waterfall essay writing

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How to Describe a Waterfall

In descriptive writing, the writer describes a person, place or thing in a way that helps the reader paint a mental picture of the object. An effective description of a waterfall helps the reader to imagine herself experiencing the waterfall as she reads. This means drawing on a range of literary devices, or tools, designed to show the waterfall to the reader rather than tell her about it. But use a light hand: Overdoing figurative language can sound amateurish.

Appeal to the Senses

Use sensory details that help the reader see, hear, smell, touch and even taste the waterfall. This is called imagery. Rather than simply telling the reader that the waterfall is beautiful, for example, add details about the colors, shape and size of the waterfall. For example, describe what the water looks like as it falls -- that is, whether it bounces off the rocks quickly, flows calmly or drops aggressively. Add details about the colors. Describe what the different shades of blue and gray look like and where or when the water begins turning white. Add details about the smells and tastes in the air around the waterfall, such as the slight salinity of freshwater or the musty odors emanating from surrounding trees and rocks. Think about standing or swimming under the falling water and describe how that feels.

Similes and Metaphors

Draw unexpected, non-literal comparisons between sensory images and known references that evoke the experience of the waterfall. Similes, which make explicit comparisons using the words "like" or "as," might note that the waterfall "stands as grand as a cathedral in Prague" or "powers down the rocks like a champion skier on the downhill." Or use metaphors, in which the comparison does not use "like" or "as": "The waterfall roars and rumbles on its journey across its rough rock path." These devices help the reader feel the experience of the waterfall more fully.

Vivid Verbs

Write active, lively prose that avoids passive verbs like "to be." Instead use precise, colorful action verbs that show the reader what the waterfall is like. Some examples might include words like erupt, fall, drop, explode or wind. Verbs need not be used literally to provide precise descriptions. That is, verbs that seem to humanize the waterfall -- like giggle, cry, shout or sleep -- may help evoke the feeling of the waterfall. You might note that the waterfall "giggles excitedly" or that it "softly cries."

Sound of the Language

Think about how your writing sounds and vary the sentence structure to avoid taking on a singsong quality. Try examples of repeated first-letter consonant sounds, called alliteration.

For example, note that the "waterfall wistfully winds" around the rocks or that it "hides from the sparkling summer sun."

Also use assonance, in which vowel sounds are repeated. An example of assonance -- deploying the long "o" sound -- might read, "The old waterfall soberly provokes the sun's acrimony."

• Reading Rockets: Descriptive Writing
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab: Descriptive Essays
• Indiana University of Pennsylvania Writing Center: Descriptive Writing
• Butte College: Writing a Descriptive Essay
• Pennsylvania Department of Education Standards Aligned System: The Effective Use of Figurative Language
• The Facts on File Guide to Style; Martin H. Manser, et al.

Christina Lee began writing in 2004. Her co-authored essay is included in the edited volume, "Discipline and Punishment in Global Affairs." Lee holds a Bachelor of Arts in English and politics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Master of Arts in global affairs from American University and a Master of Arts in philosophy from Penn State University.

Essay on Beauty Of Waterfall

Students are often asked to write an essay on Beauty Of Waterfall in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Beauty Of Waterfall

The magic of waterfalls.

Waterfalls are a beautiful sight. They are like nature’s shower, pouring water from a great height. This creates a stunning vision that can leave anyone in awe. The water sparkles as it falls, making it look like a cascade of diamonds.

Sound and Movement

Life around waterfalls.

Waterfalls are also full of life. Many plants and animals live near them. They add a touch of green to the scene, making it even more beautiful.

Symbol of Power

Waterfalls are a symbol of power. They show us how strong nature can be. Yet, they also have a gentle side. This blend of strength and gentleness is what makes them so beautiful.

The Rainbow Effect

250 words essay on beauty of waterfall.

Waterfalls are one of nature’s most beautiful sights. They are like large curtains of water, falling from great heights. The sight of a waterfall can make you feel many things. It can make you feel small and humble, but also amazed and inspired.

The Sound of Waterfalls

The sound of a waterfall is like music. It is a constant, soothing sound that can make you feel calm and peaceful. The sound of the water hitting the rocks below creates a rhythm that is unique to each waterfall. This rhythm can be soft and gentle, or loud and powerful.

The Beauty of Waterfall Surroundings

The area around a waterfall is often just as beautiful as the waterfall itself. The water from the waterfall creates a mist that can make the surrounding area feel magical. This mist can also create rainbows when the sun shines through it. The sight of a rainbow above a waterfall is truly a beautiful thing to see.

The Life Around Waterfalls

Waterfalls are also home to many different types of plants and animals. The water from the waterfall provides a source of life for these creatures. This makes the area around a waterfall a great place to see wildlife. The sight of animals and plants thriving around a waterfall adds to its beauty.

In conclusion, waterfalls are a beautiful part of nature. They are a symbol of power and beauty, and they provide a home for many different types of life. The sight, sound, and life around a waterfall all add to its beauty. So, next time you see a waterfall, take a moment to appreciate its beauty.

500 Words Essay on Beauty Of Waterfall

Beauty in motion.

The beauty of a waterfall lies in its motion. The water does not stay still. It flows, it dances, it leaps, and it roars. This constant movement is a sight to behold. It’s like watching an endless dance, with the water as the dancer and the rocks as the stage. The water, in its rush to reach the bottom, creates a mist that paints a rainbow when the sun shines. This sight can make you feel like you are in a fairy tale.

The Sound of Water

The sound of a waterfall is just as beautiful as the sight. The constant roar of the water, the splash as it hits the rocks, the gurgle as it flows away – all these sounds create a symphony that is both calming and exciting. It’s like listening to a song that has no words, but still tells a story. This story is about the journey of the water, from the heights to the depths, and the joy it finds in its path.

