oracle stored procedure variable assignment

Home » PL/SQL Tutorial » PL/SQL Variables

PL/SQL Variables

Summary : in this tutorial, you will learn about PL/SQL variables and how to use them effectively.

In PL/SQL, a variable is named storage location that stores a value of a particular data type . The value of the variable changes through the program. Before using a variable, you must declare it in the declaration section of a block .

Declaring variables

The syntax for a variable declaration is as follows:

In this syntax:

• First, specify the name of the variable. The name of the variable should be as descriptive as possible, e.g., l_total_sales , l_credit_limit , and l_sales_revenue .
• Second, choose an appropriate data type for the variable, depending on the kind of value that you want to store, for example, number, character, Boolean, and datetime.

By convention, local variable names should start with l_ and global variable names should have a prefix of g_ .

The following example declares three variables l_total_sales , l_credit_limit , and l_contact_name :

Default values

PL/SQL allows you to set a default value for a variable at the declaration time. To assign a default value to a variable, you use the assignment operator ( := ) or the DEFAULT keyword.

The following example declares a variable named l_product_name with an initial value 'Laptop' :

It is equivalent to the following block:

In this example, instead of using the assignment operator := , we used the DEFAULT keyword to initialize a variable.

NOT NULL constraint

If you impose the NOT NULL constraint on a value, then the variable cannot accept a NULL value. Besides, a variable declared with the NOT NULL must be initialized with a non-null value. Note that PL/SQL treats a zero-length string as a NULL value.

The following example first declares a variable named l_shipping_status with the NOT NULL constraint. Then, it assigns the variable a zero-length string.

PL/SQL issued the following error:

Because the variable l_shipping_status declared with the NOT NULL constraint, it could not accept a NULL value or zero-length string in this case.

Variable assignments

To assign a value to a variable, you use the assignment operator ( := ), for example:

You can assign a value of a variable to another as shown in the following example:

Anchored declarations

Typically, you declare a variable and select a value from a table column for this variable. If the data type of the table column changes, you must adjust the program to make it work with the new type.

PL/SQL allows you to declare a variable whose data type anchor to a table column or another variable. Consider the following example:

In this example:

• First,  declare two variables l_customer_name and l_credit_limit whose data type anchors to the name and credit_limit columns respectively, in the declaration section of the block.
• Second, query the customer name and credit limit of the customer id 38 and assign these column values to the l_customer_name and l_credit_limit variables in the execution block.
• Third, display the customer name and credit limit.

PL/SQL returned the following output:

This example illustrates how to declare variables that anchor to another variable:

Here is the output:

Now, you should know how to use PL/SQL variables in your block and manipulate them efficiently.

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How do I declare and use variables in Oracle?

My main skills are with SQL Server, but I have been asked to do some tuning of an Oracle query. I have written the following SQL:

And I get this error:

• 3 oracle is pure pain –  Fabio Marreco Commented Feb 7, 2020 at 20:57

3 Answers 3

Inside pl/sql block:

using a bind variable:

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

in a query:

• This unfortunately does not work for me. var my_num NUMBER; BEGIN SELECT 12345 INTO my_num FROM dual; END; / select * from my_table sa where sa.my_col = :my_num; –  Matthew Commented Nov 15, 2018 at 17:59
• what error do you get? (just tested and works) –  user953 Commented Nov 16, 2018 at 14:18
• I actually tried the solution posted by Jon of All Trades and that worked perfectly for my needs -- i.e. using DEFINE and referencing the variable with &. –  Matthew Commented Nov 19, 2018 at 15:17

SQL*Plus supports an additional format:

Note the ampersands where the substitutions are to be performed within the query.

