essay about chief

Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada.

(1840-1904)

Who Was Chief Joseph?

When the United States attempted to force the Nez Perce to move to a reservation in 1877, Chief Joseph reluctantly agreed. Following the killing of a group of white settlers, tensions erupted again, and Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, in what is considered one of the great retreats in military history.

Early Years

The leader of one band of the Nez Perce people, Chief Joseph was born Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt in 1840 in the Wallowa Valley in what is now Oregon. His formal Native American name translates to Thunder Rolling Down a Mountain, but he was largely known as Joseph, the same name his father, Joseph the Elder, had taken after being baptized in 1838.

Joseph the Elder's relationship with the whites had been unprecedented. He'd been one of the early Nez Perce leaders to convert to Christianity, and his influence had gone a long way toward establishing peace with his white neighbors. In 1855, he forged a new treaty that created a new reservation for the Nez Perce.

But that peace was fragile. After gold was discovered in the Nez Perce territory, white prospectors began to stream onto their lands. The relationship was soon upended when the United States government took back millions of acres it had promised to Joseph the Elder and his people.

The irate chief denounced his former American friends and destroyed his Bible. More significantly, he refused to sign off on the boundaries of this "new" reservation and leave the Wallowa Valley.

Leader of His People

Following Joseph the Elder's death in 1871, Chief Joseph assumed his father's leadership role as well as the positions he'd staked out for his people. As his father had done before him, Chief Joseph, along with fellow Nez Perce leaders, chiefs Looking Glass and White Bird, balked at the resettlement plan.

As tensions mounted, the three chiefs sensed that violence was imminent. In 1877, recognizing what a war could mean for their people, the chiefs backed down and agreed to the new reservation boundaries.

Just before the move, however, warriors from White Bird's band attacked and killed several white settlers. Chief Joseph understood there would be brutal repercussions and in an effort to avoid defeat, and most likely his own death, he led his people on what is now widely considered one of the most remarkable retreats in military history.

Over the course of four long months, Chief Joseph and his 700 followers, a group that included just 200 actual warriors, embarked on a 1,400-mile march toward Canada. The journey included several impressive victories against a U.S. force that numbered more than 2,000 soldiers.

But the retreat took its toll on the group. By the fall of 1877 Chief Joseph and his people were exhausted. They had come within 40 miles of the Canadian border, reaching the Bear Paw Mountains of Montana, but were too beaten and starving to continue to fight.

Having seen his warriors reduced to just 87 fighting men, having weathered the loss of his own brother, Olikut, and having seen many of the women and children near starvation, Chief Joseph surrendered to his enemy, delivering one of the great speeches in American history.

"I am tired of fighting," he said. "Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say, 'Yes' or 'No.' He who led the young men [Olikut] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."

Final Years

Regarded in the American press as the "Red Napoleon," Chief Joseph achieved great acclaim in the latter half of his life. Still, not even his standing among the whites could help his people return to their homeland in the Pacific Northwest.

Following his surrender, Chief Joseph and his people were escorted, first to Kansas, and then to what is present-day Oklahoma. Joseph spent the next several years pleading his people's case, even meeting with President Rutherford Hayes in 1879.

Finally, in 1885, Joseph and others were allowed to return to the Pacific Northwest, but it was far from a perfect solution. So many of his people had already perished, either from war or disease, and their new home was still miles from their true homeland in the Wallowa Valley.

Chief Joseph did not live to see again the land he'd known as a child and young warrior. He died on September 21, 1904, and was buried in the Colville Indian Cemetery on the Colville Reservation in the state of Washington.

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Joseph
• Birth Year: 1840
• Birth date: March 3, 1840
• Birth State: Oregon
• Birth City: Wallowa Valley
• Birth Country: United States
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce chief who, faced with settlement by whites of tribal lands in Oregon, led his followers in a dramatic effort to escape to Canada.
• Astrological Sign: Pisces
• Death Year: 1904
• Death date: September 21, 1904
• Death State: Washington
• Death City: Colville Reservation
• Death Country: United States

CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Chief Joseph Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figure/chief-joseph
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E; Television Networks
• Last Updated: April 15, 2021
• Original Published Date: April 2, 2014
• From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Dream Career — Why I Want to Be a Chief Petty Officer

Why I Want to Be a Chief Petty Officer

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Updated: 13 December, 2023

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Who is a chief, future mess challenges, making a change, why do i want to be chief, works cited, video version.

• Elmore, R. (2018). The Navy's Enlisted Chiefs: Their Role in the Service and How They Lead. Naval Institute Press.
• U.S. Navy. (2020). Chief Petty Officer Heritage. Retrieved from https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Heritage/Chief-Petty-Officer/
• Stavridis, J., & Ancell, R. D. (2017). The Leader's Bookshelf II: Navy Leadership. Naval Institute Press.
• Ewen, R. B., & U.S. Navy. (2014). Navy Warfighters' Guide to the Chief Petty Officer. Government Printing Office.
• Finn, C. L. (2013). Navy Chief: A Navy SEALs Story. Post Hill Press.
• Roberts, W. (2019). Leadership at Sea: Wisdom for the Voyage. Naval Institute Press.
• USNI News. (2022). Leadership & Seamanship. Retrieved from https://www.usni.org/leadership-and-seamanship
• U.S. Navy. (2017). Navy Core Values. Retrieved from https://www.navy.mil/Resources/Training/Navy-Core-Values/
• Owen, J. H., & U.S. Navy. (2019). Naval Leadership in the Atlantic World: The Age of Revolution and Reform, 1700-1850. Government Printing Office.
• Government Publishing Office. (2020). The Bluejacket's Manual (26th ed.). Government Printing Office.

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Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War

On October 5, 1877, Chief Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it, also known as Chief Joseph, rode on his horse to the foot of a bluff at Bears Paw Mountains in northern Montana, approximately 40 miles from the Canadian border. If he had made it to Canada, he and the Nez Perce people would be free. Instead, his conquerors Col. Nelson A. Miles and General Oliver Otis Howard awaited his surrender. “Draped [in a] blanket about him, and carrying his rifle in the hollow of one arm,” Joseph approached the two men he had been fighting for months “with a quiet pride, not exactly defiance.” Joseph then “held out his rifle in token of submission” to first General Howard and then Col. Miles, who accepted the weapon. An interpreter named Arthur Chapman stepped forward with a pencil and paper pad between Joseph and the US Army officials to record the chief’s surrender. The words Chapman was about to translate became one of the most celebrated speeches in American history.

The following post is by guest contributor Brenden Woldman

The Nez Perce People

Living in the Pacific Northwest along the lower Snake River and the Salmon and Clearwater rivers in modern-day northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and central Idaho, the Nimíipuu tribe, more commonly known as the Nez Perce, had long and peaceful relations with the United States. The Nez Perce made first contact with US officials in 1804 when the Army expedition of Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark came to their lands. The Nez Perce aided and resupplied Lewis and Clark’s expedition to show their hospitality, effectively saving the voyage from failure. In the 1830s, the Nez Perce helped Captain Benjamin Bonneville explore the region and welcomed the Army officer generously.  

