essay on mania

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• Published: 07 February 2020

The origin of our modern concept of mania in texts from 1780 to 1900

• Kenneth S. Kendler 1  

Molecular Psychiatry volume  25 ,  pages 1975–1985 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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• Bipolar disorder

The development of the modern concept of mania is explored by a review and analysis of 28 psychiatric texts in English, French, and German published in Western Europe and North America from 1780 to 1900. From 1780 until the 1820s, mania was consistently viewed as a disorder of reasoning/judgment manifest by total insanity and/or the state of undifferentiated fury. For the next 30 years, the consensus shifted, and mania was understood to be largely a disorder of elevated mood. This concurrence of opinion broke down around 1860. For the remaining years of the 19th century, the mood-based model of mania competed for dominance with the view that mania arose primarily from accelerated mental processes and to a lesser degree that mania resulted from psychomotor excitation. While most authors advocated for one of these three positions, a number suggested that two or all three of these processes were central to the etiology of mania. Faculty psychology played an important role in these discussions, providing a framework within which to place the mental disturbance considered foundational to the manic syndrome. When the viewpoints shifted away from mania as a primary disorder of judgment, new approaches were needed to understand the emergence of grandiose delusions. Utilizing the concept of understandability, a number of authors suggested that manic delusions could arise directly from a euphoric mood. The history of mania shares some important similarities and differences with the history of melancholia during this same period. Both histories suggest that our major psychiatric categories evolved through a complex process involving both observations of symptoms, signs and course, and conceptual developments and a priori theories.

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Acknowledgements

Translations from the French were done by KSK. German texts were translated by Astrid Klee MA in collaboration with KSK.

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Kendler, K.S. The origin of our modern concept of mania in texts from 1780 to 1900. Mol Psychiatry 25 , 1975–1985 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0657-0

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-0657-0

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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Mark W. Dailey ; Abdolreza Saadabadi .

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• Continuing Education Activity

Mania is a period of 1 week or more in which a person experiences a change in normal behavior that drastically affects their functioning. Mania can be distinguished from hypomania in that hypomania does not cause a major deficit in social or occupational functioning, and involves a period of at least 4 days rather than at least 1 week. The defining characteristics of mania include increased talkativeness, rapid speech, a decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, and psychomotor agitation. Some other hallmarks of mania are an elevated or expansive mood, mood lability, impulsivity, irritability, and grandiosity. This activity illustrates the clinical features of mania, reviews the evaluation and diagnosis, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the management of affected patients.

• Identify the etiology of mania.
• Explain the presentation of a patient with mania.
• Describe the treatment and management options available for mania.
• Outline some interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance the treatment of mania and improve outcomes.
• Introduction

Mania, or a manic phase, is a period of 1 week or more in which a person experiences a change in behavior that drastically affects their functioning. Mania is different from hypomania because hypomania does not cause a major deficit in social or occupational functioning, and it is a period of at least 4 days rather than 1 week. The defining characteristics of mania are increased talkativeness, rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity, and psychomotor agitation. Some other hallmarks of mania are an elevated or expansive mood, mood lability, impulsivity, irritability, and grandiosity. If the individual experiencing these symptoms requires hospitalization, then this period automatically qualifies as true mania and not hypomania, even if the symptoms are present for less than one week. [1] [2]

Mania must be distinguished from heightened energy and altered functioning that arises from substance use, medical conditions, or other causes. Mania is a "natural" state which is the characteristic of bipolar I disorder. A single manic phase is sufficient to make the diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, although most cases of bipolar I also involve hypomanic and depressed episodes. [3] [4] [5]

Many families bring their loved ones to the emergency room due to the excessive behavioral changes they have noticed over a brief period. Patients amid a manic phase commonly engage in goal-directed activities that may result in harmful consequences, such as spending excessive money, starting businesses unprepared, traveling, or promiscuity. Many patients engage in property damage or even harm themselves or others through verbal or physical assaults. They may also become highly aggressive, agitated, or irritable. Although the patient may have poor insight and may not recognize they are behaving out of the norm, it becomes apparent to family or friends that this behavior may be due to mental illness. [6]

Mania also commonly presents with psychotic features, which include delusions or hallucinations. Many patients endorse grandiose delusions, believing they are high-level operatives such as spies, government officials, members of secret agencies, or that they are knowledgeable professionals (even when they have no such background). These individuals may also experience auditory or visual hallucinations, which only present when they are in the manic phases. Some of the most common delusions are delusions of paranoia, in which patients believe that people are stalking, targeting, or surveilling them. They may believe this to be done by government agencies, gangs, or others. These patients are highly unlikely to respond to outsiders’ views on their psychosis as well as their mania. A component of the manic phase is that generally, the individuals themselves do not realize what is happening (poor insight). The problem is mainly noticed by others, including family members, friends, and even strangers or police.

Rapid cycling in bipolar disorder is defined as having at least 4 or more mood episodes in a 12-month period. These mood episodes may be manic, hypomanic, or depressive but must meet their full diagnostic and duration criteria. These episodes must be separated by periods of partial or full remission of at least 2 months or be separated by a switch to an episode of opposite polarities, such as mania or hypomania to major depressive episodes. Switching from mania to hypomania or vice-versa would not qualify because they are not opposite polarity. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients have been found to be more resistant to pharmacotherapy.