• This worked for me in Toad for Oracle when using any of these functions: Execute as script or Execute via Toad script runner or Execute via SQL*Plus . However, if you try running with the Execute/compile statement at caret it returns an error message: "ORA-009000: invalid SQL statement". –  SherlockSpreadsheets Commented May 1, 2019 at 16:43
• Works in SQL Developer too. –  Wassadamo Commented Feb 2, 2021 at 7:56

In ORACLE SQL Developer 20.2.0.175, we can Run Script (F5):

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How can I do a variable "in list"

Question and answer.

Thanks for the question, Thomas.

Asked: May 02, 2000 - 3:57 pm UTC

Last updated: October 21, 2020 - 1:21 am UTC

Version: 8.1.5

and Tom said...

Good ideas; nice to see all the parts.

Kristy, April 05, 2001 - 11:06 am UTC

Beware of the performance hit

Andy Barker, November 01, 2001 - 11:43 am UTC

Execute Immediate

Jan, November 12, 2001 - 8:16 am UTC

How can I do a variable "in list

Niloufar, December 06, 2001 - 4:29 pm UTC

Very Cool, just what I need

Paul Duer, December 07, 2001 - 10:08 am UTC

Could I pass a refcursor?!

Niloufar, October 11, 2002 - 12:55 pm UTC

ORA-00600 when creating and describing a NT

Robert C, October 12, 2002 - 6:55 pm UTC

Using BULK COLLECT in the In_list function.

Robert C, October 12, 2002 - 7:56 pm UTC

BULK COLLECT with Cursor Variable

Robert C, October 14, 2002 - 9:30 am UTC

varying elements in IN list

Rizwan Qazi, December 27, 2002 - 10:27 am UTC

ORA-03113 while using the cast to table...

KU, December 27, 2002 - 6:26 pm UTC

A reader, January 03, 2003 - 3:42 pm UTC

forget above question

A reader, January 03, 2003 - 3:47 pm UTC

Can somebody help me with those things?

Mike F., January 03, 2003 - 8:34 pm UTC

By the way, a comment

Mike F., January 03, 2003 - 8:39 pm UTC

Not very different, but

Mike F., January 08, 2003 - 3:27 pm UTC

Good info. Thanks.

Mike F., January 08, 2003 - 10:56 pm UTC

Oh, so-called "multi-column in list"

Mike F., January 08, 2003 - 11:50 pm UTC

Can I do this?

Mike F., January 12, 2003 - 10:14 pm UTC

Can not figure out the

Ivan, February 25, 2003 - 12:07 pm UTC

Please disregard my post above...

Ivan, February 25, 2003 - 4:00 pm UTC

How to use list generated by select

hk, March 03, 2003 - 8:07 pm UTC

hk, March 04, 2003 - 9:00 am UTC

Problem implementing cast

Max, March 21, 2003 - 1:41 pm UTC

Here is what I tried

Max, March 21, 2003 - 2:46 pm UTC

Max, March 21, 2003 - 3:22 pm UTC

Thank You Thank You Thank You Very Much !!!

Max, March 21, 2003 - 3:58 pm UTC

How to compare arrays ???

Max, March 26, 2003 - 5:59 pm UTC

A reader, March 27, 2003 - 12:01 am UTC

wow ! more than most useful ...

Max, March 27, 2003 - 8:48 am UTC

RE: myTableType data type

Max, March 27, 2003 - 11:58 am UTC

Murugan, March 27, 2003 - 7:02 pm UTC

Just a Query?

SD, April 16, 2003 - 5:29 am UTC

New feature

Martin, April 16, 2003 - 11:49 am UTC

SD, April 17, 2003 - 5:32 am UTC

Good technique, but watch out for partitions

Basil, April 18, 2003 - 3:41 pm UTC

Paul, June 02, 2003 - 6:07 am UTC

Paul, June 02, 2003 - 8:25 am UTC

arguments to a proceudre

santhanam, August 19, 2003 - 3:27 am UTC

Rick, August 20, 2003 - 12:50 pm UTC

Rick, August 21, 2003 - 8:10 pm UTC

multiple column subquery

umesh, August 28, 2003 - 5:26 am UTC

clob instead of varchar2 in list

Sandeep, September 17, 2003 - 2:48 pm UTC

CLOB in list

Sandeep, September 17, 2003 - 2:56 pm UTC

no rows selected

Bayo, October 07, 2003 - 9:54 am UTC

bayo, October 07, 2003 - 10:31 am UTC

Bayo, October 08, 2003 - 4:38 am UTC

Optimizer problems with variable in-list

Mark Manning, October 19, 2003 - 7:29 am UTC

error sp2-0642......

