class 11 psychology chapter 2 case study questions

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  What is psychology and how does it work?

The word psychology comes from two Greek words: psyche, which means “soul,” and logos, which means “science” or “study of a subject.” As a result, psychology was defined as the study of the soul or mind. Psychology is properly described as a discipline that investigates mental processes, experiences, and behaviour in many circumstances. It does so by employing biological and social scientific tools to collect data in a methodical manner.

Psychology is one of the most popular subjects since it deals with how people think, react, behave, and interact. It is primarily concerned with human behaviour, as well as the thoughts and emotions that influence it. Psychology studies aid students in better understanding themselves and others, as well as developing sound analytical abilities through the use of the scientific method. It also aids pupils in learning how the mind and body operate together. This blog will provide in-depth information on the Psychology Class 11 Psychology syllabus and case study questions asked in Class 11 Psychology examination

The CBSE examination now includes Case Based Questions for Class 11 Psychology. Class 11 Psychology Case Study Questions are simple to understand and will aid in your academic success. On myCBSEguide, you will receive access to the most recent NCERT textbooks for Class 11 Psychology and all other subjects including Class 11 Psychology Case Study Questions, which are created in compliance with the most recent CBSE/NCERT Psychology curriculum and examination format.

Class 11 Psychology Sample case study questions

Our skilled teachers have prepared the crucial case study questions for Class 11 Psychology based on the most recent syllabus and examination norms given by CBSE/ NCERT. It is critical for students in Class 11 Psychology to go over the case study questions. You can tackle the database of Class 11 Psychology case study questions offered by myCBSEguide using the understanding gained from the Class 11 Psychology case study questions and the NCERT Book for Class 11 Psychology. Because these questions are likely to appear on exams, Class 11 Psychology students should know them and practice them on a daily basis.

Class 11 Psychology Sample case study question 1

Socialization is a process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills and dispositions

which enable them to participate as effective members of group and society. It is a process that continues over the entire life span and through which one learns develops ways of effective

functioning at any stage of development. It forms the basis of social and cultural transmission

from one generation to the next. Its failure in any society may endanger the very existence of that

society. (2+1+1=4)

• Why socialization is necessary in daily life
• What is the age criterion of socialization?
• What is the basis of socialization?

Answer Key:

• Socialization helps individual in acquiring knowledge, skills and aspirations. (2)
• Age criterion of socialization is life span. (1)
• Basis of socialization is social and cultural transmission. (1)

Class 11 Psychology Sample case study question 2

In our eyes, in the outer layer, there is a transparent cornea and a tough sclera that surrounds the rest of the eye. It protects the eye and maintains its shape. The middle layer is called choroid, which is richly supplied with blood vessels. The inner layer is known as retina. It contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) and an elaborate network of interconnecting neurons. The eye is generally compared with a camera. For example, the eye and camera have a lens. The lens divides the eye into two unequal chambers, namely aqueous chamber and vitreous chamber. The aqueous chamber is located between the cornea and the lens. It is smaller in size and is filled with a waterlike substance, called aqueous humor. The vitreous chamber is located between the lens and the retina. It is filled with a jelly like protein, called vitreous humor. These fluids help in holding the lens at its appropriate place and in proper shape. They also allow enough flexibility for the occurrence of accommodation — a process through which the lens changes its shape in order to focus the objects at varying distances. This process is regulated by ciliary muscles, which are attached to the lens. These muscles flatten the lens to focus the distant objects and thicken it to focus the near objects. Like a camera, the eye also has a mechanism to control the amount of light entering into it. Iris is a disc-like coloured membrane lying between the cornea and the lens. It controls the amount of light entering the eye by regulating pupil dilation. In dim light the pupil dilates; in bright light it contracts.

Our eye is made up of _____ layers.

Which muscles serve to flatten the lens so that distant objects can be focused?

• Both a and b

The eye, like a camera, has a system for controlling the amount of light that enters it. Which of the following part of eye serves this purpose?

• None of the given

Class 11 Psychology Curriculum

For Class 11 Psychology students, CBSE/NCERT has created a unique Curriculum to help them gain a foundation and grasp on their learning skills. In Class 11 Psychology, skills-based learning and the development of key concepts begin with a little broader viewpoint. We recognise that young brains are full of questions in the context of Class 11 Psychology , therefore we open up a world full of fascinating learning opportunities and introduce fresh material to our Class 11 Psychology pupils. Class 11 Psychology curriculum is created in such a way that each student masters all of his foundational concepts and achieves higher degrees of brilliance. The chapters covered in the NCERT textbook for class 11 are listed below.

CBSE Class 11 Psychology (Code No. 037) Syllabus

Theory Paper 3 Hours Marks: 70

myCBSEguide for Class 11 Psychology Case Study questions

myCBSEguide provides ample Class 11 Psychology Case study questions. These Class 11 Psychology Case study questions are significant tools for students across the country, and they have excelled in the country’s educational sector. Let us examine the significance of these Class 11 Psychology Case study questions provided by myCBSEguide:

• Every explanation is accompanied by a relevant problem and answer on myCBSEguide. This makes it easier for Class 11 Psychology students to apply concepts, and the presentation of solutions helps them attain simple problem-solving abilities.
• Through analysis and well-researched insights are offered in a student-friendly style for every class 11 Psychology case study questions. Complex class 11 Psychology case study questions that are presented in detail and in simple terms help class 11 Psychology students to learn faster.
• The NCERT textbooks are directly referenced in CBSE exam papers, and both direct and twisted questions are based on these resources. myCBSEguide follows international level stipulations while adhering to CBSE guidelines; as a result, these class 11 Psychology case study questions are highly suggested by teachers.
• Class 11 Psychology students can benefit from comprehensive myCBSEguide resources, which include previous year’s question papers and answers. Additional tools to promote students’ learning are available on myCBSEguide at all levels in order to increase students’ ability to answer exam papers and offer them more practice.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

August 17, 2017 by Bhagya

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

Question 1. What are the goals of scientific enquiry? Answer:  There exists diversity in types of researches or studies undertaken by psychologists but they all seem to share some common goals of enquiry, which are as follows-:

• This helps to define the phenomena and distinguish it from other phenomenas.
• Description is necessary because any event or behaviour may have many aspects.
• For example, the idea of entertainment varies from reading books to going to pubs, depending on the individual.
• The recording of event or behaviour is an integral part of description.
• Prediction means forecasting of events.
• It establishes relationship between two variables.
• For example, one might say exercising leads to weight loss.
• In psychology all predictions are made within a certain margin of error i.e. they are not pin-pointed or exact.
• Explanation involves knowing the cause or the reason behind the behaviour.
• It also tries to understand the conditions under which a particular behaviour occurs. For example, a child behaves rudely whenever he is disturbed so his disturbances become the cause of his rude behaviour.
• Control means creating change in the phenomenon or behavior.
• It refers to making behaviour happen, reduction in it or enhancement in it.
• The changes produced by psychological treatment in terms of therapy are good examples of control.
• Psychological researches are often conducted to solve various problems faced by file society.
• Psychology helps in solving problem at individual, organizational or community level.
• For example, therapies are provided to individuals and counseling is also there to help them.
• At file organizational level, various psychological concepts like work motivation are used to enhance performance. At file community level, counseling is provided to help people engage in various , helpful and eco-friendly behaviours.

Question 2. Describe the various steps involved in conducting a scientific enquiry. Answer:   Scientific research or study is a clearly defined process that goes through a series of steps—

• The process begins when a researcher selects a theme or topic for study.
• Then the research questions or problems for the study are formulated.
• Problem is based on the review of past researches, observations and personal experiences.
• Problem indicates the relationship between variables. For example, what is the relationship between reward and classroom learning?
• After formulation of problem, the hypothesis is formed, which is the tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two variables. For example, increased amount of reward will lead to betterment in learning.
• Data collection requires developing a research design or a blueprint of the entire study.
• Participants of the study are decided, depending on the nature of study, they could be children, adolescents, college students, teachers, workers, elder people etc.
• Methods of data collection like observation, experimental, correlational method etc are decided.
• The next decision is taken about the tools to be used, like interview schedule,. questionnaire, survey etc.
• Procedure for data collection is decided i.e. how the tools need to be administered to collect data i.e. individual to collect data i.e. individual or group administration.
• This is followed by actual data collection.
• The next step is to analyse data to understand its meaning.
• The graphical representation of data is made using, bar diagram, pie chart, histogram, mean, median, mode, standard deviation etc.
• The purpose of analysis is to verify a hypothesis and draw conclusions accordingly.
• The research begins with the hypothesis.
• Then researcher sees whether the conclusions support this hypothesis or not.
• If conclusions support the hypothesis then it is confirmed.
• If it is not confirmed researcher revises or states an alternative hypothesis/theory and again tests it and the same process continues.