In 1855, Chief Joseph’s father Chief Tuekakas, or Joseph the Elder, agreed to a treaty negotiation with the United States at Walla Walla. The treaty stipulated that the US would respect the inherent rights of the Nez Perce people and negotiated a settlement that would allow 7.5 million acres of land to be an exclusive reservation for the Nez Perce, which included the Wallowa homeland. However, US officials, settlers, and gold rushers began encroaching on the agreed-upon land once gold was discovered in the region. The federal government called for another treaty council in 1863 to renegotiate the settlement. This time, the terms were far harsher and became known to the Nez Perce as the “Thief Treaty.” The new treaty called for a 90% reduction in reservation size to 750,000 acres and included giving up the entire Wallowa territory.  

Joseph the Elder and other Nez Perce chiefs were appalled by the offer. While he and four other chiefs walked out of the negotiations, other Nez Perce leaders agreed to the new treaty, splitting the tribe into those who supported and were against the new deal. When Joseph the Elder began to succumb to illness, he told his son and eventual successor Joseph the Younger some advice when negotiating with the United States. “When you go into council with the white man,” he told the future leader of the Nez Perce, “always remember your country. Do not give it away.” Joseph agreed to his father’s wish. In 1871, Joseph the Elder died. His son was now known as Chief Joseph. 

Tensions Begin to Rise

Though relations between some members of the Nez Perce and the US began to sour in the 1860s and 1870s, by 1877, most within the tribe lived in the newly mapped out reservation along the Clearwater River in Western Idaho. They had adopted white American culture, including dressing like the white man, converting to Christianity, and moving past the traditional nomadic lifestyle of their ancestors to instead live as farmers. Still, the bands of Nez Perce, who refused to succumb to the US reservation system, were led by Chief Joseph, who believed they still had sovereign rights to the Wallowa Valley since they had not signed the revised 1863 treaty.  

With these small bands of Nez Perce slowly becoming more and more of a nuisance, the US Army sent General Oliver Otis Howard, a Civil War hero for the Union who had lost one arm during the Battle of Seven Pines, to deal with the situation. However, Howard was sympathetic to the Nez Perce’s pleas. Like many within the US Army, including General Philip H. Sheridan, who noted, “We took away [the Native American’s] country and their means of support… and against this they made war. Could anyone expect less?” Howard understood why many Native American tribes, including the Nez Perce, were angry at the US. Howard even wrote to the War Department in 1876 to note the folly in the federal government’s plan to oust the Nez Perce from their lands. “I think it is a great mistake to take from Joseph and his band of Nez Perce’s Indians that valley,” he wrote, “and possibly Congress can be induced to let these really peaceable Indians have this poor valley for their own.”  

In 1877, Howard initially wanted to calm tensions by offering to buy the Wallowa land from Joseph and his bands on behalf of the federal government. When Joseph refused, Howard told the chief that he had orders to remove the rebellious Nez Perce bands by force if necessary if they did not relocate to the Lapwai reservation in central Idaho within a month. Joseph did not understand why Howard and the US’s hostility toward him. “My people have always been the friends of the white man,” he told Howard. “Why are you in such a hurry? I cannot get ready to move in thirty days.” “If you let the time run over one day,” General Howard replied, “the soldiers will be there to drive you onto the reservation, and all your cattle and horses outside of the reservation at that time will fall into the hands of the white men.”  

Joseph was conflicted but eventually succumbed to Howard’s demands. “I knew I had never sold my country, and that I had no land in Lapwai; but I did not want bloodshed. I did not want my people killed. I did not want anybody killed… I said in my heart that, rather than have war I would give up my country. I would rather give up my father’s grave. I would give up everything rather than have the blood of white men upon the hands of my people.”  

Though Joseph capitulated to Howard’s demands for peace, other Nez Perce tribe members continued to disobey the orders. Upon speaking with Howard, Chief Toohoolhoolzote was outraged by the short amount of time the Nez Perce were given. “I am chief!” Toohoolhoolzote exclaimed. “I ask no man to come and tell me anything what I must do. I am chief here!” For his outburst, Howard arrested Toohoolhoolzote, further angering many in the tribe. But Joseph and the other chiefs were desperate for peace and began the long trek to the Laipai reservation. Then, all hell broke loose. In mid-June 1877, a group of young Nez Perce warriors slipped away from their group and killed 18 white settlers as vengeance for how the US had treated them. It was the first time in US-Nez Perce relations had the two been at war with each other.

The Nez Perce War Begins

Howard sent in a unit to squash the minor uprising and wrangle in the rest of the uncooperative Nez Perce at White Bird Canyon. So confident in his forces, Howard wired his superiors that “we will make short work of it.” But to Howard’s surprise, the Nez Perce defeated the attacking US forces, with Chief Joseph observing that some US soldiers “did not hold their position 10 minutes” before retreating. The shocking defeat caused Howard to call for reinforcements. He would not be surprised by the Nez Perce’s ability on the battlefield again.

Following their victory at White Bird Canyon, Joseph and the Nez Perce began a three-month journey attempting to flee US Army forces who were actively pursuing them. Even though the Nez Perce only had a few hundred warriors in their ranks with no formal military training, their natural warrior abilities and the tactics implemented by Chief Looking Glass and Chief White Bird made the small band a mighty fighting force. Though Joseph was not a war chief, he took care of upwards of 500 women, children, and older members of the fleeing tribe. 

In early July, the Nez Perce were victorious against the pursuing US at Cottonwood and Clearwater River before Chief Looking Glass began trekking through the Bitterroot Mountains in the Montana territory. Joseph and the other chiefs believed that they would be safe if they could reach their Crow Nation allies in Montana. However, after being cut off by Colonel John Gibbon at the Battle of the Big Hole on August 9-10, the bloody stalemate caused the Nez Perce to redirect themselves by returning to Idaho and then marching toward the Yellowstone Plateau with hopes they could connect with the Crow.  

But to Joseph’s surprise, the Crow Nation decided to align with the US and aid in the Army’s pursuit of the Nez Perce. “Many snows the Crows have been our friends,” Joseph remembered retrospectively. “But now, like the Bitterroot Salish, turned enemies. My heart was just like fire.”  

The Flight to Canada and the Battle of Bear Paw Mountains

Alone and with no friends in the United States, the Nez Perce decided to flee across the Canadian border to find refuge with famed Lakota chief Sitting Bull. They continued their long trek across the Montana territory throughout the late summer and early autumn months. By late September, Joseph and the Nez Perce had traveled more than 1,500 miles, fought in 17 engagements against the combined force of over 3,000 US soldiers and Native American scouts, and had beaten or evaded capture against every force sent against them. The tactics and tenacity of the Nez Perce earned the tribe respect from their adversaries. John Fitzgerald, an Army surgeon, admitted in a letter that he was “beginning to admire their bravery and endurance in the face of so many well-equipped enemies,” while Colonel Nelson A. Miles wrote to his wife that the “whole Nez Perce movement is unequaled in the history of Indian warfare.”   

Unrelenting in their search for freedom and knowing that General Howard’s forces were two days behind them, the Nez Perce stopped to rest at Snake Creek near Bears Paw Mountains, 40 miles from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to Joseph and the Nez Perce, Col. Miles was just as relentless in his pursuit of them. Leading the 5 th Infantry, the 2 nd and 7 th Cavalry, and Lakota and Cheyenne warriors, Miles and his 450-man force made the brutal 260-mile journey from East Montana to the Bears Paw Mountains in nine days to intercept the Nez Perce. On the morning of September 30, Col. Miles and his forces began attacking the Nez Perce at Bears Paw. Wave after wave of Miles’ forces was beaten back by the Nez Perce. Even after the death of Chief Toohoolhoolzote, the Nez Perce endured. 