Anurag, December 09, 2003 - 12:41 am UTC

Anurag, December 10, 2003 - 9:45 am UTC

Is there a simple way to get distinct values from the array?

Meyer, December 11, 2003 - 2:17 pm UTC

Very Useful

Sami, December 24, 2003 - 3:13 pm UTC

Excellent, but.....

Bruno Paquet, February 09, 2004 - 3:16 pm UTC

dummy rowid ?

robert, February 09, 2004 - 8:34 pm UTC

varchar inlist

Sha, February 27, 2004 - 10:59 am UTC

Indexes break

Sha, February 27, 2004 - 3:17 pm UTC

moving sql into database

dwl, March 05, 2004 - 7:22 am UTC

Eliminate dynamic sql for in list

Jennifer Chen, March 05, 2004 - 2:39 pm UTC

A reader, March 05, 2004 - 4:04 pm UTC

generic procedure

dwl, March 08, 2004 - 9:18 am UTC

Eliminate sort in this query

Jennifer Chen, March 08, 2004 - 11:37 am UTC

ORA-06502 error

Arun Mathur, March 18, 2004 - 5:37 pm UTC

Arun Mathur, March 18, 2004 - 10:05 pm UTC

this approach in a view ?

A reader, March 24, 2004 - 7:19 am UTC

A reader, March 24, 2004 - 11:34 am UTC

I am having some problems with this code

Sonali, April 15, 2004 - 9:30 am UTC

two different plans with and without the package

Ryan Gaffuri, June 18, 2004 - 4:10 pm UTC

sorry about the formatting....

Developer runtime bug.

Ahmed Yousri, June 19, 2004 - 5:38 am UTC

global temporary table?

Ryan Gaffuri, June 21, 2004 - 8:32 am UTC

what to do with a global temporary table

Ryan Gaffuri, June 21, 2004 - 11:02 am UTC

Ryan Gaffuri, June 21, 2004 - 2:13 pm UTC

explain plan

Ryan Gaffuri, June 22, 2004 - 8:55 am UTC

There's something I want to know!

Alan, June 23, 2004 - 5:24 pm UTC

what if the string it self is more than 4k

A reader, July 21, 2004 - 3:57 pm UTC

Varray ? or gtt ?

A reader, July 22, 2004 - 11:45 am UTC

varray or gtt ?

A reader, July 22, 2004 - 10:01 pm UTC

A reader, August 14, 2004 - 5:24 pm UTC

bug ... or misunderstanding on my part?

Gabe, August 17, 2004 - 3:42 pm UTC

you should probably file it ...

Gabe, August 17, 2004 - 5:31 pm UTC

Suggestion for In_List function

Mark, August 18, 2004 - 11:46 am UTC

In Clause Review

Giovanni Jaramillo, August 18, 2004 - 4:19 pm UTC

A simpler solution if you don't have fixed list of In value

celia_wang, August 23, 2004 - 6:02 pm UTC

Yeah, you are right about index. Thanks!

celia_wang, August 24, 2004 - 11:56 am UTC

Thanks a lot!

celia_wang, August 24, 2004 - 6:07 pm UTC

parse a string

maryW, October 27, 2004 - 4:30 pm UTC

here is the entire example

Mary W, October 27, 2004 - 4:52 pm UTC

here is the rest of the code

Mary W, October 28, 2004 - 10:29 am UTC

I figured it out!

