(Year)
SD = standard deviation, USA = United States of America, RCT = randomised controlled trial, m = male, f = female, LLFDI = late life function and disability instrument, m = metre, ADL = activities of daily living, CBA = controlled before and after, s = second, NR = not reported, ADL = activities of daily living, mon = minute, SPPB = short physical performance battery.
Eleven studies included an alternative non-exercise control group, which included activities such as art or music therapy, health education or social activities. Ten studies included non-intervention control groups, where participants were asked to maintain everyday activity or continue with usual treatments. Other studies offered alternative exercise, such as information on nearby yoga classes, resistance exercise, limb mobilization and balance training in a standing position ( Table 1 ).
The most common objective measures of physical function were measures of balance (Berg Balance Scale ( n = 7/25 studies)), upper limb function and strength (handgrip strength ( n = 7/25 studies), and 30 s arm curl test ( n = 3/25 studies)) or mobility (timed up and go test ( n = 7/25 studies) or gait speed ( n = 6/25 studies)), activities of daily living ( n = 4/25 studies) or falls efficacy ( n = 5/25 studies), and these were included in the meta-analysis. There were a wide range of other tests (listed in Table 1 ), which included various tests of balance, mobility and upper or lower limb strength and flexibility. Similarly, there were a wide range of subjective measures of physical function. Common among these were the falls efficacy scale or assessments of activities of daily living ( Table 1 ).
Interventions sought to promote either aerobic ( n = 3), strength ( n = 6) or flexibility and range of motion ( n = 7) ( Table 2 ). It should be noted that not all studies included components targeting upper limb function or balance. Seven studies included chair-based yoga, one used seated tai chi and one used a rocking chair. Along with using a chair to perform the exercise, weights, balls and music were also used to enrich the participants’ experience, as well as improving range of motion. Most of the classes were carried out by an instructor in a group setting. Several studies also used photos, booklets and DVDs to enable participants to perform exercises in their own home. The interventions lasted between two [ 21 ] and 72 weeks [ 32 ], with the most common duration being 12 weeks, delivering two to 14 sessions per week (mode = 2). Sessions lasted between 15 [ 33 ] and 110 [ 12 ] minutes (mode = 45 min) ( Table 2 ). Eleven of the 25 studies assessed adherence, with three using participant logs or diaries [ 32 , 35 , 36 , 42 ]. However, only nine of these reported actual adherence, ranging from 70% [ 41 ] to 96% [ 33 ] completion of prescribed sessions.
Characteristics of included interventions according to Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TiDier) criteria.
Author (Year) | Brief Description of Intervention | Who Delivered the Intervention | Mode of Delivery | Where Exercise Took Place | Length of Intervention (Weeks) | Total Number of Sessions | Frequency of Sessions (Per Week) | Duration of Sessions (mins) | How Adherence Was Assessed | Adherence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baum (2003) [ ] | Chair-based exercise with weights | Exercise physiologist | Group exercise | Long term care facility | 26 | 78 | 3 | 60 | NR | NR |
Daniel (2012) [ ] | Seated aerobic exercises | Certified fitness professional | Group exercise | Study site | 15 | 45 | 3 | 45 | Attendance at sessions | 86% |
Dean (2017) [ ] | Seated reaching tasks | NR | NR | Hospital rehabilitation facility | 2 | 10 | 5 | 30 | NR | NR |
Furtado (2016) [ ] | Chair yoga based on hatha yoga, focusing on flexibility | Expert technicians | NR | Social and health care support centres | 14 | 28 | 2 | NR | Attendance at sessions | NR |
Furtado (2020) [ ] | Chair exercises with TheraBand | Instructor | Group exercise | Gym | 28 | 84 | 3 | 45 | Attendance at sessions | 72% |
Ikai (2017) [ ] | Chair yoga | Yoga instructor and occupational health staff support | Group exercise | Hospital | 12 | 24 | 2 | 20 | NR | NR |
Kertapati (2018) [ ] | Chair yoga with spiritual intervention | Instructor | Group exercise | NR | 4 | 12 | 3 | 60 | NR | NR |
Kim (2015) [ ] | Seated stretching | NR | NR | NR | 8 | 24 | 3 | 20 | NR | NR |
Kujasski (2018) [ ] | Seated stretching and mobility exercises | NR | NR | University campus | 12 | 24 | 2 | 45–50 | Technician recorded attendance | 71% |
Latham (2003) [ ] | Quadriceps exercises using adjustable ankle cuff weights | Physical therapists | Group and individual exercise | Hospitals/home | 10 | 30 | 3 | NR | NR | NR |
Lee (2015) [ ] | Seated tai chi | Researchers who developed the exercise | Group exercise | Residential care facilities | 12 | 36 | 3 | 60 | NR | NR |
McMurdo (1993) [ ] | Upper and lower limb flexibility and strengthening exercises while seated | NR | Group exercise | Local authority residential homes | 28 | 56 | 2 | 45 | Attendance at sessions | 91% |
McMurdo (1994) [ ] | Isometric exercises to music designed to strengthen major muscle groups and improve joint flexibility and muscle tone | Physiotherapist | Group exercise | Local authority residential homes | 24 | 48 | 2 | 45 | Attendance at sessions | 72% |
Netz (2007) [ ] | Seated exercises to promote range of motion, strength and coordination of upper and lower limbs | Physical activity leader | Instructor-patient interaction | Day centre | 12 | 24 | 2 | 45 | NR | NR |
Nicholson (1997) [ ] | Seated exercise with simple objects to help patients’ full range of motion | Physiotherapist | Group exercise | Geriatric hospital | 72 | 24 | NR | 50 | NR | NR |
Niemela (2011) [ ] | Rocking chair exercises | Physiotherapist | Individual exercises at home | Rehab centre and home | 6 | 84 | 14 | 15 | Adherence rates obtained from diaries | 96% |
Park (2014) [ ] | The Sit ‘N’ Fit Chair Yoga programme | Yoga instructor | Instructor | Senior centre | 8 | 16 | 2 | 45 | NR | NR |
Park (2016 and 2017a) [ , ] | Chair yoga | Certified yoga instructor | Group exercise and instruction manual with photos | Senior housing development | 8 | 16 | 2 | 45 | Daily logs | Logs were not completed |
Park (2017b) [ ] | Sitting boxing | NR | Group exercise | Rehabilitation care hospital | 6 | 18 | 3 | 30 | NR | NR |
Park (2019) [ ] | Chair yoga | Certified yoga instructor, music therapist, fitness instructor | Group exercise | College of medicine and centre for comprehensive brain health, community-based day centres for AD/dementia | 12 | 24 | 2 | 45 | NR | NR |
Rieping (2019) [ ] | Chair-based exercises: aerobic or with TheraBand | NR | NR | NR | 14 | 28 | 2 | 45 | NR | NR |
Venturelli (2010) [ ] | Circuit-based upper body exercise | Kinesiologist | Group exercise | Residents from a geriatric institute | 12 | 36 | 3 | 45 | Attendance at sessions | 75% |
Vogler (2009) [ ] | Seated exercises targeted hip flexion, extension, abduction, knee flexion and extension, and ankle plantar and dorsiflexion | Physical therapists | Delivered at participants’ home | Aged care and rehabilitation centre- Hospital/home | 12 | 36 | 3 | NR | Attendance at sessions | 70% |
Vogler (2012) [ ] | Home-based seated exercises: weight bearing or resistance | Physiotherapists | Group exercise | Home | 12 | 36 | 3 | NR | Self-reported completion of exercise sessions | 70% |
Yao (2019) [ ] | Chair yoga | Instructor | Group exercise | 2 communities | 12 | 24 | 2 | 110 | NR | NR |
NR = Not reported.