The Feeling of Awe

In conclusion, the beauty of a waterfall is not just in its sight, sound, or the life it supports. It’s in the feeling it gives you, the sense of awe and wonder, the joy and peace. It’s a beauty that touches not just your eyes and ears, but also your heart and soul. And that’s what makes a waterfall truly beautiful.

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A waterfall is a steep descent of a river or other body of water over a rocky ledge.

Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography

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A waterfall is a river or other body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below. Waterfalls are also called cascades .

The process of erosion , the wearing away of earth, plays an important part in the formation of waterfalls. Waterfalls themselves also contribute to erosion.

Often, waterfalls form as streams flow from soft rock to hard rock. This happens both laterally (as a stream flows across the earth) and vertically (as the stream drops in a waterfall). In both cases, the soft rock erodes, leaving a hard ledge over which the stream falls.

A fall line is the imaginary line along which parallel rivers plunge as they flow from uplands to lowlands. Many waterfalls in an area help geologists and hydrologists determine a region's fall line and underlying rock structure.

As a stream flows, it carries sediment . The sediment can be microscopic silt , pebbles , or even boulders. Sediment can erode stream beds made of soft rock, such as sandstone or limestone. Eventually, the stream's channel cuts so deep into the stream bed that only a harder rock, such as granite, remains. Waterfalls develop as these granite formations form cliffs and ledges.

A stream's velocity increases as it nears a waterfall, increasing the amount of erosion taking place. The movement of water at the top of a waterfall can erode rocks to be very flat and smooth. Rushing water and sediment topple over the waterfall, eroding the plunge pool at the base . The crashing flow of the water may also create powerful whirlpools that erode the rock of the plunge pool beneath them.

The resulting erosion at the base of a waterfall can be very dramatic, and cause the waterfall to " recede ." The area behind the waterfall is worn away, creating a hollow, cave-like structure called a "rock shelter." Eventually, the rocky ledge (called the outcropping ) may tumble down, sending boulders into the stream bed and plunge pool below. This causes the waterfall to "recede" many meters upstream. The waterfall erosion process starts again, breaking down the boulders of the former outcropping.

Erosion is just one process that can form waterfalls. A waterfall may form across a fault , or crack in the Earth’s surface. An earthquake , landslide , glacier , or volcano may also disrupt stream beds and help create waterfalls.

Classifying Waterfalls

There is not a standard way to classify waterfalls. Some scientists classify waterfalls based on the average volume of water in the waterfall. A Class 10 waterfall using this scale is Inga Falls, Democratic Republic of Congo, where the Congo River twists in a series of rapids . The estimated volume of water discharged from Inga Falls is 25,768 cubic meters per second (910,000 cubic feet per second).

Another popular way of classifying waterfalls is by width. One of the widest waterfalls is Khone Phapheng Falls, Laos. At the Khone Phapheng Falls, the Mekong River flows through a succession of relatively shallow rapids. The width of the Khone Phapheng Falls is about 10,783 meters (35,376 feet).

Waterfalls are also classified by height. Angel Falls, the world’s tallest waterfall, plummets 979 meters (3,212 feet) into a remote canyon in a rain forest in Venezuela. The water, from the Gauja River, often does not reach the bottom. The fall is so long, and so steep, that air pressure is stronger often than the water pressure of the falls. The water is turned to mist before it reaches the small tributary  below.

Types of Waterfalls

One of the most popular, if least scientific, ways to classify waterfalls is by type. A waterfall's type is simply the way the descends. Most waterfalls fit more than one category.

A block waterfall descends from a wide stream. Niagara Falls, in the United States and Canada, is a block waterfall on the Niagara River.

A cascade is a waterfall that descends over a series of rock steps. Monkey Falls, in the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tamil Nadu, India, is a gently sloping cascade. The waterfall is safe enough for children to play in the water.

A cataract is a powerful, even dangerous, waterfall. Among the widest and wildest of cataracts are the thundering waters of the Iguazu River on the border between Brazil and Argentina.

A chute is a waterfall in which the stream passage is very narrow, forcing water through at unusually high pressure. Three Chute Falls is named for the three "chutes" through which the Tenaya Creek falls in Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.

Fan waterfalls are named for their shape. Water spreads out horizontally as it descends. Virgin Falls is a striking fan waterfall on Tofino Creek, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

Frozen waterfall s are just what they sound like. For at least part of the year, the waterfall freezes. Mountaineers often climb frozen waterfalls as a challenging test of their skill. The Fang is a single pillar of ice in Vail, Colorado, U.S., that vertically plunges more than 30 meters (100 feet).

Horsetail waterfalls maintain contact with the hard rock that underlies them. Reichenbach Falls, a fall on the Reichenbach Stream in Switzerland, is a horsetail waterfall where legendary detective Sherlock Holmes allegedly fell to his doom.

Multi-step waterfalls are a series of connected waterfalls, each with their own plunge pool. The breathtaking "falling lakes" of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, are a series of multi-step waterfalls.

Plunge waterfalls , unlike horsetail falls, lose contact with the hard rock. The tallest waterfall in Japan, Hannoki Falls, is a plunge waterfall that stands 497 meters (1,640 feet). Hannoki Falls is seasonally fed by snowmelt from the Tateyama Mountains.

Punchbowl waterfalls are characterized by wide pools at their base. Wailua Falls is a punchbowl waterfall on the island of Kauai, Hawai'i, U.S. Although the plunge pool is tranquil and popular for swimming, the area around Wailua Falls itself is dangerous.

The water flowing over segmented waterfalls separate as distinct streams. Huge outcroppings of hard rock separate the streams of Nigretta Falls, a segmented waterfall in Victoria, Australia, before they meet in a large plunge pool.

Case Study: Niagara Falls

The Niagara River has two falls, one in the U.S. state of New York and one in the province of Ontario, Canada. Each waterfall is less than 60 meters (200 feet) tall, but together they are more than a kilometer (0.62 miles) wide.

