It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Harvard Referencing
What is referencing.
Whenever you write, the writings of others will influence your work. Although it is difficult to gauge all the influences, many of your ideas can be traced back to the resources and materials that you have consulted. These might be books, images , articles, reports, or, of course, the internet. These sources help enrich your writing by giving you ideas to build on. It is important always to give credit to the original thinkers and authors.
Referencing is the method that gives credit to the sources you have used in your work. You should provide references whenever you use a direct quote, paraphrase someone else’s idea, or borrow conceptual words and phrases.
Referencing not only allows credit to be given where credit is due, but it also helps track the various influences on any original piece of writing. If you do not cite the sources of the ideas that you have used in your work, you run the risk of plagiarism. Plagiarism is not only unethical but is also an actual crime in some of its forms. But how do you reference?
Harvard referencing is a popular method of adding citations to your work. Its appeal lies in the simplicity of the basic system it uses – the author-date structure. Along with this, in Harvard style, you only need to mention the source in two locations: in the in-text reference(s) and in the reference list. Both elements together incorporate all the necessary details about a source in the most efficient way.
So, while reading something, when you come across a citation that looks something like this:
Furley (1999) or (Furley, 1999)
it is an in-text reference that follows the author-date system.
This is an entry in the reference list for the same in-text reference.
Furley, D. (1999) Routledge history of philosophy volume II: from Aristotle to Augustine . 1st edn. London: Routledge.
These Harvard referencing examples provide details about the citation formats for different types of sources.
As is obvious from the name, Harvard in-text citations are references included within the text, that is, inside the sentences that make up its content. These can either be direct statements or quotes, or a paraphrasing of the original work. This type of reference helps in precisely pointing out which portions of the text are borrowed from or influenced by which particular source.
In his work, Furley (1999) wrote about… OR …from Aristotle’s works (Furley, 1999).
As you can see, in-text references provide the author’s surname and the year of publication. The year is provided because sometimes two or more works by the same author are referenced. In this case, the year helps in distinguishing between these works. Note that if you are citing a direct quotation, the in-text citation should also include the page number of that quote, for example (Furley, 1999, p. 2).
However, in-text citations don’t provide other important details about these resources. Rather, they are short enough that you don’t get interrupted while reading the text. Other details are presented in the reference list that you include at the end of your paper.
A reference list presents the details of all the resources cited throughout the text in the form of a list at the end of your paper. It includes detailed entries about each of the referenced sources.
Surname, Initial. (Publication year) Name of the document . Place of publication: Publisher.
Every in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the reference list. So, the reference list entry for the in-text citations discussed above would be:
Einstein, M. (2004) Media diversity: economics, ownership, and the FCC. New Jersey: Routledge.
This entry can also include other details like page numbers, editor’s name, edition, URL, access date, etc., depending upon the type of resource. A reference list allows you to provide all the necessary information without crowding your paper. With this list, you can keep track of how many materials you have consulted and even see if you need to include any more or any other kind of references in your text.
Typically, you’ll refer to multiple sources and materials for writing a text, and just using a bibliography can be confusing. You can use the Harvard referencing system to point out the exact location of all your references.
By marking the in-text reference, you can easily locate which idea or quote corresponds to which author. This makes your work easy to read and understand. This way, you and your reader can easily trace the specific portions of the work back to the original texts.
You can also show how much of your text uses source material (whether directly or indirectly) and how much of it is your own ideas and thoughts.
Typically, a paper that uses Harvard referencing has the following format:
For more help creating citations in Harvard style, try the EasyBib Harvard referencing generator !
Published October 25, 2020.
Harvard Formatting
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Two or more works cited at one point in the text
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.