However, the Nez Perce’s horses, the key for them to make one last escape to the Canadian border, had run off in a panic once the battle was underway. Black Eagle recalled when he realized the horses were gone: “I left going for the horses. I saw our horses not far away. The horses were wise to the shooting and all began to stampede.” Without their means of escape, Joseph and the Nez Perce were surrounded. 

“I Will Fight No More Forever”

Surrounded and with the weather turning into a snowstorm, Chief Joseph and his people endured a five-day siege by Miles’ forces. During this time, Chief Looking Glass would perish, and while a few Nez Perce were able to slip away and meet Sitting Bull in Canada, the Lakota chief declared that no force would be sent to rescue them. Negotiating with Col. Miles, Chief Joseph was sent as the leading diplomat to end the siege. Miles was clear in his demands: Joseph that they could return home to the Wallowa Valley the following spring if they surrendered. “My people were divided about surrendering,” Joseph recalled, “but I could not bear to see my wounded men and women suffer any longer. We had lost enough already. Colonel Miles promised that we might return to our own country with what stock we had left. I thought we could start again. I believed Colonel Miles, or I never would have surrendered.”

At approximately 2 pm on October 5, 1877, Chief Joseph rode up and got off his horse, presented his rifle as a token of surrender to General Howard and Colonel Miles, and surrendered. Looking at the two men that had defeated him, he spoke with eloquent pride but with pragmatic duty to his people:

I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed; Looking Glass is dead. Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men, now, who say ’yes’ or ’no’[that is, vote in council]. He who led on the young men [Joseph’s brother, Ollicut] is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people–some of them–have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find; maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!

“Died of a Broken Heart”

The Battle of Bear Paw Mountain marked the end of the Nez Perce War. Joseph and his people were sent on a riverboat to the Dakota territory. Unfortunately, the promises that General Howard and Col. Miles gave to Joseph were quickly broken. Commanding General of the Army William Tecumseh Sherman, the Union Civil War hero whose middle name was named after the famed Shawnee war chief, felt it necessary to keep them away from their homeland. Sherman praised the fighting spirit of the Nez Perce, noting that “The Indians throughout displayed a courage and skill that elicited universal praise… Nevertheless, [the Nez Perce] would not settle down on lands set apart for them… They should never again be allowed to return to Oregon.”    

Joseph and the Nez Perce were loaded on a train and sent 2,000 miles from the Wallowa Valley to Oklahoma. Conditions were terrible in the new reservation, and many did not survive the winter. Among the first to perish was an older man named Halahtookit, who was believed to be the half-Native American son of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark expedition. The son of the first American who the Nez Perce helped 70 years prior would die tragically on a US-controlled reservation. 

 Chief Joseph would regret believing in Howard and Miles’ promises. Jaded and cynical, Joseph would admit, “I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and broken promises.” Chief Joseph spent the rest of his life living in the reservation system, forever mourning his decision to surrender. On September 21, 1904, Chief Hinmatóowyalahtq̓it, the man known as Joseph, died. He was 64 years old. In his final moments, the white physician who tended to Joseph concluded that the chief of the Nez Perce “died of a broken heart.”  

• Charles Erskine Scott Wood, “The Pursuit and Capture of Chief Joseph,” Digital history (Digital History, n.d.), https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=4058 , Ken Burns and Stephen Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877)  (PBS , 1996).
• Wood, “The Pursuit and Capture of Chief Joseph,” https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=4058  
• Wood, “The Pursuit and Capture of Chief Joseph,” https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=4058
• “Nez Percé,” Encyclopedia Britannica (Encyclopedia Britannica, inc., n.d.), https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nez-Perce-people . 
• “Nez Perce War,” Legends of America (Legends of America, n.d.), https://www.legendsofamerica.com/nez-perce-war/  
• “History,” Nez Perce Tribe (Nez Perce Tribe, n.d.), https://nezperce.org/about/history/ . 
• “The Treaty Period,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d.), https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/the-treaty-era.htm . 
• Jim Kershner, “Chief Joseph (1840-1904),” HistoryLink.org (HistoryLink.org, n.d.), https://www.historylink.org/File/8975 , “History,” Nez Perce Tribe, https://nezperce.org/about/history/ , “The Treaty Period,” National Parks Service, https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/the-treaty-era.htm  
• Kershner, “Chief Joseph (1840-1904),” https://www.historylink.org/File/8975
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877)
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , “White Bird Battlefield History,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d.), https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/white-bird-battlefield-history.htm . 
• Kansas Historical Society, “Philip Sheridan,” Kansapedia (Kansas Historical Society, November 2011), https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/philip-sheridan/17323 . 
• Anne Richardson, “Oliver Otis Howard – General in the Civil War, Reconstruction, and Indian Wars,” Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission (Oregon Cultural Heritage Commission, n.d.), http://www.ochcom.org/howard/ , Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877)
• Cyrus Townsend Brady, American Fights and Fighters Series: Northwestern Fights and Fighters: Chief Joseph’s Own Story (New York City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1907), https://books.google.com/books?id=QdtDAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false , 60-61.
• Ibid., 60-61 
• Yellow Wolf and Lucullus Virgil McWhorter, Yellow Wolf: His Own Story (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1940), https://archive.org/details/yellowwolfhisown002070mbp , 39.
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , “White Bird Battlefield History,” National Parks Service, https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/white-bird-battlefield-history.htm  
• “The Nez Perce War of 1877,” www.army.mil (The United States Army, n.d.), https://www.army.mil/article/28124/the_nez_perce_war_of_1877 . 
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , Michael P. Malone, Richard B. Roeder, and William L. Lang, Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2001), 135.
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , “History & Culture: Big Hole National Battlefield,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d.), https://www.nps.gov/biho/learn/historyculture/index.htm , “Flight of the Nez Perce: Yellowstone,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d.), https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/flightnezperce.htm  
• Yellow Wolf and McWhorter, Yellow Wolf: His Own Story, 187.
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , Sherry Lynn Smith, The View from Officers’ Row: Army Perceptions of Western Indians (Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1995), https://books.google.me/books?id=4f4xUe-bGq8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_vpt_read#v=onepage&q&f=false , 155.
• Smith , The View from Officers’ Row, 155.
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , “Bear Paw Battlefield History,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d.), https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/bear-paw-battlefield-history.htm  
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , “Bear Paw Battlefield History,” https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/bear-paw-battlefield-history.htm  
• “Today in History – October 5: Chief Joseph Surrenders,” The Library of Congress (The Library of Congress, n.d.), https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/october-05/ . 
• Burns and Ives, The West: Episode 6: Fight No More Forever (1874-1877) , Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York, NY: Fall River Press, 2014), Chapter 13.
• Kershner, “Chief Joseph (1840-1904),” https://www.historylink.org/File/8975  

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Chief Joseph's Speech Analysis Essay Sample

"My friends, I have been asked to show you my heart. I am glad to have a chance to do so. I want the white people to understand my people. Some of you think an Indian is like a wild animal. This is a great mistake.” These words opened a speech by Chief Joseph, pleading to President Rutherford B. Hayes and members of Congress, given in Lincoln Hall in Washington, D.C., January 14th, 1879. (Braman) Out of respect for Chief Joseph and his people I will refrain from using an accent when quoting him. This speech sheds light on America’s stained past. Before we analyze this speech, I want to give a very brief history of Chief Joseph's life to better understand his speech.

