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How to Cite a Thesis/Dissertation in Chicago/Turabian
Academic theses and dissertations can be a good source of information when writing your own paper. They are usually accessed via a university’s database or a third party database, or found on the web. The main difference between a thesis and a dissertation is the degree type they are submitted for:
- Thesis—A document submitted to earn a degree, such as a master’s degree, at a university.
- Dissertation—A document submitted to earn an advanced degree, such as a doctorate, at a university.
This guide will show you how to create notes-bibliography style citations for theses and dissertations in a variety of formats using the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
Guide Overview
- Citing a thesis or dissertation from a database
- Citing a thesis or dissertation from the web
- Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database
Citation structure.
1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).
Bibliography:
Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. Database (Identification Number).
Citation Example
1. Kimberly Knight, “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media” (PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011), 17, MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).
Knight, Kimberly. “Media Epidemics: Viral Structures in Literature and New Media.” PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2011. MLA International Bibliography (2013420395).
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from the Web
1. First name Last name, “Title” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, URL.
Last name, First name. “Title.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published. URL.
1. Peggy Lynn Wilson, “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011), 25, https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.
Wilson, Peggy Lynn. “Pedagogical Practices in the Teaching of English Language in Secondary Public Schools in Parker County.” PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 2011. https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11801/1/Wilson_umd_0117E_12354.pdf.
Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation
In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague.
1. First name Last name, “Title” (unpublished manuscript, Month Day, Year last modified), format.
Last name, First name. “Title.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified Month Day, Year. Format.
1. John Doe, “A Study of Generic Topic” (unpublished manuscript, June 19, 2021), Microsoft Word file.
Doe, John. “A Study of Generic Topic.” Unpublished manuscript, last modified June 19, 2021. Microsoft Word file.
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- Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting
Published on May 28, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on November 1, 2022.
Turabian is a version of Chicago style that’s specifically designed for students and researchers. If you’ve been told to follow Chicago style when writing your academic research paper , thesis , or dissertation , it’s usually the Turabian guidelines that will be most useful to you.
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Table of contents
What is turabian style, how do citations work in turabian style, notes and bibliography style, author-date style, turabian formatting guidelines.
Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations —often called “Turabian” for short—in 1937. The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018.
Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago, but rather presents Chicago guidelines in a way that prioritizes student needs.
As such, Turabian differs from Chicago only in minor ways—formatting advice tailored to student papers, greater detail regarding specific citation formats —and the Turabian guidelines are the ones you should follow in your papers.
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Chicago and Turabian style both offer a choice between two citation styles: notes and bibliography, and author-date:
- In notes and bibliography style , citations appear in footnotes or endnotes, with a bibliography or annotated bibliography at the end listing all your sources in full. This style is popular in the humanities.
- In author-date style , in-text citations appear in parentheses, with a reference list listing all your sources at the end. This style is mainly used in the sciences.
There are two parts to a notes and bibliography citation: a Chicago footnote in the text, and an entry in your bibliography . You add a citation for all sources, whether they are primary or secondary sources , or tertiary sources .
Footnotes and endnotes
Citations in your text appear in footnotes or endnotes; the first citation of each source provides full information, while subsequent citations of the same source are usually shortened to save space.
A note is signaled by a superscript number appearing at the end of the clause or sentence the citation relates to. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Use one or the other, not a mix of footnotes and endnotes.
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion.” 1
| (New York: Vintage, 1992), 518. |
Bibliography
The bibliography lists full information on all the sources cited in your text. It appears at the end of your text. Bibliography entries are alphabetized by authors’ last names, so names are inverted in the bibliography with a comma separating them (e.g. “Smith, John”).
Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied when an entry for a single source extends onto additional lines. An example of a properly formatted Turabian bibliography is shown below.
In the tabs below, you can explore examples of various common source types cited in Turabian notes and bibliography style. It’s always important to make sure you use credible sources .
Notes and bibliography citation examples
- Book chapter
- Journal article
| Author last name, First name. . Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Swafford, Jan. . New York: Vintage, 1992. | |
| Author first name Last name, : Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Jan Swafford, (New York: Vintage, 1992), 518. | |
| Author last name, , Page number(s). 2. Swafford, , 345. |
| Author last name, First name. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name Last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Grundy, Isobel. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In , 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Chapter Title,” in : Subtitle, ed. Editor first name Last name (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s). 1. Isobel Grundy, “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions,” in , 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 195. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Chapter Title,” Page number(s). 2. Grundy, “Austen and Literary Traditions,” 211. |
| Author last name, First name. “Article Title.” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page range. DOI or URL. Effland, Ann. “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Article Title,” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page number(s). DOI or URL. 1. Ann Effland, “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings,” 95, no. 2 (Spring 2021): 315. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Title,” Page number(s). 2. Effland, “Small Farms/Family Farms,” 325. |
| Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. Bhandari, Pritha. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scribbr. May 20, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| Author first name Last name, “Page Title,” Website Name, Month Day, Year, URL. 1. Pritha Bhandari, “How to Write a Lab Report,” Scribbr, May 20, 2021, https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| Author last name, “Shortened Page Title.” 2. Bhandari, “Lab Report.” |
Author-date style consists of short parenthetical in-text citations that correspond to entries in your reference list .
In-text citations
Author-date in-text citations consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number (or other locator) if relevant. They appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, before any closing punctuation .
Each culture “erects its own musical signposts, melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic devices to represent emotion” (Swafford 1992, 518).
Reference list
The reference list provides full information on all the sources cited. It is presented in a similar format to the bibliography, except that the year comes immediately after the author’s name, to allow for easy cross-referencing with the in-text citations.
Explore the tabs below to see examples of author-date citations for various common source types.
Author-date citation examples
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. : Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher. |
|---|---|
| Swafford, Jan. 1992. . New York: Vintage. | |
| (Swafford 1992, 518) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Chapter Title.” In : Subtitle, edited by Editor first name last name, Page range. Place of publication: Publisher. |
|---|---|
| Grundy, Isobel. 2011. “Jane Austen and Literary Traditions.” In The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 2nd ed., edited by Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster, 192–214. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | |
| (Grundy 2011, 195) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Article Title.” Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season): Page range. DOI or URL. |
|---|---|
| Effland, Ann. 2021. “Small Farms/Family Farms: Tracing a History of Definitions and Meanings.” 95, no. 2 (Spring): 313–330. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2021.095.2.313. | |
| (Effland 2021, 315) |
| Turabian author-date format | Author last name, First name. Year. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. |
|---|---|
| Bhandari, Pritha. 2021. “How to Write a Lab Report.” Scribbr. May 20, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/academic-writing/lab-report/. | |
| (Bhandari 2021) |
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Unlike the Chicago Manual itself, Turabian presents guidelines for formatting an academic paper, thesis, or dissertation. The following general format guidelines should be followed unless your university provides different ones:
- Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.
- Double-space the text.
- Use 1 inch margins or larger.
- Indent new paragraphs by ½ inch.
- Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.
The image below shows an example of a page formatted according to Turabian guidelines.
You can also download one of our template documents for Turabian style. Just select the citation style you need to follow; the appropriate formatting is already set up in the document.
Author-date Notes and bibliography
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Caulfield, J. (2022, November 01). Introduction to Turabian Style | Citations & Formatting. Scribbr. Retrieved August 5, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/chicago-style/turabian/
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Theses & Dissertations
Citing a published thesis, citing an unpublished thesis, citing a thesis in online database or repository.
- CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations
Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics . This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books.
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography.
If the document was consulted online, include a URL or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, give the name of the database and, in parentheses, any identification number supplied or recommended by the database.
For dissertations issued on microfilm, see 14.120 . For published abstracts of dissertations, see 14.197 .
Note-Bibliography
First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," (Publisher, Year).
Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty,” PhD diss., (University of Chicago, 2008).
Short Note:
Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
Choi. “Contesting Imaginaires ."
Bibliography Entry:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Year.
Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago, 2008.
Author-Date
Text Citation:
(Last-name Year)
(Mihwa 2008)
Reference Entry:
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle."
Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss. University of Chicago.
Note -Bibliography
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Unpublished thesis type, University. Year.
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand," PhD diss., (Ghent University, 2010).
Note #. Last-name,"Title of Thesis."
Barry C. Hosking, "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes."
Bibliography:
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University. Year.
Hosking, Barry C. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University, 2010.
(Hosking 2010)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Unpublished thesis type. University.
Hosking, Barry C. 2010. "The Control of Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Sheep with the Amino-acetonitrile Derivative, Monepantel with a Particular Focus on Australia and New Zealand." PhD diss., Ghent University.
Note #. First-name Last-name, "Title of Thesis: Subtitle," Database Name (Identifier if given), Year, Internet address.
12. Meredith Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus, " Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005, http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
Note #. Last-name, "Title of Thesis."
21. Stewart, "An Investigation into Aspects."
Last-name, First-name. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Year. Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
(Stewart 2005)
Last-name, First-name. Year. "Title of Thesis: Subtitle." Database Name (Identifier if given), Internet address.
Stewart, Meredith. 2005. "An Investigation into Aspects of the Replication of Jembrana Disease Virus ." Australasian Digital Theses Program (WMU2005.1222), http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051222.104106.
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A quick note:
The following examples follow the Notes-Bibliography style. For Author-Date style, please consult The Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition.
Chicago AND Turabian Citation Examples: Dissertations & Theses
Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses.
Important Elements:
- Author
- Title of Dissertation or Thesis
- Type of Document (Dissertation or Thesis)
- Name of Degree Granting Institution
Thesis or dissertation
1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp.
1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010), 101-2.
Shortened note
2. Author Last, "Shortened Title," pp.
2. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex," 98.
Bibliography Entry
Author Last, First. "Title of Dissertation or Thesis." Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year.
Levin, Dana S. "Let's Talk about Sex . . . Education: Exploring Youth Perspectives, Implicit Messages, and Unexamined Implications of Sex Education in Schools." PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010.
Examples courtesy of The Turabian 8th edition .
Chicago/Turabian Examples by Source
- Articles
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- Other Source Types
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Useful Resources for Chicago/Turabian
Check out the Chicago Manual of Style's Shop Talk website for more great information about using the Chicago Manual of Style through the links below!
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Turabian Guide
Below is the authoritative source for citing sources using Turabian style. This book is available at the MC Speed Library at the 2 nd floor Reference Desk.
Turabian is a style of writing and formatting that was created by Kate Turbian. It is adapted from the University of Chicago's 'Chicago' style of citation and is most commonly used in the social sciences.
Turabian covers two different forms for citation:
- notes-bibliography style , or simply bibliography style used in the humanities and social sciences). Sources are cited by using footnotes (or endnotes) and a bibliography.
- parenthetical citations-reference list style , or reference list style (used in some social sciences and in the natural/physical sciences). Sources are cited by using parenthetical author/date references in the text and a reference list.
THE EXAMPLES FOUND ON THESE PAGES ARE FORMATTED USING THE NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE.
IF YOU ARE UNSURE WHICH FORM TO USE, CONSULT YOUR PROFESSOR.
The Chicago and Turabian styles are nearly identical.
Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for over 30 years, developed her guide for students and researchers writing papers, theses, and dissertations. Her manual is based on the University of Chicago Press's Manual of Style and departs from it in few places. "Turabian," as her guide is called, synthesizes the rules most important for students' papers and other scholarly research not intended for publication, and omits some of the publishing details and options that "Chicago" provides.
Differences
The differences between the Chicago and Turabian styles are mainly seen in how notes are numbered.
In Turabian style, use superscript 1 for endnote and footnote numbers in the text and at the beginning of each note.
In Chicago style, the note number in the text is in parentheses (1) and is followed by a period and space in the note , as in the following example:
1. Chicago 1 Turabian
- Turabian Tutor
Designed to help students properly cite in Turabian Style.
Created by Jerry N. Barlow, Sandy Vandercook, & Eddie Campbell, New Orleans Theological Seminary
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Citation Styles
Chicago overview.
Chicago style is often used within the field of history, although it is used by other humanities-based disciplines as well. The first edition of the Manual was published in 1906 by the Unversity of Chicago Press.
Chicago style offers two options for in text documentation:
1. S uperscript numbers within a paper to designate paraphrased, summarized, or quoted material, which correspond to footnotes or endnotes that specify the author, title, and page(s) cited.
2. (Author Date) parenthetical citations within a paper to indicate paraphrased, summarized or quoted material.
In both cases, the Bibliography at the end of the paper includes full citations for all sources referenced in a paper. In addition, it may include sources the writer consulted but did not paraphrase, summarize or quote.
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What is Turabian Style?
Based on Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , Turabian citation style presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and author-date style (previously called parenthetical citations–reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style with slight modifications for the needs of student writers. It is always a good idea to double-check the style guide or official online resources; do not rely on these examples for formatting such as indents.
Notes/Bibliography style is used widely in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes and, usually, a bibliography.
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| 1. Wendy Doniger, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 65. | Doniger, Wendy. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. |
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| 8. John Maynard Smith, “The Origin of Altruism,” 393 (1998): 639. | Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” 393 (1998): 639–40. |
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| 33. Campbell Brown. "Consequentialize This," 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 751, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696. | Brown, Campbell. "Consequentialize This." 121, no. 4 (July 2011): 749-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696. |
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| 11. "Privacy Policy,” Privacy & Terms, Google, last modified April 17, 2017, https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. | Google. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. |
Author-date style has long been used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in parentheses in the text by author’s last name and date of publication. The parenthetical citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.
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| (Doniger 1999, 65) | Doniger, Wendy. 1999. . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. |
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| (Smith 1998, 639) | Smith, John Maynard. 1998. "The Origin of Altruism." 393: 639–40. |
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| (Kiser 2011, 340) | Kiser, Lisa J. 2011. "Silencing the Lambs: Economics, Ethics, and Animal Life in Medieval Franciscan Hagiography." 108, no. 3 (February): 323-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658052. |
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| (Google 2017) | Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/. |
(Sources: Turabian Guide website ; A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations , 9th ed.)
Online Chicago Citation Resources
- Turabian Citation Guide A quick guide on proper Turabian style citation offered by the Chicago University Press.
- Writer's Handbook An online sample of Chicago/Turabian styles.
- Official Chicago Style Homepage A quick guide with citation examples offered by the Chicago Style manual homepage.
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Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition: Home
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- G. No Author
- I. Reference Book
- J. Edition other than the First
- A. Basic Journal Article
- B. Journal Article from Online Periodical
- C. Journal Article from Article Database
- D. Magazine Article
- E. Magazine Article from Online Magazine
- F. Newspaper Article
- G. Newspaper Article from an Online Newspaper
- A. Basic Web Page
- B. Web Page No Author
- C. Blog Entries and Comments
- A. Motion Picture
- B. Television and Radio Programs
- C. Music Recordings
- D. YouTube and Other Internet Streaming Video
- C. Pamphlets, Brochures, & Reports
- D. Scriptural References
- E. Secondary Sources
Under Construction
Turabian publication manual.