Two or three authors or authoring bodies
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)
(Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that... | Holt, DH 1997, , Prentice-Hall, Sydney. | |
(McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997) | McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, , Irwin, Sydney. | |
(Bond et al. 1996) | Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. | |
(A history of Greece 1994) | 1994, Irwin, Sydney. | |
(ed. Jones 1998) | Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, , Academic Press, London. | |
(eds Bullinger & Warnecke 1985) | Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, , Springer-Verlag, Berlin. | |
(trans. Smith 2006) | Colorado, JA 2006, trans. K Smith, Oxford University Press, Oxford. | |
(Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001) | Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2001, , ABARE, Canberra. | |
A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman 1998, p. 25) | Milkman, R 1998, 'The new American workplace:high road or low road?' in , eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. | |
(Drafke, 2009) | Drafke, M 2009, , 10th edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J | |
(Aghion & Durlauf 2005) | Aghion, P & Durlauf, S (eds.) 2005, , Elsevier, Amsterdam. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November 2004]. | |
'Historical thinking is actually a Western perspective' (White 2002, p. 112) | White, H 2002, 'The westernization of world history' in , ed J Rusen, Berghahn Books, New York pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May 2009]. | |
(Bond 1991a) (Bond 1991b) | Bond, G 1991a, , McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Bond, G 1991b, , Irwin, London. | |
(Conley & Galeson 1998) | Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities', , vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493. | |
(Liveris 2011) | Liveris, A 2011, 'Ethics as a strategy', , vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18. Available from: Proquest [23 June 2011]. | |
(Improve indigenous housing 2007)
| Available from: http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220 . [8 February 2009]. | |
(Jones, n.d.) | Jones, MD n.d., . Available from: <http://www.architecture.com.au>. [6 June 2009]. | |
(Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006) | Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources 2006, , Government of Australia, Available from: <http://www.innovation.gov.au>. [28 February 2009]. | |
(Australian Securities Exchange 2009) | Australian Securities Exchange 2009, . Available from: <http://www.asx.com.au/professionals/market_information/index.htm>. [5 July 2009]. | |
(Newton 2007) | Newton, A. 2007, Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. . Available from: <https://elgg.leeds.ac.uk/libajn/weblog/>. [23 February 2007]. | |
(OpenOffice.org 2005) | OpenOffice.org, computer software 2005. Available from: <http://www.openoffice.org>. [11 January 2005]. | |
(The Lunar Interior 2000) | , 2000. Available from: <http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>. [28 November 2000]. | |
(Aspect Huntley 2009) | Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis 2009, . Available from: Aspect Huntley DatAnalysis. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datamonitor 2009) | Datamonitor 2009, . Available from: Business Source Premier. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Datastream 2009) | Datastream, 2009, . Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2009]. | |
(Riley 1992) | Riley, D 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in Contemporary Australasian industrial relations: , ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140. | |
(Fan, Gordon & Pathak 2000) | Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management', , pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June 2004]. | |
(Brown & Caste 1990) | Brown, S & Caste, V 2004, 'Integrated obstacle detection framework' Paper presented at the , IEEE, Detroit MI. | |
(Ionesco 2001) | Ionesco, J 2001, 'Federal election: new Chip in politics', 23 October, p. 10. | |
(Meryment 2006) | Meryment, E 2006, 'Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own', , 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [2 February 2007]. | |
(Hilts 1999) | Hilts, PJ 1999, 'In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out', 16 February. Available from <http://www.nytimes.com>. [19 February 2000]. | |
( 7 January 2011, p. 12) | Not required. | |
(Effective performance appraisals 1994) | 1994, (video recording), Melbourne, Educational Media Australia. | |
(Crystal 1993) | Crystal, L (executive producer) 1993, (television broadcast) 11 October 1993, New York and Washington DC, Public Broadcasting Service. | |
(Van Nuys 2007) | Van Nuys, D (producer) 2007, 'The anatomy of a lobotomist [Show 84]', (podcast). Available from: <http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/>. [11 April 2007]. | |
(Kloft 2006) | Kloft, M (producer/director) 2006, The Nuremberg trials (motion picture), in M.Sameuls (executive producer), (podcast). Available from: <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml>. [4 March 2006]. | |
| (Shocked 1992) | Shocked, M 1992, 'Over the waterfall', on (CD). New York, Polygram Music. |
(Norton 2006) | Norton, R 2006, 'How to train a cat to operate a light switch' (video file). Available from: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs>. [4 November 2006]. | |
(Cookson 1985) | Cookson, AH 1985, , US Patent 4554399. | |
(Standards Australia 2008) | Standards Australia 2008, AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Standards Australia Online. [1 December 2008]. | |
(Standards Australia/New Zealand Standard 1994) | Standards Australia 1994, AS/NZS 3951.10:1994, Standards Australia, NSW. | |
(Jennings 1997) | Jennings, P 1997, 'The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective', , vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004]. | |
(Foster 2004) | Foster, T 2004, , lecture notes distributed in Financial Accounting 101 at The University of Western Australia, Crawley on 2 November 2005. | |
(Hos 2005) | Hos, JP 2005, Ph.D thesis, University of Western Australia. | |
(May 2007) | May, B 2007, Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing. | |
(Baril 2006) | Baril, M 2006, WU2006.0058. Available from: Australasian Digital Theses Program. [12 August 2008]. | |
pers.comm. | ||
(O'Reilly, cited in Byrne 2008) | In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing. |
Referencing guide: harvard.
The Harvard Style is an Author-Date system of referencing. Different institutions use different versions of the Harvard Style.
You should check the specific style requirements of your unit or course with your school or faculty.
Please refer to general University guidance about acceptable use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools for study via the Student Portal , and confirm with your unit coordinator what is permissible in your specific unit our course.
Examples showing how to cite Ai tools are located on page 8.