Using a Cochrane Risk of Bias tool v2 [ 18 ], the authors assessed the risk of bias of the included studies ( Figure 2 ). The overall risk of bias was low for 17 studies, and three were assessed as unsure [ 19 , 23 , 31 ] because of a lack of clarity in the randomization process. Five studies were assessed as having a high overall risk of bias [ 12 , 22 , 24 , 32 , 39 ]. Studies with a high risk of bias were classified as such based on their lack of randomization in the design. Details of risk of bias for each study are included in Supplementary Table S2 .
Risk of bias of included studies.
Nineteen studies provided data for use in meta-analyses ( Table 3 , Supplementary Figures S1–S8 ). Most studies reported the differences at follow-up and no change over time. Chair-based exercise led to improvements in handgrip strength (MD = 2.10; 95% CI = 0.76, 3.43; I2 = 42%) in seven studies including a total of 266 participants. Significant improvements were also observed for 30 s arm curl test (MD = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.34, 4.31; I2 = 71%) and 30 s chair stand test (MD 2.25; 95% CI = 0.64, 3.86; I2 = 62%), but the high heterogeneity in these outcomes should be noted. No significant differences between groups were observed in the Berg balance scale, timed up and go test or gait speed between the intervention and control groups. Similarly, no significant differences were observed for self-reported activities of daily living or for falls efficacy, which were analyzed using standardised mean difference between the intervention and control groups as there were different instruments used to measure each outcome.
Results from meta-analysis.
Outcome | Effect Size | 95% CI | No. of Participants | No. of Studies | I (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD 0.66 | −1.01, 2.33 | 359 | 5 | 20% | |
MD 2.10 * | 0.76, 3.43 | 266 | 7 | 42% | |
MD 0.95 | −1.12, 3.01 | 394 | 7 | 39% | |
MD −0.03 | −0.21, 0.16 | 450 | 6 | 77% | |
MD 2.82 * | 1.34, 4.31 | 97 | 3 | 71% | |
MD 2.25 * | 0.64, 3.86 | 97 | 3 | 62% | |
SMD 0.32 | −0.4, 1.04 | 126 | 4 | 74% | |
SMD −0.06 | −0.46, 0.34 | 208 | 5 | 49% |
MD = mean difference, SMD = standardised mean difference. * p < 0.05.
There was insufficient data to include other physical function outcomes in these meta-analyses. In keeping with the significant findings in the meta-analyses, upper limb strength and flexibility were seen to improve in the intervention group in the studies by Yao et al. [ 12 ] and Venturelli et al. [ 40 ]. In addition, some studies showed improvements in lower limb strength and flexibility. Lower limb muscle endurance improved at the end of the intervention and six weeks after the intervention had ended in Ikai et al.’s [ 4 ] study. Niemelä et al. [ 33 ] and McMurdo et al. [ 30 ] demonstrated significant improvements in the intervention group compared to control in knee extension strength and quadriceps strength, respectively. Rieping et al. [ 39 ] and Yao et al. [ 12 ] demonstrated that lower limb muscle strength improved in the intervention group. In a study of participants who had recently suffered a stroke, Dean et al. [ 21 ] showed an improvement in peak vertical force through the affected foot during standing in the intervention, up by 21% of body weight (95% CI 14 to 28) compared with the control group.
Benefits of the intervention were also demonstrated on dynamic measures of balance [ 12 ]. A number of studies used multi-component tests that incorporated various domains of physical function. Flexibility was measured as the maximum seated reach distance [ 21 , 28 ] in a sit and reach test [ 20 ], or using a body anti-flexion measuring device [ 4 ] or spinal flexion [ 29 ]. Baum et al. [ 19 ] demonstrated that chair-based exercise for 26 weeks led to significant increases in the physical performance test. Similar findings were demonstrated by Vogler et al. [ 41 ] from the physical performance and mobility examination, by Daniel et al. [ 20 ] from the senior fitness test and by Park et al. [ 37 ] from the manual functional test.
In this systematic review including 1388 participants, results demonstrated that chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity (handgrip strength and 30 s arm curl test) and lower extremity (30 s chair stand) function. These changes were observed in short (<12 weeks) and medium term (12 weeks to 6 months) interventions. Only one study examined the longer term impact of chair-based exercise, showing no differences in grip strength or upper limb range of motion after 18 months in the intervention group ( n = 20) compared to the control group ( n = 10) of older adults following a hip fracture [ 32 ].
The age related decline in upper extremity function, such as handgrip strength, affects everyday function, such as the ability to hold heavy objects. Our recent umbrella review with integrated meta-analyses of the health outcomes associated with handgrip strength demonstrated that having a higher grip strength was associated with a reduced risk of early mortality, cardiovascular disease and disability [ 43 ]. It is also a good indicator of biological ageing, whereby the bodies systems are ageing faster than average for a person of a similar age [ 44 ]. Therefore, the statistically significant impact of chair-based exercise is an important finding. As the difference between the groups at the end of the intervention was within the range of what would be a minimal clinically important difference in clinical populations [ 45 ], it demonstrates the potential clinical significance of the findings too.