The etiology of mania, and more generally, bipolar I disorder, are not known. There is strong evidence that the cause is a combination of genetic, psychological, and social factors. There have been multiple studies involving families which show a definite genetic component. In a study involving monozygotic twins, it was revealed that up to 80% of twins are concordant for the disorder when one of the siblings is positive for the disorder. This is also evidence of environmental influences since there is not a 100% concordance between monozygotic twins. Multiple studies have shown that several allele frequencies are involved in both bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. There is also extensive anecdotal evidence that stressful life events and other psychosocial factors contribute to the onset and frequency of manic phases. [7] [8]

• Epidemiology

Mania is the diagnostic criteria for bipolar I disorder, so the epidemiology of bipolar I disorder also tells us about the prevalence of mania. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is about 4 percent. Men and women are equally likely to be affected. However, women are much more likely to experience many mood episodes in a given year (rapid cycling). The median age of onset of bipolar disorder is around age 25. Men typically have an earlier age of onset than women. Studies have shown that men usually initially present with a manic episode while women present with a depressive episode. Almost two-thirds of bipolar patients have at least 1 close relative who was also diagnosed with the disease or with unipolar depression.

• Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of mania and bipolar disorder, in general, has been shown in some studies to involve specific brain regions; however, the exact mechanisms involved are still unknown. In functional studies as well as structural studies, bipolar disorder patients have shown alterations in the amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate. The amygdala is hyperactive in patients with BD, and the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are hypoactive. This increased activity in the amygdala along with decreased activity in cortical regions may be the reason why the executive function is impaired in mania while the emotions are heightened and unrestrained.

• History and Physical

Taking the history of a patient with suspected mania requires asking about the primary characteristics of mania such as a recent change in sleep, activity, appetite, irritability, among others. The common mnemonic "DIG FAST" is used to aid clinicians in remembering to ask about Distractibility, Irresponsibility or Irritability, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, increased Activity, decreased Sleep, and excessive Talkativeness. The evaluation must include the full DSM-5 criteria. As listed in the DSM-5, a manic episode is diagnosed if the patient experiences an abrupt change in mood described as euphoric or angry that lasts at least one week, or any amount of time if the patient requires hospitalization. [9]

When a patient presents with mania, there should be an extensive evaluation to rule out other differentials. A complete blood count (CBC), complete metabolic panel (CMP), thyroid panel, and a urine drug screen are some of the basic laboratory values needed in assessing a manic patient. Brain imaging in the form of a CT or MRI would be important in determining any organic cause of manic symptoms, especially in elderly or very young patients (>60 or <13 years old).

• Treatment / Management

In general, a manic patient should be treated with both a medication that alleviates the acute mania as well as concomitant medication for maintenance stabilization to prevent future mood episodes. 

Mania in bipolar I disorder was first treated with medications such as lithium, valproic acid, and carbamazepine. The treatments were focused on mood stabilizers and anticonvulsants which had shown efficacy in mood stabilization. Today, the class of mood stabilizers subsumes more than just lithium and antiepileptics--it includes many second-generation neuroleptics as well. A large metanalysis of medications used in acute mania showed that atypical antipsychotics were more effective than mood stabilizers for this purpose but not necessarily for maintenance of bipolar disorder. Examples of effective medications are risperidone, olanzapine, and haloperidol. Lithium, quetiapine, and aripiprazole were comparatively effective. Valproic acid, carbamazepine, and ziprasidone were more efficacious than placebo but less so than their previously mentioned competitors. Gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate showed no difference when compared to placebo for treating mania. Clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy have shown many benefits for treatment-resistant mania but are less commonly used. Lastly, psychoeducation and psychotherapy are powerful long-term tools for patients with bipolar disorder as well as for their families or caregivers.

• Differential Diagnosis

There are numerous differential diagnoses in the assessment of patients who present with symptoms like mania. Patients can be exhibiting numerous other physiologic and psychiatric disorders. One of the most common situations that may mimic mania is caffeine or other stimulant intoxication, especially cocaine, amphetamine (including methamphetamine), PCP, and nicotine. Hallucinogens can also produce similar symptoms. Excessive steroid and human growth hormone use may lead to aggression, irritability, anxiety and may look very similar to mania. The main mental illnesses which mimic bipolar mania are schizophrenia, severe anxiety, severe obsessive-compulsive disorder, or major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Any mixed mood disorder should be in the differential for bipolar disorder, especially when psychosis is present. Personality disorders such as histrionic and borderline personality can have similar presenting symptoms to phases of bipolar, including mood lability, anger dysregulation, inappropriate and outlandish dress, as well as bizarre behavior. Physiologic conditions that may mimic mania include hyperthyroidism, hypertensive urgency, hypercortisolemia, hyperaldosteronism, masses or tumors in the brain, major neurocognitive disorders, acromegaly, and delirium.

The prognosis of manic patients is favorable, granted they are adherent to medications and therapy. Some factors associated with a poorer outcome are a history of abuse, psychosis, low socioeconomic status, comorbid illness, or young age of onset.

• Complications

The sequelae from a manic episode can be detrimental. Those suffering from mania often act with impropriety, ruining reputations and careers. More consequential complications include physical harm to others and self.

• Deterrence and Patient Education

It is important for patients to be educated regarding the episodic nature of mania as well as how to identify the initial manifestations, heralding an oncoming episode.

• Pearls and Other Issues

One of the major illnesses which may mimic bipolar disorder and have manic-like symptoms is cyclothymic disorder. Cyclothymic patients may have large mood swings which do not meet the full criteria for a manic or hypomanic episode. These patients may also have many periods of depression. The criteria for cyclothymic disorder involve having many hypomanic or depressed symptoms on and off for at least 2 years that do not remit for more than 2 consecutive months. The symptoms in cyclothymia must cause significant social or occupational impairment and cannot be better explained by substance abuse.

• Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Manic patients are very difficult to manage and hence an interprofessional team consisting of a mental health nurse, psychologist, psychiatrist, and primary care provider is required. Once the acute episode is managed, patients will need a prophylactic agent to prevent a recurrence. Unfortunately, patient compliance with medications is low and relapses are common.