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Reference : Student(s) Last name, Initial (s). (Year of submission) ‘Title of essay/project/assignment’, Module Code: module title . Institution. Unpublished essay/project/assignment.
Example : Woods, M., Mulcahy, W.D., Halpin, L., and O’Shea, R.W. (2014) ‘A model code of ethics for corporate governance in the Irish non-profit and charity sector’, BMGT3019D: Corporate Responsibilities and Business Ethics . University College Dublin. Unpublished group project.
In-Text-Citation :
Note : use the “et al.” for three or more authors just like for a book/journal etc.
Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .
Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .
Two or more works cited at one point in the text
If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:
(Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999)
The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.
Two or three authors or authoring bodies
When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:
(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)
A block quote is a longer quote. It consists of more than about 30 words when using the author-date (Harvard) system:
It was stated that: If any similiar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur through lack of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of data inadequately stored and processes (Mullane 2006, p.66).
The actual quote is in slightly smaller font and idented from the left hand margin to distinguish it from the surrounding text.
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| (Holt, 1997) or Holt (1997) wrote that... | Holt, D.H. 1997. Sydney: Prentice-Hall. |
| (McCarthy, William & Pascale, 1997) | McCarthy, E.J., William, D.P. & Pascale, G.Q. 1997. Sydney: Irwin. |
| (Bond et al., 1996) | Bond, W.R., Smith, J.T., Brown, K.L. & George, M. 1996. . Sydney: McGraw-Hill. |
| (A history of Greece, 1994) | 1994. Sydney: Irwin. |
| (Jones, 1998) | Jones, M.D. (ed.) 1998. . London: Academic Press. |
| (Bullinger & Warnecke, 1985) | Bullinger, H.J. & Warnecke, H.J. (eds.) 1985. . Berlin: Springer-Verlag. |
| (Smith, 2006) | Colorado, J.A. 2006. Trans. K. Smith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
| (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2001) | Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 2001. Canberra: ABARE. |
| A number of disturbing facts intrude' (Milkman, 1998: 25) | Milkman, R. 1998. The new American workplace: high road or low road? In P. Thompson & C. Warhurst (eds.). . London: Macmillan Press, pp. 22-34. |
| (Drafke, 2009) | Drafke, M. 2009. . 10th ed. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. |
| (Roget's thesaurus of English words and phrases, 1987) | 1987 (1852). A simple reprint does not warrant specific mention. Where a work is reprinted in a different form, the original date of publication is generally placed in parentheses after the publication date of the reprint. |
| (Aghion & Durlauf, 2005) | Aghion, P. & Durlauf, S. (eds.) 2005. . Amsterdam: Elsevier. Available from: Elsevier books. [4 November 2004]. |
| 'Historical thinking is actually a Western perspective' (White, 2002: 112) | White, H. 2002. 'The westernization of world history.' In J. Rusen (ed.). New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 111-119. Available from: ACLS Humanities E-Book. [14 May 2009]. |
| (Bond, 1991a) (Bond, 1991b) | Bond, G. 1991a. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. Bond, G. 1991b. London: Irwin. |
| The Macquarie Dictionary (2010) (The Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture) | Do not include in reference list |
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| (Jennings, 1997) | Jennings, P. 1997. The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective. , 15(2): 63-75. Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004]. |
| (Conley & Galeson, 1998) | Conley, T.G. & Galeson, D.W. 1998. Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities. , 58(2): 468-493. |
| (Liveris, 2011) | Liveris, A. 2011. Ethics as a strategy. , 28(2): 17-18. Available from: ProQuest. [23 June 2011]. |
| “Over a dozen writers applied before the August 31 deadline” (Bustamante, 2014, ‘Public library of Cincinnati’, para. 4). | Bustamante, C. 2014. Libraries welcome writers in residence. . Available from: . [29 September 2014]. |
| (Segon & Booth, 2011) | Segon, M. & Booth, C. 2011. Bribery: what do Australian managers know and what do they do? , 6(3): 15-29. Available from: . [20 October 2014]. |
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| (Improve indigenous housing, 2007)
| 2007 Available from: . [8 February 2009]. |
| (Jones, n.d.) | Jones, M.D. n.d. . Available from: . [6 June 2009]. |
| (Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources, 2006) | Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources. 2006. . Government of Australia. Available from: . [28 February 2009]. |
| (Australian Securities Exchange, 2009) | Australian Securities Exchange. 2009. . Available from: . [5 July 2009]. |
| (Newton, 2007) | Newton, A. 2007. Newcastle toolkit. 16 January 2007. . Available from: . [23 February 2007]. |
| (OpenOffice.org, 2005) | OpenOffice.org, computer software. 2005. Available from: [11 January 2005]. |
| (The Lunar Interior, 2000) | . 2000. Available from: . [28 November 2000]. |