Differences in both the 30-s chair stand and arm curl tests demonstrated improvements in neuromuscular function (e.g., strength) as a result of chair-based exercise. The difference observed in the 30-s chair stand was of a similar magnitude to that demonstrated by [ 46 ] when they compared high and low active community-dwelling older adults. The findings of a lack of effect on balance are in keeping with a previous review of chair-based exercise [ 3 ]. Changes in aerobic physical activity in older adults have been shown to improve balance [ 47 ].
The current paper adds to the previous review of seated exercise [ 3 ] by updating the search to include the last three years of evidence and broadening the inclusion criteria to include all groups of older adults, not just those living with a health condition or impairment. This reflects the current situation whereby chair-based exercise is being recommended for all older adults whilst COVID-19 public health measures have been in place.
The public health restrictions in place to prevent the spread of transmission have impacted on physical activity levels, and there have been calls to focus on supporting older adults to meet the recommended levels of physical activity [ 48 ]. However, given the closure of leisure centres and recreation facilities, many programmes recommended chair-based exercises. The evidence from our review indicates that the benefits from these programmes may be limited in scope. Future programmes should follow the physical activity recommendations that older adults should aim to engage in at least two sessions of strength, balance and flexibility exercise per week, in addition to at least 150 min of moderate intensity activity per week [ 15 ].
This review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search strategy was used; all studies were independently screened for inclusion and data extraction was completed by two independent researchers. Given the expected heterogeneity, a conservative random-effects model was applied to all meta-analyses. However, the heterogeneity in the intervention components and included populations should be noted. For example, Nicholson et al. [ 32 ] noted the effects of the intervention may be obscured by the heterogeneity of participants. This is a reminder that not all older adults are similar in terms of functional ability and health status, and programmes should be tailored to meet these needs. Five of the 25 studies were assessed as having a high risk of bias as they did not employ randomization to allocate participants to the intervention or control groups. Only 11 of the 25 studies reported recording adherence, and only nine of these reported the actual adherence. Future studies should include a process evaluation to explore the fidelity of the intervention. A final limitation to note is that all of the included studies were published in English. We did not exclude any studies based on language and attempted to translate titles and abstracts to check for eligibility to mitigate against this risk. The recommendations by Sexton et al. [ 3 ] to improve the methodological quality of future research, such as increased sample size and the quality of the interventions, such as improving progression plans for interventions, remain as gaps in this updated literature.
This review highlights that chair-based exercise benefits several aspects of physical function in older adults. Balance, gait speed, grip strength and several other physical measurements were often documented as improved in individuals who engaged in chair-based exercise. These findings add to a growing body of evidence that supports the importance of both light intensity activity for health and strength and balance activities to preserve physical function, a message that is particularly important for those who are currently inactive, and as such, chair-based exercise can be promoted as a safe and progressive mode of activity for those who may be frail or deconditioned.
In addition, the evidence in this review was mainly of good quality (low risk of overall bias), suggesting that chair-based exercises should be promoted as simple and easily implemented activities to maintain and develop strength and offset the negative effects of physical inactivity in older adults and vulnerable populations who may be self-isolating during the pandemic. In this respect, dissemination of easily understandable information (by governments, public health agencies, health professionals and community-based organizations) is critical to ensuring that older people have clear messages and resources on how to integrate chair-based activity into the home environment to stay physically and mentally healthy at this time.
In communicating the benefits of chair-based activities public health messaging should reinforce the evidence that every minute counts: any activity is better than none, and everyone (all ages and abilities) should aim to move more and move more often [ 15 ], whilst also adhering to the important, but often neglected, guidance to engage in strength and balance exercise. This messaging will be particularly important going forward, and it is imperative that policy and practice support all members of society to achieve the recommended levels of physical activity to ensure that they are not disadvantaged in the short or long term by COVID-19.
The work described in this publication was supported and funded by the European Union program Horizon 2020 (H2020-Grant 634270). Consortium members of the participating organisations of the SITLESS project include: Antoni Salvà Casanovas, Àlex Domingo, Marta Roqué and Laura Coll-Planas: Health and Ageing Foundation of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain; Maria Giné-Garriga, Miriam Guerra-Balic, Carme Martin-Borràs, Javier Jerez-Roig, Guillermo R Oviedo, Marta Santiago-Carrés, Oriol Sansano and Guillermo Varela: Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Sciences Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain; Emma McIntosh and Manuela Deidda: Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, UK; Dietrich Rothenbacher, Michael Denkinger, Katharina Wirth, Dhayana Dallmeier and Jochen Klenk: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Germany; Frank Kee: Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, UK; Mark A Tully, Nicole E Blackburn, Jason J Wilson, Ilona McMullan and Natalie Klempel: School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, UK; Paolo Caserotti and Mathias Skjødt: Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of South Denmark, Denmark; Guillaume Lefebvre: SIEL, Sport initiative et Loisir Bleu association, Straßbourg, France; Denise González: SIEL, Sport initiative et Loisir Bleu association, Barcelona, Spain.
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/1902/s1 , Table S1: Medline Search Strategy, Table S2: Risk of Bias of Included Studies, Figure S1: Berg Balance Scale, Figure S2: Handgrip Strength, Figure S3: Timed up and Go Test, Figure S4: Gait speed (m/s), Figure S5: 30 second arm curl test, Figure S6: 30 second chair stand, Figure S7: Activities of Daily Living, Figure S8: Falls Efficacy.
N.K. and M.A.T. were involved in the conception, design, data screening, data extraction, data analysis and interpretation and write up of the manuscript. N.E.B., I.L.M., J.J.W. and L.S. were involved in the conception, design, interpretation and review of the manuscript. C.C., R.O. and P.C. were involved in the design and writing and reviewing of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
M.A.T., N.K., N.E.B., J.J.W., I.L.M. and P.C. were supported and funded by the European Union program Horizon 2020 (H2020-Grant 634270) as part of the SITLESS consortium. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis and interpretation, or preparation of the manuscript.
Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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With digital opportunities sweeping the supply chain landscape, readiness and line of sight will be paramount to success
Enabled with a raft of technology developments, a new paradigm is emerging in supply chain management. One where organizations can respond quicker to day-to-day requests, proactively address problem solving, and reduce errors and inefficiencies. It can also provide greater visibility, transparency and traceability. Most importantly, organizations will be more resilient to future supply chain shocks.