The outcomes for patients with mania are guarded. Those who do no comply with treatment eventually run into problems with the law and/or are forced to take medications via injection. [10]

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Disclosure: Abdolreza Saadabadi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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• Cite this Page Dailey MW, Saadabadi A. Mania. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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Essay on Mobile Mania

Students are often asked to write an essay on Mobile Mania in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Mobile Mania

The rise of mobile mania.

Mobile phones have revolutionized our world. They have become an integral part of our lives, shaping our communication, education, and entertainment.

Impact on Communication

Mobile phones have made communication easier. We can call, text, or video chat with anyone, anywhere, anytime.

Influence on Education

Mobiles have transformed education. With educational apps and online classes, learning is now at our fingertips.

Entertainment in our Hands

From games to movies, mobiles offer unlimited entertainment options. They keep us engaged and amused.

250 Words Essay on Mobile Mania

Introduction to mobile mania.

The advent of mobile technology has revolutionized the way we communicate, learn, and entertain ourselves. Mobile mania, as it is often referred, signifies the excessive use and dependency on mobile phones in our daily lives.

The Ubiquity of Mobile Phones

Mobile phones, once a luxury, have now become a necessity. They have permeated every stratum of society, irrespective of age, gender, or socioeconomic status. The ease of communication, access to information, and the ability to perform multiple tasks, from banking to shopping, have made mobile phones indispensable.

The Psychological Impact

However, this dependency has a psychological impact. Many feel anxious without their phones, a phenomenon known as “nomophobia”. The constant need to check notifications and updates can lead to addictive behavior, affecting mental health and personal relationships.

Mobile Phones and Education

In the field of education, mobile phones have been a double-edged sword. On one hand, they provide access to a wealth of knowledge and learning resources. On the other, they can be a source of distraction, affecting students’ concentration and academic performance.

In conclusion, while mobile phones have significantly improved our lives, it is essential to use them responsibly. A balance must be struck between leveraging the benefits of mobile technology and avoiding the pitfalls of mobile mania. As digital citizens, we must strive to use technology as a tool for progress, not let it become a source of distraction or stress.

500 Words Essay on Mobile Mania

The emergence of mobile mania, the evolution of mobile technology.

Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few decades, transforming from a luxury item to a necessity. In the late 20th century, mobile phones were bulky, expensive, and primarily used for voice communication. Today, they are compact, affordable, and multi-functional, serving as a portal to a world of information and services. This evolution has been driven by advancements in technology, such as miniaturization, increased processing power, and improved connectivity.

The Impact of Mobile Mania on Society

The impact of Mobile Mania on society is profound and multifaceted. On the one hand, it has democratized access to information and services, bridging geographical and socio-economic divides. On the other hand, it has led to a shift in social dynamics, with people increasingly interacting through screens rather than face-to-face. This shift has both positive and negative implications.

However, the negative implications of Mobile Mania cannot be overlooked. The over-reliance on mobile devices has raised concerns about mental health, with studies linking excessive screen time to stress, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, it has led to a culture of constant connectivity, where people feel compelled to be available and responsive at all times, leading to burnout and reduced productivity.

The Way Forward

As we grapple with Mobile Mania, it is crucial to strike a balance between leveraging the benefits of mobile technology and mitigating its potential harms. This involves promoting responsible use of mobile devices, such as setting boundaries for screen time and ensuring digital wellness.

In conclusion, Mobile Mania is a powerful force that has reshaped society in countless ways. While it presents numerous opportunities, it also poses significant challenges. As we navigate this new digital landscape, it is imperative to harness the power of mobile technology responsibly and sustainably, ensuring that it serves as a tool for empowerment rather than a source of distress.

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Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder

• S. NASSIR GHAEMI M.D., M.P.H. ,

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Books have two aspects: as meant by authors and as received by readers. The aspects never fully match, which is perhaps why, as George Orwell wrote, “every book is a failure.” A writer cannot be blamed for his or her readers’ prejudices, but the writer must own the logical consequences of his or her ideas.

In Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder , David Healy, known for his contrarian historical critiques of antidepressants/depression and neuroleptics/schizophrenia, examines bipolar disorder and mood stabilizers. I commend the book’s analysis of the pharmacological history of mood stabilizers, the historical background on key psychiatric figures, how the pharmaceutical industry manipulated patent laws to overmarket medications, and the historical overreliance on theory in medicine (an approach established by Galen, contrasting with an observation-based and disease-oriented Hippocratic approach [1] ).

Other aspects of the book deserve critique. The history of lithium focuses on how it propelled the modern bipolar diagnosis. Biased or uninformed readers, unaware of its major prophylactic and antisuicide benefits, might conclude that there is nothing more to the drug. Similarly, the author’s analysis of the mood stabilization concept focuses on pharmaceutical marketing but does not engage the scientific debate about empirically founded definitions based on prophylaxis (2 , 3) , again leaving readers open to false conclusions.

Historically, the author attacks those who wish to trace bipolar concepts to ancient times, an issue of debate between us previously (4) . He points out that the Greco-Roman view of mania involved a broadly defined mental excitation/agitation and a theory of four humours, not the current bipolar definition. However, the claim is not that present views of mania are the same as or better than past Greco-Roman notions, only that they have some similarities (a claim not lightly made but based on original translations from the Latin by current bipolar experts [5] ). Indeed, if forced to choose between Hippocratic versus DSM-III definitions of mania, I might pick the former (6) .

The book also chides current proponents of the bipolar spectrum model for misappropriating Kraepelin’s “brand.” Yet it fails to capture Kraepelin’s unique view of manic-depressive illness, which is that recurrence, not mania, is the essential feature (2) . Kraepelin diagnosed this condition broadly, as demonstrated by the actual medical records in his Munich clinic (7) . If the author’s claim is that the current bipolar disorder concept would not have been acceptable to Kraepelin, that is exactly what today’s bipolar spectrum proponents claim. (By the way, which pharmaceutical companies instigated, marketed, or benefited from Kraepelin’s broad manic depressive illness concept?)