Niagara and many other falls with large volumes of water are used to generate hydroelectric power . A tremendous volume of water flows over Niagara Falls, as much as 5,525 cubic meters (195,000 cubic feet) per second. Power stations upstream from the falls convert hydroelectric energy into electricity for residential and commercial use.

The U.S. and Canadian governments manage the Niagara River so carefully that it is possible for either country to "turn off" the falls. This is done at night, so as not to disturb the tourism industry, and the falls are never actually turned off, just slowed down. Water is diverted to canals and reservoirs , and the decreased flow allows engineers to check for erosion and other damage on the falls. U.S. and Canadian authorities also work together to ensure Niagara Falls doesn’t freeze in the winter, which would threaten power production.

Because waterfalls are barriers to navigation , canals are sometimes built to get around them. Niagara Falls prevents passage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on the Niagara River. In the 19th century, the Welland Canal was built to make passage between the two Great Lakes possible.

Daredevils Because waterfalls are so dramatic and dangerous, thrill-seekers like to perform stunts or events on or around them. People cross waterfalls on tightropes, in canoes, and even in barrels, which provide more protection. Many of these stunts, such as jet-skiing over Niagara Falls, do not go off as planned, and many daredevils have plunged to their deaths. Only two people are known to have survived a plunge from Niagara Falls without any protection. Those two men sustained serious injuries.

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WRITERS HELPING WRITERS®

Helping writers become bestselling authors

Setting Thesaurus Entry: Waterfall

February 27, 2010 by ANGELA ACKERMAN

A white, frothy cascade of water falling into a plunge pool, rocky outcroppings, lichen, moss, slippery rock, lush grasses, plants and flowers, mist, spray, rainbows, ripples, droplets, trees clinging to cliffs and overhanging the pool, butterflies, birds, flies, dragonflies, animals drinking from the pool, fish in the pool, sun baked rocks, soft beds of grass nearby…

The roar of water, water droplets pattering against rock, people speaking with raised voices, laughter, (loud) bird calls,

Water-saturated air, rich earth, green, growing things, sweet flowers perfuming the air, moss, slimy rock algae, suntan lotion or sunscreen, food odors from picnickers, pine needles (if pine/spruce trees are present)

Water, food and beverages brought in

Mist on dry skin, the cool slide of water over the skin, water resisting movement as you swim or wade, a shock of cold water touching feet, water seeping into shoes, sand, pebbles or rocks against the bottoms of your feet, tall lush grass sliding across calves, sitting on a warm rock in the sun, rough stone handholds against the palms and fingertips, slipping…

Helpful hints:

–The words you choose can convey atmosphere and mood.

Example 1: Looking down from my rocky perch, mist billowed out in soft clouds where water and gravity collided. Sam waved as he treaded water below, his mouth moving but his words lost in the roar of the waterfall. I didn’t need to hear him to know he was egging me on as usual. The breeze played with my hair, brushing it against my shoulders. A stray water droplet landed on my arm as I pulled in a deep breath. I could do this…

–Similes and metaphors create strong imagery when used sparingly.

Example 1: (Simile) A flat boulder rose up from the center of the plunge pool, it’s sun-baked surface and incredible waterfall backdrop drawing her on like a cat to a sunny window seat…

Think beyond what a character sees, and provide a sensory feast for readers

Angela is a writing coach, international speaker, and bestselling author who loves to travel, teach, empower writers, and pay-it-forward. She also is a founder of One Stop For Writers , a portal to powerful, innovative tools to help writers elevate their storytelling.

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Reader Interactions

February 28, 2010 at 10:21 pm

Thanks, Angela!

February 28, 2010 at 8:50 am

Calgon…take me away! Another wonderful post.

February 27, 2010 at 6:52 pm

I love this! I can almost feel the spray of water seeping into my skin like a fine mist. Excellent!

February 27, 2010 at 6:32 pm

This topic is a bit cruel for those of us living in the frozen Midwest. No, seriously these are lovely images.

February 27, 2010 at 5:19 pm

Such wonderful content for great images! Thanks:) Happy weekend, Karen

February 27, 2010 at 4:08 pm

Ha, I think I travel places in my sleep. 🙂

February 27, 2010 at 3:53 pm

Angela, you just amaze me with your posts. Where do you get this all from? And where do you find the time to do it?

WATERFALL in a Sentence Examples: 21 Ways to Use Waterfall

Have you ever marveled at the beauty of a waterfall? A waterfall is a natural wonder where water cascades down from a higher elevation, creating a breathtaking sight and soothing sound.

Table of Contents

7 Examples Of Waterfall Used In a Sentence For Kids

14 sentences with waterfall examples, how to use waterfall in sentences.

Waterfall is a term used to describe a natural cascade of water flowing over a cliff or rocks. In writing, waterfall can also refer to a specific style of project management methodology. Here’s a guide on how to use the word “waterfall” in a sentence:

Remember to use waterfall appropriately based on its part of speech in the sentence. With practice, you’ll become more comfortable incorporating waterfall into your writing.

In conclusion, sentences with waterfall can describe the majestic beauty of a natural cascade as well as the serene sounds and peaceful atmosphere it creates. Visiting a waterfall can be a refreshing and awe-inspiring experience, connecting us with the power and tranquility of nature. Whether it’s a gentle trickle or a thundering torrent, waterfalls have a way of captivating our senses and offering a moment of escape from our daily routines.

The soothing sight and sound of a waterfall can evoke a sense of wonder and rejuvenation, making it a popular destination for relaxation and contemplation. As we observe the cascading water and feel its mist on our skin, we are reminded of the beauty and resilience of the natural world, inviting us to pause and appreciate the simple joys that surround us.

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Essays on Waterfall

51 samples on this topic

Writing gobs of Waterfall papers is an immanent part of modern studying, be it in high-school, college, or university. If you can do that unassisted, that's just awesome; yet, other students might not be that savvy, as Waterfall writing can be quite challenging. The collection of free sample Waterfall papers exhibited below was compiled in order to help embattled students rise up to the challenge.