This guide is based on Kate Turabian's manual (9th edition) and is a reliable and heavily-used shorter guide to Chicago Style.
The manual is located in Ready Reference, at the Information and Research Help Desk on the third floor of the library.
About Kate Turabian
Kate Turabian (1893-1987) was the dissertation secretary of the University of Chicago's graduate school and every accepted dissertation crossed her desk. She became an expert on the Chicago style and wrote a pamphlet that described the correct style to use when writing dissertations.
This pamphlet eventually became the book, A Manual for Writers , which students and researchers use today. Click here for more information on Kate Turabian.
Getting Started!
Welcome to the Turabian/Chicago citation style reseach guide. Turabian style of writing and formatting was created by Kate Turabian. This style was adapted from the University of Chicago's 'Chicago' style of citation and was simplified for students and researchers.
Turabian presents two basic systems of documentation: notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and author-date style (or reference list style). These styles are basically the same as in the Chicago style. Bibliography style is typically used in literature, history and the arts. The reference list style is typically used in the physical, natural, and social science areas.
The purpose of documentation is to:
- Identify ( cite ) other people’s ideas and information used within your essay or term paper.
- Indicate the authors or sources of these in a Reference or Bibliography list at the end of your paper.
The following sections provide you with information and examples that will help you to cite the sources that you come across during your research. While this guide provides helpful examples, it may not be perfect. For more detailed information, please consult your instructor, The Writing Center, or see the Manual , which is available at the Information and Research Help Desk on the third floor of the Library.
Sample Papers and Paper Formatting
- Sample Paper Sample of a Turabian-style paper provided by the Academic Support Center at MSUB.
- Turabian Student Paper Formatting Tip Sheets
- Turabian Citation Quick Guides
Turabian vs. Chicago
What is the difference between Turabian and Chicago?
The main difference is that the Turabian guide is shorter and contains fewer instructions than the Chicago Manual. It also does not contain any information about publication. The Chicago Manual of Style is designed for individuals who are publishing so it includes a great deal of information on formatting papers. Turabian is a simplified version that is designed for students writing research papers.
Which style should I use?
Always check with your instructor. However, in general, most of the guidelines that you find in the Turabian manual will also apply to the Chicago style.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the Montana State University Billings Library for permission to reuse and adapt their Turabian Citation Style Guide 9th Edition Guide.
Getting Help - The Writing Center
The Writing Center [TWC] is located on the first floor of the Library in room L101. Writing center staff will be available to help with your essays, research, and more.
At the Writing Center, they can help with any writing assignment for any class at any stage in the process. That means they can help you:
- brainstorm a topic
- refine your thesis
- organize a rough draft
- practice paraphrasing or incorporating source material
- understand a citation style like MLA, APA, or Turabian
- revise your work before final submission
Schedule an Appointment
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- Hours of Operation View the current hours at the Basler Library in Blountville or the Center for Higher Education in Kingsport.
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Text us: 423-933-1929
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- Last Updated: Jul 31, 2024 6:47 PM
- URL: https://library.northeaststate.edu/Turabian
Turabian 9th edition Style Guide
- Formatting Your Paper
- Notes-Bibliography style citations
- Author-Date citations
Turabian 9th edition
Disclaimer : This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of Turabian 9th edition and does not replace the style handbook. Please refer to the style handbook for more details on citing sources. You can also contact Savannah Patterson ([email protected]) or make a research coach appointment.
The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style. Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.
There are two different styles of Turabian that students can follow given their professors' requests (1) notes- bibliography (or notes style) and (2) author-date style. Both styles require in-text citations and formal references in a bibliography or reference, but each style differs regarding the in-text citation. The notes style require footnotes (indicated by a superscript number after a reference) that are at the bottom of the page or at the end of the text. The author-date citation style uses parenthetical citations to cite the references in the text. Make sure to consult your professor if you are not sure which style to use.
This guide provides brief examples and descriptions of how to cite works in a paper for footnotes, author-date citations, and the bibliography. Additional information regarding inclusive language is included in the 9th edition handbook which can be found in the library.
Click the tabs to see examples and descriptions of citations for various types of resources.
Information on this guide was found from a combination of sources:
Purdue Online Writing Lab. "General Format." https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html Accessed 12/6/2021.
Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by Wayne C. Booth,
Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
Turabian: A Manual for Writers: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. "Turabian Citation Quick Page." Accessed December 6,
2021. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/turabian/citation-guide.html
- Next: Formatting Your Paper >>
- Last Updated: Jul 1, 2024 1:50 PM
- URL: https://guides.uu.edu/turabian
Chicago/Turabian Style Citation Examples
Chicago vs. turabian, what's in this guide, turabian style manual, citation faq, guide/sample papers, author-date format.
Books/eBooks
- Letters & Pamphlets
- Gov't/legal
Social Media
One Source Quoted in Another
- Ask a Librarian
- Author-Date style
Chicago and Turabian are nearly identical citation styles - the key difference being that Turabian is a somewhat simplified version of Chicago style, and intended for students writing research papers. The Chicago Manual of Style is designed for professionals who are publishing work and thus goes into much greater detail on formatting.
Check with your professord, but usually the citation guidelines in this Turabian guide will also apply to Chicago style.
- journal, magazine and newspaper articles
- print and online books/book chapters
- online and print
Web pages
- entire websites, single web pages
Gov't/Legal
- cases, laws, government documents.
- Twitter, Instagram, Facebook
- images, music, video
- online, book, webpage
- Organizational author, no author, oral histories/interviews, class lectures, formatting subsequent (shortened) notes
Ask a Librarian
- Ask for research help at the Library Services Desk, using chat, email, phone
- Email any one of the librarians for a research appointment tailored to your paper/project
- Citation FAQ Find answers to commonly asked questions regarding APA, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styles.
- Turabian Quick Guide
- Chicago Style, notes-bibliography sample paper Credit: Purdue OWL
- Turabian Style Guide: Sample Paper in Turabian
Turabian Style, first created for students by Kate Larimore Turabian , is a simplified version of the Chicago Manual of Style.
B.D. Owens Library supports Notes-Bibliography style for Turabian, however, a short guide for Author-Date style can be found here:
- Author-Date Sample Citations
- Chicago Style, author-date sample paper Credit: Purdue OWL
The formatting and citation examples in this guide are based upon rules and examples in A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 9th edition by Kate Turabian. If you would like additions or would like to report a correction to this guide, please contact Becky Meneely .
- Next: Articles >>
- Last Updated: May 17, 2024 9:16 AM
- URL: https://libguides.nwmissouri.edu/turabian
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- Free Tools for Students
- Turabian Citation Generator
Free Turabian Citation Generator
Generate accurate Turabian citations quickly and easily, with MyBib!
🤔 What is a Turabian Citation Generator?
A Turabian citation generator is a software tool that can automatically create academic citations in the Turabian citation style.
It will usually request key details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official Turabian style guide.
Formatted Turabian citations created by a generator can be used to give credit to others' work that you reference in your own.
🤓 What is the Turabian citation style?
The Turabian citation style is largely based on the Chicago style, but aims to be simpler for students who are not writing for publication. It was created by Kate Turabian, and the rules are published in the Manual for Writers .