Question 3. Explain the nature of psychological data. Answer:   Data is any information related to mental processes, experiences and behaviour, collected by using various tools. Psychological data are of different types, such as-:

• Demographic information This information includes personal information related to a particular individual. This includes name, age, gender, education, marital status, residence, caste, religion, income etc, which are personally relevant.
• Physical information This includes information pertaining to physical environment i.e. ecological condition. It also includes information about economy, housing conditions, facilities at the home, in the school, transportation etc.
• Physiological data This is related to Biological data. For example, height, weight, heart rate, level of fatigue, EEG, reaction time, sleep, blood pressure etc is collected. Data related to animal’s biological functioning is also collected.
• Psychological information This includes data regarding psychological functioning of individual. It involves data about intelligence, personality, attitudes, values, emotions, motivation, psychological dysfunctions, consciousness etc. Thus obtained data is divided into various categories, so that it can be analysed using statistical measures.

Question 4. How do experimental and control group differ? Explain with the help of an example. Answer:

• Experimental group: The subjects in study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. In an experiment this group is administered the independent variable (the variable that is manipulated to see its effect on any other variable under study).
• The independent variable is not administered on this group.
• Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

The purpose is to see whether any difference occur in two groups as a result of application of independent variable on experimental group. For example, suppose, an experiment is carried out to study the effect of presence of others on helpful behaviour, one participant was put in a situation requiring help, say, someone drowning in swimming pool, here five other people were also present, another participant was alone in the emergency situation. In an experiment except for the experimental manipulation, other conditions are kept constant for both the groups.

Question 5.  A researcher is studying relationship between speed of cycling and the presence of people. Formulate a relevant hypothesis and identify the independent and dependent variables. Answer:

• Variable: It is any stimulus or event which varies or can take on different valves can be measure e.g. weight, height.
• Hypothesis: It is a tentative and testable statement which expresses relation between two or more than two variables, e.g.: those who are rewarded shall require lesser number of trials to learn than those who are not rewarded.
• Independent variable: It is the variable which is systematically manipulated or altered in an experiment. It is the cause.
• Dependent variable: It is the variable that is measured in an experiment. It is the effect.
• As per the question: Hypothesis. Presence of others will enhance the speed of cycling. Independent variable. Presence of others Dependent variable. Speed of cycling

Question 6.Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of experimental method as a method of enquiry. Answer:   Experimental method is aimed at discovering causal relationship between various factors by manipulating the situation under totally controlled conditions. Characterstics:

• Experimentation involves manipulation of variables to study their effect on other aspects.
• Experiments are carried out in totally controlled condition.
• Subjects or individuals are assigned to experimental and control group, randomly.
• All factors other than manipulated variable that might affect the dependent variable are kept constant.

Advantages:

• Experimental method aims at establishing cause-effect relationship between the variables.
• Replication and verification of obtained result is possible.
• The investigator can manipulate the independent variable according to the demands of the situation.
• It can be performed at any time.
• It is very objective—No personal bias exists.

Limitations:

• Experiments are conducted in a very artificial and unrealistic situations-the setting is not natural.
• They lack external validity i.e. generalizability. Since they are not done in natural settings, the results can’t be generalized with confidence.
• It is difficult to control and know all extraneous variables like – motivation, emotion, state etc.
• It is not always possible to study a problem experimentally. For example, personality can’t be studied experimentally.

Question 7. Dr. Krishnan is going to observe and record children’s play behaviour at a nursery school without attempting to influence or control the behaviour. Which method of research is involved? Explain the process and discuss its merits and demerits. Answer:   Dr. Krishnan would use the method of non-participant observation to observe and record children’s behaviour at play without attempting to influence or control the behaviour. He would sit in a corner and observe the children’s behaviour without them being aware of it. He would note the behaviour of children while playing, how ’ they interact with each other and their reaction towards winning or losing. He would collect all the data in a file and then match the conclusion with the hypothesis. Merits of non-participant observation:

• The researcher observes the people and their behaviour in naturalistic settings.
• The observer can get first hand information regarding the subject.
• This method is time consuming, labour intensive and subject to personal biases.
•  The researcher may interpret the behaviour based on personal values.

Question 8. Give two examples of the situations where survey method can be used. What are the limitations of this method? Answer:   Survey Method is a research method utilizing written questionnaires or personal interviews to obtain data of a given population. For example: Surveys are used in variety of situations such as

• They can be used in political regime to know whether people approve or disapprove any particular policy of government, say for example, policy of reservation in higher education or Nuclear deal with America in recent times.
• They are used during elections also to know who will people vote to.
• Surveys can also be used to test hypothesis about the relationship among variables. One may try to find out the effect of some event on people’s behaviour. For example – Surveys have been conducted after the earthquake at Bhuj in Gujarat to find out the impact of earthquake on people’s lives.
• In marketing area, before launching a product surveys are often conducted. They are used to assess people’s attitude on various social issues such as family planning and gender equality.

Limitation:

• The major difficulty is the issue of accuracy and honesty of the responses as the respondents attempt to create favourable impression – faking is possible.
• Surveyor’s bias also affects the results. He/she may ask the question in such a way as to elicit desired response.
• Surveys remain at the surface and it does not penetrate into the depth of the problem. They are time-consuming and expensive.
• These techniques make the respondent conscious. So he/she may mould his/her responses.
• Survey demand expertise, research knowledge and competence on the part of the researcher. Most of the survey researchers don’t possess these qualities in the required amount. This invalidates the quality of survey.
• Sample selected might not be the true representative of the population.

Question 9. Differentiate between interview and questionnaire. Answer:    Interview :

• Interview is a face to face interaction between two people
• They can be structured or unstructured
• Interviews are flexible; questions can be added or altered.
• Interviewer can dig deeper by posing counter question and by noticing non-verbal clues.
• They are subjective in nature.
•  It is not a good tool for those who can’t express themselves verbally
• It requires highly skilled person as interviewer.

Questionnaire :

• It consists of a form containing a series of questions where the respondents themselves fill in the answers.
• Questionnaire is always structured.
• It is not possible to know anything more that what is asked in the question.
• They are highly objective.
• Sometimes someone else can also fill in the questionnaire other than the target person.
• Clarification of questions is sometimes not possible.
• They can be administered to a large number of people at a time.
• Comparatively less skilled person can do the Interpretation.

Question 10. Explain the characteristics of a standardised test. Answer:    Characteristics of a standardised test:

• Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on different occasions. If the test is reliable, these showed not be any variation in the scores obtained by the students on the 2 occasions. For this we can complete the following: (i)Test-retest reliability: it indicates the temporal stability. It is computed by finding out co-efficient of correlation b/w the 2 sets of same people. (ii) Split-half reliability: It gives an indication about the degree of intends, consistency of the test. .
• Validity: For a test to be usable, it must be valid. Validity refers to the question “does the test measure what it claims to measures”. E.g. If a test is for assessment intelligence, it should only be testing intelligence and not aptitude.
• Norms: A test becomes standardized if norms are developed for the test, norm is the normal average performance of the group. The test is administered on a large number of students. Their average performance standards are based in their age, sex, place of residence, etc. this helps us in compassion of performance of groups and individual students.

Question 11. Describe the limitations of psychological enquiry. Answer:    LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ENQUIRY:

• Lack of true zero point Psychological measurements do not have a true zero point like physical sciences. For example, there is no zero interest, attitude or personality. So the measurements are not absolute, they are relative in nature. Sometimes ranks are also used as scores.
• Relative nature of psychological tools Psychological tests, Questionnaire etc. are not universally applied; they are made for particular context. Tools developed in urban context may not be applied in rural area, also western tests and other tools may not apply elsewhere.
• Subjective interpretation qualitative data The data which can’t be categorized or quantified in scores or ranks, runs the risk of subjective (individual, personal) interpretation.Every researcher may give different meanings to data.