Thus, the book has the wrong target: it seeks to deconstruct mania, thereby to dethrone bipolar disorder. However, manic depressive illness (the Kraepelinian variety, not the 19th century French/DSM-III concept) is based on recurrence, not mania.

Conceptually, this book enacts a social science dogma (8) , i.e., that the story of medicine is not a progressive, simple discovery of real biological disease-entities but rather a complex cultural construction. The dogma is false, however, if interpreted to mean that disease is therefore purely socially constructed, without any biological basis that transcends its cultural classifications. (Not that the author states this notion, but much of the book implies it.) I agree that pure psychiatry, free from social and political influences, cannot exist. However, today’s postmodernist dogma sees all claims to truth solely as expressions of power used by society to repress. (A full chapter in this book analogizes the social construction of bipolar disorder to Stalinism.) When even the most biological conditions, such as manic depressive illness, are deconstructed almost into nothingness, then social construction becomes dogma, a radical denial as dangerous as compliant acceptance of pharmaceutical marketing. Indeed, Orwell, who lived it, saw this kind of postmodernist thinking as the root of all totalitarianism (9) . Professors of postmodern literary theory can afford to hold these dangerous and false ideas. They, unlike doctors, never get sued (10) . But in medical practice, identifiable standards exist for what is acceptable, and some views or actions are absolutely wrong by any standard (11) .

There is no history without interpretation, but this does not mean that history is all interpretation and no text. Thus, when, without qualification, the book concludes that bipolar disorder is another increasingly “meaningless” entity, with an “advertising rubric” for treatment (p. 242), the author loses control, and readers take over, with logical consequences that will gladden antipsychiatry types and fellow travelers.

This review too can be misconstrued. I do not imply that everything is just fine in contemporary psychiatry; I extensively critique the status quo (11) . But the opposite of falsehood is not truth. To get at the passion apparently behind the author’s antibipolar sentiment, let me explicitly agree that bipolar disorder should not be diagnosed in utero and that preschoolers generally should not receive antipsychotics. However, this short history avoids another history, the epidemic avoidance of adult manic depressive illness diagnosis for most of the 20th century (12 – 14) . Many—likely more—adults have died from undiagnosed and untreated manic depressive illness than children have died from misdiagnosed and overtreated bipolar disorder. Both outcomes are intolerable.

Postmodernist ideology notwithstanding, Orwell got it right: “However much you deny the truth, the truth goes on existing, as it were, behind your back” (9) . Whatever we call it, this recurrent mental condition will still—and not infrequently—make its deadly presence known.

Dr. Ghaemi has received a research grant from Pfizer and honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Bristol-Myers Squibb.

Book review accepted for publication October 2008 (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08101531).

1. Ghaemi SN: Toward a hippocratic psychopharmacology. Can J Psychiatry 2008; 53:189–196 Google Scholar

2. Goodwin F, Jamison K: Manic Depressive Illness, 2nd ed. New York, Oxford University Press, 2007 Google Scholar

3. Bauer MS, Mitchner L: What is a “mood stabilizer”? an evidence-based response. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:3–18 Google Scholar

4. Healy D: The latest mania: selling bipolar disorder. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e185 Google Scholar

5. Angst J, Marneros A: Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth and rebirth. J Affect Disord 2001; 67:3–19 Google Scholar

6. Koukopoulos A, Ghaemi SN: The primacy of mania: a reconsideration of mood disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2008 (in press) Google Scholar

7. Jablensky A, Hugler H, Von Cranach M, Kalinov K: Kraepelin revisited: a reassessment and statistical analysis of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity in 1908. Pychol Med 1993; 23:843–858 Google Scholar

8. Kushner HI: Beyond social construction: toward new histories of psychiatry (review essay). J Hist Neurosci 1998; 7:141–149 Google Scholar

9. Orwell G: Looking back on the Spanish War, in A Collection of Essays. San Diego, Hartcourt, Brace, and Company, 1981 (1946), p 199 Google Scholar

10. Dennett D: Postmodernism and truth. http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/postmod.tru.htm Google Scholar

11. Ghaemi SN: The Concepts of Psychiatry. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 Google Scholar

12. Pope HG Jr, Lipinski JF: Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978; 35:811–828 Google Scholar

13. Copeland JR, Cooper JE, Kendell RE, Gourlay AJ: Differences in usage of diagnostic labels amongst psychiatrists in the British Isles. Br J Psychiatry 1971; 118:629–640 Google Scholar

14. Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK: “Cade’s disease” and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47:125–134 Google Scholar

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What Is It Like to Be Manic? An essay on the phenomenology of mania

2020, The Oxonian Review

This essay draws on my own experiences of mania and hypomania to do two things: 1) offer a critical discussion of previous work on the phenomenology of manic cognition and language use in papers by Louis Sass and Elizabeth Pienkos (which in turn survey previous literature); and 2) reflect on the broader significance of these phenomenological descriptions for the lives of those who have had manic episodes.