The Manual for Writers specifies how to research and compose an academic paper, and includes guidelines to:
- Design a strong research question
- Construct an evidence-based argument
- Structure academic papers in a logical way
- Cite sources (this is the part we can help with!)
Like Chicago, there are two ways to cite sources in Turabian style: 'notes and bibliography', and 'author-date'--your instructor will usually tell you which one to use. More information about the differences between the two can be found in the official Citation Quick Guide .
👩🎓 Who uses a Turabian Citation Generator?
Turabian is mostly used by students studying the humanities, literature, history, arts, and also across the sciences. Students in these areas looking to manage and correctly cite their sources will use a Turabian Citation Generator to aid them.
🙌 Why should I use an Turabian Citation Generator?
Every academic field will recommend using a tool to record the sources cited in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can store this data, and can also automatically create an accurate Turabian style bibliography or reference list from it (including the necessary in-text citations too), which should be appended to your document.
⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Turabian Citation Generator?
MyBib's Turabian citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps:
- Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
- Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
- Make sure the details are correct, and fix any that are not. Then click Generate!
The generator will produce a formatted Turabian citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall bibliography or reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
Citing Your Sources
- About Citation
- APA 7th Ed.
- MLA 9th Ed.
- Turabian (Chicago Style for Students)
About Turabian Style
Is turabian the same as chicago style, quick guides to turabian, notes and bibliography, author-date in-text citations, author-date reference list, formatting your paper, attributions.
- Citing Generative AI
- Citation Generators
- Formatting a Hanging Indent
- Writing and Research Paper Guides
- Finding and Citing Online Images This link opens in a new window
- Preventing Plagiarism Tutorial This link opens in a new window
This guide is a quick introduction to Chicago/Turabian citation style and common citations. Be sure to consult the Turabian Manual : Chicago Style for students and researchers or the online quick guide for detailed standards and procedures.
As a general rule, use Turabian/Chicago style in history and business.
There are two different systems for citing sources in Chicago/Turabian: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date . Be sure to check your assignment to determine which citation style you should use.
Turabian = Kate L. Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
Turabian is the student version of The Chicago Manual of Style , aimed at high school and college students who are writing papers, theses, and dissertations that are not intended for publication. The Chicago Manual of Style is aimed at professional scholars and publishers. The two books are compatible; both are official Chicago style.
Chicago = The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers ( CMOS )
Turabian is written in Chicago style, but it’s much shorter than CMOS . The citation styles are the same in both books. Turabian gives paper formatting rules and covers the research and writing process in detail, whereas CMOS omits such advice and focuses on the publication process.
Turabian Style Citation Quick Guide
The Notes and Bibliography system is popular in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. This system uses numbered footnotes or endnotes that correspond to superscript numbers in the text. A full citation list on a Bibliography page concludes the document.
The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography style. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened forms that would be used after the first citation. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes.
General format:
1. First and Last Name(s) of Authors, Title of the Source , and other publication details like the publisher, journal information, date, page numbers, etc.
In the notes, elements of a reference are separate by a comma . A book publisher and/or year are included in parenthesis ().
Shortened Notes
2. Ibid., page number(s).
3. Last Name, Shortened Title , page number(s).
Use "Ibid.," which means "in the same place," when you are citing the same source as the immediately preceding note. Use a shortened note the second time you cite the same source elsewhere.
Bibliography
Last Name, First Name and First Name Last Name. "Title of an Article." Title of the Source and other publication details like the publisher, journal information, date, page numbers, etc.
In the bibliography at the end of your paper, elements of a reference are separated by a period . Include a comma , before the year.
I'm citing a...
Journal Article
- Author(s) In the notes, list all authors as normal. In the bibliography, list the first author's last name first.
- "Title of the Article" Use headline capitalization and quotation marks.
- Title of the Journal Use title capitalization and italicize.
- Volume Include the volume number of the journal.
- Issue Number If there are multiple issues in a journal, include a comma , after the volume and no.#.
- (Publication Date): Include the date the article was published in parentheses, followed by a colon :
- Specific Page Numbers xx-xx. Note: In a note, cite specific page numbers. In the bibliography, include the page range for the whole article.
- DOI (Digital Object Identifier) If the journal article has a DOI, include it last.
1. Hester Baer and Ryan Fred Long, "Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuarón's Y tu Mamá También," South Central Review 21, no. 3 (2004): 152-153. 2. Jaron Boerner-Mercier and Ron Gray, “Investigating Land Ethics: Exploring Land Usage through Historical Case Studies and a Student Symposium,” Science Teacher 87, no. 5 (January 2020): 37, https://ezproxy.midlandstech.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=140913964&site=ehost-live.
Baer, Hester, and Ryan Fred Long. "Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuarón's Y tu Mamá También." South Central Review 21, no. 3 (2004): 150-168. Boerner-Mercier, Jaron and Ron Gray. “Investigating Land Ethics: Exploring Land Usage through Historical Case Studies and a Student Symposium.” Science Teacher 87, no. 5 (January 2020): 36–42. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=140913964&site=ehost-live.
News/Magazine Article
- Title of the Newspaper or Magazine Use title capitalization and italicize.
- Date Include the Month Day, Year the article was published.
- URL Include a link to the article if available online.
1. Amanda Petrusich, "Taylor Swift's Self-Scrutiny in 'Miss Americana,'" The New Yorker , February 4, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/taylor-swifts-self-scrutiny-in-miss-americana .
Petrusich, Amanda. "Taylor Swift's Self-Scrutiny in 'Miss Americana." The New Yorker , Februrary 4, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/taylor-swifts-self-scrutiny-in-miss-americana .
- Title of the Book Use headline capitalization and italics.
- Place of publication: List the state (if from the U.S.) or the country associated with the published, then a colon :.
- Publisher List the publisher of the book. This is usually listed on the copyright page.
- Year Include the year in which the book you are citing was published.
- Page number Include any relevant page numbers you are citing in the notes only.
1. Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Random House, 2002), 102.
Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York: Random House, 2002.
Book Chapter with Editor(s)
- Author(s) of the Chapter. In the notes, list all authors as normal. In the bibliography, list the first author's last name first.
- "Title of the Chapter or Essay" Use headline capitalization and quotation marks.
- Title of the Book Include "in" then the the book in headline capitalization and italics.
- Name of the Editor(s) Include "ed." or "eds." in the notes and "edited by" in the bibliography before the name of the editor(s).
- Page numbers Include the page range of the chapter you are citing in the notes only.
1. Richard Rodriguez, "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood," in The Best American Essays of the Century , ed. Joyce Carol Oats (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000), 447-466.
Richard Rodriguez. "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood." In The Best American Essays of the Century , edited by Joyce Carol Oats. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2000.
- Author In the notes, include the author, or if there is no specific author, list the title of the web page you are citing in quotation marks. In the bibliography, list the organization responsible for the website first.
- Name of the Website If the name of the site is different from the author or the title of the page.
- Date If there is a date of last review or last modified, list it here. If there is no date, list the date you accessed the web page.
1. "Conversation," Los Angeles County Museum of Art, accessed March 10, 2020, https://www.lacma.org/learn/conservation .
Los Angeles County Museum of Art. "Conversation." Accessed March 10, 2020. https://www.lacma.org/learn/conservation .
The Author-Date system is more common in the physical, natural, and social sciences .