Question 12.What are the ethical guidelines that a psychologist needs to follow while conducting a psychological enquiry? Answer:    Since psychology largely deals with human beings, so the researchers need to follow some moral principles which are as follows:

• This means that participants have the freedom to choose whether to participate in the study or not.
• Use of force or coercion or any other pressure should not be used.
• Participants should have the right to withdraw from study any time without penalty.
• Participants in a study should understand what treatment they will undergo during study.
• This information should be given before the study/research starts.
• If at times it is not possible to reveal all the information, they should be at least explained the nature of study before it starts.
• Sometimes due to the nature of the study it becomes necessary to withhold some information from the participants, this is known as deception.
• So after the study is over the participants are given complete information to complete their understanding of research. For example, suppose a researcher wants to study the relationship between frustration and aggression, the participants will not be informed that they’ll be put in a frustrating situation; otherwise experiment or study will have no conclusions; so here deception is necessary. However, after it is over they should be told that they were aroused deliberately. , Why was it done should also be explained.
• It ensures that the participants leave the study in the same physical or mental state as when they entered.
• Efforts should be made to remove any anxiety or other adverse effects from the minds of the participants as a result of being deceived in the study.
• One, researchers full fill the expectations of the participants.
• Second, the participants may tell the researcher about something else which may provide supplementary information.
• The participants have right to privacy.
• This right is protected by keeping the information provided by them in strict confidence.
• It becomes more important if the information is personal and may become embarrassing if revealed.
• The information should be used for the purpose of research only.
• To maintain confidentiality one should not record their identities.
• Sometimes identity is required, in such cases code numbers should be given on the data sheet and the names and their codes should be kept separately.

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• Vishal Pandey
• Jun 23, 2021
• 11 min read

Class 11th Psychology Chapter 2 - Methods of Enquiry in Psychology?

Updated: Jul 4, 2021

Download PDF link available at the bottom of this page.

Methods of Enquiry in Psychology?

Table of Contents

Introduction: 3

Goals of Psychological Enquiry. 3

Steps in Conducting Scientific Research. 3

1) Conceptualising a Problem.. 4

2) Collecting Data: 4

Some Important Methods in Psychology. 4

i. Observational Method: 4

ii. Experimental Method:-. 6

iii. Correlational Research. 8

iv. Survey Research. 9

v. Psychological Testing. 11

vi. Case Study: 13

3) Analysis of Data: 14

Quantitative Method:-. 14

Qualitative Method: 14

Limitations of Psychological Enquiry. 15

Ethical Issues. 15

Introduction:

We understood that Psychologists use different procedure to study the mental processes, behaviour & experiences. This procedure of research is “the methods of enquiry in Psychology”.

Why do we need a Psychological Enquiry? – The answer is in Goals of Psychological Enquiry:-

Goals of Psychological Enquiry

Any Scientific research, psychological enquiry has the following goals:-

1. Description:- Describing a behaviour or phenomenon as accurately as possible

2. Prediction:- If we can describe the form of behaviour, we should be able to predict that under certain conditions this particular behaviour may occur within a certain margin of error.

3. Explanation:- The third goal is to know the causal factors or determinants of behaviour & to explain those factors accordingly.

4. Control of behaviour:- If you are able to explain why a particular behaviour occurs, you can control that behaviour by making changes in its antecedent conditions.

5. Application of knowledge:- The final goal of the scientific enquiry is to bring out positive changes in the lives of people.

Once we know why we are doing the research & what are the goals, it’s time to find out the characteristics of how we are going to conduct those research, which includes 2 steps:-

Steps in Conducting Scientific Research

There are only two characteristics that we look while conducting a scientific research:

Objectivity & Systematic approach of research.

a. Objectivity: - Objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more persons independently study particular event, both of them, to a great extent, should arrive at the same conclusions.

b. Systematic:- This is a step by step process of conducting a research

1) Conceptualising a Problem: The research starts with the problem or topic a researcher wants to study about.

2) Collecting Data: After identifying the problem, It’s time to collect relevant data, Data collection method is of 6 types

Some Important Methods in Psychology

i. Observational Method

ii. Experimental Method

iii. Correlational Research

Iv. survey research, v. psychological testing.

vi. Case Study

i. Observational Method:

On a daily basis, we see a lot of things but observe only some. This is one of the amazing ways to collect the behavioural data.

A Scientific observation differs from day to day observation in many ways. These are:-

a. Selection – Psychologists do not observe all the behaviour that they encounter. Rather, they select a particular behaviour for observation.

b. Recording – Then they record the data to remember & for others to take reference from these data.

c. Analysis of Data – And finally they analyse the data as per their understanding, finding & requirements.

Types of Observation

i. Naturalistic vs Controlled Observation – if the environment of observation is not manipulated it is Naturalistic Observation, If the environment is manipulated as per to adjust the observation under controlled condition it is controlled observation.

ii. Non-Participant vs Participant Observation – if you are observing a person and he/she knows it, it is participant observation. If he/she doesn’t know that they are being observed, it is non-participant observation.

ii. Experimental Method:-

Experiments are generally conducted to establish cause-effect relationship between two sets of events or variables in a controlled setting. It is a carefully regulated procedure in which changes are made in one factor, while its effect is studied on another factor, while keeping other related factors constant.

The concept of Variable

What is Variable – Any event or stimulus which varies, that is, it takes on different values (or changes) and can be measured is a Variable .

Variables are of two kinds:- Independent Variable & Dependent Variable

a. Independent Variable: It is that variable which is manipulated or altered or its strength varied by the researcher in the experiment.

b. Dependent Variable: The variable on which the effect of independent variable is observed is called dependent variable.

Thus, the independent variable is the cause, and dependent variable is the effect in any experimental situation.

Experimental & Control Groups

a. Experimental Groups: An experimental group is a group in which members of the group are exposed to independent variable manipulation.

b. Control Groups: The control group is a comparison group that is treated in every way like the experimental group except that the manipulated variable is absent in it.

Control Techniques for relevant variables:-

1. Since the goal of an experiment is to minimise extraneous variables, the best way to handle this problem is to eliminate them from the experimental setting.

2. Elimination is not always possible. In such cases, effort should be made to hold them constant

3. In this procedure the relevant variables in the two groups are equated or are held constant by taking matched pairs across conditions of the experiment

4. Counter-balancing technique is used to minimise the sequence effect. Suppose there are two tasks to be given in an experiment. Rather than giving the two tasks in the same sequence the experimenter may interchange the order of the tasks.

5. Random assignment of participants to different groups eliminates any potential systematic differences between groups.

Limitations of Experimental Method:-

1. The experiments have low external validity means it may produce results that do not generalise well, or apply to real situations.

2. It is not always feasible to study a particular problem experimentally.

3. It is difficult to know and control all the relevant variables

Field Experiments & Quasi Experiments

If a researcher wants to have high generalisability or to conduct studies which are not possible in laboratory settings, s/he may go to the field or the natural setting where the particular phenomenon actually exists. In other words, s/he may conduct a Field Experiment .

In the situation where many variables cannot be manipulated in the laboratory settings. Like Earthquake effect on children, Quasi Experimentation is adopted.

In psychological research, we often wish to determine the relationship between two variables for prediction purposes. For example, you may be interested in knowing whether “the amount of study time” is related to the “student’s academic achievement”. The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables is represented by a number, known as correlation coefficient. Its value can range from +1.0 through 0.0 to –1.0.

Agar ladki / ladka pat gai / gaya to Positive Correlation , agar nahi pati to Negative Correlation aur agar use samajh hi nahi aaya ki tum patane ki koshish kar rahe ho to Zero Correlation .

We often wish to determine the relationship between two variables for prediction purposes. Here we try to find out the relationship between the two variables to determine whether they are associated, covary or not.

The strength & direction of the relationship between the two variables is represented by number known as Correlation coefficient. Its value ranges from +1.0 through 0.0 to -1.0.

Correlation could be of three types: Positive, Negative & Zero.

Positive Correlation: It indicates that as the value of one variable (X) increases, the value of the other variable (Y) will also increase & vice versa. X Y

Negative Correlation: It indicates that as the value of one variable (X) increases, the value of the other variable (Y) will decrease & vice versa. X Y

Zero Correlation: It is possible that sometimes no correlation may exist between the two variables, this is called Zero Correlation. This indicates that no significant relationship exists between two variables or the two variables are unrelated.