Chief Joseph was born in 1840, in the Wallowa Valley in what is now Oregon. Upon his father’s death, he became one of the chiefs of the Nez Perce Indians. Due to Westward Expansion and the discovery of gold on the west coast, he had a hard time keeping the land that his ancestors had lived in for a long time. In 1877, he was forced to escape with his tribe of 700 people. After a 1,400 mile march to Canada, they were surrounded and captured just 40 miles from the border. He surrendered with the words, “Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.” (Chief Joseph)

It was promised to him by General Miles that he and his people would be returned home. However, his remaining 400 people were loaded into train cars and transported to an Indian reserve in Kansas and then on to Oklahoma where many of his people died from diseases and starvation. He made many requests to go to Washington D.C. to make a plea to the government for his people. This was finally granted in 1879. (Chief Joseph)

In front of the President and members of Congress, he said, “The white man has more words to tell you how they look to him, but it does not require many words to speak the truth. What I have to say will come from my heart, and I will speak with a straight tongue.” (Braman) After this introduction he gave a detailed account of his life and of battles that he had fought with Americans. He also explained the promises and treaties that the American government had made with him but then broke. Establishing his authority to argue on behalf of his people, through the use of Ethos, he said, “At last I was granted permission to come to Washington and bring my friend Yellow Bull and our interpreter with me. I am glad we came. I have shaken hands with a great many friends, but there are some things I want to know which no one seems able to explain. I can not understand how the Government sends a man out to fight us, as it did General Miles, and then breaks his word. Such a Government has something wrong about it.” (Braman) What he was essentially saying is that the Government was majorly flawed because it didn’t keep its word. He emphasizes this point later, saying, “I have heard talk and talk, but nothing is done. Good words do not last long unless they amount to something. Words do not pay for my dead people. They do not pay for my country, now overrun by white men. They do not protect my father's grave. They do not pay for all my horses and cattle. Good words will not give me back my children. Good words will not make good the promise of your War Chief General Miles. Good words will not give my people good health and stop them from dying. Good words will not get my people a home where they can live in peace and take care of themselves. I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and all the broken promises. There has been too much talking by men who had no right to talk.” (Braman) Chief Joseph used repetition to drive home his point that words are useless unless backed by action.

Later in his speech, he says, “If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace. There need be no trouble. Treat all men alike. Give them all the same law. Give them all an even chance to live and grow.” (Braman) Using logos, he appeals to his audience as some of the smartest people in the country, hoping for fair treatment. Despite all the injustice that he has endured he doesn’t want revenge, rather to be treated as equal. After finally making this point, he closes with a strong appeal of pathos, tugging on the heart strings of his audience, “Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people.” (Braman)

Chief Joseph received a huge ovation. President Hayes personally wished for the Nez Perce to be returned to their land but opposition prevented him from acting, and no change was made to his situation until six years later when his people were finally returned to the Pacific Northwest. However, he never returned to his country again. This speech might not have had much impact on its original audience, but I hope it has some impact on you.

Our Declaration of Independence says that all men are created equal. I always read those words and thought that we were different from other countries. However, this year I studied American History. I was taken aback at how stained and flawed our country is. While the Declaration of Independence was written with great intentions, those words have not always been backed up by actions. Our founding fathers came to this land and forced out the people that had already lived here for generations. Due to man's sinful pride inequality and injustice have prevailed since the beginning of history. Individuals think that they are better than others, and those being discriminated against want revenge because they think that they have earned as much. After realizing these things I was inspired when I found this speech by Chief Joseph. It surprised me that someone who had been oppressed and afflicted wasn’t asking for revenge. He simply wanted peace.

Sadly, injustice and inequality will prevail. We can never change that. However, what we can change is how we respond to it. Psalm 9:7-8 in the NIV says, “But the LORD reigns forever, executing judgment from his throne. He will judge the world with justice and rule the nations with fairness.” (Psalm 9:7-8 NIV) When we are treated unfairly we should not bring judgment onto our oppressors because we know that God is on his throne righteously judging for us. Instead we are called to love our enemies and 1 John 3:18 in the NIV says, “Dear children, let us not love with words or speech but with actions and in truth.” (1 John 3:18 NIV) Just like Chief Joseph suggested in his speech, we are not to simply say good words; we must have actions to back them.

Citation page:

John 3:18 NIV - - Bible Gateway, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%2BJohn%2B3%3A18&version=NIV. 

Braman, Leah. “Finding Central Ideas in ‘Speech to Washington.’” BetterLesson, BetterLesson, 14 July 2014, https://teaching.betterlesson.com/lesson/598004/finding-central-ideas-in-speech-to-washington?from=search

Chief Joseph (1840-1904), https://www.historylink.org/File/8975. 

“Chief Joseph.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 15 Apr. 2021, https://www.biography.com/political-figure/chief-joseph. 

Longley, Robert. “Chief Joseph: Tagged 'The Red Napoleon' by American Press.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 25 Feb. 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/chief-joseph-4586460.

Psalm 9:7-8 NIV - - Bible Gateway, https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=%2BPsalm%2B9%3A7-8&version=NIV.

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Good Words: Chief Joseph and the Production of Indian Speech(es), Texts, and Subjects

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Thomas H. Guthrie; Good Words: Chief Joseph and the Production of Indian Speech(es), Texts, and Subjects. Ethnohistory 1 July 2007; 54 (3): 509–546. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2007-005

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Chief Joseph, who gained fame during the Nez Perce War of 1877, is one of the best-known Indian orators in American history. Yet the two principal texts attributed to him were produced under questionable circumstances, and it is unclear to what extent they represent anything he ever said. This essay examines the publication history of these texts and then addresses two questions about the treatment of Indian oratory in the nineteenth century. First, given their uncertain provenance, how and why did these texts become so popular and come to represent Indian eloquence and an authentic Native American voice? Second, what was the political significance of Indian speech and texts of Indian oratory in the confrontation between Euro-Americans and Indians over land? I argue that the production and interpretation of Indian speech facilitated political subjugation by figuring Indians as particular kinds of subjects and positioning them in a broader narrative about the West. The discursive and political dimensions of the encounter were inseparable, as Indian “eloquence” laid the way for Indian defeat. I conclude by advocating a disruptive reading of Indian oratory that rejects the belief that a real Indian subject lies behind these texts in any straightforward sense. To make this argument, I draw on linguistic anthropology and critical theory, analyzing firsthand accounts, newspaper reports, and descriptions of Indian speech and Nez Perce history.

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Leadership Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on leadership.

First of all, Leadership refers to the quality of leading people. Probably, it is one of the most important aspects of life. Above all, Leadership has led to the progress of human civilization . Without good Leadership, no organization or group can succeed. Furthermore, not everyone has this quality. This is because effective Leadership requires certain important characteristics.