- It uses parenthetical citations in the text to reference the source's author's last name and the year of publication. Each parenthetical citation corresponds to an entry on a References page that concludes the document. In these regards, Author-Date is very similar to, for instance, APA style.
Basic Format:
(Author Year, Page Number)
I'm citing a source with...
Include the author's last name and year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.
(Angelou 2002, 102)
Connect both authors' last names with "and," followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.
(Baer and Long 2004, 167)
List each author's last name separated with a comma, with "and" before the third author, followed by the year, followed by a comma and the page number you are citing.
(Mulvey, Rogers, and van Den Oever 2015, 78)
4 or More Authors
List the first author's last name, then include "et al." for "and others."
(Ashing‐Giwa et al. 2018, 408)
No Author or Date
List the title of the work in quotation marks and use "n.d." for "no date."
("Conversation," n.d.)
Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name or Initial. Year. Title of Longer Work or "Title of Shorter Work." Publication details like the publisher, editors, journal information, page numbers, etc.. URL or DOI.
- Author(s) List the first author's last name first, followed by their first name and middle name or initial if listed. Then list all other authors as normal, separate them with a comma, and use "and" before the last author.
- Year. Include the year the article was published.
- Volume Include the volume number of the journal. If there is only a volume, include a colon : after the volume.
- Issue Number If there are multiple issues in a journal, include the issue number in parentheses, then include a colon : after the issue.
- Page range xx-xx.
Baer, Hester, and Ryan Fred Long. 2004. "Transnational Cinema and the Mexican State in Alfonso Cuarón's Y tu Mamá También." South Central Review 21(3): 150-168.
- Title of the Newspaper or Magazine Use title capitalization and italicize, followed by a comma.
Petrusich, Amanda. 2020. "Taylor Swift's Self-Scrutiny in 'Miss Americana." The New Yorker , Februrary 4, 2020. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/taylor-swifts-self-scrutiny-in-miss-americana .
- Author(s) List the first author's last name first, followed by their first name and middle name or initial if listed.
Angelou, Maya. 2002. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings . New York: Random House.
- Author(s) of the Chapter List the first author's last name first, followed by their first name and middle name or initial if listed. Then list all other authors as normal, separate them with a comma, and use "and" before the last author.
- Title of the Book Include "In" then the the book in headline capitalization and italics.
- Name of the Editor(s) Include "edited by" or "translated by" in the bibliography before the name of the editor(s) or translator, followed by a comma.
- Page numbers Include the page range of the chapter you are citing.
Richard Rodriguez. 2000. "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood." In The Best American Essays of the Century , edited by Joyce Carol Oats, 447-466. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
- Author Include the author, or if there is no specific author, list the organization responsible for the website.
- Date If there is a specific date, list it here. If there is no date, use "n.d." for "no date."
- "Title of the Page" Use headline capitalization and quotation marks.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art. n.d. "Conversation." Accessed March 10, 2020. https://www.lacma.org/learn/conservation .
- Turabian Student Paper-Formatting Tip Sheets Official Chicago style, in easy-to-use, printable PDF paper-writing tip sheets for students, teachers, and librarians.
How do I add a footnote using Word?
1. Go to References .
2. Select Insert footnote .
4. Then, add your notes citation next to the appropriate number.
View instructions on how to format a hanging indent here.
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- URL: https://libguides.midlandstech.edu/citingsources
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Chicago/Turabian/SBL Style Guide (Notes-Bibliography)
- Format for Paper
- Citation Placement
- Reference (encyclopedias, dictionaries, or lexicons)
- Books / eBooks
- Citing a Thesis or Dissertation
- Format for A Thesis or Dissertation
Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements
Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements
Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2
Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract
Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2.2 Block Quotations
Page Number Placement - Turabian 9, A.1.4.2 Placement
Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections
- Government Documents
- Other Resources
- Format of the Reference Page
- Grad Ministry
- Contact the Library
1" margins on all sides.
Exceptions (in instructions by professor)
- 1.5" left margin and .5" right margin - used for binding a document.
- 2" margin on one side - for instructor comments on a rough draft
- An easily readable typeface (Times New Romans or Arial)
- At least ten-point Arial or twelve-point Times New Roman
- Same font and size throughout paper, unless specified by instructor
1/2" indentation used at beginning of paragraph, use <Tab>
Double space. No extra line between paragraphs.
Exceptions are: block quotations, table titles and figure captions, and lists in appendixes
Single space, with one blank line between entries
Single space quotation
Follow any model provided by your department.
In general any title page should include the following. Place the title a third of the way down, centered. If the paper has a main title and subtitle, place main title on one line, followed by a colon, and put the subtitle on a new line. Several lines below the title place your name, along with any information requested by the instructor (often course title, department name and number, and the date).
- Abstracts that summarize the content of the thesis or disseration are often required
- First page of the Abstract should be page iii (i is Title page, II is the Copyright page)
- Leave two blank lines between title and first line of text
- Double-space the abstract
- Five or more lines create a block quotation
- Single-space a block quotation
- leave a blank line before and after quotation
- No quotation marks at either end of the block quotations, but keep any original quotation marks
- indent the entire block the same 1/2 inch as the first line of a paragraph
- If you cite the source in a footnote, place the note as a superscript at the end of the block quotation, after the punctuation
Page numbers are placed in one of four places. The important thing is to be consistent and follow your instructions.
- Centered in the footer
- Flush right in the footer
- Centered in the header
- Flush right in the header
In all cases, at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the page.
Levels of Headings - Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections
First Level: C entered, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Second Level: Centered, Regular Type, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Third Level: Flush Left, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Fourth Level: Flush left, regular type, sentence-style capitalization
Fifth Level: run in at the beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italics, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period [think of this as an intro sentence to the paragraph that just happens to be in boldface or italics].
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- Last Updated: Oct 18, 2023 11:09 AM
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Turabian Format Quick Guide
Additional Navigation
Note to students using Grammarly: See this resource on Grammarly’s Place in the Writing Process (pdf)
Have a formatting question?
Online students.
See a list of all services available to online students at www.liberty.edu/onlinewritingcenter
Residential Students
See a list of all services available to residential students at www.liberty.edu/writing
Sample Paper in notes-bibliography for all students (pdf)
Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments with NO headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)
Turabian Template (dotm) for assignments WITH headings ( NOTE : do not add quotation marks around the titles of your papers; all macro-enabled fields in the template have those marks to denote the macros; just click each field and type your content)
Dissertation-style title page with basic Dissertation Template (dotm)
Visit the Chicago Manual of Style database in Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library by logging in and choosing that database (search for database by name, then “C,” and “Chicago Manual of Style”).
Discussion Board Posts
A discussion board is designed to mimic a real-time discussion between you and your classmates (and sometimes professors), so it should be fairly formal (i.e., proper citations and academic tone), but most can be slightly informal in the sense that if you wanted to refer to something a classmate said, you’d just write something like “As Christy wrote in her initial thread, xyz” or “I appreciate how Mike clarified xyz in his response to Marsha.”
Be sure to check with your professor for his or her expectations if you are required to cite your classmates’ content.
Below is a basic template. Remember to include footnote citations to credit your scholarly sources, along with a corresponding bibliography list . Prepare your thread in MS Word and save that file, then use Control-A to select all content, Control-C to copy all content, and Control-V in Canvas to paste your content.)