A survey research is basically a method of collecting data through various means of survey like Personal Interviews, Questionnaires & Telephonic Surveys.

Let’s understand these methods in detail.

a. Personal Interviews:-

A personal Interview is a method of asking questions from Individual or group to obtain the relevant data. Generally one person sit across other person either face to face or through video call& one person (generally called interviewer) asks certain questions to another person (interviewee or respondent)

There can be two broad types of interviews -

i. Structured or Standardised : A structured interview is one where the questions in the schedule are written clearly in a particular sequence. The interviewer has little or no liberty to make changes in the wordings of the questions or the order in which they are to be asked.

Type of Questions asked – Close ended questions (like MCQ’s or Yes/No)

ii. Unstructured or non-standardised: in an unstructured interview the interviewer has the flexibility to take decisions about the questions to be asked, the wording of the questions, and the sequence in which questions are to be asked.

Type of Questions asked – Open ended questions (like Subjective questions)

An interview may have the following combinations of participants in an interview situation are-

i. Individual to Individual: One Interviewer interviews another person

ii. Individual to group: One interviewer interviews a group of persons.

iii. Group to Individuals: One group of interviewers interview one person.

iv. Group to Group: One group of interviewers interviews another group of interviewees.

Interviewing is a skill which requires proper training. A good interviewer knows how to make the respondent at ease and get the optimal answer. S/he remains sensitive to the way a person responds and, if needed, probes for more information. If the respondent gives vague answers, the interviewer may try to get specific and concrete answers.

Benefits of Personal Interviews:-

i. The interview method helps in obtaining in-depth information.

ii. It is flexible & adaptable to individual situations, and can often be used when no other method is possible or adequate.

iii. It can be used even with children, and non-literate persons.

iv. An interviewer can know whether the respondent understands the questions, and can repeat or paraphrase questions.

Limitations of Personal Interviews :-

i. Interviews require time. Often getting information from one person may take an hour or more which is not cost effective.

b. Questionnaires:-

· The questionnaire is the most common, simple, versatile, and low-cost self-report method of collecting information.

· It consists of a predetermined set of questions.

· The respondent has to read the questions and mark the answers on paper rather than respond verbally to the interviewer.

· They are in some ways like highly structured interviews.

· Generally there are two types of questions used in questionnaire: Open-ended & Closed-ended.

· With Open-ended questions, the respondent is free to write whatever answers s/he considers appropriate.

· In Closed-ended type, the questions and their probable answers are given & the respondent is required to select the correct answer.

· Closed-ended questions responses are like yes/No, True/False, multiple choice or rating scales (3 point, 5 point, 7 point, 11 point, etc).

· Questionnaires can be filled either in pen & paper or through E-mail like Google forms.

c. Telephone Surveys:-

· Surveys are conducted through telephone, via mobile phones SMS, apps, etc.

Benefits of Telephone Surveys:-

i. The telephone survey helps in reducing time.

Limitations of Telephone Surveys:-

i. The respondents don’t know the interviewer; the technique is fraught with uncooperativeness, reluctance, and superficial answers by the respondents.

ii. Clear data of respondents is not available in terms of age, gender, income levels, education levels, etc.

Advantages of Survey Method:

i. Information can be gathered quickly and efficiently from thousands of persons.

ii. Since surveys can be conducted quickly, public opinions on new issues can be obtained almost as soon as the issues arise.

Limitations of Survey Method:

i. People may give inaccurate information because of memory lapses or they may not want to let the researcher know what they really believe about a particular issue.

ii. People sometimes offer responses they think the researcher wants to hear.

· Assessment of individual differences has remained one of the important concerns of psychology from the very beginning.

· Psychologists have constructed different types of tests for assessment of various human characteristics, such as intelligence, aptitude, personality, interest, attitudes, values, educational achievement, etc.

· These tests are used for various purposes, such as personnel selection, placement, training, guidance, diagnosis, etc., in multiple contexts including educational institutions, guidance clinics, industries, defence establishments, and so forth.

· A Psychological test is a standardised and objective instrument which is used to assess an individual’s standing in relation to others on some mental or behavioural characteristics.

· Objectivity - Objectivity refers to the fact that if two or more researchers administer a psychological test on the same group of people, both of them would come up with more or less the same values for each person in the group.

· Standardised - The construction of a test is a systematic & standard process and involves certain steps. It involves detailed analysis of items, and estimating reliability , validity , and norms of the whole test.

o Reliability - . Reliability of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on two different occasions.

§ Test- retest reliability – It is computed by finding out co-efficient of correlation between the two sets of scores on the same set of persons.

§ Split-half reliability – It gives an indication about the degree of internal consistency of the test.

o Validity - Validity refers to the question: “Does the test measure what it claims to measure”?

o Norms - norm is the normal or average performance of the group. This helps us in comparing the performance of an individual student with others of the same group.

· Types of Tests – Tests are classified on three basis – Language, mode of administration & difficulty level.

o Language – Verbal, Non-Verbal & Performance test

§ Verbal – Literacy is required for taking verbal tests as the items have to be written in some language.

§ NonVerbal Tests – In this items are made of symbols or pictures.

§ Performance Tests – It require movement of objects from the respective places in a particular order.

o Mode of Administration – Psychological tests are divided into individual or group tests.

§ Individual Test – An individual test is administered by the researcher to one person at a time.

§ Group Test – A group tests cab be administered to large number of persons at the same time.

o Difficulty level – Psychological tests are also classified into speed & power tests

§ Speed test – There is a time limit within which the test taker is required to answer all the items.

§ Power test – It assesses the underlying ability of the individuals by allowing them sufficient time. i.e; these test don’t have any time limit. It is generally observed or arranged in increasing order of difficulty.

vi. Case Study:

In this method, the emphasis is given on in-depth study of a particular case.

The case can be an

i. Individual

ii. a small group of individuals having some commonality among them (Like Rabindra nath Tagore),

iii. Institutions (poorly or successfully functioning school or a corporate office)

iv. Specific Events (Children exposed to devastation by tsunami, war or pollution)

· A case study employs multiple methods for collecting information, such as interview, observation & psychological tests from a variety of respondents who in some way or the other might be associated with the case & can provide useful information.

· A case study is a valuable research tool in the field of clinical psychology and human development.

· Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory or Piaget cognitive development theory was emerged from case study method.

· Things to be cautious of:-

o The problem of validity in a single case study is quite challenging.

o It is recommended that the information should be collected using multiple strategies from different sources of information by a number of investigators.

o Careful planning of data collection is also very necessary.

3) Analysis of Data:

Once we have identified the problem & collected the data through different methods stated above, not is the time to analyse these data through 2 different methods: Quantitative & Qualitative

Quantitative Method:-

Any data which can be quantified in numbers or in scaled form is Quantitative method (like 1, 2, 3.. or total of all numbers or mean, median, & mode)

Qualitative Method:

Any data which cannot be quantified in numbers & are in descriptive form is Qualitative data like interviews, taped/video recorded, informal talks, etc. These type of data cannot be converted into scores or subjected to statistical analysis.

Limitations of Psychological Enquiry

1. Lack of true Zero Point

2. Relative nature of Psychological Tools

3. Subjective Interpretation of Qualitative Data

Ethical Issues

1. Respect for persons’ privacy

2. Choice to participate in the study, beneficence

3. Protecting the participants in the study from any harm & justice

4. Sharing the benefits of research with all participants.

Some of the important aspects of these ethical principles are described as follows

a. Voluntary Participation:

b. Informed consent

c. Debriefing

d. Sharing the results of the study

e. Confidentiality of Data Source

Please refer YouTube Videos for this.

Channel Link - https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnPsychologywithVishalPandey

Playlist link for Class 11 Psychology – Chapter 2 – Methods of Enquiry in Psychology - https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6-r-i_e9BafZjYQ8pgU5S6RYe_oR07Pe

Download PDF notes from this link -

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WmQLGXlWd_fpwFzL_ZPxhuKeJdKC2L9u/view?usp=sharing

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Methods Of Enquiry In Psychology Class 11 Questions and Answers

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Diving into Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2, students are introduced to the fascinating world of 'Methods of Enquiry in Psychology'. This chapter, a vital part of the NCERT Class 11 Psychology curriculum, offers a deep dive into the various techniques and strategies used in psychological research and understanding. For students seeking to excel in psychology, comprehending Chapter 2 is crucial, and the Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Solutions provide an excellent resource for mastering these concepts.