Mary W, October 28, 2004 - 10:59 am UTC

Multiple In Clauses

Vinnie, November 02, 2004 - 3:58 pm UTC

Can't we do it without creating a function...

Venkat, November 23, 2004 - 6:59 pm UTC

Dennis, November 24, 2004 - 3:30 am UTC

Dennis, November 24, 2004 - 7:46 am UTC

Got an pl/sql table array

robert, December 16, 2004 - 11:50 am UTC

Trouble with Clob !

Shiju, April 28, 2005 - 11:37 am UTC

Shiju, April 29, 2005 - 3:02 am UTC

Not using the index

Anil, April 30, 2005 - 11:39 am UTC

Anil, April 30, 2005 - 2:24 pm UTC

Anil, May 01, 2005 - 12:51 am UTC

Anil, May 01, 2005 - 12:08 pm UTC

Anil, May 02, 2005 - 1:33 am UTC

Single or multiple gtt

anil, May 04, 2005 - 3:26 am UTC

Nested Tables and ODP.NET

Yuan, May 05, 2005 - 2:20 pm UTC

RE: Nested Tables and ODP.NET

Mark A. Williams, May 05, 2005 - 3:08 pm UTC

Thanks Mark

Yuan, May 10, 2005 - 3:56 pm UTC

Mark A. Williams, May 10, 2005 - 10:29 pm UTC

why not use reference cursors

Gabriel, May 11, 2005 - 11:16 am UTC

Extension to array matching...

Andy, May 13, 2005 - 6:09 am UTC

Preserve ORDER BY ?

Andy, June 14, 2005 - 4:49 pm UTC

how about a really qucik inline way?

Val, June 22, 2005 - 1:56 pm UTC

no rule without exception

Matthias Rogel, June 23, 2005 - 4:37 pm UTC

didn't mention "order siblings by"

Matthias Rogel, June 24, 2005 - 3:00 am UTC

probably ...

Matthias Rogel, June 24, 2005 - 7:53 am UTC

Just "parent, followed by child, in some order"

Matthias Rogel, June 24, 2005 - 8:28 am UTC

John Binny, July 10, 2005 - 6:23 am UTC

optomizing your str2tbl function

Jeremy, July 18, 2005 - 5:39 pm UTC

deterministic functions

lh, July 19, 2005 - 3:04 am UTC

rownum>=0 in 10g

Jeremy, July 19, 2005 - 2:44 pm UTC

Jeremy, July 20, 2005 - 12:31 pm UTC

Jeremy, July 20, 2005 - 12:35 pm UTC

Explode a column

VA, July 21, 2005 - 10:58 am UTC

A reader, July 21, 2005 - 5:15 pm UTC

A reader, July 21, 2005 - 8:06 pm UTC

list of missing items in in list string

wor, July 25, 2005 - 12:15 pm UTC

Krishna K, July 25, 2005 - 5:20 pm UTC

here is a variation, not using cast or a function

dnd, September 15, 2005 - 9:51 am UTC

A reader, September 15, 2005 - 11:03 am UTC

from previous review

A reader, September 15, 2005 - 11:12 am UTC

A reader, September 15, 2005 - 11:58 am UTC

Re: Variation for "dnd" ...

Gabe, September 15, 2005 - 12:40 pm UTC

dnd variation is awesome!

Prakash, September 15, 2005 - 1:07 pm UTC

A reader, September 15, 2005 - 3:25 pm UTC

Faster version

Ajay, September 15, 2005 - 4:48 pm UTC

Anders, September 15, 2005 - 5:51 pm UTC

variation's variation

dnd, September 15, 2005 - 6:27 pm UTC

Ajay, September 15, 2005 - 7:16 pm UTC

Girish, September 16, 2005 - 1:11 am UTC

Re: Faster version

Gabe, September 16, 2005 - 9:50 am UTC

Ajay, September 16, 2005 - 11:32 am UTC

dnd, September 16, 2005 - 12:08 pm UTC

dnd ... it is right above

Gabe, September 16, 2005 - 1:41 pm UTC

dnd, September 16, 2005 - 2:03 pm UTC

dnd, September 16, 2005 - 2:06 pm UTC

Tom ... a question for you in there, if not too long ...