| (Leonardo da Vinci, 2012) | 'Art Wikia', wiki article). October 8, 2012. Available from: . [26 October 2012]. As Wikis usually feature user generated content there is usually no named author. Cite the title of the Wiki and date of last revision |
| (Smith, 2012) | Smith, P. 2012. Facebook). 6 October. Available from: . [29 October 2012]. |
| (National Gallery, 2012) | National Gallery. 2012. The National Gallery monthly podcast, (podcast) September 2012, Available from: . [26 October 2012]. |
| (The History of Project management, 2010) | The history of project management. 2010. (Video file). Available from: . [26 October 2012]. |
| (Forsey & May, 2013) | Forsey, M. & May, V. 2013. video file in Developing the Sociological Imagination on UWA class2go, Semester 1, 2013, University of Western Australia. Available from: . [30 May 2013]. |
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| ( 237 CLR 1) | (2008) 237 CLR 1. |
| ( (Cth) s 3) | (Cth). |
| ( (Vic) reg 6) | (Vic) reg 6. |
| (Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth)) | Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth). |
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| (Aspect Huntley, 2009) | Aspect Huntley Data Analysis. 2009. . Available from: Aspect Huntley Data Analysis. [20 May 2009]. |
| (Datamonitor, 2009) | Datamonitor. 2009. . Available from: Business Source Premier. [20 May 2009]. |
| (Datastream, 2009) | Datastream. 2009. . Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2009]. |
| (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012) | Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Cat. no. 3101.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Available from: . [26 October 2012]. |
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| (Riley, 1992) | Riley, D. 1992. 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in , ed. D Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, 124-140. |
| (Fan, Gordon & Pathak, 2000) | Fan, W., Gordon, M.D. & Pathak, R. 2000. 'Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management', , 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital Library. [24 June 2004]. |
| (Brown & Caste, 1990) | Brown, S. & Caste, V. 2004. 'Integrated obstacle detection framework' Paper presented at the , IEEE, Detroit, MI. |
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| (Ionesco, 2001) | Ionesco, J. 2001. Federal election: new Chip in politics, 23 October, p. 10. |
| (Meryment, 2006) | Meryment, E. 2006. Distaff winemakers raise a glass of their own to their own, 7 October, p. 5. Available from: Factiva. [2 February 2007]. |
| (Hilts, 1999) | Hilts, P.J. 1999. 'In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out', 16 February. Available from: . [19 February 2000]. |
| ( 7 January 2011: 12) | Not required. |
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| (Art Nation, 2010) | 2010. (DVD). Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. |
| (Crystal, 1993) | Crystal, L. (executive producer) 1993. (television broadcast) 11 October 1993, New York and Washington DC, Public Broadcasting Service. |
| (Shocked, 1992) | Shocked, M. 1992. 'Over the waterfall', on (CD), New York: Polygram Music. |
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| (Cookson, 1985) | Cookson, A.H. 1985. , US Patent 4554399. |
| (McCallum, 2008) | McCallum, J.M. (2008). , Australian Patent AU 2008100919. Available from: SciFinder Scholar. [8 December 2008]. |
| (Standards Australia, 2008) | Standards Australia 2008. AS 4758.1-2008. Available from: Australian Standards. [1 December 2008]. |
| (Standards Australia/New Zealand Standard, 1994) | Standards Australia 1994. AS/NZS 3951.10:1994, Standards Australia, NSW. |
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| (Jennings, 1997) | Jennings, P. 1997. The performance and competitive advantage of small firms: a management perspective. , 15(2): 63-75. Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online. [1 September 2004]. |
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| (Foster, 2004) | Foster, T. 2004. , lecture notes distributed in Financial Accounting 101 at The University of Western Australia, Crawley on 2 November 2005. |
| (Graber, 2007) | Graber, D. 1997. 'Elections in the television age' in CQ Press, Washington DC, p. 228, COMM2001 Communication and Mass Media Course Reader, Semester 2, 2012, University of Western Australia. |
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| (Hos, 2005) | Hos, J.P. 2005. PhD thesis, University of Western Australia. |
| (May, 2007) | May, B. 2007. Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing. |
| (Cincura, 2012) | Cincura, M. 2012. . PhD thesis, Swinburne University of Technology. Available from: Trove. [12 August 2013]. |
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| . From [ The data in column # are from] 'Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modelling' (Ackerman & Stein, 2008: 634) | Ackerman, D. & Stein, E.D. 2008. Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modelling. , 134(8): 629-639. |
| . From [ The data in column # are from] p. 113 (Assael, 1998: 70) | Assael, M. 1998. London: Imperial College Press. |
| . From [ The data in column # are from] , (ABS, 2009) | Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, , (No. 5439.0). Available from: . [6 March 2014].