The chapter begins by unraveling the mysteries of how psychologists gather data and insights. It explores different research methods, each a critical part of the 'Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Class 11' syllabus. These methods include observation, experimentation, case studies, and surveys, all integral to understanding human behavior and mental processes. The NCERT solutions for Methods of Enquiry in Psychology offer detailed explanations and examples, making complex ideas more accessible.

Students often find the Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Question Answer section to be particularly helpful. This segment not only reinforces the chapter's content but also encourages critical thinking and application of knowledge. It’s an essential tool for those aiming to delve deeper into psychological research methods.

Moreover, the 'Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Class 11th' chapter lays the groundwork for advanced psychological studies. It’s here that students learn the scientific rigor and ethical considerations involved in psychological research. The NCERT Class 11 Psychology book does an excellent job of presenting these concepts in a student-friendly manner, ensuring a thorough and engaging learning experience.

In summary, Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 is more than just a chapter in a textbook; it's a gateway to understanding the core methods that form the backbone of psychological research. With the help of detailed solutions, engaging question answers, and comprehensive explanations, students are well-equipped to explore the intriguing world of psychology.

Q1. Describe the limitations of psychological enquiry.

Ans: The limitations of psychological enquiry are as follows:

Lack of true zero point: Psychological measurements do not have a zero point. The scores that are assigned to  individuals in psychological studies are not absolute in nature but have relative value.  Relative nature of psychological tools: Psychological tests need to be developed, modified and adapted  according to the context of study. For example, test developed for urban children is not suitable and cannot be  applied on tribal children.  Subjective interpretation of qualitative data: The qualitative data are largely subjective and interpretations may  vary from one individual to the other.

Q2. Dr. Krishnan is going to observe and record children’s play behaviour at a nursery school without attempting to influence  or control the behaviour. Which method of research is involved? Explain the process and discuss its merits and  demerits.

Ans: Non-participant observation method is involved in research of Dr. Krishnan here. He can install a video camera to  record children’s play behaviour at a nursery school or sit in a corner of the class without interfering or participating in  their everyday activities and then analyse and conclude it.

Merits: The researcher study people and their behaviour in a naturalistic situation, as it occurs.

Demerits: This method is labour intensive, time consuming, and is susceptible to the observer’s bias. Our

observation is influenced by our values and beliefs about the person or the event.

Q3. Explain the nature of psychological data.

Ans: 1. Psychologists collect a variety of information/ data from different sources employing diverse methods. The  information relate to the individuals covert or overt behaviour, their subjective experiences, and mental processes.

2. Data form an important input in psychological enquiry. They in fact approximate the reality to some extent and  provide an opportunity to verify or falsify our ideas, hunches, notions, etc.

3. Data are not independent entities. They are located in a context and are tied to the method and theory that govern  the process of data collection. In other words, data are not independent of the physical or social context, the  persons involved, and the time when the behaviour occurs.

4. The method of data collection used and the characteristics of respondents also influence the nature and quality of  data.

5. Also, data does not in itself speak about reality. Inferences have to be made from data. A researcher attaches  meaning to the data by placing it in its proper context.

Q4. A researcher is studying the relationship between speed of cycling and the presence of people. Formulate a relevant  hypothesis and identify the independent and dependent variables.

Ans: Variable: It is any stimulus or event which varies or can take on different values that can be measured e.g. weight, or  height.  Hypothesis: It is a tentative and testable  variable, e.g. those who are rewarded shall require a lesser number of trials to learn than those who are not  a statement which expresses the relation between two or more than two  rewards.  Independent variable: It is the variable which is systematically manipulated or altered in an experiment. It is the  cause.  Dependent variable: It is the variable that is measured in an experiment. It is the effect.  As per the question: Hypothesis. The presence of others will enhance the speed of cycling.  Independent variable. Presence of others Dependent variable. Speed of cycling.

Q5. Differentiate between an interview and a questionnaire.

Q6. Describe the various steps involved in conducting a scientific enquiry.

Ans: The various steps involved in conducting a scientific enquiry can be described as follows:

1. Conceptualization of problem: It is important in a scientific enquiry to narrow down the focus and understand the  specific problem. It is done by reviewing past research, personal experience and observations. This is further  followed by preparing a hypothesis or a tentative solution of the problem.

2. Data collection: The second step involves the preparation of a blueprint of the entire study. It consists of four  aspects namely, identifying the participants in the study, methods of data collection, tools to be used in research  and procedure for data collection.

3. Drawing conclusions : The data are analyzed through statistical procedures and represented graphically in the form  of pie-chart, bar-diagram, etc. It helps to verify the hypothesis and draw conclusions by putting them into an  appropriate context.

4. Revising research conclusions: The existing hypothesis is finally confirmed on the basis of revision of data else, a  new hypothesis is stated and tested by new data. The research may also be revised by other researchers, hence  making it a continuous process.

Q7. Explain the characteristics of a standardised test.

Ans: Characteristics of a standardized test:

1. Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on different  occasions. If the test is reliable, these showed not be any variation in the scores obtained by the students on the 2  occasions. 

For this we can complete the following:

1. Test-retest reliability: it indicates the temporal stability. It is computed by finding out co-efficient of correlation b/ w the 2 sets of same people.

2. Split-half reliability: It gives an indication about the degree of intends, consistency of the test.

2. Validity : For a test to be usable, it must be valid. Validity refers to the question “does the test measure what it  claims to measures”. E.g. If a test is for assessment intelligence, it should only be testing intelligence and not  aptitude.

3. Norms: A test becomes standardized if norms are developed for the test, norm is the normal average performance  of the group. The test is administered on a large number of students. Their average performance standards are  based in their age, sex, place of residence, etc. this helps us in compassion of performance of groups and individual  students.

Q8. What are the goals of scientific enquiry?

Ans: There exists diversity in types of researches or studies undertaken by psychologists but they all seem to share some  common goals of enquiry, which are as follows:

Description:

This helps to define the phenomena and distinguish it from other phenomenas.  Description is necessary because any event or behaviour may have many aspects.

For example, the idea of entertainment varies from reading books to going to pubs, depending on the individual.  The recording of event or behaviour is an integral part of description.

Prediction:

Prediction means forecasting of events.  It establishes relationship between two variables.

For example, one might say exercising leads to weight loss.

In psychology all predictions are made within a certain margin of error i.e. they are not pin-pointed or exact.

Explanation:

Explanation involves knowing the cause or the reason behind the behaviour.  It also tries to understand the conditions under which a particular behaviour occurs. For example, a child  behaves rudely whenever he is disturbed so his disturbances become the cause of his rude behaviour.

Control:  Control means creating change in the phenomenon or behavior.  It refers to making behaviour happen, reduction in it or enhancement in it.  The changes produced by psychological treatment in terms of therapy are good examples of control.

Application:

Psychological researches are often conducted to solve various problems faced by file society.  Psychology helps in solving problem at individual, organizational or community level.

For example, therapies are provided to individuals and counseling is also there to help them.  At file organizational level, various psychological concepts like work motivation are used to enhance  performance. At file community level, counseling is provided to help people engage in various, helpful and ecofriendly  behaviours.

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NCERT Solutions for Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Class 11 Psychology

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology – Chapter 2 -Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 42

Q1 : What are the goals of scientific enquiry? Answer :  The goals of scientific enquiry are as follows: Description – It is very important in a scientific enquiry to describe the behaviour or a phenomenon accurately in order to be able to deal with it. Prediction – Scientific enquiry aims at the understanding of a particular behaviour in relationship to other behaviours or events. It tries to predict their occurrences under certain conditions with a margin of error. Explanation – Scientific enquiry is conducted to know the causal factors or determinants of behaviour and the conditions where the behaviour does not occur. Control – Being able to explain behaviour also leads to the control in behaviour by making changes in its antecedent conditions. The control refers to making a particular behaviour happen, reduce it and enhance it. Application – Application of a particular behaviour aims at bringing about positive changes in the lives of people by solving their problems in various settings.