With a future that promises autonomous, self-learning machines seamlessly managing the broader supply chain process, now is the time for organizations to overcome the inherent silos and enterprise systems that will restrict their progress.
To get started, organizations need to first embrace the trends that will define 2024. This includes learning about emerging technologies from AI to distributed ledger technologies, low-code and no-code platforms and fleet electrification. This will need to be followed by managing the migration to a new digital architecture and executing it flawlessly.
Organizations will need to intensely focus on mining relevant, clean and well-governed data if they want to make the most of their new technology investments. Data will also be crucial as organizations are pressured to meet evolving ESG and Scope 3 commitments.
These structural trends will shape new operating models and improve broad processes. To avoid being left behind, it is important for organizations to understand these trends and apply specific actions to begin their transformation sooner rather than later. This way they can create a more agile and responsive supply chain that can capture the promise of value creation, cost reduction and improved shareholder value.
Generative AI (GenAI) is a subset of AI that has the potential to revolutionize supply chain management, logistics and procurement. Software engines powered by GenAI can process much larger sets of data than previous forms of machine learning and can analyze an almost infinitely complex set of variables. GenAI can also learn —and teach itself — about the nuances of any given company’s supply chain ecosystem, allowing it to refine and sharpen its analysis over time.
The list of opportunities for GenAI is extensive. It can help ensure procurement and regulatory compliance, streamline, and enhance the efficiency of manufacturing production workflows, or enable virtual logistics communication by using virtual assistants to handle routine inquiries and provide quick responses.
The use of AI is an enterprise-wide consideration, organizations must avoid dissipating effort across several single point disconnected AI implementations. Core business processes should be strategically rethought and redesigned to effectively leverage GenAI.
Planning professionals need to increase their skills in analytical modeling capability, cross-functional expertise, and relationship management to maximize collaboration.
Make decision-making a business discipline: Be performance led: Start with performance goals – Don’t let technology dictate your decisions.
Blend expertise with data analytics: Inject data into your existing processes. Data management will be critical to success
Develop an ecosystem of technology partners, business integrators, and academic experts to access skilled individuals.
Through 2024, 50% of supply chain organizations will invest in applications that support artificial intelligence and advanced analytics capabilities. 1
With the continued focus on resilience and ESG coupled with the expansion of sites, flows, and partners, the pressure on supply chain planning is increasing. Existing planning capabilities have been unable to meet the demands of a more complex, multi-tiered, more nuanced world. The result is few companies can run effective scenario analysis to determine the financial consequences of important decisions.
AI enabled sales and operational planning (S&OP) and integrated business planning (IBP) applications will help eliminate the gap between supply chain planning and execution. Low touch planning will take large swaths of manual work out of the end-to-end planning process and leverage the power of advanced analytics to answer deeper questions with minimal human intervention. AI will be able to analyze data at scale, identify anomalies, search for patterns that lead to unexpected disruptions, and make suggestions on how to solve them—almost instantaneously.
From a technology perspective, the capabilities to enable low touch planning are like a control tower or its more advanced counterpart, the cognitive decision center which includes digital twin capabilities. These promise improved predictability, enhanced gross margins and free up resources to focus on value adding activities.
Low touch planning, improves predictability enhancing Return on Equity (ROE) by 2 to 4 percentage points, and adds 1 to 3 percent to gross margins across revenue, cost, and assets 2
Data is still one of the core challenges facing supply chain management. Each day millions and millions of date records are generated across the supply chain from multiple systems. The proliferation of digital technologies, IoT devices, and advanced tracking systems have compounded the problem. This wealth of data has given rise to greater silos of data within the organization which in turn has led to disconnected data sets. Duplication and misinterpretation will become increasingly problematic, too. Critically, the fragmentation of data impedes the creation of a holistic view of the organization’s supply chain.
Consequently, data availability, quality, cadence, and consistency – are now critical considerations. Supply chain professionals must manage the complexities within their data landscape efficiently; to be able to make informed decisions and enhance their operations.
A solution is to adopt a use case-driven approach to proactively address data quality issues. By focusing on specific use cases, organizations can prioritize data quality improvements where they matter most, thereby gradually refining and improving their datasets.
Placing a laser focus on the critical elements of data availability, quality, reliability, cadence, and consistency. Data is the linchpin that enables businesses to make informed decisions, optimize processes and ensure resilience in the face of disruptions
Acknowledge that data management is an ongoing journey rather than a one-time destination.
Take an iterative approach to data management. This allows organizations to refine their data strategies, adjust to changing circumstances, and learn from experience.
Develop a value-driven roadmap. Data must be aligned with a clear purpose and tied to value generation, such as cost savings, enhanced efficiency, improved customer satisfaction and innovation.
Low touch planning, improves predictability enhancing Return on Equity (ROE) by 2 to 4 percentage points, and adds 1 to 3 percent to gross margins across revenue, cost, and assets 3
The lack of visibility across the layered tiers of a supply chain has major implications for organizations across industries, particularly for meeting regulatory requirements, and for the identification and mitigation of supply chain risks.
Breaking the barrier of visibility beyond Tier 1 allows organizations to look across their extended supply chain into partners, build greater and deeper insights into root causes, identify new risks that occur further into the supply chain and drive ESG goals through better traceability and transparency.
Technology tools such as control towers and digital twins can surface critical sub-tier supplier relationships, highlight common sub-tier suppliers, factory locations and provide clear insight into the depth of an organization’s supply chain. When implemented at scale they can improve supply chain resilience.
Move towards a more collective and data-driven approach by using technology solutions and partnerships. Extend visibility of product flows to create more in-depth views of the supply chain ecosystem.
Create cross-functional teams to provide a fuller picture of key use cases, the scope of visibility and surfacing downstream problems.
Build on the visibility of others – with organizations each embarking on their own projects and control towers to build visibility, explore partnerships that may provide access to a wealth of data and insights.
Embed ESG measures within the technology for improved procurement decision making and performance management, and incorporate ESG performance metrics into supplier evaluations or scorecards.
Less than half (43%) Forty-three percent of organizations have limited to no visibility of tier one supplier performance 4
A supply chain is a dynamic and complex process that includes provisioning, raw material supply, warehousing and the distribution of manufactured products to consumers. Historically, this has resulted in multiple systems and data sources. Implementing software change in this environment is time consuming with a high probability of errors.