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| (O'Reilly, cited in Byrne, 2008) | Byrne, A. 2008. Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services. 57(4): 365-376. . |
Table of contents
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The Harvard referencing style is a widely used system for citing and referencing sources in academic writing. It provides a consistent and standardized format for acknowledging the works of others that you have used in your research.
Struggling to remember tricky peculiarities of Harvard style referencing and formatting? Don’t worry, you have come across a helpful material. In this article, you will find the basics of Harvard style formatting which would be useful for your academic progress. This easy but detailed Harvard style guide contains all format requirements for a paper and some structural tips. Besides, it covers general rules on how to cite your sources properly in your text. Feel free to use these guidelines for your academic endeavors. Let us go through details of Harvard style referencing and formatting together!
Harvard style is an author-date system of referencing. It’s similar to an APA paper format in terms of general formatting of pages and text. But this style follows its own rules for bibliography and in-text citations formatting. Harvard style is typically used for essays in such academic disciplines:
But this doesn’t mean you can’t use this paper format in other areas of study. The general rule is to put references to your sources in round brackets. Specify author’s name and publication year. These references should come after your quotes (direct or indirect) in the end of a respective sentence or paragraph. Full details about all sources you have used should be provided at the end of your work. This section should be named ‘Reference List’. Buy coursework or any other type of research paper that will be referenced for you by our experts.
Let us explore some general rules for Harvard formatting:
A Harvard style citation must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below.
What are the requirements for a Harvard style cover page? Title page is otherwise known as front page. This is the first page of your paper to be observed by your reader, i.e. your teacher first of all. Therefore, it is highly important to format it properly. Formatting rules for Harvard Title page:
See the sample of a Harvard title page down below.
An important detail: you are required to use a header in Harvard referencing format. This section is repeatedly shown on all pages of your paper except the title page. You have to configure it once. Then, headers will get automatically added on each new page. Headers in Harvard referencing format contains such information:
It is important to use shortened title because there is not too much space in any header. Also, another requirement is putting exactly 5 spaces between your title and a page number in headers.
Now let us explore some rules of using subheadings in Harvard style, in detail. Typically there are 2 levels of section headings recommended for use in such papers. They have different formatting. This helps to tell one from another, without using different font sizes for them.
The plain text of any paragraph should go on a new line after subheadings in Harvard style, be it Level-1 or Level-2 subheading.
Listing all sources you have used for your research in a proper order is a core element of Harvard style. Reference list should be the last part of your paper but absolutely not the least. Now let us explore some critical rules for a reference list formatting. The Harvard-style reference list section has its own subtitle, namely ‘Reference List’. Similarly to a Level-1 subheading, it should be capitalized and centered. The rest of your content in this section goes from a new line after your title. No extra empty lines are to be added. Your references in this list are numbered and sorted alphabetically. No lines are indented. Each item in this list starts from a new line. Below we will describe a format for referencing in detail.
Sometimes your professor or instructor might ask you to create a Bibliography section instead of a common Reference list. So what is the Harvard Bibliography format? Harvard style bibliography includes not only those sources you have cited in your text but also. It also includes materials which you have read to get ideas for your research and to better understand the context of a selected problem. So, such section would contain more items than a Reference list. Apart of that, the general Harvard Bibliography format is the same:
Another crucial element of Harvard style is referring to your sources inside your essay. That’s why you should know how to cite in Harvard style. Keep in mind that the main purpose of a proper format is to ensure your paper is plagiarizm-free. Sometimes, you should cite ideas from books, magazines or newspapers. But you can only refer to such ideas, otherwise it will be considered a form of plagiarism. Below we will show you how to cite in Harvard style, providing general information about published sources. So let us proceed and learn more about shortened quotes and full references.
Here are the rules of Harvard format in-text citation:
And this is how you should be referencing in Harvard style, providing full descriptions of the sources you have used. Let us start with the general book format:
Here are several Harvarvard referencing rules for other source types:
In this article we have explored the Harvard referencing guide, one of the most popular ones for students in the UK. Feel free to use these tips and proceed to writing a winning essay with flawless formatting! Just keep in mind the following key concepts of the Harvard style:
In conclusion, consider our custom term paper writing solution if you lack the time or got into writer's block.
If you have questions, please visit our FAQ section or contact our expert writers. They will gladly help you create references in line with all requirements. On top of that, our writers are highly experienced in academic writing and can assist you with any type of formatting.
1. is harvard reference style used in colleges.
The Harvard style can be used in colleges as well as in other educational institutions and even by professional researchers. While it is relatively popular in many countries for research paper referencing, Harvard style is most widespread in universities of the UK nowadays. Other styles (APA, MLA and Chicago) dominate the US educational institutions.