Discussion Board basic template (dotm)
Helpful Resources
- Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf)
- Turabian Annotated Bibliography Sample (pdf)
- Sacred Book Reference List (pdf)
- Capitalization Glossary (pdf)
- Choosing Appropriate Resources for Academic Papers (pdf)
- Citing Artificial Intelligence (AI) when permitted to use (pdf)
Video Tutorials
- Insert heading levels into template and populate Contents page video
- Remove Contents page from template if not necessary for your assignment video
- Using MS Word in insert footnote numbering/placement video ( shows some outdated formatting element; just focus on steps to take in MS Word )
- Plagiarism series – Video #1 of 4: Introduction: How often can students quote other sources?
- Plagiarism series – Video #2 of 4: How and when to cite your sources
- Plagiarism series – Video #3 of 4: The three kinds of plagiarism
- Plagiarism series – Video #4 of 4: Proactive and foolproof steps to avoid plagiarism
Page Formatting
- Use one-inch margins on all sides.
- The preferred font/size is Times New Roman, 12 pt.
- Indent all paragraphs in the body of the paper ½”.
- Double-space the entire paper, except block quotes, footnotes, bibliography entries, reference lists, table titles, and figure captions. Those elements should be single-spaced, with one extra blank line before/after to separate them from other elements.
- The paper should be written in the 3rd person (he, she, it) with an active voice, rather than passive voice (pdf) .
- Unless a professor specifically asks for a paper in 1st person (I, me, we, us, our) or 2nd person (you, your) language, avoid these in a paper.
- Be specific and concise.
- In historical writing, use simple past tense verbs. When referring to an author’s written work, use the present tense.
- Note that Turabian requires additional spacing before each heading level, which is already programmed into the templates.
- Headline case = all significant words, usually those with 4+ letters, must be capitalized. Use headline case for titles of works; names of journals; and first-, second-, and third-level headings.
- Sentence case = only the first letter of the first word, proper nouns, and the word following a colon, if any, should begin with capital letters. Use sentence case for fourth- and fifth-level headings.
- Add quotation marks around the titles of shorter works (i.e., articles or poems); use italics for the names of larger works (i.e., books or plays).
- Liberty University now uses Turabian’s “student” title page format for all programs and levels of study except dissertations and theses, which follow Turabian’s “dissertation” title page format.
- See the links to all templates and sample papers above.
- The title page is technically page one, but it never has a page number
- Pagination for the fore matter, if any (including the table of contents), uses lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii), in the center bottom of the page. Begin with ii, to account for the title page position.
- The body of the paper for all Liberty University classes uses Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3) in the top-right corner. It begins with page 1. All templates provided by Liberty University are already programmed with proper pagination.
- See the pagination video tutorial .
- The word Introduction is no longer included in student papers unless the instructions specifically require such.
- The first paragraph in the body of academic papers should include an introductory paragraph (with no label, title, or heading above it).
- Incorporating research that is credible and relevant helps to support and validate a paper’s argument. The page dedicated to incorporating research and avoiding plagiarism includes information on how to integrate summaries and paraphrases, quotations, and block quotes.
- With plagiarism, it’s better to be safe than sorry: if it’s not yours, cite it !
Subheadings
- Turabian uses up to five heading and subheading levels. Though Turabian provides significant flexibility in formatting, all departments across Liberty University have universally adopted the following formats (see heading levels and table of contents video tutorial ):
- First level : centered, boldface, in headline case
- Second level : centered, not bolded, in headline case
- Third level : left-justified, boldface, in headline case
- Fourth level : left-justified, not bolded, in sentence case
- Fifth level : indented ½”, not bolded, italicized, in sentence case with a period, then one space, and begin your content on the same line
Footnotes versus Parenthetical Citations
- Include a citation whenever another author’s work is directly quoted or paraphrased.
- There are two formats in Turabian: author-date and notes-bibliography. Liberty University allows only notes-bibliography format, except for book reviews (which use author-date format).
- In notes-bibliography, include relevant publishing details along with the author’s name and year of publication as footnotes.
- All programs of study at Liberty University still require the use of ibid . for consecutive footnotes of the same resource on the same page in notes-bibliography format , and shortened notes for non-consecutive subsequent citations, even though the Turabian 9th edition manual recommends not using ibid .
- See the Turabian Chart of Citations (pdf) for visuals of the citations and reference entries in notes-bibliography format. The section of this Quick Guide on author-date format (permitted at Liberty University only for book reviews) includes a link to a chart of citations in that format.
Notes-Bibliography Citation Style
- Used in all programs of study using Turabian format (except book reviews, which use Author-Date format).
- Footnotes are the preferred method to indicate in-text citations throughout this format. Liberty University does not permit endnotes.
- A bibliography is used to compile sources in one list at the end of the paper.
Author-Date citation style
- Only permitted for book review assignments at Liberty University.
- Sample paper in Author-Date format (pdf) for book review assignments only.
- Template for paper in Author-Date format (pdf)
- Chart of Citations in Author-Date format (pdf) for book reviews only.
- Note that the list of compiled resources cited in author-date format is titled References (rather than Bibliography).
- The Bible is only cited parenthetically at Liberty University, effective Summer of 2022. The phrase “unless otherwise noted” (used in years past) is no longer used at Liberty University.
- It is not necessary to write out full quotes of verses from the Bible since your readers can find the references that you cite. When an author needs to make a specific observation, however, he or she will include a direct quote.
- When your paper cites from only one translation, you only name the version with the first citation in your paper. If you use multiple translations or versions of the Bible, then you would have to spell out the version used the first time you use each, and then use a series of abbreviations for subsequent citations in parentheses (NASB, ESV, KJV) sufficient for your reader to discern which version you are citing from in subsequent citations.
- The abbreviations for the books of the Bible can be used only in parentheses within the text or in footnotes. For example, you may make a reference to Romans 1:16, but if you state that Christians should not be ashamed of the gospel ( Rom. 1:16), then you should use the abbreviation within parentheses.
- Turabian includes a comprehensive list of abbreviations for the books of the Bible in sections 24.6.1-24.6.4 (sections 10.44 , 10.45 , 10.47 , and 10.48 in the Chicago Manual of Style database on Liberty University’s Jerry Falwell Library ). See the Sacred Book Reference List (pdf) and Capitalization Glossary (pdf) .
Bibliography
- Use the word Bibliography for notes-bibliography format.
- Center and bold the word “Bibliography” (without quotation marks) on the top line of a new page following your conclusion.
- Single-space entries, with one blank line separating each.
- Use hanging indents (left-justify the first line of each entry and indent lines two+ of each entry ½” from the left margin).
- Alphabetize all entries by the first word in each (usually the first author’s last name for each).
- Invert the first author’s name (last name, first, middle), but not the remaining authors’ names in each entry.
- Cite classical works (including the Bible) and personal communications in the body of the paper, but do not include them in the reference or bibliography list.
- Include periods after both URLs and DOIs.
- Check Google Scholar or crossref.org for DOIs of all articles published since 2007, if one is not readily denoted on the article itself.
- Only include the access date for online content that is likely to change (such as wikis).
Material on this page adapted from Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9th ed.
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BibGuru Turabian Citation Generator
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The Turabian style is a simplified version of the Chicago citation style. Just like the Chicago citation style, Turabian comes in two variations: note and bibliography and author-date.
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If you need to know more about Turabian citations check out our How do I cite in Turabian style? section.
Why, when, and what do I have to cite?
Why The broad scientific knowledge we have today is the accomplishment of many researchers over time. To put your own contribution in context , it is important to cite the work of the researchers who influenced you. Cited sources can provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer important definitions and data. Citing also shows that you have personally read the work.