Most supply chain tasks can be fully or partly automated through low-code platforms, which use a wide range of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and pre-packaged integrations to link previously separate systems. These cut the development time, enabling companies to swiftly react and adapt their applications to new market conditions, disruptive events, or changing strategies. It enables business users with little technical knowledge to quickly build, test and implement new capabilities.
Potential applications span planning, manufacturing, product life cycle, supply chain collaboration, and track and trace. Low-code platforms are not just a technological upgrade; they represent a paradigm shift in how organizations approach their operations providing a pathway to a more agile and adaptable future.Consequently, data availability, quality, cadence, and consistency – are now critical considerations. Supply chain professionals must manage the complexities within their data landscape efficiently; to be able to make informed decisions and enhance their operations.
Define and document cross-functional processes, tasks, and timelines – identify suitable use cases..
Leverage low-code apps to go from managing supply chains to building agile, resilient and predictable supply chains.
Use low-code platforms to modernize legacy systems, automate processes and connect disconnected systems.
Empower stakeholders and business domain experts to create apps for insights, actionable tasks and collaboration in the supply chain.
More than two-thirds of enterprises have already adopted low-code to their supply chains 5
While many businesses have traditionally prioritized the collection of their Scope 1 (direct emissions) and Scope 2 (purchased electricity) emissions data, the focus has now shifted decisively toward Scope 3 emissions – that is, emissions incurred throughout the entire value chain. Although voluntary to date, the collection and reporting of Scope 3 emissions data is becoming a legal requirement in many countries.
Establishing a solid emissions baseline is essential for monitoring progress and setting ambitious reduction targets. Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are relatively straightforward to assess however, when extending this to the full supply chain, as in Scope 3, the complexity multiplies exponentially.
To target reductions in carbon emissions, companies need primary sources of information from their suppliers, and are starting to use hybrid carbon accounting methodologies to produce a more accurate assessment of Scope 3 emissions. Digital platforms are providing a centralized system for suppliers to input their emissions data, which can then be easily integrated into a company’s sustainability reporting.
Carry out supplier segmentation based on key criteria such as spend and criticality to business to identify and prioritize supply chain categories.
Establish and implement a supplier engagement program. Start educating suppliers about the significance of Scope 3 emissions data capture and your sustainability goals.
Analyze technology solutions for collecting carbon emissions data from your suppliers. Identify technology options that work for the size of your business and your industry and start implementation. Investing into technology solutions now will lead to cost savings in the long run.
Educate and support employees in understanding Scope 3 emissions, carbon reduction approaches and technology solutions to collect and manage carbon data. It is vital that a change management strategy is built into the decarbonization action plan.
Only 5% of supply chain emissions stem from direct manufacturing, whereas emissions originating within the supply chain can be 5 to 10 times greater 6
The logistics sector is also undergoing rapid transformation. Some elements of future-ready transport and logistics networks are already in evidence such as the automation of warehouses and ports, and the increasing use of autonomous vehicles. Their adoption will expand as organizations commit to emissions reduction targets and battery technology evolves to extend distance limits for electric trucks, buses and delivery vehicles.
Organizations will continue to accelerate the electrification and automation of the logistics transport value chain – especially those that remain costly or manual, such as processing of air freight and last mile delivery. Similarly, the transition from autonomous vehicles overseen by humans to fully automated vehicles without human intervention is almost ready to expand from controlled closed-loop environments to public roads.
Smart logistics and transport will also be accelerated with the continued ramp-up of AI, IoT, data analytics and cloud across many use cases – improving traditional route optimization and applying machine learning, predictive and sensing capabilities to make material improvements to network efficiency, customer experience, risk reduction and sustainability targets.
Conduct a fleet assessment to evaluate fleet composition, routes and usage patterns to identify opportunities for electrification, prioritizing vehicles that travel frequently in urban areas.
Identify broad transport and logistics automation opportunities to automate labor-intensive activities.
Analyze data from vehicle telematics, IoT devices, delivery data, customer satisfaction and sustainability information to drive decisions.
Develop a plan to transition delivery fleets to electric vehicles. New cloud-based AI driven technologies can simulate future transport network designs to optimize routes that reduce distance driven and prioritized routes and vehicles for electrification.
Embed sustainability at every step by looking across sourcing, planning, making, delivering and returns for opportunities to reduce vehicle tailpipe emissions.
Battery electric commercial vehicles (BECVs) could reach between15% and 34% sales penetration by 2030 7
As we stand on the brink of 2024, the supply chain landscape is on the cusp of profound transformation. AI and other advanced technologies are quickly reshaping the very core of supply chain management. KPMG professionals believe organizations with the right approach and culture can harness these seismic shifts.
In 2024 organizations could gain fundamental opportunity by focussing on the strategic application of GenAi, adopting a low-touch planning approach, striving for data excellence and transparency, adapting to low-code platforms, prioritizing Scope 3 ESG data reporting, and planning for the electric future. Time is of the essence, and those who are ready and willing to adapt quickly will be better able to unlock value, reduce costs and embrace new models of success.
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Global Sustainable Supply Chain Lead and Partner
1 https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/gartner-predicts-the-future-of-supply-chain-technology
2 KPMG case study analysis
3 https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/global-big-data-markets-report-2022-2027-challenges-and-opportunities-technologies-and-business-cases-regulatory-issues-industry-vertical-applications-companies-and-solutions-301471783.html
4 https://kpmg.com/uk/en/home/insights/2021/07/the-future-of-supply-chain.html
5 https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2019-08-12/low-code-is-the-future-outsystems-named-a-leader-in-the-2019-gartner-magic-quadrant-for-enterprise-low-code-application
6 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/01/tackling-supply-chain-emissions-is-a-game-changer-for-climate-action/
7 https://supplychaindigital.com/articles/logistics-readying-itself-for-ev-revolution
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Gpt-fabricated scientific papers found on google scholar by misinformation researchers more | reply login, gpt-fabricated scientific papers found on google scholar by misinformation researchers.
Shouldn't there be a go fund me or bug bounty to detect and force retractions of papers?
And then determine if GPT and AI written work if worthy of getting a researcher expelled from the research university's staff.
No, because most of these papers are just written by students who are forced to have those written to graduate and leave the trash fire that is modern academia forever. They're minimum necessary effort to generate this necessary evil.
No one will ever cite them, because people who actually do research professionally understand the formulaic nature of such papers (as they're written under professor's guidance who understanding the issue will make them adhere to a specific formula).