Gabe, September 16, 2005 - 3:14 pm UTC

Missed 1 in the connect by clause

Frank Zhou, September 16, 2005 - 3:47 pm UTC

Inoffensive-looking change … so big of a difference.

Gabe, September 16, 2005 - 4:31 pm UTC

having trouble with sql performance

Shawn Brockway, December 21, 2005 - 8:45 am UTC

As Always...

Shawn Brockway, December 22, 2005 - 9:18 am UTC

what if huge list

Steve, February 07, 2006 - 11:53 am UTC

JDBC and Variable "In List"

Su Baba, February 27, 2006 - 9:41 pm UTC

INTERSECTION of many stored QUERIES

Sah, March 21, 2006 - 3:11 pm UTC

Intersection of queries

Sah, March 23, 2006 - 6:20 pm UTC

A reader, March 24, 2006 - 12:16 pm UTC

A reader, March 24, 2006 - 4:17 pm UTC

Carl Bruneau, April 10, 2006 - 12:20 pm UTC

One hard parse

Carl Bruneau, April 11, 2006 - 9:16 am UTC

A reader, May 04, 2006 - 8:38 am UTC

Recommendation to Oracle

RV, May 04, 2006 - 11:06 pm UTC

One more trick

_bag_, May 05, 2006 - 6:13 am UTC

Matthias Rogel, May 05, 2006 - 7:46 am UTC

truncated in list using SYS_CONTEXT

Tom, May 06, 2006 - 1:15 pm UTC

tom, May 08, 2006 - 12:29 pm UTC

Why Can I Not Put Type In Package?

Steve Standish, June 01, 2006 - 11:07 am UTC

Same problem?

Steve, June 01, 2006 - 12:12 pm UTC

OK, another method?

Steve, June 01, 2006 - 12:51 pm UTC

No argument here... Just to clarify

Steve, June 01, 2006 - 1:52 pm UTC

Steve, June 01, 2006 - 3:29 pm UTC

Excuse me as I have posted the same Qs in different loactions,but this the proper place to post

Indranil, June 02, 2006 - 12:25 am UTC

how to do this

rahul, August 04, 2006 - 12:38 pm UTC

rahul, August 04, 2006 - 1:17 pm UTC

Rahul, August 04, 2006 - 1:22 pm UTC

rahul, September 14, 2006 - 11:37 pm UTC

Check for existance of Object before proceeding

A reader, September 21, 2006 - 12:35 pm UTC

A reader, September 22, 2006 - 9:39 am UTC

A reader, September 22, 2006 - 5:43 pm UTC

A reader, September 25, 2006 - 10:03 am UTC

Shankar Ram, September 28, 2006 - 5:14 pm UTC

How does rownum >=0 make oracle execute the query faster?

A reader, November 03, 2006 - 6:48 am UTC

Raj, December 04, 2006 - 11:25 pm UTC

RAJ, December 05, 2006 - 11:48 pm UTC

Using collection in SQL

Sunj, January 30, 2007 - 2:14 pm UTC

Sunj, February 01, 2007 - 12:52 pm UTC

Venkat, February 02, 2007 - 8:04 am UTC

Sunj, February 06, 2007 - 2:50 pm UTC

Can I use hierarchichal query for this?

A reader, May 08, 2007 - 12:59 pm UTC

Thank you but...