Qualities of a Good Leader

First of all, confidence is the most quality. A leader must have strong self-confidence. A person lacking in confidence can never be a good leader. A person must be confident enough to ensure others follow him. The leader must have confidence in his decisions and actions. If he is unsure, then how can people have the desire to follow him.

A good leader must certainly inspire others. A leader must be a role model for his followers. Furthermore, he must motivate them whenever possible. Also, in difficult situations, a leader must not lose hope. How can a leader inspire people if he himself is hopeless?

Honesty is another notable quality of a leader. Honesty and Integrity are important to earn the love of followers. Above all, honesty is essential to win the trust of the people. Probably, every Leadership which loses trust is bound to fail. People will not work with full effort due to an immoral leader.

Good communication is a must for a good leader. This is because poor communication means the wrong message to followers. Furthermore, good communication will increase the rate of work. Also, the chances of mistakes by followers will reduce.

Another important quality is decision making. Above all, if a leader makes poor decisions then other qualities will not matter. Furthermore, good decision making ensures the success of the entire group. If the leader makes poor decisions, then the efforts of followers won’t matter.

A good leader must be an excellent innovator. He must display a creative attitude in his work. Most noteworthy, innovation is a guarantee of survival of a group or innovation. Without creative thinking, progress is not possible.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Real-Life Examples of Good Leadership

Mahatma Gandhi was an excellent example of a good leader. He was a staunch believer in non-violence. With his brilliant Leadership skills, he made the British leave India. Probably, this was the most unique independence struggle. This is because Gandhi got freedom without any violence.

Abraham Lincoln was another notable leader. Most noteworthy, he ended the slavery system in the United States. Consequently, he made many enemies. However, he was a man of massive self-confidence. His struggle against slavery certainly became an inspiration.

Sir Winston Churchill was a great patriotic Englishman. Most noteworthy, he led Britain in the 2nd World War. Furthermore, he was extremely inspirational. He inspired Britain to fight against Nazi Germany. His great communication motivated the entire country at a time of hopelessness.

To conclude, Leadership is required in probably every sphere of life. Good leadership is the door to success. In contrast, bad leadership is a guarantee of failure. Consequently, good leaders are what make the world go round.

FAQs on Leadership

Q.1 Which is the most important quality for being a good leader? A.1 The most important quality for being a good leader is self-confidence.

Q.2 Why Sir Winston Churchill is a good leader? A.2 Sir Winston Churchill is a good leader because he inspired Britain to fight in 2nd World War. Furthermore, his excellent communication also raised the motivation of his people.

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1.   General Advancement Pre-Requisites  (Ref: CAPR 60-1, 5.2.3) Be a current CAP cadet, as shown in eServices . Possess a CAP uniform and wear it properly. Be able to recite the Cadet Oath from memory. Participate actively in unit meetings. Have spent a minimum of 8 weeks (56 days) in Achievement 7, unless eligible for a JROTC accelerated promotion (see CAPR 60-1, 5.6.2.3).

2.   Leadership :   Take Cadet Interactive Learn to Lead chapter 8 module OR pass an online test on  Learn To Lead chapter 8 , with a grade of 80% or higher, open-book. 

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3.   Aerospace:    Take an  Aerospace Dimensions  Cadet Interactive module OR pass an online test with a grade of 80% or higher, open-book. You may take the  Aerospace Dimensions  modules in any order.

4.   Fitness:   Have attained the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) in the Cadet Physical Fitness Test (CPFT), within the previous 180 days, under the "run plus 2 out of 3" rule. 

5.   Character:     Participate in at least 1 character activity in the squadron.    

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Explain why America’s aerospace power is vital to commerce, science or national security.

Describe leadership mistakes you have made and explain what you learned from them.

Explain the difference between followership and leadership.

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Fulfilling the promotion eligibility requirements above is only half the battle. You also need to show that you have some leadership skills. Look at the goals below and once in a while ask yourself how well you're doing in those areas. Attitude Maintains a positive attitude and encourages good attitudes in others; does not flaunt rank or authority

Core Values Displays commitment to Core Values; promotes team spirit, professionalism, and good sportsmanship as a team leader

Communication Skills Proficient in informal public speaking (i.e., in giving directions to and training junior cadets)

Sense of Responsibility Enforces standards; trustworthy in supervising a small team and leading them in fulfillment in a series of simple tasks; given a plan, is able to carry it out

Interpersonal Skills Guides and coaches junior cadets; recognizes when junior cadets need help; leads by example; is not a "boss"

Critical Thinking Not applicable

Delegation Skills Not applicable  

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The Dual Role of the Commander in Chief: Balancing Power and Responsibility

This essay is about the pivotal role of the Commander in Chief, highlighting the balance of power and responsibility. It discusses the importance of civilian oversight of the military to prevent autonomous actions or coups, ensuring military actions reflect government policies. The essay explores the Commander in Chief’s critical responsibilities, such as deploying forces, defining military strategy, and addressing emerging threats. It also emphasizes the checks and balances provided by legislative bodies to prevent abuse of military authority. Additionally, the essay touches on the symbolic and moral aspects of the role, stressing the need for leadership, communication, and public confidence, especially during crises.

How it works

The function of the Supreme Commander is among the most pivotal in any sovereign entity, epitomizing the confluence of military prowess and political supremacy. This designation, held by the principal figure of state or government, encapsulates both prodigious authority and profound obligation. In democratic polities, this title typically pertains to the president or prime minister, who supervises the military while ensuring its utilization aligns with overarching objectives of national security and societal well-being.

Fundamentally, the role of the Supreme Commander is to furnish civilian oversight of the armed forces.

This tenet is paramount in preserving a equilibrium of authority, preventing the military from acting autonomously or worse, staging a revolt. Civilian control guarantees that military actions mirror the values and policies of the elected government, not the aspirations of military leaders. This dynamic is particularly discernible in democracies, where the Supreme Commander must navigate the intricate interplay between military advisors and civilian policymakers, amalgamating their insights to make judicious determinations.

One of the most pivotal duties of the Supreme Commander is to adjudicate on the deployment of military forces. This prerogative encompasses both strategic deliberation and swift response to emergent threats. For instance, the President of the United States, as Supreme Commander, can sanction military maneuvers, whether it entails dispatching troops abroad, executing airstrikes, or deploying specialized units. These determinations are frequently made in consultation with military strategists, intelligence operatives, and other key advisors. The gravity of these determinations cannot be overstated, as they can have far-reaching consequences for national security, global relations, and human welfare.

Furthermore, the Supreme Commander plays an instrumental role in delineating military strategy and defense policy. This entails establishing priorities for defense expenditure, shaping military doctrine, and addressing nascent threats such as cyber warfare and terrorism. The capacity to articulate a coherent vision for national defense is imperative for ensuring that the military is equipped to confront both present challenges and future exigencies. This facet of the role necessitates a profound comprehension of international geopolitics, technological progressions, and the evolving dynamics of warfare.

Nevertheless, the authority vested in the Supreme Commander is subject to checks and balances. In numerous democratic polities, legislative bodies wield the prerogative to declare war, allocate military funding, and oversee military actions. This framework ensures that the application of military force is subject to public scrutiny and deliberation, reflecting the popular will. For example, in the United States, while the president can direct military operations, only Congress possesses the authority to declare war and control the defense budget. This demarcation of powers is vital for forestalling the abuse of military authority and upholding democratic accountability.

