their necks, red tika on their temple, and are provided great foods, they are the california king of the day! About this day, persons pray to the Kukur to guard their homes. Call an individual “Kukur, they will party you immediately! There are lots of Kukur running around searching for a caring home. You will find them about streets in addition to your gardens, but with this day, your most unattractive Kukkur will be treated just like a king, people have a day. Tihar is also about breaking the limitations only guys created, “The Good, “The Bad, “The Ugly, and everything but same to the mother nature! In Hinduism it is thought that Kukur guard’s the underworld empire just like this guards our everyday homes!. Tihar is about loving Kukurs too!

Tihar and Deer (3rd Tihar Day) ” The 3rd day of Tihar is about worshiping the mother of the whole world ” cow. According to Hinduism, a persons infant is fed breast milk simply by its human being mother for less than three years. Following weaning, the cow will act as the surrogate mother rendering milk throughout the human your life ” through childhood, mature age and old age. Deer are the mothers of the galaxy, the holy animal. The cow lucha is performed by providing a tika to a cow on her your forehead, and a flower garland (Flower Leis) on the neck of the guitar, and offering good foods. Those carrying out Cow puja place her manure around the home, beverage a drop or two of the cow’s urine, as a part of a purification process. Also drop a cutting tool of turf into the urine and gently sprinkle it on each other peoples body to be closer to the mother of the universe ” cow.

Tihar and Laxmi Puja (3rd Tihar Day) ” Probably the most important time of the festivity is Laxmi Puja on which day the Goddess of wealth (Laxmi) is worshiped in every home in the complete Nepali Kingdom by means of Enfrentamiento, decoration, candle light lights, and oil lights. In this 3rd day from the Tihar Event, the entire nation becomes an illumination of lights. Photographs andicons of Laxmi Devi (Goddess) are placed and worshiped in a Enfrentamiento room (or a place within a living place or a committed room to get worshiping Gods) Puja is conducted using flowers, incense, essential oil lamps, color-powders, bell and money (both notes and coins). Laxmi puja is performed at dusk applying red off-road, and enfrentamiento is often made by a female inside the family. She uses her hand covered with crimson mud to make a symbolic foot-print on the floor coming into the home and makes a trail leading to the Puja room.

Laxmi puja is not only for households but is similarly done by Firms. Business-Laxmi-Puja is carried out exactly the same approach as is required for home. Generally company’s cashier performs the puja during which time the entire workplace including office compounds will be lit with various lights which include electrical, candlestick lights, and oil lighting fixtures and usually staffs are asked to engage in the puja procession. “Tihar and Tunes: Bhailini Tunes (3rd Day): The eve of Laxmi Puja Time is made spectacular not only by simply lights yet also simply by echos of any special song known as Bhailo or Bhailini that’s enjoyed only on this day in the entire year! A group of girls get together and sing Bhailo door to door, providing blessings to the family in substitution for money or homemade goodies.

Tihar and Songs: Deusi Songs (4th Day) Guy members sing what is referred to as Deusi or perhaps Deusuray in Nepali. You may write nearly any Deusi track as long as every line ends with the expression `Deusi’ or perhaps `Deosuray’. Several males event, carry what-ever musical devices they have or can perform, and sing Deusi door to door blessing the home and family members in return for money and/or refreshments. Teenagers perform various Deosi songs to gather money for picnic! Some may enjoy Deusi to collect money to make a new path in a far away village in Nepal! Throughout the Tihar festival the only kind of songs you are most likely to hear from regional Radio stations are nothing but Tihar Songs, Bhailo, Deusi and folk music about siblings or friends unable to observe each other during the festival because of various causes. A poor sis, now a daughter-in-law might not exactly get even a day’s break to visit her brother on this special day, and she might sing a song to create your holes flow! A Sample of Deusi Song. Has a similar which means in The english language Bhana Mera Bhaiho Deusuray. (Say that my siblings, Say this. Deusuray) Sormelai KanaDeusuray. (Say it even louder and declare it in tune. Deusuray) Rato Batoo Deusuray. (Red dirt trail. Deusuray)

Chiploa Batoo Desuray. (Slippery trail. Deusuray)

Laddai Paddai Deusuray. (Slipping and Sliding. Deusuray)

Akeya Hami Deusuray. (Finally we made it to your residence! Deusuray)