The Harvard style format is a typical example of an author-date system as it requires using author’s names and publication dates for in-text referencing. You should create a complete reference list as a separate section in the end of your research paper. The Oxford style on the contrary uses numbered footnotes for citing sources used on your page. In-text citations on this page consist just from numbers of respective notes.
Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.
Reference list
Blake, S. 2017. Energising development with Jatropha curcas? Biofuel reflections from Mali in @PracticalAction briefing paper [Twitter]. 27 March. Available: https://twitter.com/SBlake [28 March 2017].
Boshoff, R. 2018. An adaptive internet management model for higher education institutions in South Africa. Thesis (D.B.A.), Nelson Mandela University.
Bothma, J.P. & Du Toit, J.G. (eds.). 2016. Game ranch management . Pretoria: Van Schaik.
Brieger, W. 2015. Lecture 3: recruitment and involvement of trainees [Lecture notes]. Available from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health OpenCourseWare website: http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/TrainingMethods ContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm [ 3 June 2018].
Buesseler, K. 2018. This twilight zone is dark, watery, and yes, also full of intrigue. Earth right now [Blog]. 21 Aug. Available: https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2788/this-twilight-zone-is-dark-watery-and-yes-also-full-of-intrigue/ [29 Aug 2018].
Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L. & Richardson, K. 2017. Exploring the complexity of projects: implications of complexity theory for project management practice . Newton Square, PA: Project Management Institute.
Desha, C. & Hargroves, K. 2014. Higher education and sustainable development: a model for curriculum renewal. London: Routledge.
Edwin, A., Anand, V. & Prasanna, K. 2017. Sustainable development through functionally graded materials: an overview. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry , 10(1):149-152. doi: 10.7324/RJC.2017.1011578
Hart, I., Jacobs, P., Ramoroka, K., Mhlula, A. & Letty, B. 2015. Innovation and the development nexus: prospects from rural enterprises in South Africa. Africanus Journal of Development Studies, 45(1):1-9.
Manson, P. & Lanier, A. 2015. Managing the virtual landscape of Oregon’s territorial sea. In D.J. Wright (ed.), Ocean solutions earth solutions. Available: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com [26 March 2018]. pp. 287-314.
McGonagall, M. 2019. Teaching transfiguration to teenagers [Webinar]. Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Available: http://www.hogwarts.edu/webinars/McGonagall_4 [7 April 2020].
Meyer, D & Hyman, A. 2017. Fees must fall movement vows UCT shutdown. HeraldLive, 4 September. Available: http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/09/04/fees-must-fall-movement-vows-uct-shutdown/ [5 September 2018].
Mulvihill, P.R. & Ali, S.H. 2016. Environmental management: critical thinking and emerging practices . Available: https://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks [15 September 2018].
Ngomso, D. 2017. SA Concerned Consumer Group [Facebook]. 13 January. Available: https://www.facebook.com/groups/6814981679260616 [15 January 2017].
Parsons, J.D. 2014. Nutrition in contemporary diet. PhD thesis, Durham University. Available: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/846 [3 June 2019].
Project Management Institute. 2017. A guide to the project management body of knowledge . [s.l.]: Author
Romm, J. 2015. Climate change: what everyone needs to know [Kindle version]. Available: http://www.amazon.com [6 April 2018].
Shuker, R. 2016. Understanding popular music culture. 5th rev. ed. London, England: Routledge.
Social policy: an introduction . 2015. Maidenhead: Oxford University Press.
South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 2006. Annual report (RP53/2006). Pretoria: Government printer.
Supiot, A. 2010. A legal perspective on the economic crisis of 2008. International Labour Review, 149(2):151-162. Available: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/ [26 July 2018].
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2003. Managing asthma: a guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650). Available: http://www.nhlbi.nih .gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf [5 December 2017].
Wilson, G. 2017. Two men slain, one critical in vigilante attacks. The Herald, 22 August:1, 3 .
Zalasiewicz, J. & Williams, M. 2015. Climate change through Earth's history. In T.M. Letcher (ed.), Climate change: observed impacts on planet earth . Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp.3-13
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Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.
It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.
Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).
A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:
A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.
Here's how to use our reference generator:
MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:
⚙️ Styles | Harvard, Harvard Cite Them Right |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Citing is identifying the sources you have used in the text of your assignment. This may be done as;
a direct quotation
paraphrasing
summarising
In-text citations give brief details about the source that you refer to.
This is an example citation (Harvard referencing style):
(Pears and Shields, 2013)
Further citation examples from the different referencing styles used at Aberystwyth University can be found here .
The citations will allow the person reading your assignment to locate the full details of the source you have used in the reference list located at the end of your work.
Reference list (Harvard Style)
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide . London: Palgrave.
When you use quotations they should be relevant. Try not to use too many as they can break the flow of your text. You will need to balance quotations with your own understanding of the sources used.