On the one hand, Waterfall essays we publish here distinctly demonstrate how a really terrific academic paper should be developed. On the other hand, upon your demand and for an affordable cost, a pro essay helper with the relevant academic experience can put together a high-quality paper model on Waterfall from scratch.

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Information Technology Project Management

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QUESTION 20 - Awe and Wonder. Write a creative piece to the following prompt: Awe and Wonder. …

Struggling With Writing In English?

A day at the waterfall by rajas satija.

I woke up all fresh excited for another day. The birds singing in the background and the leaves rustling in the thing air it seemed like the perfect day to go for a picnic to the springs. I stretched as I got up and felt myself instantly charge up. The amazing excitement ran through our house as we got read in a rush. Enthusiasm rushed through me as I sat in the car.

The hours drive passed in the blink of an eye as we unpacked our car in front of the springs. We had brought soccer balls and a cricket set to play on the grass next the spring that the crystal clear waterfall was gracefully pouring down. In our bathers we decided to have a small dip and go explore up the hill leading to the top of the waterfall.

"The best feeling of my life has arrived!" my mother warmly said as she dipped her feet in. The splendid beauty touched us gently and we embraced it. Going up the hill we could see the light reflecting off the falling water and creating a rainbow. This sight was spectacular as we slowly went up the hill further. I felt so uplifted as we reached the top of the waterfall. The view of the ocean and the city was in one which was the best sight I had ever seen. A grass patch at the top was the perfect place to play some soccer and, some cricket. The serene feeling of the breeze blowing into my nostrils and the marvellous scent of the flowers. It felt like I was in paradise And I felt like I was on the world's highest podium, above that waterfall, over the world.

Arriving home from what was arguably the best day in the world but I was exhausted. Hungry, I gobbled up my supper and passed out to sleep in a breeze. “What a day!” I thought to myself as my eyelids flickered and closed on the world, only ready to open after a refreshing sleep for the next day.

Here is breakdown why this essay was ranked 6.77 on a scale from 0 to 10 #1 out of 31

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Knowledge at Wharton Podcast

What does your writing style say about you, july 23, 2024 • 15 min listen.

Wharton’s Jonah Berger explains how writing style can predict future success.

Listen to the podcast.

Wharton marketing professor Jonah Berger discusses his published study, “ Topography of Thought ,” which was co-authored with Olivier Toubia , business professor at Columbia Business School. The paper examines how someone’s writing style can be indicative of their future success, and where generative AI might come into the picture.

Read an edited transcript below.

Studying How Successful People Think

Angie Basiouny: Give us an overview of this paper by way of explaining your title. What is topography of thought?

Jonah Berger: I don’t have to tell you that we all use language all the time. We write emails, make presentations, and submit job applications. We use language all the time. And language, in some sense, is a fingerprint. It reveals or reflects things about the people who produce it. You can predict how extraverted someone is, for example, based on the words they use.

But beyond the individual words people use, might the pattern of ideas they put out there, the way they organize their ideas, reveal something interesting about them and their likelihood of future success?”

I think it’s important to talk about what I mean about the pattern of ideas. When someone talks about something, they can cover a small amount of ground or a large amount of ground. If you ask someone about their work history, for example, they can talk about a variety of things they’ve done or a smaller set of things they’ve done. They can cover a lot of ground or a little bit of ground.

If you want to use an analogy here, you can almost think about going for a run. Someone can go for a run and go all the way around the city, or they can go for the same number of miles, but just go around the block a number of times. In both cases, they did the same distance, but they covered more ground in one than the other. So, one way we express ideas is the amount of ground we cover. We cover more ground with our ideas, or less. We can talk about more ideas, more topics, more themes, more things that are disparate from one another, or things that are related to one another.

But it’s not just that. It’s also the speed with which we move between adjoining ideas. Imagine a movie. It can cover more or less ground across the course of the movie, but it can also move faster or slower between ideas. If a movie has one scene, for example, that’s at the beginning of a wedding, if the next scene is the later part in a wedding, that’s related to the first part. Different things may happen, but it’s pretty closely related. But if you jump from a wedding to an action scene, that would be really different sorts of ideas. They’re not very related. They’re moving further across those two points.

We wondered if these two ideas, how much ground someone covers, and how quickly they move between ideas, might tell us something about their likelihood of future success.

Basiouny: You’re not talking about the length of the piece of writing. You’re not talking about whether it’s a 500-word essay or 1,000-word essay. It’s really about how they use that space to move through their ideas. Correct?

Berger: Yes, great point. It’s not about the length. It’s about the ground covered. Are they covering a lot of ground in their hundred or thousand words, whatever it is? Or are they covering less ground? Someone talking about their vacation could share 1,000 words, but they could use those words to talk just about the food they ate, or also to talk about the sights they saw and the places they visited.  The former would cover less ground while the latter would cover more.

Basiouny: How did you go about studying this?

Berger: The same ideas can be applied to any type of content, but here we looked at college applications. In other work we’ve looked at online reviews, and in related work we looked at books, movies, and TV shows.

We took 40,000 college application essays from a variety of folks who were applying to school, and we looked at what they wrote and the topography of thought of what they wrote — how much ground they covered in that essay. Again, similar length, but how much ground they covered, and how quickly they moved between ideas. And we looked at their future success. How well did they do in school? What was their GPA once they got there? We were interested in seeing whether, not just the individual words they use, but the way they express ideas might that reveal something or predict how likely they are to be successful in the future.

The Essay Writing Style That’s Linked to Greater Success

Basiouny: What did you find?

Berger: We found two very important things. First, covering more ground, that notion of covering a broad range of things in the same amount of length, was linked to greater success. But doing so while moving rather slowly, was also important.