Q2 : Describe the various steps involved in conducting a scientific enquiry. Answer :  The various steps involved in conducting a scientific enquiry can be described as follows: (i) Conceptualisation of problem – It is important in a scientific enquiry to narrow down the focus and understand the specific problem. It is done by reviewing past research, personal experience and observations. This is further followed by preparing a hypothesis or a tentative solution of the problem. (ii) Data collection – The second step involves the preparation of a blueprint of the entire study. It consists of four aspects namely, identifying the participants in the study, methods of data collection, tools to be used in research and procedure for data collection. (iii) Drawing conclusions – The data are analysed through statistical procedures and represented graphically in the form of pie-chart, bar-diagram, etc. It helps to verify the hypothesis and draw conclusions by putting them into an appropriate context. (iv) Revising research conclusions – The existing hypothesis is finally confirmed on the basis of revision of data else, a new hypothesis is stated and tested by new data. The research may also be revised by other researchers, hence making it a continuous process.

Q3 : Explain the nature of psychological data. Answer : The nature of psychological data can be explained through the following points: The psychological data are not independent entities: The physical or social context, the persons involved and the time of the behaviour affects the data. For instance, an individual behaves differently in a group than being alone. The quality and nature of data is affected by the method of data collection: It is possible that while conducting a personal interview, an individual provides with answers which are different than his/her behaviour as observed by the researcher. Data are facts without any meaning: This suggests that data do not speak themselves about reality. They only acquire meaning when placed in a context by the researcher.

Q4 : How do experimental and control groups differ? Explain with the help of an example. Answer :  Experimental groups differ from control groups as independent variable manipulation occurs in an experimental group whereas it is absent in a control group. For example, in a study conducted by Latane and Darley, there were two experimental groups and one control group. The participants in the study were sent to three types of rooms. Room 1 in which the participant was alone formed the control group. Room 2 and 3, in which two persons were present with the participant formed experimental groups. The independent variable, in this study, was the absence or presence of other persons sitting in the room. The remaining factors in the experiment were the same for both kinds of groups. In experimental groups, two persons were present with the real participant while in the control group, participant was alone. Therefore, it can be said that the manipulated variable is absent in control group.

Q5 : A researcher is studying the relationship between speed of cycling and the presence of people. Formulate a relevant hypothesis and identify the independent and dependent variables. Answer :  Relationship between the speed of cycling and the presence of people Hypothesis – As the speed of cycling increases people tend to move away fast. Field experiment – Two market places A boy is asked to ride a bicycle with different speedsin the market. Market 1 – It is observed that when the boy passes through the market street with high speed on the bicycle, people surrounding him will get away quickly in order to protect themselves from getting hit by the cycle. Market 2 – It is observed that when the boy passes through the market street with normal speed on the bicycle people around him will get away normally and slowly to give him the way as compared to the people of market 1. Conclusion – When the speed of the cycle is high people move away from it quickly and when the speed of cycle is normal people will move away slowly in comparison. Revision of research conclusion – The conclusion has matched the hypothesis. Therefore, the hypothesis is correct. Independent variable – Speed of cycle Dependent variable – Movement of people

Q6 : Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of experimental method as a method of enquiry. Answer : Answer : The strengths and weaknesses of experimental method as a method of enquiry are: Strengths It provides a relatively convincing evidence of a cause-effect relationship between two or more variables. The extraneous variables can be eliminated from the laboratory. It can minimise the sequence effect with the help of counter-balancing technique. It eliminates any potential systematic differences between groups by giving random assignment to groups of participants. This is done to help in framing the conclusion without any assumption.

Weaknesses The highly controlled laboratory situation only simulates the conditions of the outer world. The results of the experiments cannot be generally applied to real situations, thus field experiments are required in such situations. It is not always feasible to study a particular problem experimentally. It is difficult to know and control all the relevant variables, particularly in field experiments. Many variables cannot be manipulated in laboratory settings.

Q7 : Dr. Krishnan is going to observe and record children’s play behaviour at a nursery school without attempting to influence or control the behaviour. Which method of research is involved? Explain the process and discuss its merits and demerits. Answer :  Dr. Krishnan will use non-participant observation methodto observe and record children’s play behaviour at a nursery school without attempting to influence or control the behaviour. She will sit in the corner of the play school and will observe the behaviour of children, their interaction with other children and teachers, how they play and react to winning and losing. The children will not be aware that they are being observed. Later, she will record her observations in a file. She will analyse and conclude it and then try to match her conclusion with the hypothesis. Merits of non-participant observation method The researcher observes the people and their behaviour in a naturalistic situation as it occurs. Demerits of non-participant observation method This method is time taking, labour intensive and vulnerable to the researcher’s bias. The observations are influenced by the personal values and interpretations of the observer.

Q8 : Give two examples of the situations where survey method can be used. What are the limitations of this method? Answer :  The two examples where a survey method can be used are as follows: (i) To find out the attitudes of people on polio eradication programme. (ii) To record information about the members of a particular population. The limitations of survey method are as follows: People may give inaccurate information because of memory lapses or they do not want the researcher to know their real opinions about a particular issue. People sometimes respond in a way they think the researcher wants to hear.

Q9 : Differentiate between an interview and a questionnaire. Answer : The difference between an interview and a questionnaire are:

Q10 : Explain the characteristics of a standardised test. Answer :  The characteristics of standardised test are as follows: Validity – The test has to be devised to measure what it claims to measure in order to be held as valid and usable. Reliability – This refers to the consistency of scores obtainedby an individual on the same test on two different occasions. Test-retest indicates temporal stability and split-half indicates internal consistency of the test. Norms – The test needs to devise norms or the average performance of the group. It helps in comparison and interpretation of an individual’s performance in relation to the overall standards of the group.

Q11 : Describe the limitations of psychological enquiry. Answer :   The limitations of psychological enquiry are as follows: Lack of true zero point – Psychological measurements do not have a zero point. The scores that are assigned to individuals in psychological studies are not absolute in nature but have relative value. Relative nature of psychological tools – Psychological tests need to be developed, modified and adapted according to the context of study. For example, test developed for urban children is not suitable and cannot be applied on tribal children. Subjective interpretation of qualitative data – The qualitative data are largely subjective and interpretations may vary from one individual to the other.

Q12 :  What are the ethical guidelines that a psychologist needs to follow while conducting a psychological enquiry? Answer :   The following are the ethical guidelines that a psychologist needs to follow while conducting a psychological enquiry: Voluntary Participation – The person on whom the study has to be conducted has the choice whether to participate or not in the study. Informed Consent – The participants should be informed about the nature of the study and its impact upon them before it starts. Debriefing – The participants have to be provided with information to complete their understanding of the research and enable them to leave the place or laboratory in the same mental and physical state as before the test was conducted. Sharing the results – Theresearcher has to share the results of the study with the participants to fulfil their expectations. The opinion of participants about the results also provides new insights to the researcher. Confidentiality of Data Source – The researcher has to make sure that the information given by the participants is kept confidential and not shared with other interested parties. Henceforth, it is necessary for the researcher to ensure certain ethics and principles in order to respect an individual’s privacy and protect him/her from any harm caused by the research.

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CBSE Class 11 Psychology 2022-23

CBSE Class 11 Psychology 2022-23: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) introduced Psychology as an elective subject in the CBSE Class 11 curriculum. Students will learn new and exciting concepts in their academic year. The syllabus is carefully designed to help students understand the behaviours and mental processes of human beings.

As per the new assessment scheme of 2022-23, CBSE Class 11 Psychology will be conducted once a year due to the single exam format. CBSE Class 11 is a crucial year for students because it lays the groundwork for all important topics covered in the following class. It is critical to study hard in Class 11 to get good grades and prepare for competitive exams. Students must carefully check all the details about Psychology as it is a scoring subject from an exam point of view. In this article, students will learn about Psychology CBSE Class 11 and its various aspects.

Class 11 CBSE Psychology Highlights

Before we jump into further details about the subject, students can get an overview of CBSE Class 11 Psychology from the table below:

CBSE Class 11 Psychology Exam Pattern 2022-23

The important topics of Class 11 Psychology are mentioned below. Carefully go through the latest marking scheme of the Psychology syllabus to prepare for the exams accordingly:

Check the chapter-wise weightage of CBSE Class 11 Psychology practicals from the below-mentioned table:

Psychology Textbook Class 11 CBSE

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) released the Psychology textbook Class 11 CBSE , covering the latest syllabus proposed by CBSE. NCERT books explain concepts with illustrations and in simple language. As it is comprehensible, it helps students easily relate to and encourages the spirit of learning.