Don't forget - quotes are included in your word count!
A few tips:
Enclose any quotes in " quotation marks " - be consistent. Check out the further examples to see whether your chosen referencing style uses single or double quotation marks.
If using long quotes that are more than a few sentences, add these as a separate paragraph. This should be indented and there is no need to use quotation marks. ( Please note : The Department of Geography and Earth Sciences stipulate that long, indented quotations require quotation mark at the beginning and the end of the quotation).
Depending on the referencing style you are using, give the author, date and page number that the quote is from.
The full details of the source of the quote are then added into the reference list at the end of your assignment.
Example (Harvard Style):
In-text citation
'There are several ways in which you can incorporate citations into your text, depending on your own style and the flow of the work' (Pears and Shields, 2013, p. 8).
Reference list
Paraphrasing involves expressing another author’s ideas or arguments in your own words, without direct quotation but with due acknowledgement. It entails reformulating key points or information accurately, so that nothing important is lost but the means of communication is new. For instance:
Quotation ‘It is impossible to step twice into the same river’ (Heraclitus) Paraphrase Heraclitus argues that, just as a river is always in motion, the world is always changing so that nothing stays the same.
Paraphrasing can help with the flow or continuity of your written work and is a good way of demonstrating your understanding.
Read your source a few times to ensure you understand the meaning
Restate the key point(s) from the source in your own words, but without distorting the original meaning
Ensure you cite and reference the source.
Please note: When paraphrasing, you should NOT copy a passage from your source and then seek to change some of its wording. Use your own words and phrases from beginning to end when paraphrasing.
This method provides the key points from an article, book or web page as a brief statement.
A few Tips;
Summaries should be your own work. It is NOT permitted to use online summary tools or other software for this purpose.
Ensure you cite and reference the source
Only list the main topics
In text citation
Importantly, one particular book (Pears and Shields, 2013) looks at the different citation methods when including them in an assignment.
Hygyrchedd / Accessibility
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Published on 12 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.
To reference a book in Harvard style , you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography .
A basic book reference looks like this:
Reference template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Reference example | Szalay, D. (2017) . London: Vintage. |
In-text citation example | (Szalay, 2017, p. 24) |
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Harvard Reference Generator
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Edition or volume of a book, edited or translated book, book chapter, dictionary or encyclopedia, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.
If the book you’re citing is a second or later edition (i.e. when the edition is stated on the title page or cover), specify this in your reference. Abbreviate ‘edition’ to ‘edn’ or ‘revised edition’ to ‘rev ed’.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. |
When referencing a book published in multiple volumes, include the total number of volumes in your reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) (number of volumes vols). City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) (2 vols). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
If you’re just referencing one volume, omit the total number but include the number and subtitle of the particular volume you’re referencing as part of the title.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Leggiere, M. V. (2015) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
If a book specifies an editor and/or translator, this information should be included in the reference.
When a book has an editor in addition to the main author, the editor’s name is included later in the reference.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Edited by Editor surname, initial. City: Publisher. |
Example | Alcott, L. M. (2008) . Edited by Alderson, V. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
When the editor is the main author (i.e. when it’s their name on the cover), their name comes first. Use “ed.” for a single editor and “eds.” if there are multiple editors.
If you use a specific chapter or work from an edited collection, follow the format for referencing a book chapter instead.
Template | Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) (Year) . City: Publisher. |
Example | Danielson, D. (ed.) (1989) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. |
When you reference a book that has been translated from another language, include the original language and the translator’s name.
Unlike other names, the translator’s name is not inverted: the initial comes first.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Translated from the Language by Translator initial and last name. City: Publisher. |
Example | Nádas, P. (1998) . Translated from the Hungarian by I. Sanders and I. Goldstein. London: Vintage. |
If a book contains chapters or works by various different authors, such as a collection of essays or an anthology of short stories, reference the specific chapter or work, followed by details of the book.
The chapter title appears in quotation marks, while the book title is italicized. At the end of the reference, specify the page range on which the chapter appears.
If a book is entirely written by one author, always reference the whole book, even if you only discuss one chapter.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor surname, initial. (ed./eds.) . City: Publisher, pp. page range |
Example | Greenblatt, S. (2010) ‘The traces of Shakespeare’s life’, in De Grazia, M. and Wells, S. (eds.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–14. |
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works very often don’t list specific authors. In these cases, they are cited and referenced using their titles in the author position:
Template | (Year) Edition edn. City: Publisher. |
Example | (2019) 8th edn. Glasgow: Collins. |
In-text citation | ( , 2019, p. 45) |
Where a reference work does have an author, it can be referenced like a normal book. Where different sections of a reference work are attributed to different authors, they can be referenced like chapters in an edited book.