When In addition to crediting the ideas of others that you used to build your own argument, you need to provide documentation for all facts and figures that are not common knowledge. Common knowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone, or nearly everyone, and can basically concern any subject. An example for common knowledge would be "There are seven days in a week".
What The number of sources you cite in your work depends on the intent of the paper. In most cases, you will need to cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. However, if you are working on a review article, the aim is to present to the readers everything that has been written on a topic, so you will need to include a more exhaustive list of citations.
What is the Turabian citation style?
The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is a style guide for writing and formatting papers published by the University of Chicago Press. The citation style is named after Kate L. Turabian, an American educator who developed this style. In 2018, the ninth edition of the Turabian style was published.
Except for a few minor differences, the citation style is the same as the Chicago style (published in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style ). The main difference is that while the Chicago Manual of Style focuses primarily on providing guidelines for publishing, the Turabian M anual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations mainly focuses on the creation and submission of academic work. Therefore, the University of Chicago Press describes it as "the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas".
How do I cite in Turabian style?
Just like the Chicago style ( link to Chicago citation generator ), the Turabian style comes in two varieties:
- Author-date: Often used in the sciences (physical, natural) and social sciences. Sources are briefly cited in the text (usually in parentheses, author's last name and year of publication), and matched up with an entry in a reference list with full bibliographic information.
- Notes and bibliography: Preferred by many working in the humanities (literature, history, the arts,..). Sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes in the text and listed in a separate bibliography.
Here is an example for a citation in the notes and bibliography system:
David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013), 18.
Bibliography:
Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013.
Aside from the way they cite sources in the text, the two styles are very similar. If you're not sure which style to use, ask your instructor.
While all the specific rules of the Turabian citation style might sound very complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru.
Use our Turabian citation generator above to create the fastest and most accurate Turabian citations possible.
The BibGuru Turabian citation generator is a software that creates citations and references in Turabian style 9th edition. This online tool is fast, 100% accurate, with a simple and intuitive interface, and completely free. The BibGuru Turabian citation generator helps you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about getting your reference list done.
You can create a reference in the BibGuru Turabian citation generator by entering the URL/title/doi or any other identifier of your source into the search box, choose a category, click enter, and that's it. You have a 100% correct reference in Turabian style in seconds.
Yes, the BibGuru Turabian citation generator creates in-text citations for every reference. All you have to do is click the 'Bibliography and in-text citations' view option, and this will automatically create an accurate in-text citation for each source.
Yes, the BibGuru Turabian citation generator stores all your references. Once you are done adding all your references, you only have to copy and paste the list into your paper.
Turabian style was developed by Kate L. Turabian, an American educator, and the style is based on the citation guidelines of the Chicago format. Therefore, the official inventors of the Turabian style are Kate L. Turabian, and the University of Chicago Press.
The Turabian citation style is the same as the Chicago style except for a few minor differences published in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style . The main difference is that while the Chicago Manual of Style focuses primarily on providing guidelines for publishing, the Turabian M anual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses and Dissertations mainly focuses on the creation and submission of academic work. Therefore, the University of Chicago Press describes it as "the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas".
While all the specific rules of the Turabian citation style might be complicated, you don't need to worry about getting them wrong with BibGuru. Use our Turabian citation generator above to create the fastest and most accurate Turabian citations possible.
Before taking the decision on whether to use Chicago or Turabian style , take a look at both guidelines. Having said that, the Turabian style is a simplified version of the Chicago citation style, so you be the judge.
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CITATION QUICK GUIDE
Author-Date: Sample Citations
The following examples illustrate the author-date style. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 18 and 19 of Turabian. (For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system, go to Notes and Bibliography: Sample Citations .)
REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)
Kitamura, Katie. 2017. A Separation . New York: Riverhead Books.
Sassler, Sharon, and Amanda Jayne Miller. 2017. Cohabitation Nation: Gender, Class, and the Remaking of Relationships . Oakland: University of California Press.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
(Kitamura 2017, 25)
(Sassler and Miller 2017, 114)
CHAPTER OR OTHER PART OF AN EDITED BOOK
In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY
Rowlandson, Mary. 2016. “The Narrative of My Captivity.” In The Making of the American Essay , edited by John D’Agata, 19–56. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.
IN-TEXT CITATION
(Rowlandson 2016, 19–20)
To cite an edited book as a whole, list the editor(s) first.
D’Agata, John, ed. 2016. The Making of the American Essay . Minneapolis: Graywolf Press.
(D’Agata 2016, 19–20)
TRANSLATED BOOK
Lahiri, Jhumpa. 2016. In Other Words . Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
(Lahiri 2016, 146)
For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text or, if possible, track down a version with fixed page numbers.
Austen, Jane. 2007. Pride and Prejudice . New York: Penguin Classics. Kindle.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 1917. Crime and Punishment . Translated by Constance Garnett, edited by William Allan Neilson. New York: P. F. Collier & Son. https://archive.org/details/crimepunishment00dostuoft.
Schlosser, Eric. 2001. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the American Meal . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ProQuest Ebrary.
(Austen 2007, chap. 3)
(Dostoevsky 1917, 444)
(Schlosser 2001, 88)
THESIS OR DISSERTATION
Navarro-Garcia, Guadalupe. 2016. “Integrating Social Justice Values in Educational Leadership: A Study of African American and Black University Presidents.” PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
(Navarro-Garcia 2016, 44)
JOURNAL ARTICLE
In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.
Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. 2017. “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.
LaSalle, Peter. 2017. “Conundrum: A Story about Reading.” New England Review 38 (1): 95–109. Project MUSE.
Pérez, Ashley Hope. 2017. “Material Morality and the Logic of Degrees in Diderot’s Le neveu de Rameau .” Modern Philology 114, no. 4 (May): 872–98. https://doi.org/10.1086/689836.
(Keng, Lin, and Orazem 2017, 9–10)
(LaSalle 2017, 95)
(Pérez 2017, 874)
Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.
Weber, Jesse N., Martin Kalbe, Kum Chuan Shim, Noémie I. Erin, Natalie C. Steinel, Lei Ma, and Daniel I. Bolnick. 2017. “Resist Globally, Infect Locally: A Transcontinental Test of Adaptation by Stickleback and Their Tapeworm Parasite.” American Naturalist 189, no. 1 (January): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1086/689597.
(Weber et al. 2017, 45)
NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.
Anderssen, Erin. 2016. “Through the Eyes of Generation Z.” Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 25, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/through-the-eyes-of-generation-z/article30571914/.
Cunningham, Vinson. 2017. “You Don’t Understand: John McWhorter Makes His Case for Black English.” New Yorker , May 15, 2017.
Lind, Dara. 2016. “Moving to Canada, Explained.” Vox , September 15, 2016. http://www.vox.com/2016/5/9/11608830/move-to-canada-how.
Manjoo, Farhad. 2017. “Snap Makes a Bet on the Cultural Supremacy of the Camera.” New York Times , March 8, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/08/technology/snap-makes-a-bet-on-the-cultural-supremacy-of-the-camera.html.
Pegoraro, Rob. 2007. “Apple’s iPhone Is Sleek, Smart and Simple.” Washington Post , July 5, 2007. LexisNexis Academic.
(Anderssen 2016)
(Cunningham 2017, 85)
(Lind 2016)
(Manjoo 2017)
(Pegoraro 2007)
Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.