Think about the numbers arrayed on a circular clock. You could cover a lot of ground by moving in a circle, (e.g., going from 12 to 1 to 2 to 3 to 4) or by traversing the same ground but going from like 12 to 6 to 1 to 7 to 3 to 11. You’ve covered the same amount of ground, but you’ve taken a much longer route between each individual point.

What we found is that folks who are successful in school are able to blend these two things that might seem mutually exclusive. It might seem like covering a lot of ground requires moving really quickly between points to get there. But folks that end up doing well in school figure out a way to cover that ground really efficiently. They’re able to do so by moving slowly between these points, and they don’t have to take a lot of big jumps along the way.

Basiouny: In this paper, you controlled for some socioeconomic factors. Can you talk about that a little bit?

Berger: Yes, so someone could wonder, “OK, so you’ve found that people did well in school, and you’re using writing as a way to indicate how they think. But does it indicate something else?” Maybe it’s just that people who do better on the SAT also have higher grades and also tend to write a certain way. Maybe it’s that people who have parents who are more educated tend to write a certain way and also do better in school. Or maybe people who have parents who are more educated can afford to pay for an essay consultant who helps them write a certain way and also helps them do better in school.

So, we controlled for a variety of different things. We controlled for what they wrote about. Maybe certain types of people tend to write about certain types of things, rather than other types of things. Maybe it’s not about how they write, it’s about what they wrote about — the topics or themes they discussed. No, it wasn’t that.

Maybe it’s parents’ education. No, we controlled for that. Maybe it’s SAT scores. No, we can control for that. What this suggests is that the topography of thought goes beyond things related to just socioeconomic factors or family background. It’s not just that people who might have had wealthier families, for example, tend to write a certain way or have application consultants and do better in school because they get tutoring. No, it really suggests that writing reveals something about the way we think, which can reveal or predict our likelihood of being successful in the future.

Implications Beyond College Essay Writing

Basiouny: There are other critical forms of writing that we do every day in business, like cover letters, resumes, a press release, communications to the C-suite. Can you take this research and translate it into a business context?

Berger: What I find fascinating about these ideas is yes, we looked at the case of college application essays, but it doesn’t have to be only about application essays. These same ideas should apply more broadly to a variety of contexts, whether it’s a cover letter that someone writes, whether it’s an online review that someone puts together, whether it’s the emails they write at the office — all these things provide insight into who people are and what they’re likely to do in the future. I think on a previous episode that you had me on, I talked about a paper I loved recently, where they can tell whether someone is going to default on the loan or not by the language they use in their application. Similarly, you can predict whether someone is going to get promoted or fired or leave a job for a better opportunity elsewhere based on the language they use in their email.

Most of this work that I just mentioned is using individual words, but I think what our work suggests beyond the individual words someone used, you can get insight into who they are, how they think, and how well they’re going to do in the future, based on the pattern of ideas that they have or their topography of thought.

Basiouny: As a manager, it gives you an indication of how they might move through their physical work or their knowledge work, right?

Berger: Yes, one thing we’re looking at right now is, as people learn more, does that change the way their topography of thought looks? Obviously, as we gain more knowledge in a given domain, we may talk differently. We may think about ideas differently. One thought we have is, “Hey, if people who are able to cover a lot of ground really efficiently by moving slowly between points, how did they get there? Are they naturally that way?” Probably not. They may have gained more knowledge along the way that allows them to represent their ideas differently.

One thing we’re doing right now is looking at online forums where people write multiple reviews over time. Someone, for example, might write hundreds of wine reviews over the years. They’ve learned more about wine years later. We’re looking at how do they represent ideas differently as they gain knowledge? And that may help us understand why people who represent ideas certain ways end up doing better.

Humans Still Write Better than ChatGPT and Gen AI — For Now

Basiouny: ChatGPT and artificial intelligence have entered the conversation. People have access to these free tools that can help them perfect their cover letters and written business communication. How does this change things? We can’t really tell how good someone’s topography of thought is if they have an AI-assisted piece of writing. What do we do?

Berger: Yes, so I’d say a couple of things. I agree with much of what you said, except one word. I’m not sure they allow you to “perfect” your writing. At least at the moment. What they do is allow you to write something pretty good quickly and easily. You give it a prompt, and it produces content that’s pretty interesting, does a pretty good job of doing something that might have been difficult for you to do.

And to a degree it uses your own content somehow. Like you could say, “Take my CV and use it to put together a cover letter based on my past experiences.” So that is based on you, and someone else’s might look different, to the degree that their CV is different, but I wouldn’t say it necessarily perfects anything. At least at the moment.

Certainly, tools like ChatGPT and others have made the production of content much easier, and I can imagine a time down the road where we do use them for many tasks, rather than writing ourselves. But I still think there is a lot to be understood about how language reflects the people that produce it and how to write more effective content, based on understanding what makes language impactful.

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Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management Essay (Critical Writing)

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Background to topic area, organisational goals, management practice, management insight, reference list.

Agile and Waterfall management models are among the most popular instruments used by managers in the software development area. The difference between the mentioned models is not as much theoretical as practical. The selection of a methodology that does not fit a project will, at best, significantly slow down its development, while, at worst – it will become a top-failure of the year. Agile is a system of ideas and principles of flexible project management, and Waterfall is a project management technique that involves a steady transition from one stage to the next without overlaps and returns to previous stages.

The purpose of this paper is to explore Agile and Waterfall management models based on the innovative development perspective, organisational practice, and management practice, thus providing relevant insights and recommendations on the given issues. The essay will start with the definition of the key concepts and their presentation in the scholarly literature. Agile and Waterfall management models will be compared and contrasted in terms of organisational goals, their significance to managers, and the topic problematisation, leading to a meta-theoretical understanding of the processes. Ultimately, the paper will end with the provision of evidence-based recommendations to promote innovative development and integrative conclusions.