Yo Garma Laxmi Deusuray. (In this kind of home Master Laxmi. Deusuray) Sadthai Incluso Deusuray. (Always come. Deusuray)

Hamilai Denus Deusuray. (Give all of us what you have money or perhaps meal) Bidtha Garnus Deusuray. (Please give us now, state good bye to us, therefore we sing for next home! )

(For a great audio test, visit net links towards the end of this page! Tihar and Myself! (4th Day) ” The fourth day of the Tihar is also regarding worshiping yourself. This enfrentamiento (worshiping) is called as Mahapuja. This is also can be of the special annual diary of an cultural group referred to as Newar residing in Nepal. The approaching of a new year is also celebrated in Tihar. Also a well-known ritual of the day is the Govardhan puja or perhaps Goru Tihar (Oxen Worshiping). Oxen will be worshiped within this day as they till countries and help grow crops to preserve life.

Tihar and Tika (5th and Final Tihar Day as well as Bhai Tika Day): Within the final day time also known as Bhai Tika Day, sisters provide tika (a colored natural powder placed on once’s forehead), and mala (a necklace of flowers or also known as as flower leis, similar to that’s used in other places like in Hawaii! ) to brothers along with wishes for longevity and abundance. To siblings, Tihar is usually the time to re-call their continued wish for an extended and a cheerful life for their brothers. Brothers sit on a floor while siblings perform all their puja. Enfrentamiento involves following a traditional practice in which sisters circle friends three times leaking oil on the ground from a copper glass pitcher. Afterwards, sisters put olive oil in brother’s ears and hairs, after that give Tika. Also disregarding of walnuts by siblings prior to offering Tika to brothers is also a common practice.

Tika depends on placing a clown leave already cut into a lineshape added to brothers your forehead held by one of the siblings hand, after that applying tika base (made from rice paste) in the open space. After that sister dabs seven shades on top of the base using her fingers. Several may give tika with the help of a tiny stick or maybe a brush with no using clown leaves. In this instance, small keep is dropped into the tika base, then brushed vertically on the temple, then by using a different keep, the seven colors are applied on top of the base. Following tika, blossom garland is usually put about brother’s neck. Then friends give tika to siblings in the same fashion. Sisters also acquire flower garland around all their neck. Siblings give items such as clothing or cash to sisters while sisters give a unique gift called Sagun (which is made of dried out fruits and nuts, and candies), and a fantastic Tihar feast occurs. Those with out a sister or perhaps brother, sign up for relatives or friends for tika. Siblings pray because of their brother’s long life to the Hindu God of Death (Yam Raj).

More on Tihar¦

Explanation of the Tihar Tika: This is the sample from the Tihar Tika. Tika features seven colours Yellow, Fruit, Blue, Light, Green, Crimson and Dark-colored. A tika of several colors is called Sapta Rangi Tika in Nepali, in which Sapta means seven, Rangi means hues. The Horizontal lines separating sections of this site have several colors, the sample of Tihar Tika, so watch those shades as well! The order from the colors in the tika routine or even the range of colors will change due to family traditions. Generally some colours are purchased while some are made at home. The three shades that are generally made at home will be, green, white and black. Green is the crushed blades of lawn, white is rice paste (raw grain crushed in to powder and mixed with water), and dark-colored is a lot powder or also soot from petrol lamps. Typically, tocreate an ideal Tika design and to make that easier pertaining to the tika giver to offer tika, leaves of Banana were employed, and this custom still follows in many homeowners.

You take a portion of Banana leave, split a small portion from the center, carry it up against the forehead, utilize the rice substance as a bottom then sprinkle colors in desired design, then remove the banana leave. Tika symbolizes the bond between siblings. Tihar and Flower Garland ” Flower Garland (also known as diamond necklace of Plants or floral leis) is named Malla in Nepali, which is widely used in Tihar celebration for home design and also to place around brothers and sisters neck. During Tihar, available markets are literally home gardens packed with sensational flowers and aroma. Visiting Asan Fee, a central open industry in Kathmandu is worth-it during this time! Blossom growers produce a lot of profit during this time. Tihar can be described as time to see Nepali homes and Nepali streets with flower garlands all around! Littermates often save their bloom garland as a souvenir. Tihar and Signals and Candles ” Tihar is a time of candlelight, tinsel decoration and festive colored sweets, and even more often this kind of festival is also known by name `Festival of Lights’. Tihar has become the best event of all because of its short getaway period yet packed with very much excitement in contrast to other Nepali festivals! Tihar and Lagu Pokharai (Pond) ” Lagu Pokhara is located at the center of Kathmandu.