A reader, May 11, 2007 - 12:09 pm UTC

Heartfelt thanks and a pointer for others

Stew Ashton, June 26, 2007 - 6:16 am UTC

ORA-03113 Error while using dynamic IN List

Gopalakrishnan, July 13, 2007 - 10:23 am UTC

In List variabe

Dee, August 07, 2007 - 2:43 pm UTC

Sam, August 13, 2007 - 11:30 pm UTC

Dee, August 16, 2007 - 11:05 am UTC

A reader, August 22, 2007 - 9:18 am UTC

A reader, August 23, 2007 - 12:58 am UTC

A reader, August 24, 2007 - 1:57 am UTC

Error in Cursor

Raymond, September 06, 2007 - 11:24 pm UTC

A reader, September 10, 2007 - 11:03 pm UTC

instr with array elements

sara, October 26, 2007 - 2:37 pm UTC

Ashish, October 30, 2007 - 11:12 am UTC

can we pass muiltple values to a parameter using sys_context ?

K Kiran, November 05, 2007 - 3:29 pm UTC

One Clarification

Muhammad Riaz Shahid, January 02, 2008 - 3:12 pm UTC

Clarification

Muhammad Riaz Shahdi, January 03, 2008 - 2:23 am UTC

For Muhammad Riaz Shahdi from Dubai, UAE

SeánMacGC, January 03, 2008 - 4:50 am UTC

Last Clarification

Muhammad Riaz Shahid, January 05, 2008 - 2:32 am UTC

Non-equivalence

SeánMacGC, January 07, 2008 - 8:36 am UTC

Muhammad Riaz Shahid, January 11, 2008 - 10:51 am UTC

This may help

Steve, January 14, 2008 - 1:04 pm UTC

Cursor vs. Regular SQL

Michael Logan, January 16, 2008 - 9:50 am UTC

RE: Cursor vs. Regular SQL

Michael Logan, January 16, 2008 - 1:18 pm UTC

Please explain NOT IN

A reader, January 25, 2008 - 4:36 pm UTC

MAX/MIN

Deepak, February 24, 2008 - 10:53 am UTC

rwnum >=0 and/or hint materialize for subquery does not work

Andriy, March 23, 2008 - 3:21 pm UTC

using a cursor on with data as (select /*+ materialize cardinality...

sara, March 25, 2008 - 11:19 am UTC

why oracle can call table function few times

Andriy, April 03, 2008 - 11:23 am UTC

Using pkg define SQL types in Pipelined functions

ali, April 21, 2008 - 6:55 am UTC

ali, April 24, 2008 - 8:51 am UTC

dynamic cur with object type

sara, May 06, 2008 - 12:07 pm UTC

extended in_list function

Gypsy, May 06, 2008 - 6:52 pm UTC

Another Variable IN List question?

Maverick, May 09, 2008 - 11:37 am UTC

connect by level and in list

Car Elcaro, June 10, 2008 - 1:47 am UTC

Mathew, July 16, 2008 - 5:37 am UTC

Nearly impossible to search for the THE keyword

Mark Brady, November 06, 2008 - 4:38 pm UTC

Sachin, November 14, 2008 - 8:13 am UTC

Yuan, December 11, 2008 - 1:20 pm UTC

Yuan, December 12, 2008 - 9:51 am UTC

Instead of creating the in_list function ..

Nicole, January 05, 2009 - 4:39 pm UTC

Nicole, January 05, 2009 - 6:30 pm UTC

Nicole, January 06, 2009 - 3:00 pm UTC

using with inline table column

Gerard, February 11, 2009 - 8:14 am UTC

Multiple column inlists

C, April 03, 2009 - 5:36 am UTC

C, April 03, 2009 - 10:21 am UTC

Plan changes to full table scan with in_list()