Related Papers

Journal of Medical Humanities

Hillel Broder

Daniel Bird

This thesis explores a phenomenological description of bipolar disorder, proposing a characterisation of manic phases of the illness as a hypo-embodied, existential feeling. Changes to bodily experience during mania can be seen to influence a variety of the features and symptoms of the illness. Notably, patient reports indicate that the changes to bodily experience amount to a heightening of the body’s typical experiential transparency. This account is theoretically based in phenomenological philosophy, relevant aspects of which are described. There is initially a particular focus on the justification of first-person data in the study of consciousness and on the embodiment of subjectivity. The thesis draws heavily upon the works of Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1945) and Matthew Ratcliffe (2008), but it also appeals to Thomas Fuchs’ (2005) embodied account of major depression, suggesting that his theory provides a valuable point of contrast for describing bipolar mania. After this, first-hand descriptions of manic experience are analysed and a phenomenological interpretation of the illness is put forward. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of this account for the unitary, dimensional theory of psychosis.

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences

Elizabeth Pienkos

In this paper, we use a phenomenological approach to compare the unusual ways in which language can be experienced by individuals with schizophrenia or severe mood disorders, specifically mania and melancholia (psychotic depression). Our discussion follows a tripartite/dialectical format: first we describe traditionally observed distinctions (i.e., decrease or increase in amount or rate of speech in the affective conditions, versus alterations of coherence, clarity, or interpersonal anchoring in schizophrenia); then we consider some apparent similarities in the experience of language in these conditions (e.g., striking disorganization of manic as well as schizophrenic speech, interpersonal alienation in both schizophrenia and severe depression). Finally, we explore more subtle, qualitative differences. These involve: 1, interpersonal orientation (less concern with the needs of the listener in schizophrenia), 2, forms of attention and context-relevance (e.g., manic distractibility versus schizophrenic loss of orientation), 3, underlying mutations of experience (e.g., sadness/emptiness in melancholia versus disturbances of basic selfhood in schizophrenia), and 4, meta-attitudes toward language (i.e., greater alienation from language-as-such in schizophrenia). Such distinctions appear to reflect significant differences in underlying forms of subjectivity; they are broadly consistent with work in phenomenological psychopathology on other aspects of experience, including body, self, and social world. An understanding of such distinctions may assist with difficult cases of differential diagnosis, while also contributing to a better understanding of suffering persons and of psychological factors underlying their disorders.

Marcin Moskalewicz , Michael A Schwartz

The paper examines both the phenomenology of the manic self as well as critical aspects of manic neurobiology, focusing, with respect to both domains, on manic temporality. We argue that the distortions of lived time in mania exceed mere acceleration and are fundamental for manic affectivity. Mania involves radical acceleration and radical asynchronicity, which result in an instantaneous existence. People with mania rebel against the facticity of reality and suffer from an existential leap towards the future, in which the self abandons normal temporal boundaries. Excerpts from the interviews with persons with mania who experienced psychosis illustrate this phenomenon. Commenting upon disrupted circadian rhythms in mania and the role of lithium in its treatment the paper posits manic temporality as the link through which manic phenomenology and manic neurobiology intertwine.

American Journal of Psychiatry

Philosophical Psychology

Wayne Martin

Time-consciousness has long been a focus of research in phenomenology and phenomenological psychology. We advance and extend this tradition of research by focusing on the character of temporal experience under conditions of mania. Symptom scales and diagnostic criteria for mania are peppered with temporally inflected language: increased rate of speech, racing thoughts, flight of ideas, hyperactivity. But what is the underlying structure of temporal experience in manic episodes? We tackle this question using a strategically hybrid approach. We recover and reconstruct three hypotheses regarding manic temporality that were advanced and modelled by two pioneers of clinical phenomenology: Eugène Minkowski (1885-1972) and Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966). We then test, critique, and refine these hypotheses using heterophenomenological methods in an interview-based study of persons with a history of bipolar and a current diagnosis of acute mania. Our conclusions support a central hypothesis due to Minkowski and Binswanger, viz., that disturbance in the formal structure of temporal experience is a core feature of mania. We argue that a suitably refined variant of Binswanger’s model of disturbance in manic protention helps to explain a striking pattern of impaired insight and impaired reasoning in manic episodes.

Tania Gergel

Clinical Psychology Review

Warren Mansell

Thomas Fuchs

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Bipolar and Mania Disorders Essay

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Bipolar And Mania Disorder

Bipolar and Mania disorders is a condition that is characterized by two major phases depression and euphoria. These phases are normally manifested in other symptoms for instance talking fast and lack of concentration in the euphoric phase.

The condition has a serious effect on family members of the patient who are often unable to cope with changes in moods. The condition can however be controlled by the use of drugs and psychotherapy.

A bipolar disorder is also known as mania or manic depression. It is a mood disorder that is characterized by periods of depression that alternate with periods of grout excitement (euphoria). The depressive phase is characterized by feelings of hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, changes in sleep patterns and loss of interest in activities that were once pleasurable.

The manic phase is characterize by restlessness, increased energy, poor judgment, excited mood, lack of concentration, insomnia, racing thoughts and bad behavior. During a manic phase the person may talk very fast, be irritable and may hold false beliefs about their abilities. The manic phase differentiates a bipolar disorder from a major depression or the later does not have any euphoric episodes.

The bipolar disorder is of two main types

• Bipolar 1 – which is characterized by the most severe symptoms
• Bipolar II which is characterized by less severe (moderate) symptoms.

The bipolar disorder is the most misdiagnosed mental illness in the United States. A research carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) indicated that most people presenting the mildest form of this disorder the sub-threshold bipolar disorder often sought treatment for other mental illnesses such as depression or drug abuse.

Due to this mis-diagnosis, the number of people suffering from this condition is through to be actually double of the current figure. This generally means that half the people with bipolar and mania disorder do not receive any treatment at all for their condition.

The onset of the condition is usually in the early twenties though the first symptoms can appear early in childhood or later in life. It is often a chronic condition though some people may experience only one episode in their lifetime.

Rapid cycling is a term used to refer to the manifestation of more than four episodes of mania or depression annually. Research has revealed that majority of patients suffering from bipolar abuse drugs at some stage of their illness with the commonest substances being marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol.