This famous fish-pond has a small holy brow located in the centre. The compound’s door is usually locked all the year around apart from on the day of Bhai Tika. Those who you don’t have sisters your temple to receive tika via priets. Tihar and Vacations ” Though Tihar features five days celebration, only a few days would be the official holidays except for educational institutions and universities. The official getaways are third day of Tihar (Laxmi Puja), Last Day of Tihar(Govardha Puja) and the Final Day: sixth Day of Tihar(Tika Day) Tihar and Cooking ” Sisters put together unique Nepali meal at your home for brothers. This includes making of the famous Nepali bread known as Nepali Roti or perhaps Sel or perhaps Sel Roti (as two words together). This kind of breads is also referred to as Funnel Bread in the southern area of parts of the Unites States and therefore are lively exhibited by country folks during annual fairs. Is actually made by profound frying a variety of fine rice flour, sugars, and normal water. The blend is placed in the frying petrol in circle by hand or perhaps by the help of a channel. Nepali Sel Roti is usually popular for its crispy and crunchy preference, and is the main treat in a festivals in Nepal. Bunches and Many of Sel Roti are manufactured during Tihar by lovinghands of siblings, and Sel Rotis travel from villages to neighborhoods in the carriers of siblings!

Tihar and Shopping (Tihar and Sagun! ) ” What do Nepalese shop for throughout the period? Purchasing of cooking food items including oil, rechausser, clothes intended for brothers and sisters, and sweets. In city, siblings shop for dried up fruit items such as cashew, almonds, and fresh fruits in large amount whilst in towns sisters make home-made candy and bread. The combination of dried fruits along with sweets and candies are packed generally in a plastic-type material bag, this kind of package is known as `Sagun’, This kind of single brand is the most well-liked shopping item of the period, and you can see it everywhere in wide open markets! Sagun is given to brothers by simply sisters within the Tika Working day, and in come back, brothers offer sisters presents such as fresh clothes and money. Tihar vs Diwali: Nepali Tihar and Of india Diwali festival are similar in several ways. For example , worshiping of Laxmi Goddess, and celebrating with the festival with candle lamps, oil lamps and fireworks are common to both the festivals. Both the festivals are called because Festivals of Lights. Diwali (Dipavali) is additionally about partying the coming of the new year. Tihar also commemorates the coming of the new year (see 4th working day of Tihar for more). Celebration from the bond among brothers and sisters are usually common to both festivals.

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Essay on Tiger for Class 4

A tiger is a wild creature that resembles a significant feline. Tiger is the most splendid tissue eating creature in its feline family. It has a solid body, and it is similarly ground-breaking like a Lion. It is found in various Asia, primarily India, Bhutan, China, Siberia, Malaysia, and so forth. It is the public creature of India, just as Bangladesh. We are providing two essay samples for students of class 4 on the topic ‘Tiger’ for reference.

Short Essay on Tiger of 100 Words

Tiger is a wild creature that lives in woodlands. It is a rapacious well-evolved creature that goes afterlife forms like deer. They are snappily paced and are exceptionally quick. The tiger group is in red or orange with light-dark stripes on a superficial level. They have a length of 6 to 10 feet and weigh almost 660 pounds when they arrive at development. Tigers have a savage thunder; however, they don’t meddle with people except if they hit or cause them to hurt. These creatures can be delightful while working on the web. They are considered the national animal of the great nation India. Engage your kid into diverse thoughts and motivate them to improve their English with our Essay for Class 4 and avail the Simple Essays suitable for them.

Long Essay on Tiger of 150 Words

Tigers are creatures that live in nature. They are eager creatures that go after more modest life forms. Their food comprises typically of deer and pigs. These creatures grow up quickly and achieve development at around 3 or 4 years. They can live for as long as 20 years in nature. Guys of the species are heavier than their female partners as they have distinctive body capacities. The youthful ones of tigers are known as fledglings and require unique consideration at the hour of their introduction to the world. This is the motivation behind why a large portion of the whelps don’t get by in nature. They have jeopardized species, and their number has been declining for as long as a decade. Endeavors are being made to monitor these warm-blooded animals, and it has seen some improvement in nations like Nepal, India, Russia, and China. These creatures are brutal yet delicate, so they should stay in the wild with no human impedance.