The role of the Supreme Commander also encompasses significant symbolic and ethical dimensions. As the foremost figure of the armed forces, the Supreme Commander must personify the values and ideals of the nation. This encompasses demonstrating solidarity with military personnel, commemorating their sacrifices, and upholding principles of equity and human rights in military endeavors. Public confidence in the Supreme Commander is indispensable for sustaining the morale and cohesion of the military, as well as the trust of the populace.

During periods of crisis, the leadership of the Supreme Commander is put to the crucible. Whether responding to a terrorist assault, a natural catastrophe, or a geopolitical altercation, the Supreme Commander must evince decisiveness, resilience, and compassion. The aptitude to communicate effectively with the public and reassure the nation is as crucial as the strategic determinations made behind closed doors. The actions of the Supreme Commander during such junctures can delineate their legacy and shape the trajectory of history.

In conclusion, the role of the Supreme Commander is a intricate and multifaceted one, necessitating a delicate equilibrium of authority and obligation. It is a designation that demands not only strategic perspicacity and military acumen but also moral rectitude and a profound dedication to democratic tenets. As the ultimate arbiter over the military, the Supreme Commander must navigate the exigencies of modern warfare, uphold the rule of law, and safeguard the nation’s interests while retaining the trust and confidence of both the military and the populace. This dual role underscores the profound impact that the Supreme Commander has on national security and the broader fabric of society.

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Essay on Why I Want to Become a Chef

Cooking is something that makes me happy and I love cooking for others. I always wanted to be a chef and I really worked hard. It is a very nice profession where you can learn new things daily. When I serve a bowl of a recipe, it contains my love, hard work, and passion for my profession. I have brought here some essays on the different aspects of being a chef. Hope you will like it and will be helpful for you.

Short and Long Essays on Why I Want to Become a Chef in English

Essay on Why I Want to Become a Chef for students of class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and class 12 in English in 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500 words. Also find short Why I Want to Become a Chef essay 10 lines.

Why I Want to Become a Chef Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) I believe in choosing my passion as a profession and hence want to become a chef.

2) I love cooking from my childhood.

3) I’m a foodie and that encourages me to try making new dishes.

4) I want to be a chef because cooking increases my creativity.

5) Experimenting with new recipes and when they turn out delicious, makes me so happy.

6) I enjoy inviting people and serving them food cooked by me.

7) When people praise me for my food, my love for this profession increases.

8) Cooking is an art and by becoming a chef I want to show my talent to the world.

9) Chefs get high salaries and a luxurious working environment.

10) I also have a dream to open a restaurant for which I want to be a good chef.

Essay 1 (250 Words) – Why I Want to Become a Chef?

Introduction

I have seen my mother, grandmother cooking every day for us. They never hesitated to cook anything for me and they loved it when I use to ask another chapati. Actually, it was their love which I use to get through food. I use to love watching them and wanted to learn from a very small age.

Why I want to be a Chef

There are multiple reasons to be a chef for me and the very first one is I just love cooking. I know it is quite common to cook but I just love it and it keeps me happy. One should do what makes them happy and I really like experimenting with new recipes too.

Apart from my love for cooking, another most important thing is I am a glutton. Every day, I just think about food and what the next that I can try. Sometimes my parents just don’t allow me to have street food at that time my cooking abilities help me and I really want to learn more, so that I can cook some five-star hotels recipes at home.

The third reason behind loving this profession is I love serving others. I like to invite people and cooking something they like. It gives me immense pleasure and my love for this profession increases more and more.

I love to eat, to serve as well as to cook, which means I am totally suitable for being a chef. So, I want to be a chef and I believe that I can really do something extraordinary in this field. Always do something you love the most, this will help you to love your profession. When someone loves his profession, life seems more meaningful and interesting to them.

Essay 2 (400 Words) – How to be a Good Chef?

Food is something that gives us nutrition and all of us know that we know how nutritious it is to have bitter gourd. But there are very few of us who like it and most of the children run away when their mother cooks bitter gourd. So, how can a mother convince them to eat, all she can do is cook it in such a way that their child would love to eat it. It is not less than magic to turn the bitter gourd into a delicious recipe. And this chef is a person who has can have a perfect solution for this.

Qualities of a Chef

• A chef should be really passionate because when you choose a profession just for earning, you can soon lose your interest and will feel like a burden. It can directly affect your taste. So, a chef should be passionate about his profession.
• They should be multitasking, actually, a chef not only have to work in the kitchen but should also able to organize a table or a party menu. And they are specified as per their specialty but a pastry chef should also know to cook meat. So, they should be multitasking.
• Somehow a chef should be creative; no one can have the same dish every time, so they should keep on developing new recipes. Apart from making a recipe they also have to present their recipe and it is a belief that presentation speaks more about a recipe. It is quite true when something looks good people wished to try. So, they should be creative.
• They also have to face criticism sometimes, because we are human and it is possible that we could not serve the same taste every time, so they should also be ready for that. Or it is not everyone has the same taste as yours, so they may not like your recipe. So, a chef should be enough polite to handle such a situation.
• Apart from the above qualities, a chef should never be stressed and should have a learning attitude. This will help them everywhere and will also help them to become a successful chef.

Apart from the educational records if someone has the above qualities, then definitely he/she can be a good chef. Perfection, learning quality, creativity, patience, will always help you everywhere in life. So, whatever profession you choose just work hard. Believe me, this will make you not only successful but will also help you to be a good person.

Essay 3 (500 – 600 Words) – Chef is an Interesting Profession

Cooking is something we see every day. Food can be cooked in various ways and this really excites me. I love this profession and use to watch cooking shows when I was just 10. Generally, children of my age use to watch cartoons but my interest was somewhere else. After watching these videos, I use to assist my mother and use it to enjoy new recipes. Really it was so interesting.

A Good Carrier

Nowadays it is one of the most liked professions and the increase in the number of hotels has also increased the demand for good chefs in the market. If you love cooking or serving others, you should definitely try this profession.

• Indian recipes are getting so famous that not only Indian hotels but across the sea countries, companies are hiring authentic chefs to get that authentic taste. This is one of the new strategies for attracting tourists.
• Chefs also get the opportunity to live in the luxurious environment of hotels and meet new costumers. They also get many facilities.
• Apart from cooking they also get a chance to plan a menu for a party, to organize an event, discover new recipes, etc.

Salary and Growth of a Chef

They get a handsome salary depending on the stars of the hotel. They also get increments at frequent intervals. Being a chef is a reputed job and they have a lot of options. There are many hotels across the world and the rapid increase of this industry has also bought a lot of expectations for chefs.

Another benefit of being a chef is you never have to arrange a cook on small occasions at home. You can arrange the party, menu, everything easily.

Different Types of Chefs

People confuse at a point when a chef says he does not know how to cook a certain meal. But very few of us know that they are differentiated into different professions. As there are different types of cooking like baking, steaming, etc. Most of the chefs are specialists in a certain field.

Some of them are good for making dessert whereas some are best at baking. Their different types are Roast chef, pastry chef, meat chef, vegetable chef, etc.