The Waterfall method is the invention of Winston Walker Royce, a pioneer in software development and director of the Lockheed Software Technology Center in Austin, Texas, USA. The Waterfall model of management implies a sequential passage of the process that is to be broken down into stages. The transition to a new stage is possible only after the completion of the previous one. As noted by Chari and Agrawal (2018), Walker’s original work called “Managing the Development of Large Software Systems” describes six stages of product development that were accepted as the standards of managing software development processes. In particular, the first stage of system and software requirements implies fixed product requirements document (PRD), and the second stage focuses on the analysis of models, schemes, and business regulations (Chari & Agrawal 2018; Baseer, Rama Mohan Reddy & Shoba Bindu 2015). The subsequent stages that seem to be rather elaborate involve design, coding, testing, and operations, where the latter consider a product adaptation, regular updates, and technical support to customers.

Likewise other popular methodologies for the development and management of projects, Agile has appeared in the United States relatively recently – in 2001. 17 US IT specialists from Utah were responsible for the emergence of this flexible development methodology. Along with the “Flexible Software Development Manifesto”, in which the term “Agile” was used for the first time, they registered 12 principles of software development (Azanha et al. 2017). Based on the critical literature review, their essence may be reduced to several key principles that determine the nature of the identified methodology. One may enumerate the prioritisation of people and interactions instead of processes and tools, a product rather than exhaustive documentation, as well as cooperation with customers and readiness for change as opposed to the initial plan.

Currently, Agile serves as the basis for a number of flexible techniques, among which the most known are Scrum, Lean, and extreme programming (XP). Scrum may be defined as Agile-based flexible development methodology based on a sprint – a period of one to four weeks, at the end of which a working version of the product should be achieved (Azanha et al. 2017). The research identifies the concept of lean as a method that focuses on the philosophy of continuous improvement at all levels of the organisation, where one of the key concepts is customer value (Azanha et al. 2017; Stare 2013). In its turn, XP is another significant strategy, where an important role is given to the periodic involvement of a customer in planning.

The theoretical perspectives that underpin this study are associated with the solid foundation based on the critical review of the recent scholarly literature presented within the last five years in peer-reviewed journals. The existing body of the literature seems to be thought-provoking and contributing to the development of further discoveries, yet the modern environment sets new challenges. Considering the rapidly developing technology, it becomes evident that the available research should be enriched with new studies on Waterfall and Agile management models to understand their role, trends, threats, and potential.

In the Waterfall model, it is easy to manage the project. Due to its rigidity, the development is quick, while the cost and time are predetermined. However, this model leads to an excellent result only in projects with clearly defined requirements and methods of their implementation as there is no way to step back, and testing begins only after the development is completed or almost completed (Baseer, Rama Mohan Reddy & Shoba Bindu 2015). Products developed for this model without a reasonable choice of it can have shortcomings, which become known only at the end due to a strict sequence of actions. Therefore, the topic of the Waterfall model is important to companies as it provides a valuable opportunity to systematise the process of production and ensure coherent innovation development.

To achieve the organisational goals of a company, it is essential to remember that the Waterfall model is applicable to specific conditions. For instance, it seems to be the best option when all the requirements are known, understandable, and fixed since contradictory requirements are not acceptable (Baseer, Rama Mohan Reddy & Shoba Bindu 2015). More to the point, Waterfall management model proved to be effective primarily in relatively small projects with the availability of programmers of the required skills. On the contrary, when the needs of customers are constantly changing in a dynamic business, it is more appropriate to apply Agile to accomplish the organisational goals set. The changes to Agile are realised at a lower price because of frequent increments. In contrast to the Waterfall model, only small planning is sufficient in the flexible model to start a project.

In the essence of Agile, there are daily meetings and regularly recurring meetings – once a week, every two weeks, or once a month. At daily meetings, team members discuss the following issues: a report on the work done since the last meeting, a list of tasks that an employee is expected to perform before the next discussion, and difficulties encountered in the course of work (Azanha et al. 2017). The above methodology is suitable for large or long-term projects that are constantly adapted to market conditions. Accordingly, requirements change during the implementation under the impact of creative people who tend to generate, give out, and try out new ideas weekly or even daily (Chari & Agrawal 2018). The flexible development is best suited for creative executives and leadership style. For example, a company’s internal start-ups are usually developed under Agile.

At the same time, Agile almost does not limit the project team. If one needs more terms of reference, specifications, or any other documentation, he or she can write it up; if one needs additional acceptance criteria, it is possible to create them (Baseer, Rama Mohan Reddy & Shoba Bindu 2015). In case a prototype is required, one can make them in the form of block diagrams, a real sample model, et cetera. The level of detailing and formalisation always depends on the specifics of the system and the project team, including their competencies and experience in implementing similar projects.

It is useful for a project manager to know the specifics of using different methods in order to correctly apply certain elements or whole structures in their own projects. The managers need to understand what tools are appropriate to the needs of the project and apply them in a timely manner. According to Chari and Agrawal (2018), even though there are specialists in the project team with different skills and opportunities, there is always a need to correctly manage them and maximise the benefits. A project manager knows when the efforts of analysts are needed, and when – the programmers. Limiting oneself to a certain framework entails the restriction of possibilities and variability. A broad understanding of the fundamentals, processes, methods, and tools help managers to accelerate progress, overcome obstacles, and succeed.

Speaking of the recent trends in the area of software development management, it is important to emphasise that both Agile and Waterfall methods impact everyday practices of managers. For example, it should be stressed that the process of Agile development is adaptive with constantly changing conditions, which is achieved by developing for short iterations, after each of which there is a revision of the requirements and, if necessary, a change in communication practices and the work of the team (Tarhan & Yilmaz 2014). In other words, the application of Agile model implies everyday consideration of a change that may benefit a project in either short- or long-term period.