10 Lines on Tiger in English

• Tiger is the most extraordinary wild creature in the feline family; it is one of the wilderness’s most grounded animals.
• Tiger is a “Rapacious” creature, which implies it is a substance eating creature; it chases different animals for food.
• Tiger has a long and solid body. It has four legs, solid paws with sharp nails, and one tail.
• It is generally found in orange tone with dark stripes on it, yet white tigers have a dark line on white skin.
• Generally, their eyes are like feline’s eye; however, the white tiger has blue eyes.
• Tigers produce the sound of “Thundering” which can be gotten with 3 km away.
• Tigers satisfy 26 years when they live in the wilderness; however, they live just 16-18 years in the zoo.
• A tiger can eat around 25 to 27 kg of substance in one day.
• Female tigers are called “Tigress,” and it brings forth its posterity called “Whelp”.
• On a normal tigress brings forth 3-4 offspring at a time.

Frequently Asked Questions on Tiger Essay

Is the tiger very nearly being wiped out? Till now, the tiger exists in many nations of the world, and their numbers have been going up altogether. Where in West Bengal would tigers be able to be found precisely? Tigers are found in the northern pieces of West Bengal. For what reason does a tiger transform into a man-eater? A tiger transforms into a man-eater on the off chance that it doesn’t get food in the backwoods or on the off chance that it gets old and doesn’t have the teeth needed to stir the food.

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Essay for Class 4 Children in English | Essay Topics for 4th Grade Students

Essay Writing enhances your thinking capability to put your perception in words. It’s not an easy job to think of a topic and frame sentences on it. Thus, to make your struggle easy we have compiled Frequently Asked Essays for Class 4 all in one place. Prepare whichever topic you want from the list and get different ideas. To make it easy for you we have written the 4th Standard English Essays in a simple language.

List of Essay Topics of Class 4

Explore our collection of most common essays for 4th Grade Children. You will have both Short & Long Essays written on different topics to give you the necessary ideas. You will also find the 10 Lines Essays on numerous topics from here that will help you improve your writing skills. Read them and bring out the imagination in you and write essays on your own for your speeches or competitions.

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5 served in Vietnam, 1 came home: Vero Beach High School survivor remembers '66 classmates

The Vietnam War took a heavy toll on the students and families of Vero Beach High School’s Class of 1966. As our involvement in the war deepened, and especially after North Vietnam launched its deadly Tet Offensive, the news of our classmates serving in the Army and killed in action began arriving home one by one:

Spc.4 James Ellis Loudermilk, Dec. 27,1967; Pfc. Franklin Clovis, Feb. 8, 1968; Sgt. Stephan Max Wiggins, March 30, 1968, and, 1 st Lt. Mark Jackson, Oct. 28,1969.  

For the sleepy little town of Vero Beach, and especially the Class of ’66, the Vietnam War was no longer some distant, emotionless event viewed only on the evening news with Walter Cronkite.

These were our classmates. They were our friends. Their lives held as much promise as any of ours. But they answered their nation’s call to arms fighting for their country in Vietnam. 

About the author: Vero Beach dropout reflects on IRSC career, having had life 'scared into him' in Vietnam

The following accounts of our VBHS classmates' respective fates were confirmed by interviewing eyewitnesses, conducting internet searches that produced podcasts, military documents, and written accounts posted on their Army units' websites, the YouTube channel, True Stories of the Vietnam War and several books with detailed accounts of the specific battles where they lost their lives.

On this Memorial Day, I’m honored to share the stories of their fate and final moments of life with their hometown community.

As the saying goes, “The fallen will only be forgotten if we fail to tell their stories!”

Pfc. Franklin Clovis

Franklin arrived in Vietnam on Jan 15, 1968, and was assigned to the 2 nd platoon of Alpha Company, 198 th Light Infantry Brigade. On Thursday morning Feb. 8, Franklin’s 2 nd platoon anchored the left flank of the company’s horizontal skirmish line when they encountered a dike the villagers used to traverse the muddy rice paddy. Hoping to provoke the enemy into revealing their relative strength and armaments, they were ordered to empty a magazine of ammunition into the tree line, disguising the village. 