If you want to change this,
Going through the motions is how you learn, for example, to write. That extends to writing for a particular purpose. You don't learn that if you ChatGPT it, so sanctioning the students who do that and lie about it seems like the correct course of action.
Removing the incentive to publish these papers is also a good idea, but we can hold 2 good ideas in our head simultaneously, or at least I can.
"Going through the motions is how you learn, for example, to write. That extends to writing for a particular purpose."
Not when the purpose is unrelated to writing as in this case. It doesn't matter how the information gets into an accepted format and tone for its purpose, feeding the real information into chatgpt and having it do the druge work of writing/formatting is perfectly valid. Writing the paper is not a end in itself, it is just a means for sharing the information.
You share information by communicating it clearly and effectively. Writing the paper is not separate from that goal, it's integral to it. ChatGPT might be able to do it for you, or it might not. You won't even be able to tell if you've never written yourself.
If a critical part of your job feels like "drudge work", either suck it up, or find a new line of work. Most likely option #2, because if you're considering using ChatGPT, you are clearly lacking in the rigor and meticulousness that science demands.
"You share information by communicating it clearly and effectively. Writing the paper is not separate from that goal, it's integral to it."
I disagree. Having a well written paper is integral to that goal, at least as long as papers are the medium which we are using. There are more paths from having the information to having a well written paper than 'writing the paper.'
"You won't even be able to tell if you've never written yourself."
Nonsense. You'll be able to tell by reading it.
"If a critical part of your
"You won't even be able to tell if you've never written yourself." Nonsense. You'll be able to tell by reading it.
Have you ever heard of the Dunning-Kreuger effect?
Yes. But I am surprised you'd mention it since the hypothetical "author" who utilized chatgpt and proofread the result is at less risk of bias than the one that wrote the paper themselves. That is a strong example of philosophical charity and intellectual integrity. I applaud that.
In turn, I have to admit there is merit to your argument that having a certain amount of experience writing papers helps with reading an interpreting them as well. It is always beneficial when communicating to be able to step into
Arithmetic is a great analogy. But unlike arithmetic, I would say most university students have not developed communication skills well enough that they can skip practice.
We already have navigation and typing skills (and much else) on the decline due to smart phones. It certainly seems that most people are OK watching their general competence degrade, or fail to develop. But there are certain fields - science, medicine - where that kind of slippage isn't acceptable. And yet I do think it's happening. I don'
Absolutely. And a handful of those that have to write those may actually find that they're good at it and keep doing it until they get good. At which point they will start getting cited.
The problem is that writing papers is mostly chatGPT automatable shit that is exceedingly boring, repetitive and frankly mindless. The actual meat of the paper, the novel thing, the one that is the subject is a tiny percentage of the workload.
And automating the mundane so people can focus on the novel is one of the best thin
No, because most of these papers are just written by students who are forced to have those written to graduate and leave the trash fire that is modern academia forever.
Then the students should have their degrees rescinded. It's the same thing you would do if you found out that a student published made-up data, or plagiarized large parts of their thesis, etc.
Except in this case, an additional step is needed: After rescinding the student's degree, you should open a formal investigation to find out why the thesis committee approved their work. (If a non-expert could determine that it was written by machine, why couldn't a committee of experts figure out the same thing?)
This is "computers should not be allowed...", "typewriters should not be allowed", etc narrative.
Reality rejects this claim on fundamental level, because those that don't use new technological breakthrough to automate processes that can be automated get left behind by those that do within a few generations.
That's a very strange analogy. I've never in my life heard anyone suggest that "computers should be banned from academia" (or that "typewriters" should be banned, FFS).
There are certain basic skills which have always been a requirement for working in academia, and one of them is the ability to convey information through language. You don't have to be Shakespeare-- you don't even need to have impeccable grammar and spelling. You *do*, however, have to be able to communicate in a way that is clear and under
That is because you know little to nothing about history. Penmanship was key to academia for a long time, and when typewriters came there was massive opposition to their adoption. Because it was much more fast and efficient, but also caused loss of penmanship skill. Notably, argument was exactly the same. That penmanship required careful consideration of writing, and therefore adopting fast typewriters would eliminate the need for that sort of thinking.
Same opposition was for computers and word processing s
Citation needed. I don't think "penmanship" has been considered a "key" skill in academia for a very, very long time-- not since the invention of the printing press. It would have been considered a useful "secretarial" skill, sort of like being good at typing. But at the end of the day, your academic career and reputation did not depend on the quality of your handwriting. If your handwriting wasn't so good-- well, that's what you had "scriveners" for. Remember Bartleby?
I wasn't around for the adoption
>for a very, very long time
While bitching about LLMs taking over education, about a year after a large percentage of students openly tell you that they're using them for composition. Ok grandpa. Keep screaming at the cloud. Just like your predecessors did.
>I wasn't around for the adoption of typewriters
Your personal anecdotes are irrelevant. Get out of your bubble and read. Authors in 1800s bitching in essays and contemporary literature about typewriters and how important it is to write by hand for co
Again... citations needed, Oh Historically-Informed One. For any piece of technology, there is probably *someone* who disliked it and complained about it. I'm sure in the days of the medieval scriptorium, there were older monks who didn't like the new-fashioned dip pens. But I have read a great deal of 19th-century literature-- it happens to have been my major in college-- and I don't think the literature of the time was awash in essays about how typewriters interfered with "correct thought processes". M
Entirely untrue. The people dealing in fabricated papers are professionals. You can't just submit a generated paper to a journal, not even one published by MDPI, Frontiers or IEEE, and expect to have it published. You need to have friendly peer reviewers, i.e. a network of other crooks, preferably ones with credible credentials. And of course, these people will want something in return, perhaps citations to their own rubbish papers as much as money. And citations get you promoted, or a new job.
There are ple
At no point was this discussion about "fabricated papers". Also "fabricated papers" are easy to push among professionals in many fields, as you note above. My personal favourite is the curious case of Boghossian, Lidndsay and Pluckrose that demonstrated just how bad modern academia is when it comes to fabricated papers.
But this discussion has nothing to do with that. We're talking about very real papers, on very real subjects, published in very real journals, peer reviewed by very real peers. Because publis
The title of the story is "GPT- Fabricated Scientific Papers Found on Google Scholar by Misinformation Researchers", you blithering imbecile. It's the starting point of the discussion.
The social science community raise funds for 2030 to take significant, high citation count papers and rerun the experiments and republish the updated results. This is really needed in the social sciences side because many high citation count papers, direct or indirectly cited, are from 1 to 2 generations ago where what would be finding 20 years ago would be less likely to be the finding today.