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When an ebook is presented like a printed book, with page numbers and publication details included, you can reference it in the same format as you would the print version.
Otherwise, the ebook format differs slightly: I nclude a link to where you found or purchased it online instead of publisher information. This link is generally just to the store or database you used, not the specific book.
In addition, in-text citations will have to use something other than page numbers when necessary, such as a percentage or location number. Use whatever marker is available on your device.
Template | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Le Guin, U. K. (2017) . Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kindle-eBooks-books/b?ie=UTF8&node=341689031 (Accessed: 8 May 2020). |
In-text citation example | (Le Guin, 2017, 85%) |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard style , when you quote directly from a source that includes page numbers, your in-text citation must include a page number. For example: (Smith, 2014, p. 33).
You can also include page numbers to point the reader towards a passage that you paraphrased . If you refer to the general ideas or findings of the source as a whole, you don’t need to include a page number.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 19 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-book-reference/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
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Sample assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard ...
Learn how to cite sources in Harvard style with this quick guide. Find out the rules for in-text citations, reference lists, and different source types, and see examples for each.
The Harvard citation format uses parenthetical author-date citations embedded within the text. In this style, the citation places the last name of the author and the year of publication within parentheses. Keep in mind, you'll also need a full citation at the end of the paper in the reference list. In-text citations come after a sentence ...
Learn how to use the Cite Them Right version of Harvard referencing style for your assignments. Find out how to format in-text citations, full references, secondary referencing, page numbers and more with examples.
Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different ...
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
The first time you mention the author in this example in the in-text citation, put in 'Economic and Social Research Institute [ESRI]. In subsequent citations to this in your assignment, you can use the abbreviation i.e. ESRI, 2019. Book (1 author) (Sheppard, 2011) Sheppard, G. (2011) Management accounting: a practical approach. Dublin: Gill ...
Learn how to cite sources in Harvard style with in-text references and a reference list. See examples of different types of sources and formats for Harvard referencing.
In-text citations. Two or more works cited at one point in the text. If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them: (Larsen 2000; Malinowski 1999) The authors should be listed in alphabetical order. Two or three authors or authoring bodies.
They are much shorter than full references. The full reference of in-text citations appears in the reference list. In Harvard referencing, in-text citations contain the author(s)'s or editor(s)'s surname, year of publication and page number(s). Using an example author James Mitchell, this takes the form: Mitchell (2017, p. 189) states..
In Harvard style, to reference a journal article, you need the author name (s), the year, the article title, the journal name, the volume and issue numbers, and the page range on which the article appears. If you accessed the article online, add a DOI (digital object identifier) if available. In-text citation example. (Poggiolesi, 2016)
The Harvard Style is an Author-Date system of referencing. Different institutions use different versions of the Harvard Style. You should check the specific style requirements of your unit or course with your school or faculty. Updated 19 April, added example for anonymising a source (appendix B). We acknowledge the palawa/pakana and Gadigal ...
Example: Woods et al. (2014) detailed a model for corporate governance….. There have been complete models for corporate governance in the Irish non-profit and charity sector (Woods et al., 2014). Note: use the "et al." for three or more authors just like for a book/journal etc. Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean ...
An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style P a g e | 4 Academic Learning Centre SAE Edition T1 2023 Referencing at the end of the assignment Example You will need to include a list of all the sources you have cited in your assignment. The reference list is placed on its own page at the end of the assignment.
Harvard Referencing Style Guide: All examples. A block quote is a longer quote. It consists of more than about 30 words when using the author-date (Harvard) system: of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of data inadequately stored and processes (Mullane 2006, p.66).
Text: double-spaced and left-aligned. Indent: first line of a paragraph has indent of 0.5 inch. Margins: 1 inch from each side. A Harvard style citation must have a Title page, header (or running head), headings and Reference list. We will take a closer look at formatting each section down below.
Learn how to cite websites and other online sources in Harvard style with templates and examples. Find out how to format different types of online content, such as articles, social media posts, images, videos and podcasts.
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A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The full details of the source of the quote are then added into the reference list at the end of your assignment. Example (Harvard Style): In-text citation 'There are several ways in which you can incorporate citations into your text, depending on your own style and the flow of the work' (Pears and Shields, 2013, p. 8). Reference list
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
An example of how to appropriately cite a Harvard referenced direct quote is as follows; "The concept of human resource management (HRM) basically contains three elements that refer to successful people management. The first element - human - refers to the research object" (Bach & Edwards, 2012, p.19).
To reference a book in Harvard style, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding entry in your reference list or bibliography. A basic book reference looks like this: Author surname, initial. ( Year) Book title. City: Publisher. Szalay, D. (2017) All that man is. London: Vintage. (Szalay, 2017, p. 24)