Their Working Environment

They have to work in the kitchen of luxurious hotels and they get different types of facilities. It is an interesting profession. There are very few professions where you are free to work in your own way and the chef is one of those. The only thing they have to take care of is time. They have a time foundation and should practice completing a less time taking recipe with taste.

They have different time schedule depending on the hotel, they don’t have to work 9 to 6. They are scheduled weekly as if they have to work 40 hours a week. Now it depends on them how they manage.

Life is all about learning and carrier is something about perfection. The more experienced you will be the more perfect you will be. Similarly, chefs continuously work and discover new recipes that satisfy our taste buds. They develop their signature recipes and become very famous sometimes. One of the most famous examples is KFC. Colonel Harland Sanders who was a chef and after his 70’s he got viral and eared new fame which he never dreamed. It was his hard work and dedication for his work that he got successful in making something like KFC. So, always love your profession and it will bring everything for you.

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U.N. Humanitarian Chief: World Leaders Are Failing Us

By Martin Griffiths

Mr. Griffiths has served as the under secretary general for humanitarian affairs at the United Nations since May 2021.

I have spent much of my career in or on the edges of war zones, but nothing quite prepared me for the breadth and depth of human suffering I have witnessed in my three years as the United Nations’ humanitarian chief.

The early months of my tenure were consumed with the conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray region and the effort to get more than a trickle of food and other aid to some five million people who had been cut off from the outside world by brutal fighting.

Then in February 2022 came Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine: the tanks rolling toward Kyiv, reports of summary executions and sexual violence in towns and villages, the brutal fighting in the east and south of the country that has forced millions of people from their homes and the relentless continuing attacks on apartment buildings, schools, hospitals and energy infrastructure. Tremors were felt around the world, as food prices rose and geopolitical tensions deepened.

Just over a year later, the atrocious conflict in Sudan broke out. As two generals have battled for power, thousands of people have been killed and millions displaced, and ethnic-based violence has once again emerged as famine looms.

And then came Hamas’s horrendous Oct. 7 attacks on Israel and the ensuing bombardment of Gaza, which has turned the blockade-impoverished enclave into hell on earth. The Ministry of Health in Gaza says more than 37,000 people in Gaza have been killed, and almost all Gazans have been forced from their homes, many of them multiple times. Getting humanitarian aid to a population on the verge of famine has been made almost impossible, and humanitarian and United Nations workers have been killed in unconscionable numbers.

Millions of others across the world are suffering no less in long-running and unresolved conflicts that no longer make the headlines — in Syria, Yemen, Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Sahel, to name a few.

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• American business should not empower a criminal, says Reid Hoffman

No rational CEO would want a capricious strongman in the White House, argues the entrepreneur

W OULD NEW YORK be a global financial capital, or even a prosperous city, if markets had no basis for trusting the transactions that happen there? Obviously not.

Businesses and investors rely on a robust legal system—especially courts of law and impartial, fact-based trials by jury—to enforce contracts and punish fraud. That’s why, in the past decade alone, New York City prosecutors have brought thousands of felony charges for falsifying business records. It’s a crime because it strikes at American prosperity.

For American business, the rule of law is essential. It is the soil in which commerce can take root and grow. Without this stable, predictable, rules-based environment, New York, and America, would not have become the hubs of innovation, investment, profit and progress that they are.

Unfortunately, many American business leaders have recently developed a kind of myopia, miscalculating what politics, and which political leaders, will truly support their long-term success. Perhaps this stems from their having lived their entire lives in a stable legal regime that they now take for granted. But a robust, reliable legal system is not a given. It is a necessity we can ill afford to live without. We trade it away at our peril.

Which makes it all the more lamentable that a growing number of America’s corporate and financial leaders are opening their wallets for Donald Trump.

Of course, few of these leaders would do actual business with Mr Trump. Even fewer would trust him to pay his bills. Long before the Electoral College made him president in 2016, Mr Trump was known as a liar and grifter who would browbeat vendors and debtors. More recently, American courts—including two unanimous juries—have found him to have engaged in sexual assault, defamation, fraud (including misuse of charitable funds) and—by a unanimous Colorado Supreme Court—insurrection.

So why are so many of my business-leader peers writing cheques to give nearly unchecked power to a man with whom they wouldn’t sign a condominium contract? There are a few explanations.

Some kid themselves, or pretend, that Mr Trump can be normal and controlled. Never mind the striking refusal by his former vice-president, Mike Pence, to endorse him as the Republican nominee. Or the stinging words of John Kelly, Mr Trump’s longest-serving chief of staff, who has called him “a person that has nothing but contempt for our democratic institutions, our constitution, and the rule of law”. Dozens of other former Trump officials, military leaders and campaign operatives echo this analysis.

Others of Mr Trump’s business-class supporters claim that President Joe Biden is somehow more dangerous than the convicted felon and pathological liar. The laziest cite the actions of far-left figures who play no role in Mr Biden’s administration. Relatively more serious critics mention disagreeable Democratic economic policies. When they manage to get specific with their criticisms, I sometimes agree. But if economics is their metric, it seems not just irrational but deeply irresponsible for them to ignore some clear financial truths. Under Mr Biden America has hit record after record: in stockmarkets, oil and gas production, employment and more. And its GDP growth is the envy of most of the world’s economies.

Sadly, the true motives of some in Mr Trump’s camp are even uglier. He and his ideological allies have been quite explicit: upon regaining power, they intend to corrupt the legal system to use the state against political opponents. Some American elites support this autocratic agenda because in such a Trumpist regime they expect to be the new oligarchs. Others fear that opposing Mr Trump will bring retaliation, so seek safety by pledging loyalty.

Most conventionally, of course, there is the simple siren promise of a second Trump term’s lower corporate-tax rates and softer regulatory enforcement. But it’s all penny-wise at best, when stacked against the likelihood of, say, Justice, State and Defence Departments purged and restaffed with MAGA cronies, loyal not to the USA but to DJT .

There is a historical pattern to the collapse of the rule of law in advanced countries: it happens when powerful groups naively judge that a strongman will stay contained. Today’s pro-Trump business elites are making the same crucial mistake as any other influential group choosing to empower an autocrat. To paraphrase Tim Snyder, a Yale historian: “He is not your strongman—he is his own strongman.”

Mr Trump’s felony convictions in the Stormy Daniels election-interference case, and the subsequent Republican attack on the American judicial system, have clarified this election’s epochal stakes: the systemic rule of law versus the capricious rule of a strongman.

America’s rules-based system, with its stability and continuity, has delivered enormous gains to the country—and to humanity. America saw its first peaceful transfer of political power in 1801. This proud tradition went unbroken until the Capitol attack of January 6th 2021. And the man who broke with it, a criminal, is dead-set on scuttling the system that really did make America great.

When the courts go against him, as they so often have, Mr Trump claims—just like every other “wrongly” convicted felon—that the system is rigged. Meanwhile his lawyers have argued at the Supreme Court that as president he should be permitted any use of state violence. And Mr Trump’s party is now committed to delegitimising, rejecting and attacking juries, courts, elections and any other mechanisms that might hold the leader legally or electorally accountable. The danger speaks for itself.

In short, the rule of law is on the line in this election. Americans who prize respect for the law, stability and prosperity—including even business leaders who might value the last of these most highly—should take Mr Trump literally and seriously, and do everything they can to prevent his return to the White House. ■

Reid Hoffman is a tech entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist and co-founder of LinkedIn. He provided third-party financial support for E. Jean Carroll’s civil lawsuits, which led to two unanimous guilty verdicts against Donald Trump.