Why this is needed?
The second generation of researchers to examine and recreate a well cited paper would hav
Alternative suggestion, we just toss out all social science which isn't entirely built upon physical sciences and empirical observation. The rest we call social pseudoscientology so it is appropriately categorized.
The problem this ignores is that it is perfectly valid to use GPT or other AI to assist in writing a paper. "Attached is my result, here is my conclusion, here are a few key points in the data to support it.... write that out in a long winded overly pretentious and wordy fashion typical of academic level egos" "okay, that is pretty good but fix this error, adjust that, also here is another point I want incorporated"... etc, etc, etc.
Correct. And there's nothing new about this. Overwhelming majority of papers are that mandatory crap that certain students need to produce to graduate, and while a few take those seriously, most view it as a necessary step to graduation to be done as quickly as possible. So they can get a real job.
That is why you don't just cite papers from google scholar. You read their contents before you do it.
If anything, ChatGPT likely increases quality of such papers..
"That is why you don't just cite papers from google scholar. You read their contents before you do it."
One would hope everyone is reading everything they cite in any case. Okay, so in school that is a 'nudge nudge, wink wink' but for real/published work...
As for using ChatGPT, it is just a tool. There is nothing wrong with say writing an outline of your paper and then feeding it parameters to write a first pass section by section, or to polish your own first draft. The purpose of these papers is to convey d
Devil's word rings true yet again, doesn't it?
Spoiler alert - the misinformation researchers used GPT for their paper.
Sokal Cubed?
If I read the summary correctly, no one actually reviewed the papers. I think what they are reporting is google scholar hacking. Essentially google scholar does not pull papers from publishers. They pull also paper from the web. So you can literally write an ieee formated lorem ipsum. Put it in a place where google crawls, and appear on google scholar.(OK that doesnt actually work, but not much smarter than that DOES work ) We have seen people showing the limits of google scholar by fabricating authors with h-index 1000 by generating non sense papers that cite each others. So in those cases , google scholar is the only thing that actually "read" the paper. It is a failure of Google Scholar more than of the acientific community.
Now it probably also happen in low tier venues (and probably even in high tier venue, at a lower rate). But one needs to remeber that something isn't good science because it was formatted by latex. Or even because it appeared in a known journal or conference. It is good science because it has been independently reproduced by entities you trust.
The Google dilemma continues. How will they cope with bad actors, technology, and harm reduction, while earning profit primarily from advertising and marketing data revenues?
If by "user," you mean "advertisers," they already do. If you mean those who do searches on their search engine, you're confusing "users" with "product."
Re:invented data ( score: 4 , interesting).
What is needed in Science is *fewer* papers, of higher quality, that leave sufficiently large gaps that are trivial to bridge by talented researchers. That is by definition not something a tool like ChatGPT, which only interpolates existing knowledge and makes up the rest, can help with.
Now if you say ChatGPT can help improve the English grammar of the paper, then I will say it doesn't matter, a sufficiently talented researcher can bridge that gap, and in so doing will be forced to think more deeply about the subject matter anyway.
proliferation of papers
I think the proliferation of papers is more to do with ever increasing niche areas of research as an ever increasing number authors strive for originality. Whereas these niches appeal to vanishingly smaller audiences it's easier to sneak in some ChatGPT nonsense.
This is largely about social science. You can slip in ChatGPT nonsense anywhere you like in these fields because they are grounded in speculation, shoddy math, and popular opinions rather than physical reality.
"The big problem with Science today is the proliferation of papers."
The big problem with science today is that it is infiltrated with social pseudoscience and the rise of government regimes defining a concept like 'misinformation' so they can block information they disagree with.
Without manipulation there should be as many papers as there are things to report, no more or less.
"That is by definition not something a tool like ChatGPT, which only interpolates existing knowledge and makes up the rest, can help
The big problem with Science today is the proliferation of papers. It doesn't matter if it is accurate and correct: if it isn't original or novel then it still contributes to the information pollution just as much as if it was inaccurate or downright fantasy.
I feel like that's more a problem from the outsider perspective. Sure those minor results don't lead to a breakthrough, but those incremental steps add up to help create the bigger breakthroughs.
With how often ChatGPT is wrong about commonly known things I certainly wouldn't trust it to be right about some new, novel, and extremely esoteric research.
The Marxists are perfectly happy to program children and youth. Why do think they want to make you scared of shutting down the DoE having 50 or more large sets of opinions dominate the educations of children who can then grow to debate and discussed them rather than forcing everyone to unify on their nationalized cannon?
Ironically that is the reason for the pseudoscientific social science garbage you defend getting a toehold and corrupting science in the first place.
lol That's a good one. Of course you mean ideas only discredited by garbage pseudoscience in fields which aren't grounded in observations of physical reality and the first place. It's hilarious for someone defending those sorts of ideas to criticize ANYTHING as garbage science.
Look at the kind of ridiculous and convoluted frameworks you've had to invent. Needing a decade of brainwashing to convince people to agree with your rationalizations, layer-by-layer, doesn't mean you are educated and enlightened, whi
To gauge if this is a serious problem, we need to know if the top conferences and journals suffer from accepting these AI-generated papers. We should keep in mind that even before the advent of AI-generated papers, we already had to deal with paper mills that tried to game stats such as h-index or paper counts per school or country. Most of these problems arose from non-top level conferences and journals.
If AI-generated (and the implication is that such papers are low quality) papers infect arxiv, is that a
And this being america, you'd be shot on sight, on site, for trespassing with a firearm ?
Yup and remember when they suppressed COVID-19 related information on behalf of government pressure from the organization which funded the gain of function research that likely led to the pandemic and was definitely trying to cover up that possibility?
I first became aware that youtube was censoring information related to COVID when a biohacking group I followed produced a vaccine, documenting their work throughout the process for full transparency and then was shut down by youtube.
It increases the noise level. ( score: 2 ).
The problem is the LLMs make it easier to convert vague ideas into papers. This allows the volume to be increased at little cost, with no increase in information content. I.e. it increases the noise level.
They were posted so someone must know, yes? And I presume a paper published in the world has to have an attributed author?
So are these people being identified, blocked, and banned from science publishing...forever? If a "scientist" publishes a gpt-authored paper, they should be hounded out of the field.