Analytical thinking and rapid decision-making processes may be noted as the most characteristics ones to Agile. During the programming and testing phases of a project, a manager can participate in the change management process or confirming and planning changes by managing query priorities. At the phase of commissioning (pilot operation), the managerial role of the IT manager is reduced to defining the tasks of implementing the information system, software control and distribution, managing the reliability based on availability management, and eliminating service management problems (Tarhan & Yilmaz 2014). In addition, Agile management model implies flexibility in forecasting changes in the automation of the project by developing proactive management measures, preparing reports, and initiating modernisation of the information system as a whole.

In its turn, the Waterfall model implies a consistent and one-time implementation of every phase of the project that determines the managers’ everyday practice. The transition from one phase to another is possible only after the successful completion of the previous stage (Coller, Frigotto & Costa 2018). In this regard, managers are expected to ensure the detailed planning and full correctness of the results of all stages step by step. In such rigid constraints of the sequence, transparency and convenience for customers become the main principles for managers. In particular, the role of a manager during planning involves the formalisation of requirements, the selection of automation tools necessary for the project, and the organisation of contractual work with suppliers (Coller, Frigotto & Costa 2018). At the design stage, a manager influences the choice of the optimal combination of users’ needs and the capabilities of the projected information system, the directions of development and application of the information system, as well as the organisation of preparation of project documentation and cost estimates.

The managers learn about such models as Agile and Waterfall from the internal documentation of a company. In many cases, proper documentation is the paramount pledge for success as it clarifies processes, procedures, expected outcomes, the ways to overcome obstacles, and plenty of other critical issues that are necessary to build a strong team and manage it. However, documentation is not the only method to share software development methodology with team members. The maximal visualisation of processes along with direct communication is two more strategies to achieve a greater understanding of what is required from managers (Stoica et al. 2016). In particular, daily meetings, retro-meetings, discussions between teams – all this gives an excellent understanding of the project essence and helps to navigate the goals, the ways to reach them, and any other important information.

As for the guidance the managers receive regarding the implementation of one or another methodology, one may state that they are given special documents that enumerate the principles to be integrated into management. In Agile, managers are guided to introduce the focus on performance, build trustful relationships within the project members, value employees and customers, as well as foster innovation (Stoica et al. 2016). Since Agile implies a flexible system of management, creative thinking becomes the paramount aspect of promoting innovative development (Stare 2013). As opposed to Agile, Waterfall requires a strict sequence and rigidity in projects and communication with customers. The additional support with guidance and interpretation of policies may be received from staffing managers, heads of units, and the HR department. Thus, both Agile and Waterfall methods imply similar guidance sources yet different expectations from managers.

The dominant assumption in the literature is that each of the discussed methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, which implies utilising them on different conditions. Among the greatest advantages of the Waterfall methodology, there is a clear structure of the development process, convenient reporting (one may easily track the resources, risks, time spent and finances, the stability of tasks, and established evaluation of the cost and timing of a project (Stoica et al. 2016). The research shows that the main shortcoming of the Waterfall method can be identified as follows: little flexibility, so if the project requires more time and financial resources, then the testing phase will be rather complicated. According to the research, the cost of fixing bugs after the release of the product is higher than during full-fledged multi-stage testing in the development process.

The Waterfall system seems to be a rigid framework, providing only a finished product that determines the inability to make changes during development. In the first stages of forecasting, critical financial expenditures may change upwards, but it is impossible to change the project in the direction of cost optimisation before the release of the finished product. While the testing system of Agile implies separate testing of each component of the project in cooperation with others, in the Waterfall, the finished product is tested. The main disadvantage of the Waterfall is a significant delay with obtaining the results as they are coordinated with users only at the points planned after the completion of each stage of work (Stoica et al. 2016). Thus, users can make their comments only after the work on the system is fully completed. In case of an inaccurate statement of requirements or their changes during a long period of software creation, users receive a system that does not meet their needs. The models, both functional and informational, of an automated object, can become obsolete simultaneously with their approval.

The research assumptions illustrate that the modern environment sets new opportunities in the field of software development management. In particular, several studies reflect the possibility of integrates both Agile and Waterfall in terms of one project. Such an amalgamation refers to the combination of the advantages of both models. Along with the ones that were mentioned earlier in this paper, the managers should consider such aspects of Agile as understandable iterations, for example, the development cycles lasting from two weeks to two months, at the end of which a customer receives a working version of the product (Azanha et al. 2017). A high degree of involvement of executors, organisators, and customers in the project also seem to bring considerable benefits. Baseer, Rama Mohan Reddy, and Shoba Bindu (2015) claim that the philosophical nature of the Agile methodology is not a clear instruction for action, but a theoretical concept (Stare 2013). The team cannot automatically apply the mechanics of flexible development as it is necessary to adopt the key principles of the system that were mentioned above.

The values of those taking the research are theoretical. Namely, scholars strive to understand the speculative underpinnings of Waterfall and Agile models as the ones that promote innovation development based on their comparison and emphasis on both weak and strong points. The evidence shows that the Waterfall model is best suited for projects with clearly defined boundaries when the content acts as a key element of the project. Among the examples, one may list such processes as team building, conference planning, or implementation of projects. In the context of the methodology, a manager is expected to set the boundaries of the project, and he or she cannot change the venue or topic of the work (Tarhan & Yilmaz 2014). Furthermore, the project time is also a limiting factor. When the content of the project is unchanged, the main task of the project or portfolio manager is to plan how resources will be used and spent, taking into account the time and sequence of this project implementation.

Considering the given topic from the perspective of those putting the research in practice, one may refer to Agile methods that should be used to manage projects in which implementation time is unchanged, resources are the determining factor, and the content is to be planned. For instance, software development (sprints) is organised based on the theoretical assumptions presented in the existing literature. Azanha et al. (2017) state that the managers understand that when deadlines and resources are known, employees with similar functions select priority tasks for the current sprint. As a rule, a Scrum Master uses different wish logs and boards for different types of resources, thus eliminating errors and requests for functions in the development (Rahmanian 2014). In this regard, the so-called iron triangle of project management as a foundation of the operational planning that focuses on different components may be noted.