The battle-hardened North Vietnamese soldiers (NVA) complied by immediately launching human-wave assaults, supported by overwhelming gunfire from their arsenal of weapons. But it was a protrusion in the S-shaped section of the tree line directly in front of Franklin’s 2 nd platoon that created the perilous and inescapable death trap for them. 

By placing the enemy 50 yards closer to the dike than the rest of the forward units, the NVA in the protruding section of the tree line had low-crawled the remaining distance to the dike, where they remained concealed until the 2nd platoon had finished emptying their magazine of ammunition. 

Now the NVA unleashed their savage ambush on Franklin’s 2 nd platoon. They swarmed out of the trench line from their concealed positions on the other side of the dike, making the feared hand-to-hand combat unavoidable. The NVA was so close that many of the men didn’t even have time to insert another clip of ammunition before the enemy was on top of them. 

The 2nd platoon had walked straight into the vortex of the deadly ambush and was quickly being outflanked, encircled and overrun by the numerically superior force. 

Eyewitnesses have Franklin’s 2 nd platoon fighting with everything and anything they had ― rifle butts, handguns, bayonets, helmets, hand-to-hand — it was a ferocious and terrifying fight to the death. To make matters worse, 2 nd platoon and the NVA were so intermingled and engaged in such close-quarter fighting that none of the other platoons could fire in support for fear of risking casualties from friendly fire.

Not wanting to risk losing the entire company, the order was given to withdraw. But it was too late for Franklin’s 2 nd platoon. By enveloping their position, the NVA had cut off their escape route and ended any chance of them surviving the ambush. 

Cut off, Franklin remained at the dike to help provide the cover fire that allowed Alpha Company to gather its wounded and withdraw to safety. After supporting the withdrawal, Franklin rejoined a defensive position at the dike, where he fought valiantly and killed numerous NVA soldiers until he, too, fell mortally wounded. 

Franklin was 20 years old. His headstone is in Section G, Block 2, Lot 021, Space B of Crestlawn Cemetery in Vero Beach. 

1 st Lt. Mark Jackson

Mark arrived in Vietnam July 13, 1969, and was assigned to D Troop, 3rd Squadron, 4th Calvary, 25th Infantry Division. On Tuesday, Oct. 28, Mark was flying a visual reconnaissance mission in his Hughes OH-6 Cayuse light observation helicopter supported by a Bell AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter.

The helicopter tactics developed for Vietnam partnered an observation helicopter (scout) with a heavily armed gunship (Cobra), to create hunter-killer teams. The hunter (scout) would track the enemy by deploying its state-of-the-art human-tracking technology, the people sniffer. 

The bloodhound-analogous technology allowed the scout pilots to track their foe by following the scent trails created from food prep or lingering odors from such human excrements as urine, feces and sweat. Once the scout’s people-sniffer had pinpointed the enemy’s position, the heavily armed Cobra would swoop in and expend its inventory of rocket and machine gun ordnance to decimate the enemy force.   

At approximately 10 on Tuesday morning Oct. 28, Mark dropped his scout down and started following a prominent enemy trail that ended in a wall of trees that stood some 75 to 100 feet tall. And when Mark reached the tree line, the enemy unleashed a hail of automatic weapons fire, knocking his scout out of the sky. 

Circling above in their Cobra gunship, the aircraft commander, Lt. Sam Dooling, and pilot-gunner CW2 Jack Craig, observed Mark’s helicopter nosedive and crash into the dense tree line below.

Following the green-and-yellow tracer trail from the enemy’s gunfire to pinpoint their position, they expended the Cobra’s inventory of rocket and machine gun ammunition directly into the area.

Once the gunfire was suppressed, they landed the Cobra gunship and attempted to rescue Mark, his crew chief and forward observer. After Jack and Sam pulled the two crew members to safety, Jack crawled on top of the mangled scout and squirmed through an almost impenetrable wall of thick jungle vegetation to reach the pilot’s bubble. But unfortunately, he found Mark had sustained a fatal head wound and had been killed instantly.

Mark was 21. His headstone is in Section A, Block 1, Lot 092, Space A of Crestlawn Cemetery. 

Spc. 4 James Ellis Loudermilk

James arrived in Vietnam on April 24, 1967, and was assigned to Charlie Company, 4 th Battalion, 12 th Infantry, 199 th Light Infantry Brigade. James was the radio operator for the first platoon and was attached at the hip with his platoon leader, 1 st Lt. Richard Solczyk.