I would imagine so. In computing, publishing is mostly done by ACM and IEEE. Cases of plagiarism and data fabrication are reported to the publisher. They maintain a list (and I believe share it between them) to ban authors caught in non ethical authorship. When you run a journal or a conferen that they sponsor, they share a list of banned author. If a conferenreceive a paper from them, you just forward to the publisher who handles it I have never served on the ethics panel, so I am not sure what the precise sta
I just used this standard for random stories from the press over the last 4 yrs and it was EXTREMELY accurate. Virtually everything contained a white house press release which is corroborated by a legacy media story has non-promoted retraction 3-6 months later which is subsequently buried. Talking heads and "fact checks" from the networks then proceed as if the retraction/correction never occurred and continue to reference opinions consistent with it as falsehoods and misinformation.
I don't know what "misinformation" is. But, it does seem highly likely that as the bulk of scientific publications are in English, and the bulk of the world does not speak or rite gud inglish, that they would use LLM software to help them write and/or translate their papers.
I doubt that the bulk of scientific papers are in English, but the bulk that are covered by Google probably are. So you've identified one strain of the problem. There are others.
Indeed, since English is the most universal language it would make far sense not only for the bulk of papers to be written in it but to stop using other languages as the primarily language in academics globally. This should reduce translation errors and miscommunications drastically as well as vastly expanding the pool of readily consumed and shared science across the board for future generations.
I think China might have a few objections to that. Whether something "makes sense" as a choice depends on what your goals are, and China might be just as happy if a lot of their developments didn't rapidly leak outside the country. (Rapidly is a key word here. I'm not talking about explicit secrecy, but just a barrier that slows diffusion.)
From what I understand the primarily reason the Chinese state promotes maintaining a China specific language to help them manage propaganda and information outside of science so I'm sure it would be the same within. I could certainly see slowing down ingestion of outside discoveries/information that conflict with their state propaganda as a priority for the state as well as having more opportunity to contain embarrassing errors and fake research.
Still, that does seem like something of a compromise on the la
That is indeed jappening. I have been reviewing papers from $notenglishspeakingcountry recently which were of way lower quality than what they used to write. I am talking top tier research institution that usually writes very good papers. The last 3 I reviewed from them were almost unreadable. My guess is that they pushed the writing to an AI translator rather than eriting it themselves. In all 3 cases I had to request a reject because I could not understand the paper because of its poor language
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Like punning, programming is a play on words.
The new paper from alexander lauder, md, and medical student riley kahan suggests limiting the vehicles’ use at night..
minute read
Want to avoid an injury from riding an electric scooter? Riders need to think twice about riding at night and jumping on after having a drink.
Those are two of the takeaways from a new research study on electric scooter injuries conducted by University of Colorado School of Medicine student Riley Kahan and Alexander Lauder , MD, associate professor of orthopedics . Published in August in the journal Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research , the study finds that in Denver, e-scooter injuries have become more frequent and more costly — in terms of medical expenses — over the past five years.
“We looked at how many e-scooter-related injuries happened and categorized the prevalence of injuries and how many of those were orthopedic,” Lauder says. “We also looked the charges associated with treating those injuries. We looked at hospital data to see if there are certain times of day associated with more expensive care, if certain injuries are more expensive to treat, or if patients who are intoxicated get more severely injured.”
The study found that a total of 2,424 patients were identified with e-scooter injuries between January 1, 2020, and November 1, 2023. Thirty percent of all injuries were orthopedic. Twelve percent of all patients required hospital admission, and 16% percent of patients with orthopedic injuries required hospital admission. The median hospital charge per patient treated was $7,075 for all patients, $8,077 for those with orthopedic injuries. Costs were higher for patients who were treated at night.
Lauder published his first research on e-scooter injuries in the Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 2022; the new study updates that information with the latest data and more specifics on timing and costs.
“It seems like these injuries are more and more prevalent, and that was the impetus for the current study,” Lauder says. “Riley had the nice idea of trying to figure out when they are most common, and if there are any preventative measures we can take to decrease the number of injuries.”
Medical student Riley Kahan contributed to the research on electric scooter injuries.
Not surprisingly for a cheap mode of transportation often rented at nighttime in areas packed with restaurants and bars, Lauder and Kahan found many e-scooter injuries happen at nights and weekends, and when their riders are intoxicated.
“When people operate e-scooters while intoxicated, they likely become disinhibited and willing to take more risks, which may be the cause of more frequent and severe injuries,” Kahan says. “The higher number of nighttime injuries could be associated with collisions with other vehicles on the road. Even if the rider is sober, aware, and paying attention, people operating larger vehicles might not be looking out for e-scooters speeding down the sides of the road.”
Injuries from e-scooter accidents can include head injuries, facial fractures, spine fractures, and damage to the humerus, forearm, radius, hand, tibia, and femur, Lauder says. The newly published research also found that more men than women are likely to be involved in e-scooter accidents, as are those in the 25–37 age range.
Along with their findings, Kahan and Lauder suggest reforms to help reduce e-scooter injuries — chiefly, limiting use on night and weekends.
“Anecdotally, the findings we highlight are relatively obvious — these injuries occur more frequently at night and on the weekends,” Kahan says. “What’s interesting about this study is that we highlight an opportunity for rule implementation that would limit a very small percentage of the time people ride e-scooters to have a disproportionately large reduction on the hospital costs associated with the injuries. For example, if we were to limit e-scooter riding from 7 p.m. to 3 a.m. on Friday nights, we would likely save an outsized portion of health care dollars.”
Lauder adds that if the devices were inactivated at night, the number of people presenting to emergency rooms with e-scooter injuries would decrease by 45%.
“If you can cut out nearly half the injuries — and the most expensive injuries — just by limiting when people can ride these things, I think that's pretty impactful,” he says.
Lauder says the retrospective, observational nature of the recently published research makes it difficult to draw certain conclusions. For future research on e-scooter injuries, he plans to look at factors including the geographic locations in which the injuries happened, the specific time of the injury (vs. when the patient came in for care), how much time patients had to take off work to recover, and if any disability resulted from their accident.
While he has seen too many people injured riding e-scooters, Lauder says they still may have their place in a city like Denver, which is trying to decrease its reliance on automobile traffic.
“I'm torn, because on one hand, it's nice to have inexpensive, energy-efficient transit for people who want to get around on public transportation, but if you do get injured on them, it can be painful and costly,” he says. “We're seeing more and more of it every day.”
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