It is a reliable source to prepare for the board examination. With the help of the CBSE Class 11 Psychology book, students can cover the entire syllabus. The questions for CBSE Class 11 board exams will be prepared from the NCERT books. Therefore, students must focus on the NCERT books for CBSE Class 11 Psychology to score well in the examination:

Psychology Class 11 CBSE Syllabus 2022-23

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) proposes the Psychology CBSE Class 11 Syllabus . It has a total of nine chapters which are designed to develop ideas about the human mind and behaviour among students. The main objective of the CBSE Class 11 Psychology Syllabus is to encourage students to become perceptive, socially aware and self-reflective.

CBSE Class 11 is a crucial stage in a student’s life, and therefore, CBSE has crafted the syllabus to build the foundation and prepare the students for higher studies. Students must cover the entire syllabus to ace the examination and prepare for higher education. Before commencing the preparation, students must develop ideas about the topics and sub-topics in Psychology Class 11 CBSE Syllabus. 

CBSE Class 11 Psychology Syllabus

Students can check the Psychology CBSE Class 11 syllabus from the table below:

CBSE Class 11 Psychology Course Structure 2022-23

Students preparing for CBSE Class 11 Psychology must know the course structure. A fair understanding of the course helps students to strategise their preparation for the examination:

Psychology Class 11 Question Paper Design 2022-23

Students preparing for Psychology Class 11 examination must know the question paper design ahead of the exams to score well and achieve excellent results. Below we have mentioned the question paper design for the academic year 2022-23 to help students prepare for their exams:

How Does Embibe Help in Class 11 Psychology Preparation?

Acing the CBSE Class 11 Psychology examination is tough, and its preparation can be quite stressful for many. Here, Embibe comes to the rescue! Students can better understand the latest syllabus and exam pattern of the CBSE Class 11 Psychology from Embibe. Students can take the mock test, check sample papers and NCERT solutions provided at Embibe to improve their preparation.

Students can understand their knowledge on the subject, the time they consume to answer the question compared to the actual time, behavioural loopholes and suggestions to improve the behavioural loopholes etc., from our mock test series. Utilising the resources provided at Embibe reduces the time consumed for the preparation. Thus, students can revise and score well in the examinations. 

CBSE Class 11 Psychology Preparation Tips

CBSE Class 11 Psychology preparation tips help students complete the syllabus and ace the examinations. The preparation tips created by our experts are listed as follows:

• Understand Psychology CBSE Class 11 syllabus and check topics and the sub-topics. Getting familiar with the syllabus helps students effectively strategise their preparation.
• Make a habit of studying for 5 hours a day. Take proper rest and breaks to stop yourself from draining your energy.
• Prepare a timetable considering the difficult and easy topics included in the syllabus. Following the timetable helps students keep track and complete the syllabus at the estimated time.
• Revise daily as it helps you retain the concept for a long time. Also, regular revision helps you spend less time on the topics already covered.
• Develop the habit of making notes. It helps the students understand the concepts better. Making notes in bullet point format will also help have a quick revision just before the examination.

FAQs on CBSE Class 11 Psychology

Ans: It is not difficult to ace the CBSE Class 11 Psychology examination if the student understands the syllabus and strategises the preparation.

Ans: CBSE Class 11 Psychology has nine chapters namely- What is Psychology?, Methods of Enquiry in Psychology, The Bases of Human Behavior, Human Development, Sensory, Attentional and Perceptual Processes, Learning, Human Memory, Thinking and Motivation and Emotion.

Ans: Students can find all the details about Psychology Class 11 on Embibe.

Ans: Students can download the textbook from this page or from the official website.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology updated for session 2024-25 CBSE and State board students. Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Solutions includes important extra question answers and MCQ based on NCERT textbook.

Class 11 Psychology Chapter 2 Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Question Answers

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There exists diversity in varieties of researches or studies undertaken by psychologists but all of them seem to share some common goals of enquiry, which are as follows: Description: This helps to define the phenomena and distinguish it from other phenomena’s. Description is critical because any event or behaviour may have many aspects. For example, the concept of entertainment varies from reading books to visiting pubs, counting on the individual. The recording of event or behaviour is an integral a part of description. Prediction: Prediction means forecasting of events. It establishes relationship between two variables. For example, one might say exercising results in weight loss. In psychology all predictions are made within a particular margin of error i.e. they’re not pin-pointed or exact. Explanation: Explanation involves knowing the cause or the rationale behind the behaviour. It also tries to grasp the conditions under which a selected behaviour occurs. for instance, a toddler behaves rudely whenever he’s disturbed so his disturbances become the reason for his rude behaviour.

Control: Control means creating change within the phenomenon or behaviour. It refers to creating behaviour happen, reduction in it or enhancement in it. The changes produced by psychological treatment in terms of therapy are good samples of control. Application: Psychological researches are often conducted to resolve various problems faced by file society. Psychology helps in solving problem at individual, organizational or community level. For example, therapies are provided to individuals and counselling is additionally there to assist them. At file organizational level, various psychological concepts like work motivation are wont to enhance performance. At file community level, counselling is provided to assist people engage in various, helpful and eco-friendly behaviours.

Data is any information associated with mental processes, experiences and behaviour, collected by using various tools. Psychological data are of various types, such as-: Demographic information: This information includes personal information associated with a specific individual. This includes name, age, gender, education, legal status, residence, caste, religion, income etc, which are personally relevant. Physical information: This includes information per physical environment i.e. ecological condition. It also includes information about economy, housing conditions, facilities at the house, within the school, transportation etc.  Physiological data: This is associated with Biological data. For example, height, weight, heart rate, level of fatigue, EEG, interval, sleep, pressure etc is collected. Data associated with animal’s biological functioning is additionally collected. Psychological information: This includes data regarding psychological functioning of individual. It involves data about intelligence, personality, attitudes, values, emotions, motivation, psychological dysfunctions, consciousness etc. Thus obtained data is split into various categories, in order that it is often analysed using statistical measures.

Experimental group: The topics in study who receive some special treatment in respect to the variable. In an experiment this group is run the variable quantity (the variable that’s manipulated to determine its effect on the other variable under study). Control Group: Control group may be a comparison group. The variable isn’t administered on this group. Subjects in an exceedingly study who don’t receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. The purpose is to determine whether any difference occur in two groups as a results of application of variable quantity on experimental group. For example, suppose, an experiment is dole out to check the effect of presence of others on helpful behaviour, one participant was put in an exceedingly situation requiring help, say, someone drowning in natatorium, here five others were also present, another participant was alone within the emergency situation. In an experiment apart from the experimental manipulation, other conditions are kept constant for both the groups.

• Variable: it’s any stimulus or event which varies or can tackle different valves is measure e.g. weight, height.
• Hypothesis: It’s a tentative and testable statement which expresses relation between two or quite two variables, e.g.: those that are rewarded shall require lesser number of trials to find out than those that don’t seem to be rewarded.
• Independent variable: It’s the variable which is systematically manipulated or altered in an experiment. it’s the cause.
• Dependent variable: It’s the variable that’s measured in an experiment. it’s the effect.
• As per the question: Hypothesis. Presence of others will enhance the speed of cycling. Independent variable. Presence of others variable quantity. Speed of cycling

Survey Method could be a research method utilizing written questionnaires or personal interviews to get data of a given population. For example: Surveys are employed in form of situations like They’ll be utilized in political regime to grasp whether people approve or disapprove any particular policy of state, say as an example, policy of reservation in educational activity or Nuclear accommodate America in recent times. They’re used during elections also to grasp who will people vote to. Surveys may also be accustomed test hypothesis about the link among variables. One may attempt to understand the effect of some event on people’s behaviour. For example – Surveys are conducted after the earthquake at Bhuj in Gujarat to seek out out the impact of earthquake on people’s lives. In marketing area, before launching a product surveys are often conducted. They’re accustomed assess people’s attitude on various social issues like birth prevention and gender equality.