(Eduardo B [Los Angeles], March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo 2017)
BOOK REVIEW
Eberstadt, Fernanda. 2017. “Gone Guy: A Writer Leaves His Wife, Then Disappears in Greece.” Review of A Separation , by Katie Kitamura. New York Times , February 15, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/15/books/review/separation-katie-kitamura.html.
(Eberstadt 2017)
WEBSITE CONTENT
Web pages and other website content can be cited as shown here. For a source that does not list a date of publication, posting, or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.
Columbia University. n.d. “History.” Accessed May 15, 2017. http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html.
Google. 2017. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified April 17, 2017. https://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
(Columbia University n.d.)
(Google 2017)
AUDIOVISUAL CONTENT
Beyoncé. 2016. “Sorry.” Directed by Kahlil Joseph and Beyoncé Knowles. June 22, 2016. Music video, 4:25. https://youtu.be/QxsmWxxouIM.
Stamper, Kory. 2017. “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air , NPR, April 19, 2017. Audio, 35:25. http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.
(Beyoncé 2016)
(Stamper 2017)
SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT
Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed or to include a link, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.
Sloane Crosley offers the following advice: “How to edit: Attack a sentence. Write in the margins. Toss in some arrows. Cross out words. Rewrite them. Circle the whole mess and STET” (@askanyone, Twitter, May 8, 2017).
Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.
(Chicago Manual of Style 2015)
(Souza 2016)
(Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style 2015)
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Personal interviews, correspondence, and other types of personal communications—including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media—are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.
(Sam Gomez, Facebook message to author, August 1, 2017)
(Interview with home health aide, July 31, 2017)
Cite Your Sources
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There are two formats for Turabian Citation Style: Author-Date Style AND Notes and Bibliography Style. Read your assignment to determine which style to use or contact your professor.
Turabian: Online Resources & Style Guide
- Turabian Online Guide Notes and Bibliography Style AND Author-Date Style.
- Student Paper-Formatting Tip Sheet
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The SBL (Society of Biblical Literature) Handbook of Style is intended to assist those writing on Near Eastern studies, biblical studies, and early Christianity. It is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, and covers citation questions specific to writing in these fields that are not covered in other style handbooks.
The SBL Handbook of Style is available as an e-book and in the reference section of Payson Library. The call number is Ref PN147 .S26 200.
The Student Supplement for The SBL Handbook of Style is available as a PDF .
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Templates for culturally responsive citation for the variation of knowledge across indigenous communities.
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COMMENTS
Citing a Thesis or Dissertation from a Database Citation Structure. Note: 1. First name Last name, "Title" (master's thesis or PhD diss., University Name, year published), page number, Database (Identification Number).
What is Turabian style? Kate L. Turabian published the first edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations—often called "Turabian" for short—in 1937.The ninth and latest edition was published in 2018. Where the Chicago Manual of Style is mainly aimed at publishers, Turabian is specifically aimed at students.. Turabian is not a separate style from Chicago ...
Source citations in the Turabian manual come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography (or simply notes) and (2) author-date. These two systems are also sometimes referred to as Chicago-style citations, because they are the same as the ones presented in The Chicago Manual of Style. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the ...
A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as "Turabian"—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that ...
Theses & Dissertations. CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations. Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics. This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books. The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these ...
Chicago and Turabian use the exact same format for citing dissertations and theses. Important Elements: 1. Author First Last, "Title of Dissertation or Theis" (Doctoral diss. or Master's Thesis, Name of Institution, Year), pp.-pp. 1. Dana S. Levin, "Let's Talk about Sex . . .
Theses and dissertations are cited much like books except for the title in enclosed in quotation marks. After the author and tile, list the kind of paper (degree level and thesis or dissertation), the academic institution, and the date. This replaces the normal publication data (publisher name, place, and date of publication).
The following examples illustrate the notes and bibliography style. Sample notes show full citations followed by shortened forms that would be used after the first citation. Sample bibliography entries follow the notes. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 16 and 17 of Turabian. (For examples of the same citations using the ...
The Chicago and Turabian styles are nearly identical. Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for over 30 years, developed her guide for students and researchers writing papers, theses, and dissertations. Her manual is based on the University of Chicago Press's Manual of Style and departs from it in few places.
ISBN: 9780226287058. Publication Date: 2017. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (9th Edition)A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations--also known as "Turabian"-- includes chapters with updated advice on finding, evaluating, and citing a wide range of digital sources and the evolving use ...
Based on Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Turabian citation style presents two basic documentation systems, notes-bibliography style (or simply bibliography style) and author-date style (previously called parenthetical citations-reference list style). These styles are essentially the same as those presented in The Chicago Manual of Style ...
Turabian Style Quick-Guide. Examples are from Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th ed.) Turabian Style suggests that writers in the humanities use footnote references to cite sources. A professor may also require a bibliography page. You should indicate sources for quotations (exact words) and ...
A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition by Kate L. Turabian When Kate L. Turabian first put her famous guidelines to paper, she could hardly have imagined the world in which today's students would be conducting research. Yet while the ways in which we research and compose papers may have changed, the fundamentals remain the same: writers need to have a ...
The Turabian citation style is a shortened form of Chicago citation style. Developed by the secretary of the graduate school's dissertation department at the University of Chicago, Kate Turabian, this citation style is used in social sciences, humanities, natural and physical sciences and depending on the class/professor.
Chicago and Turabian are nearly identical citation styles - the key difference being that Turabian is a somewhat simplified version of Chicago style, and intended for students writing research papers. ... Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 9th edition by Kate Turabian. If you would like additions or would ...
MyBib's Turabian citation generator was designed to be fast and easy to use. Follow these steps: Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page. Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work. Make sure the details are correct, and fix any ...
A guide to using citation styles effectively and efficiently. Almost. Turabian = Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. Turabian is the student version of The Chicago Manual of Style, aimed at high school and college students who are writing papers, theses, and dissertations that are not intended for publication.
Citation: How to Cite Your Sources. A library guide to writing academic papers by using citation styles effectively and efficiently. The ninth edition aligns with related titles in the Chicago Style Suite, including the recently released Chicago Manual of Style, seventeenth edition, as well as with the latest edition of The Craft of Research.
Theses and Dissertations. Citing a Thesis or Dissertation ; Format for A Thesis or Dissertation ; Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements; Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements; Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2; Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract; Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2. ...
Dissertation-style title page with basic Dissertation Template (dotm) ... and shortened notes for non-consecutive subsequent citations, even though the Turabian 9th edition manual recommends not ...
The Turabian Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is a style guide for writing and formatting papers published by the University of Chicago Press. The citation style is named after Kate L. Turabian, an American educator who developed this style. In 2018, the ninth edition of the Turabian style was published.
Author-Date: Sample Citations. The following examples illustrate the author-date style. Each example of a reference list entry is accompanied by an example of a corresponding in-text citation. For more details and many more examples, see chapters 18 and 19 of Turabian. (For examples of the same citations using the notes and bibliography system ...
There are two formats for Turabian Citation Style: Author-Date Style AND Notes and Bibliography Style. Read your assignment to determine which style to use or contact your professor. ... Theses, and Dissertations. Note: Physical copy only. If you need a section scanned and sent to your email, please contact us. Requests must stay within ...
Citation style allows writers to cite any type of work, from books, e-books, and journal articles in databases to song lyrics, online images, social media posts and dissertations. MLA Style Center Find out the thinking behind the new MLA 8th edition.