The condition has had a serious effect on the family of patients whose patience and love is tested every time the patient creates a world of chaos around them. Other families feel alienated from the society as it tends no fear and discriminate against people who are mentally ill and their families.

The diagnosis of a bipolar and mania disorder is made from the symptoms of depression and euphoria a patient presents. The severity of the symptoms helps in the classification of the condition into various categories.

A wide range of treatment is available for people with this condition. Treatment can include hospitalization in a situation where the patient is uncontrollable and whose behavior is reckless and unpredictable.

The patient should also undergo psychotherapy also known as talk therapy. This involves talking with a therapist and it helps the patient cope with hurtful relationships and also cope with difficult situations that could trigger an episode. The doctor can also prescribe short-term use of anti-psychotic medication which helps to control psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain.

It has a side effect of weight gain and also increases the risk of diabetes. Calcium channel blockers can also be used to block calcium channels thus dilating the blood vessels hence lowering the blood pressure and improving irregular heartbeats. This also stabilizes the mood. Its side effects include flushing, headaches, slowed heart rates and arrhythmia.

Anti-convulsant drugs are also used to calm activity in the brain hence stabilizing the mood. However it has serious side effects such as birth defects if taken by expectant women, liver damage and drug interactions for example with aspirin.

Lithium is sometimes used together with anti-convulsants. It acts on the central nervous system and reduces the severity and frequency of maniac episodes. It is also known to reduce the risk of suicide. Its risk include bone weakness in children, it should not be taken with alcoholic beverages and certain antacids. Benzodiazepines are drugs used to slow the central nervous system. The side effects include dizziness, drowsiness and memory loss.

Electro convulsive therapy (electric shock therapy) is usually used as a last resort when the other drugs are unable to control the episodes of mania in extreme mania and in expectant women with mania. It involves passing an electric current into the brain through the scalp. It is performed under general anesthetic and after the administration of a muscle relaxant.

The patient gets seizures but the muscle relaxant administered limits the size of the seizures and also limits the seizures to the hands and feet. It’s side effects include memory loss, confusion and rarely a heart attach or stroke.

The patient can live healthily with bipolar disorder by exercising regularly good sleep and reducing the levels of stress. With better knowledge of the disease it is easier to treat it and also to prevent recurrent episodes

Bipolar Disorders. Web.

Bipolar Disorder (mania). Web.

Treatment of Bipolar Mania. Web.

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This Is What a Manic Monday Feels Like

A personal perspective: for a rapid cycler, mania can strike out of nowhere..

Posted July 5, 2022 | Reviewed by Abigail Fagan

• It’s essential to know what mania looks and feels like, in order to help oneself and others.
• Mania has distinct symptoms, like inexhaustible energy, driven behavior, and echolalia (word repetition).
• It can be tempting to avoid treating mania, but medication can keep the risk of self-sabotage at bay.

It’s 6:30 a.m., and I’m flat-out exhausted. I’ve been up since four this morning—only two-and-one-half hours, but long enough for me to have worn out both my mind and my body. It’s as if I’ve got a mighty wind at my back, pushing me to keep acting, keep doing, keep moving till I drop.

I don’t want to admit it to anyone, least of all myself, but I know this feeling all too well to deny what’s going on: I’m manic. I wasn’t yesterday, or the week before that, but anything can happen when you’re bipolar . Especially when you’re a rapid cycler, like I am, and can switch from mood to mood in the flicker of a hummingbird’s wings. Last night I was rather melancholy and down in the dumps, but this morning I’m hovering 10 feet above Everest. Not happy, exactly, more like giddy—possessed by an energy so consuming it’s all I can do to keep from exploding. The scanty five feet, four inches I rule on this planet is barely enough to contain the awesome power of my personality .

As I fix breakfast, I bop along from song to song, from Springsteen’s “Born to Run” to Coldplay’s “Viva La Vida” to Bobby Darin’s “Mack the Knife.” I can’t settle on a singer or even an era, and the contagious, upbeat rhythms only aggravate my mania . Now it’s not just my brain but my body that’s infected, my feet tapping, my hips gyrating, my arms swinging wildly over my head. I’m a terrible dancer at the best of times, and even worse when I’m totally uninhibited. But I can’t help it. I’m hostage to the beat.

What’s weird is that I can’t stop eating. Normally when I’m manic I have no interest in food whatsoever. I have no time for its preparation or consumption—there are far more important, earth-shaking activities to engage in. But this morning, I’m pursued by a relentless hunger, an omnivorous need to chew, chew, chew. I’m barely tasting what I eat. My jaw hurts. Intellectually, I know that this nervous eating is a displacement activity, like leg-jiggling or twitching—a re-wiring of the anxiety that looms just this side of the ecstasy. But that doesn’t stop me from shoveling yet another chocolate truffle, and another, and another, into my mouth.

Finally, I force myself to leave the kitchen and go into the bedroom to watch TV. But the news is on and it quickly becomes too disturbing—not to mention the fact that I keep talking back to it, compulsively echoing what the commercials are pushing or the news anchors are announcing. I know the clinical name of this phenomenon, and it worries me. It’s called “echolalia”—the uncontrollable and immediate repetition of words spoken by another person—and it’s an undeniable symptom of mania.

There’s no doubt about it now: I’ve left serenity too far behind to ignore my change of mood any longer. Which means it’s time to reach out to my support network and try to slow this locomotive down before I do any real harm; before mainlining truffles turns into something far more dangerous, with longer-lasting consequences than just gaining a pound or two. Like what? Like maxing out all my credit cards or calling up married ex-boyfriends for a snuggle. I’ve done far worse in the throes of mania, and I refuse to let it lead me down the path to self-ruination again.