Limitation:

• The most important difficulty is that the issue of accuracy and honesty of the responses because the respondents try to create favourable impression – faking is feasible.
• Surveyor’s bias also affects the results. He/she may ask the question in such some way on elicit desired response.
• Surveys remain at the surface and it doesn’t penetrate into the depth of the matter. they’re time-consuming and expensive.
• These techniques make the respondent conscious. So he/she may mould his/her responses.
• Survey demand expertise, research knowledge and competence on a part of the researcher. Most of the survey researchers don’t possess these qualities within the required amount. This invalidates the standard of survey.
• Sample selected won’t be actuality representative of the population.

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• Psychology /

Methods of Enquiry in Psychology: Free PDF

• Updated on  
• Jan 19, 2024

We know that psychologists study behaviours, mental processes, and experiences in different contexts but have you ever given thought to what methods psychologists use to understand these phenomena? Psychologists use a variety of research methods such as experiments, observation, interviews, case studies, surveys, etc. It is the methodology used that makes psychology a scientific endeavour. Let’s further understand and explore these interesting and illuminating methods that make psychology a scientific endeavour. In this blog, you will find some of the most crucial notes on Methods of Enquiry in Psychology- Class 11 Psychology .

This Blog Includes:

Methods of enquiry in psychology: goals, steps in conducting scientific research, nature of psychological data, different methods of enquiry in psychology, psychological testing, analysis of data, limitations in methods of enquiry in psychology, ethical issues with methods of enquiry in psychology.

Download the Full NCERT Chapter on Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Here.

Description

• The description requires recording a particular behaviour and describing it accurately so as to attain a comprehensive understanding of the same
• For example, morning habits may have a diverse range of behaviours like reading positive literature, meditation, exercise, journaling etc.
• It is the second goal of psychological enquiry 
• Here we attempt to understand the relationship between the behaviour we are describing with the other types of behaviour.

Explanation

• It is the third goal of psychological enquiry
• It attempts to explain the causal factors of behaviour and attain an understanding of the conditions in which the behaviour occurs or not.
• It is the fourth goal of psychological inquiry
• Making a particular behaviour happen
• Reducing it
• Enhancing it

Application 

• It is the fifth goal of psychological enquiry
• focuses on bringing out a positive change in people’s lives 

Conceptualizing a problem

• It is the first step of conducting a scientific research
• The researcher selects a topic for study which is done on basis of either review of past research, observations, personal experience

Identification of problem

• It is the second step of scientific research
• Development of a tentative statement about the topic takes place which is termed a hypothesis
• For example, “ greater is the amount of time spent by children in playing violent video games, the greater is the degree of impatience and anger developed by them”

Collection of data

• This step focuses on developing a research design or blueprint of the entire study.
• Participants in the study
• Methods of study
• Tools to be used in research
• Procedure for data collection

Drawing conclusions

• The next step of scientific research is to analyse data through statistical procedures
• It can be achieved through  measures of central tendency like mean, median, mode and graphical presentations like pie charts, bar diagram

Revising research conclusions

• The researcher revises the whole study and the hypothesis being taken is analysed thoroughly to see whether it stands true or not 

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Demographic information

It includes personal information like name, age, gender, education, occupation etc.

Physical information

Includes information about ecological conditions, housing conditions, size of rooms, facilities available at home, in the neighbourhood, in the school etc.

Psychological information

The information focuses on areas like intelligence, personality, interests etc.

Observation 

• It is a very powerful method of psychological enquiry
• It involves the selection of  a particular behaviour, recording the selected behaviour using symbols, photographs and analysis of the recorded behaviour

Merits 

• enables the researcher to study people and their behaviour.
• Can provide in-depth information about behaviour to be observed
• It is time-consuming
• It can be labour-intensive at times
• Poor method for establishing cause and effect relationship.              

Experimental method

• Experiments are generally conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables in a controlled setting.
• Independent variables are manipulated and their effects are measured on the dependent variable.
• The optimal method for establishing cause and effect relationship between two or more variables
• The extraneous variables can be controlled thus, no scope for an alternative explanation
• The experimenter’s bias may affect the
• The authenticity of the experiment

Correlational research 

• The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables are represented by a number, termed the correlation coefficient
• Its value may range from +1.0 through 0.0 to -1.0
• Correlation helps in the prediction between the given variables
• Can examine issues that cannot be studied ethically or practically in experiments
• Fails to establish cause and effect relationship between variables

 Survey research

• It came into existence to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts by use of techniques such as questionnaires, interviews, etc.
• A properly selected representative sample may yield an accurate result
• It is flexible and adaptable to individual situations
•  Information can be gathered quickly and efficiently
• Unrepresentative  samples may yield misleading results
• Interviewer bias and social desirability bias may distort the findings
• Inaccurate information may be obtained at times
• It is an in-depth study of a particular case.
• It employs multiple methods for collecting information such as interviews, observations and psychological tests from a variety of respondents who in some way or the other might be associated with the case and can provide useful information.
• Provides rich descriptive information
• Helps in an in-depth study of a rare phenomenon.
• Fails to establish a cause-and-effect relationship 
• It may be subject to the biases of the researcher.
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• A psychological test is a standardized and objective instrument that is used to assess an individual’s standing about others on some mental or behavioural characteristics
• Reliability refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on two different occasions
• Validity refers to the question, “Does the test measure what it claims to measure?”
• Norms help in making a test standardised. Norm is referred to as the average performance of the group.

Quantitative Method

Psychological tests, interviews, questionnaires contain a series of close-ended questions and the probable response to these questions are given in a scaled manner and that clearly illustrates the strength and magnitude of the response.

Qualitative Method

Human experiences are very complex. This complexity is lost when one elicits information from a respondent based on a question. 

Lack of true zero-point

Psychological measurements lack an absolute zero point. For example, even after scoring zero on a vocabulary test, it can’t be said that the respondent has zero knowledge of vocabulary.

Relative nature of psychological tools

The nature of psychological tools is relative, not absolute and they are developed keeping in view the important features of a particular context.

Subjective interpretation of qualitative data

The interpretation of the qualitative data used in the research is characterized by subjective interpretation which means that it varies from individual to individual.

Informed consent

The principle of informed consent states that potential participants must understand what will happen in the experiment and to them during the study so that they can make an informed decision about their participation in the study.

Confidentiality of data source

Participants of the study have the right to privacy and the researcher must safeguard the privacy of the participants by keeping the information provided by them confidential.

Voluntary participation

As per this principle, the participants must have the freedom to decide whether to participate in the study or not.

Debriefing 

Once the study is over, the participants are provided with the necessary information to complete their understanding of the research. The researcher should make efforts to remove any sort of anxiety which may have taken place as a result of the experiment

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The relationship between the client and the therapist requires a lot of trust, empathy, and non-judgemental behaviour, and keeping that in mind the ethical guidelines to be kept in consideration are informed consent, the confidentiality of data source, voluntary participation, and debriefing.

The method used by Dr Ram is the observation method. In this method, the to be observed is selected, recorded and then analysed properly to draw relevant conclusions. The advantage of this method is that phenomena can be observed in real-time but the disadvantage is it can be time-consuming at times.

The psychological data basically comprises demographic information, psychological and physical information

The goals of psychological enquiry are description, prediction, explanation, control and application.

Scientific inquiry is a lengthy and detailed process that involves conceptualizing a problem, identification of the problem, collecting data, drawing conclusions, and revising research conclusions.

Hence, we hope that this blog summarizing Methods of Enquiry in Psychology notes helped you cover the key topics and concepts in this chapter of the Class 11 Syllabus . For more information on such informative topics for your school, visit our school education page and follow Leverage Edu .

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• Important Questions and Answers
• 1 mark Questions and Answers
• 2 marks Questions and Answers
• 3 marks Questions and Answers
• Chapter wise Questions and Answers
• Chapter 1: What is Psychology
• Chapter 1: What is Psychology - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
• Chapter 2: Methods of Enquiry in Psychology
• Chapter 2: Methods of Enquiry in Psychology - Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
• Chapter 3: The Bases of Human Behaviour
• Chapter 4: Human Development
• Chapter 5: Sensory, Attentional and Perceptional Processes
• Chapter 6: Learning
• Chapter 7: Human Memory
• Chapter 8: Thinking
• Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion

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