By Invitation June 8th 2024

• Yuval Noah Harari on how to prevent a new age of imperialism

From the June 8th 2024 edition

Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contents

More from By Invitation

Vladimir Putin’s war against Ukraine is part of his revolution against the West

He is leading Russia into a new phase of strategic confrontation, says Stephen Covington, a longtime NATO adviser

Ray Kurzweil on how AI will transform the physical world

The changes will be particularly profound in energy, manufacturing and medicine, says the futurist

What good are whizzy new drugs if the world can’t afford them?

Bringing gene therapies and obesity drugs to the masses will require financial innovation too, says Steven Pearson

Why political centrists must rediscover their passion

They need to be clear about what opposing populism does and doesn’t mean, argues Yair Zivan

Digital finance is a money-launderer’s dream, argues an author

Curbing dirty money will require both governments and techies to be less dogmatic, says Geoff White

A whack-a-mole approach to big tech won’t do, says Europe’s antitrust chief

Margrethe Vestager insists that openness need not come at the expense of security

3 Ways to Create Personalized Customer Experiences on a Budget

Obsession can mean many different things. It can describe a Taylor Swift superfan’s dedication to decoding hidden messages in her album covers or laser-focused attention to detail. But when it comes to customer satisfaction, obsession is exactly what’s required—in every experience, at every touchpoint and on everyone’s mind. For marketers, success isn’t just a moving target; it’s a swirling, whirling tornado of targets that are seemingly impossible to capture in addition with a perennial enhancement to the overall customer value. It’s no coincidence that brand marketers often use military terms to describe their work (campaigns, tactics, targets, etc.) because it’s a war out there—a war for attention, relevance and, above all, loyalty.

“Aim small, miss small” is a popular saying in marksmanship, a phrase meant to remind shooters to pick a specific target within a larger target. That way, if you miss, your level of focus will still result in finding at least a piece of the larger target. In marketing terms, it’d be the equivalent of narrowing in on a specific type of customer and creating personalized experiences, instead of broadly targeting an entire generation.

According to Forrester , 57% of B2C and 75% of B2B customers reported that a personalized experience would make them ‘much more likely’ or ‘significantly more likely’ to remain loyal to a brand.

Work Smarter—and Harder

Customers expect brands to keep a close pulse on their preferences. To truly understand your audience, you must examine their past behavior. Because while every person is unique, certain markers appear when multiple interactions are examined over time. Are they responsive to sales events? Do they make repeat purchases? And if so, at what time? These are all clues into how to better reach and relate to someone at (or preferably before) their decision moment. The more information a company collects about a customer, the more they can construct 1:1 personalized experiences.

The truth is, 1:1 personalization requires a lot of data, and even more resources to help sift, segment and analyze that data. Not every company has the budget to build its own bespoke data science programs, but there are other methods of mining these valuable insights. Here are three ways companies can create cost-effective personalization to enhance customer satisfaction:

• Double-Down on Data Analytics 

The term “personalization” is a bit of a misnomer; it doesn’t mean randomly plucking out a single customer and obsessing over them individually. Rather, the concept emerged because digital marketing had been so impersonal for so long that customers got fed up with being treated like just another number in a spreadsheet.

Customers receive dozens of marketing emails every single day, but only a small fraction of those are actually opened. What makes a brand stand out and grab your customer attention is its personalized version of that email. Even simple things like greeting email recipients by name, offering rewards on their birthday or recommending products based on their purchase history can have a huge impact on loyalty. Organizations, such as Adobe, have created products that allow marketers to create, personalize and send email campaigns at scale, by leveraging customer data to craft highly personalized emails that resonate with individual recipients.

Amazon relies heavily on AI-driven hyper-personalization to drive conversions. In 2023, it added several new features to Prime Day like invite-only deals and “buy again 2.0,” which offered customers a chance to make repeat purchases at a discounted price. Both features rely heavily on customer data. The approach has been successful for Amazon, which boasts a  35% conversion rate  directly attributable to its recommendation engine.

For companies on a tight budget, investing in partnerships with external vendors can be an affordable option to gain access to this valuable customer data. Businesses generate a TON of data, but it’s often siloed across an organization and (ironically) difficult to organize. By bringing in a data analytics team, companies can unlock the value of that data and extract intelligence that can lead to full journey maps of their customers, allowing brands to optimize outreach timing, monitor KPIs and adjust marketing strategies.

• Focus on Automation to Develop Scalable Personalization

Creativity is a key determinant of company resilience, but businesses have long struggled with how to combine creativity and strategy at scale. Historically, the process was long on research and development and short on ROI. Now, thanks to new tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and automation, companies can collate vast sets of audience data into immediate insights and build highly-targeted campaigns that can be rolled out across specific behavioral segments. In other words, the process is flipped—automation can handle the grunt work of distribution, while marketers can focus on the higher-value tasks.

Pioneers in personalization like Amazon and Netflix have paved the way for other industries, like banking, to adopt customization at scale—speeding up legacy processes and keeping customers happy. For example, financial institutions and fintechs are able to automate customer requests for credit limit increases.  According to TechCrunch , deep learning recommendation systems can be used to understand the customer’s broader life experience and either recommend a credit increase or identify alternative opportunities for achieving the same outcome, like qualifying for a personal loan. Both are possible without speaking to a customer representative.

It’s important to remember though that automation doesn’t mean “set it and forget it,” rather it’s a machine that needs constant monitoring and fine-tuning to be effective at scale. Mass automation without strategic oversight is a recipe for disaster, and companies should invest in robust reporting to ensure their personalization is still personal.

• Create Compelling Content with Generative AI

The past year has been dominated by talk of generative AI technology, like  ChatGPT , that can automatically create text, imagery and other forms of content. According to  industry experts , generative AI “takes personalization beyond reactive adjustments and actions, enabling businesses to predict and generate content tailored to anticipate future customer behaviors and preferences.” Examples of this include: creating custom promotional offers, personalized shopping guides or unique user experiences.

Ecommerce marketplace eBay is experimenting with ways to create tailored content for regular users. By integrating AI into the platform, eBay taps into a growing demand for personalized shopping experiences. For instance, eBay’s “shop the look” feature is a sophisticated blend of AI and user engagement, designed to learn and adapt to the individual style preferences of its users. By analyzing shopping histories, this feature curate’s selections of items and outfits that align with the customer’s fashion sense, making personalized style widely accessible.

Trust the Personalization Process

Times change, behavior evolves, and marketing must stay agile to remain relevant. Agile thinking is “a way of working that seeks to harness the inevitability of change rather than resist it,” according to McKinsey. By maintaining agile feedback loops within teams, companies can adapt faster to customer needs, ideally before they know they need it.

As the economy strengthens, inflation cools and innovation continues at its accelerated pace, marketing teams are poised for yet another busy year obsessing over customers. The best kind of obsession is focused on continuous improvement—striving for better, not perfect. Enhancing customer experience needs to be viewed through the same lens, and personalization should get stronger as you begin to understand your customers better through data.

Boobesh R a m a dur a i is M a rketing Le a der a t L a tentView A n a lytics.

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