In fact, in all organisations, there are projects for which both methods are needed since otherwise, the work will be ineffective. It cannot be said that one methodology is better than another as they merely resolve different problems. The success of projects, especially of portfolios based on the Waterfall model, depends on careful planning of resources and timing. Every project is unique, and the approach to its management should be selected specifically (Rahmanian 2014). Due to the peculiarities of a customer’s business, fixed-in-time sprints did not allow working effectively with changing priorities, so the choice may be made in favour of Kanban, not Scrum. In the conditions of the identified project, this seems to be the most suitable methodology, giving more freedom of action. It is worth noting that it is important not to get carried away too much and not to fall into the point where Agile is being introduced on the authority of implementation.

The prioritisation, as a rule, does not cause problems, and all types of instruments may be used to manage one or another project. The complexities arise with the allocation of resources for a specific wish log, where one cannot operate without an exact plan. A developer, for example, can be involved in several projects, eliminating errors and requesting functions. If a manager does not solve the problem of quantitative allocation of resources in the wish logs, he or she will not be able to prioritise the tasks, and the employees will face a discrepancy between expectations and results. In the future, this will lead to a violation of the timing of the release of updates as the tasks such as fixing errors and processing requests for new features take the resources of the strategic development.

Speaking of the recommendations for the managers working with Agile and Waterfall software development management methods, one should emphasise several aspects. Based on the evaluation of these methods, a hybrid system may be recommended as a mixture of Waterfall and Agile to ensure innovative development and careful project planning. My personal view and meta-theoretical understanding coincide with the above assumptions. When the project is not suitable for the uncertainty of the time frame and budget, as well as the lack of planning, the specification of requirements and a product or solution design can be performed in Waterfall (Rahmanian 2014). At the same time, Agile may be used for development and testing. Most of all, the managers utilise the hybrid approach to identify the best processes and tools needed throughout the project. It should begin at the stage of project planning when the whole essence of the project is presented in the form of a timeline, stages, activities, and related results (Rahmanian 2014). In the commercial segment of the economy, this reflects the desire of management to squeeze the time without significantly increasing costs in order to promote the benefits of a successful project.

The individual teams dealing with small parts of large-scale and complex tasks should see and work on the same ranked list of a company’s priorities, while the collective intelligence of the team should be more important than that of individuals. The evaluation and reward systems should be focused on a team’s overall results more than individual efforts. At the same time, the hybrid methodology should operate with roles in the team, where there will be clear rights and team self-government (Stare 2013). As for the increased requirements for the qualifications and experience of the team, the managers should analyse possible ways to improve the efficiency of their work, continuously exchange information about the project, and be motivated and self-organised.

Paying attention to ethical implications, it is essential to state that any method requires changes in the corporate culture, and the managers should take into account that employees need clear and non-discriminatory instructions to their work. The selected hybrid method should provide no deception of any kind. In addition, it should promote mutual respect and understanding between team members and managers as well. By building close and respectful relationships within the project, the managers are likely to meet the ethical requirements at the workplace, thus contributing to successful project production.

In conclusion, one should argue that the results of the research show that today when developing the Corporate Standard for Project Management, the approaches to development depend on a project. This problem is largely associated with project managers. The Waterfall model is chosen for complex projects with clearly defined goals, results, and requirements for them. Agile tends to be preferred for projects with incomprehensible results and expectations. A hybrid version of the methodology implies the integration of the above methods to achieve greater success. It was learned that the recommendations to the hybrid model include such principles as the specification of clear yet changeable tasks, flexible planning and costs, and so on. It is revealed that the shift to a new method requires cultural change. One of the important factors influencing the effectiveness of behavioural changes is associated with the support of management and the overall collaborative approach.

Azanha, A, Argoud, ARTT, Camargo Junior, JBD & Antoniolli, PD 2017, ‘Agile project management with Scrum: a case study of a Brazilian pharmaceutical company IT project’, International Journal of Managing Projects in Business , vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 121-142.

Baseer, KK, Rama Mohan Reddy, A & Shoba Bindu, C 2015, ‘A systematic survey on waterfall vs. agile vs. lean process paradigms’, i-Manager’s Journal on Software Engineering , vol.9, no. 3, pp. 34-59.

Chari, K & Agrawal, M 2018, ‘Impact of incorrect and new requirements on waterfall software project outcomes’, Empirical Software Engineering , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 165-185.

Coller, G, Frigotto, ML & Costa, E 2018, ‘Management control system and strategy: the transforming role of implementation’, Journal of Applied Accounting Research , vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 141-160.

Rahmanian, M 2014, ‘A comparative study on hybrid IT project management’, International Journal of Computer and Information Technology , vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1096-1099.

Stare, A 2013, ‘Agile project management–a future approach to the management of projects’, Dynamic Relationships Management Journal , vol. 2 , no. 1, pp. 43-54.

Stoica, M, Ghilic-Micu, B, Mircea, M & Uscatu, C 2016, ‘Analyzing agile development-from waterfall style to Scrumban’, Informatica Economica , vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 5-14.

Tarhan, A & Yilmaz, SG 2014, ‘Systematic analyses and comparison of development performance and product quality of incremental process and agile process’, Information and Software Technology , vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 477-494.

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IvyPanda. (2020, November 20). Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management. https://ivypanda.com/essays/agile-and-waterfall-models-in-project-management/

"Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management." IvyPanda , 20 Nov. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/agile-and-waterfall-models-in-project-management/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management'. 20 November.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management." November 20, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/agile-and-waterfall-models-in-project-management/.

1. IvyPanda . "Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management." November 20, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/agile-and-waterfall-models-in-project-management/.

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IvyPanda . "Agile and Waterfall Models in Project Management." November 20, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/agile-and-waterfall-models-in-project-management/.

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