At 8:15 Wednesday morning, Dec. 27, Charlie Company boarded helicopters to pursue an elusive enemy force in the Bien Hoa region. The company was on the ground by 8:30 a.m. and moved out in pursuit of the combined North Vietnamese Army and Vietcong force that had remained concealed and undetected by the jungle’s triple-layered canopy. 

Around 9:25 a.m., the company came across two Vietcong bodies lying near an abandoned bunker complex. After finding a blood trail, the battalion was contacted to have a combat-tracker team flown in to find the elusive enemy. Once the dogs and handlers arrived, the four platoons were collapsed into a column of twos to quicken the pace and minimize the noise from a large body of men trekking through the dense jungle foliage.  

At approximately 2 p.m., the trackers spotted three Vietcong setting up a huge (36 inches in diameter), Claymore-type mine directly in the path of the approaching company. The handlers paused to send directions back to the column to go around the mine and avoid the deadly blast radius. Once passed, they could cut the wires and disable the explosive device. 

As the lead column approached the mine’s location, Solzcyk and James went left with the 1 st squad, while the 2 nd squad went right to avoid the deadly blast area. But for some inexplicable reason, Solzcyk discarded the scout team’s warning and left the safety of the line. With his radiotelephone operator in tow, he moved toward the mine for a closer look. And when Solzcyk and James entered the kill zone, one of the three previously observed Vietcong detonated the mine from his concealed position. 

A lightly wounded Spc. 4 Tim Szelagowski rushed forward to see if he could offer assistance to his platoon leader and radiotelephone operator, but unfortunately, he found that Solczyk had been killed instantly and James was mortally wounded. James spent his last few seconds of life in Szelagowski’s arms, where he took his final breath. 

James was 20 years old.  His headstone is in Section G, Block 2, Lot 032, Space A of Crestlawn Cemetery. 

Sgt. Stephan Max Wiggins

Steve arrived in Vietnam on July 28, 1967, and was assigned to C-Troop, 3 rd Squadron, 5 th Calvary, 9 th Infantry Division. 

As track commander of the 16-track (1 st platoon, #6 armored vehicle), Steve occupied the cupola seat on top of the track and manned the 50-caliber machine gun. Each track was also equipped with two M-60 machine guns to bolster firepower. 

On Saturday March 30, 1968, C-Troop was conducting a search-and-destroy mission in an area where they had received intelligence reports of enemy activity. Around 1:30 p.m., C-Troop's six armored vehicles were in an online (horizontal) assault position with the tracks spaced 20-25 yards apart, when they encountered a hedge-row-type obstacle that the tracks had paused to negotiate.

Except for Steve's 16-track.

Unlike the other armored vehicles, there was a break in the berm directly in front of Steve’s vehicle, allowing it to continue moving forward unimpeded. After advancing some 20-25 yards ahead of the others, Steve’s 16-track entered the kill zone of an awaiting NVA ambush.  

Out front, Steve’s vehicle functioned like a huge metal magnet as the enemy concentrated its barrage of rocket, machine gun and automatic weapons fire in an attempt to destroy the intruder that had encroached on their entrenched position.  

According to Steve’s best friend and eyewitness, Sgt. Ed Kosmalski, multiple rocket-propelled grenades scored direct hits on the front, sides and rear of Steve’s vehicle, while automatic weapons and machine gun fire simultaneously riddled the lightly armored track.  The intense hailstorm of rocket explosions and other pyrotechnics set the 16-track on fire and blew Steve out of the track commander’s position, toppling him to the ground. 

With the battle still raging, C-Troop’s medic, Spc. 4 Earnest Garcia, rushed forward to aid Steve, but found him mortally wounded from the numerous rocket fragmentations and bullet wounds he had sustained during the initial torrent of enemy fire. 

Steve was 20 years old. His headstone is in Section G, Block 2, Lot 045, Space B of Crestlawn Cemetery.  

Harvey Arnold, 76, of Tallahassee, was classmates of the aforementioned men before dropping out of school and joining the Army in January 1965. He served a year in Vietnam before returning home, getting his education, including a Ph.D. in economics, and serving as a professor and administrator at Indian River State College for 44 years, including 17 as provost/president of the Ken Pruitt Campus in Port St. Lucie. Email: [email protected]