So even though it’s dangerous to make contact with my iPad—Amazon.com, anyone?—I sit down and compose messages to my support team to let them know I’m fighting the same old battle again. I'M WIRED , I write in bold and all caps, knowing but not caring that it’s rude to shout over the internet, especially first thing in the morning. Nobody wants to hear a rant before they have their first cup of coffee. But once you start texting when you’re manic, the need to communicate is so urgent it’s irresistible, and you know you’re in for a spree of messaging.

Fortunately, one of my friends is an early riser and he calls me back immediately. “What’s going on?” he says, and I tell him, to the extent I can put one word after another slowly enough to be intelligible. He gets the gist, and we go through the drill:

“Are you getting enough sleep?” he asks.

“No, the damn neighbor’s dog started barking at 4:00 a.m.”

“Are you eating?”

“More than you can possibly imagine. Next.”

“Have you taken your meds?”

“Of course, you know I always—” and then I remembered that while I’d counted out all my meds that morning, I hadn’t actually taken them. I’d decided I’d just postpone them for a bit, while I ate breakfast and got dressed. The truth is, in its early stages all that glorious energy was intoxicating, and I didn’t want to come down; which I knew I eventually would once I took my drugs. For that moment—and that moment only, because medication non-compliance is a pet peeve of mine—I understood why people go off their meds. Mine was a tiny slip, perhaps, but enough to cause me concern. From tiny slips come towering falls.

I took my drugs and sure enough, within a couple of hours I was myself again. Not bopping to Bruce, not singing at the top of my lungs, not anywhere near Everest. I was relieved, and just the slightest bit sad. Manic me is truly an amazing force—but for good and for evil, and there’s the rub.

Terri Cheney is the author of Manic: A Memoir and The Dark Side of Innocence: Growing Up Bipolar .

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Mental Health — Ian Gallagher: Mania And Manmas In The Show Shameless

Ian Gallagher: Mania and Manmas in The Show Shameless

• Categories: Bipolar Disorder Mental Health

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Essay on Mobile Mania – Samples, 10 Lines to 1500 Words

Essay on Mobile Mania: In today’s fast-paced world, mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. From communication to entertainment, these devices have revolutionized the way we interact with the world around us. However, with the increasing reliance on mobile phones, a new phenomenon known as “mobile mania” has emerged. This essay will explore the impact of mobile mania on society, discussing both the benefits and drawbacks of our growing dependence on these devices.

Mobile Mania Essay Writing Tips

1. Introduction: Start your essay by introducing the topic of mobile mania and its impact on society. You can mention how mobile phones have become an essential part of our daily lives and how they have revolutionized communication.

2. Define mobile mania: Define what mobile mania means and how it has affected people’s behavior and habits. You can mention how people are constantly glued to their phones, checking notifications, browsing social media, and texting.

3. Discuss the pros of mobile mania: Talk about the positive aspects of mobile mania, such as increased connectivity, convenience, and access to information. Mention how mobile phones have made it easier to stay in touch with loved ones, conduct business on the go, and access important information at any time.

4. Discuss the cons of mobile mania: Address the negative aspects of mobile mania, such as addiction, distraction, and decreased face-to-face communication. Talk about how excessive phone use can lead to social isolation, decreased productivity, and even health issues like eye strain and neck pain.

5. Impact on relationships: Discuss how mobile mania has affected relationships, both positively and negatively. Mention how constant phone use can lead to misunderstandings, lack of quality time spent together, and even jealousy or insecurity in relationships.

6. Impact on mental health: Address the impact of mobile mania on mental health, including issues like anxiety, depression, and addiction. Talk about how excessive phone use can lead to feelings of loneliness, FOMO (fear of missing out), and even sleep disturbances.

7. Solutions to mobile mania: Offer some solutions to combat mobile mania and promote a healthier relationship with technology. Suggestions may include setting limits on phone use, practicing mindfulness, engaging in offline activities, and prioritizing face-to-face interactions.

8. Conclusion: Summarize your main points and reiterate the importance of finding a balance between technology use and real-life experiences. Encourage readers to reflect on their own phone habits and consider making changes to improve their overall well-being.

Essay on Mobile Mania in 10 Lines – Examples

1. Mobile Mania refers to the obsession and dependence on mobile phones in today’s society. 2. People are constantly glued to their phones, checking messages, social media, and emails. 3. Mobile Mania has led to an increase in distracted driving accidents. 4. It has also affected face-to-face communication, with people preferring to text or call rather than talk in person. 5. The constant use of mobile phones has been linked to decreased attention spans and increased stress levels. 6. Mobile Mania has changed the way we socialize, with more interactions happening online rather than in person. 7. It has also impacted sleep patterns, with many people checking their phones before bed and during the night. 8. Mobile Mania has created a culture of instant gratification, with people expecting immediate responses to messages and notifications. 9. The constant use of mobile phones has raised concerns about privacy and security, with personal information being easily accessible. 10. Despite the negative effects, mobile phones have also brought many benefits, such as increased connectivity and access to information.

Sample Essay on Mobile Mania in 100-180 Words

Mobile mania refers to the increasing obsession and dependency on mobile phones in today’s society. With the advancement of technology, mobile phones have become an essential part of our daily lives. People use their phones for various purposes such as communication, entertainment, social media, and even for work.

The convenience and accessibility of mobile phones have led to a surge in their usage, with people spending hours on their devices every day. This constant connectivity has both positive and negative effects on individuals. On one hand, mobile phones have made communication easier and more efficient. On the other hand, excessive use of mobile phones can lead to addiction, social isolation, and even health issues.

It is important for individuals to strike a balance between using their phones for productivity and entertainment, and taking breaks to engage in real-life interactions and activities. While mobile phones have revolutionized the way we live, it is essential to be mindful of the impact they have on our mental and physical well-being.

Short Essay on Mobile Mania in 200-500 Words

Mobile phones have become an integral part of our daily lives, with almost everyone owning one. The convenience and connectivity that mobile phones offer have made them indispensable in today’s fast-paced world. However, this widespread use of mobile phones has also given rise to a phenomenon known as mobile mania.

Mobile mania refers to the excessive use of mobile phones to the point where it becomes a distraction and an obsession. People are constantly glued to their phones, checking for notifications, scrolling through social media feeds, and texting or calling friends and family. This constant need to be connected has led to a decline in face-to-face interactions and a lack of presence in the moment.

One of the main reasons for mobile mania is the addictive nature of smartphones. The constant notifications, alerts, and updates trigger a dopamine response in the brain, leading to a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction. This can create a cycle of dependency, where individuals feel the need to constantly check their phones for fear of missing out on something important.

Another factor contributing to mobile mania is the rise of social media platforms. People are spending more and more time on social media, comparing their lives to others and seeking validation through likes and comments. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, as individuals strive to present a curated version of themselves online.

The impact of mobile mania extends beyond just personal relationships. Studies have shown that excessive smartphone use can have negative effects on mental health, including increased anxiety, depression, and feelings of isolation. It can also lead to physical health issues such as eye strain, neck and back pain, and disrupted sleep patterns.

Despite these negative consequences, it can be difficult to break free from mobile mania. The constant connectivity and instant gratification that smartphones provide make it hard to resist the temptation to constantly check our devices. However, it is important to set boundaries and establish healthy habits when it comes to smartphone use.

One way to combat mobile mania is to practice mindfulness and be more present in the moment. This can involve setting aside designated times to check your phone, turning off notifications, and engaging in activities that do not involve screens. It is also important to prioritize face-to-face interactions and cultivate meaningful relationships offline.

In conclusion, while mobile phones have revolutionized the way we communicate and stay connected, it is important to be mindful of the impact of mobile mania on our mental and physical well-being. By setting boundaries and establishing healthy habits, we can break free from the constant distraction of our smartphones and live more fulfilling and balanced lives.

Essay on Mobile Mania in 1000-1500 Words

Mobile phones have become an integral part of our daily lives. From communication to entertainment, from work to socializing, mobile phones have revolutionized the way we live and interact with the world around us. The rise of mobile phones has led to a phenomenon known as mobile mania, where people are constantly glued to their devices, unable to disconnect and often prioritizing their phones over real-life interactions. In this essay, we will explore the causes and consequences of mobile mania, as well as potential solutions to address this growing issue.

One of the main reasons for the prevalence of mobile mania is the convenience and accessibility that mobile phones provide. With the advent of smartphones, people now have the world at their fingertips, with the ability to access information, communicate with others, and perform a multitude of tasks all from the palm of their hand. This level of convenience has led to a dependency on mobile phones, with many individuals feeling lost or anxious when separated from their devices.

Another factor contributing to mobile mania is the addictive nature of mobile phone use. The constant notifications, alerts, and updates that smartphones provide can create a sense of urgency and FOMO (fear of missing out) that compels individuals to constantly check their phones. This constant need for stimulation and validation can lead to excessive phone use and a lack of presence in the real world.

Social media also plays a significant role in fueling mobile mania. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter are designed to be addictive, with features like likes, comments, and shares triggering the brain’s reward system and creating a cycle of seeking validation and approval online. The pressure to curate a perfect online persona can lead to excessive phone use as individuals strive to maintain their social media presence and stay connected with their online communities.

The consequences of mobile mania are far-reaching and can have a negative impact on both individuals and society as a whole. One of the most significant consequences of excessive phone use is the detrimental effect on mental health. Studies have shown that heavy phone use is associated with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and feelings of loneliness. The constant comparison to others on social media can also lead to low self-esteem and a distorted sense of reality.

Mobile mania can also have a negative impact on physical health. Excessive phone use has been linked to a range of health issues, including eye strain, neck and back pain, and disrupted sleep patterns. The blue light emitted by screens can interfere with the body’s production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep, leading to insomnia and other sleep disorders.

In addition to the personal consequences of mobile mania, there are also societal implications to consider. The constant use of mobile phones can lead to a decline in face-to-face interactions and a breakdown of social connections. People are more likely to communicate through screens rather than in person, leading to a lack of empathy and understanding in our interactions with others. This can have a negative impact on relationships, both personal and professional, as well as on the overall social fabric of our communities.

Despite the negative consequences of mobile mania, there are steps that can be taken to address this growing issue. One potential solution is to practice mindfulness and moderation when it comes to phone use. Setting boundaries and limits on phone use, such as turning off notifications, designating phone-free times or areas, and prioritizing real-life interactions, can help individuals break free from the cycle of constant phone use.

Another solution is to promote digital detoxes and unplugged activities. Taking regular breaks from screens and engaging in activities that do not involve phones, such as reading a book, going for a walk, or spending time with loved ones, can help individuals re-connect with the world around them and break free from the grip of mobile mania.

Educating individuals about the potential consequences of excessive phone use and promoting healthy phone habits is also key to addressing mobile mania. Schools, workplaces, and communities can provide resources and support to help individuals develop a healthy relationship with their phones and prioritize their well-being and mental health.

In conclusion, mobile mania is a growing phenomenon that is having a significant impact on individuals and society. The convenience, accessibility, and addictive nature of mobile phones have led to a dependency on these devices that can have negative consequences for mental and physical health, as well as for social connections and relationships. By practicing mindfulness, setting boundaries, and promoting digital detoxes, we can begin to address the issue of mobile mania and create a healthier relationship with our phones and the world around us.

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