A reader, July 13, 2009 - 4:50 pm UTC

Java beats the function technique

A reader, July 15, 2009 - 12:36 pm UTC

A reader, July 15, 2009 - 3:23 pm UTC

A reader, July 15, 2009 - 4:51 pm UTC

Pipelined functions And APEX

A reader, January 21, 2010 - 2:28 am UTC

Update for above question

A reader, January 21, 2010 - 6:06 am UTC

A reader, January 25, 2010 - 1:48 am UTC

Jay Faux, April 19, 2010 - 2:27 pm UTC

jay, April 19, 2010 - 11:02 pm UTC

jay, April 20, 2010 - 10:10 am UTC

clob_in_list

Sujith, June 01, 2010 - 6:18 pm UTC

Built-in varchar2 datatype in the context of a collection definition

Mihail Bratu, June 11, 2010 - 5:28 am UTC

Mihail Bratu, June 11, 2010 - 7:54 am UTC

Dynamic IN lists

Ananth, June 26, 2010 - 5:29 am UTC

Varying "IN" List

Ananth, July 09, 2010 - 1:06 am UTC

Varying IN List

A reader, August 22, 2010 - 2:55 pm UTC

Paulo Diogo, August 24, 2011 - 8:06 am UTC

Replace IN keyword with INSTR function

Howard Wan, September 13, 2011 - 4:15 pm UTC

Performance while using inlist

Sarma, September 15, 2011 - 9:59 am UTC

Performance using inlist

Sarma, October 05, 2011 - 12:32 pm UTC

Indexes not getting used

Neetesh, November 14, 2011 - 1:05 am UTC

Indexes not getting Used continued

Neetesh, November 14, 2011 - 1:19 am UTC

GTT and in-list pairs

Ahmed, April 25, 2012 - 10:50 am UTC

Ahmed, April 27, 2012 - 5:30 am UTC

Why no plans in shared pool?

Rajeshwaran, Jeyabal, June 20, 2012 - 2:18 am UTC

IN_LIST as Procedure with OUT parameter

Narendra, February 14, 2013 - 11:33 am UTC

Use of your strtab function with AND query

Phil, April 11, 2013 - 8:42 am UTC

what if we dont use Pl/SQL and just sql ?

anwesh joshi, July 08, 2019 - 7:43 pm UTC

Performance using type table in select statement

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SQL Variables for Queries and Stored Procedures in SQL Server, Oracle and PostgreSQL

By: Andrea Gnemmi   |   Updated: 2022-09-19   |   Comments   |   Related: > SQL Server vs Oracle vs PostgreSQL Comparison

We all know how convenient it is to use SQL variables in queries and stored procedures, but there are big differences in the SQL statement syntax and use of variables for Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and PostgreSQL which we will cover in this tutorial.

In this tutorial we will review the different ways to declare and use variables and placeholders in SQL Server, Oracle and PostgreSQL. We will also see the various differences in syntax and logic as well as types of variables for various SQL databases.

As always, we will use the github freely downloadable database sample Chinook, as it is available in multiple RDBMS formats . It is a simulation of a digital media store, with some sample data, all you have to do is download the version you need and you have all the scripts for data structure and all the inserts for data.

Declaring and Using SQL Variables for Queries

In SQL Server we can define variables, also known as local variables, both in ad hoc queries and in Stored Procedures with T-SQL logic. The process is quite straightforward using the DECLARE clause in both cases and the variables are identified by a preceding "@" plus the variable name.

Let's look at a quick SELECT statement in the following example using variables in a query where we need to calculate the total purchased by customer for the first half of 2012.

AsAs you can see, there are two declare statements for the two variables with DATE data type and assigned values to them. I then used those variables in the WHERE clause instead of typing the dates. The obvious advantage of doing that is that if we're going to use those dates in more than one place or change them, we just need to modify the value assigned to the local variable. Quite easy!

In Oracle is possible to define variables in queries, procedures and packages with some differences between the way in which it can be done.

First of all, we can have binding variables that are identified by a preceding ":".

In an ad hoc query they are used more as placeholders, and we do not need to use the DECLARE clause like in SQL Server.

As you can see I have inserted the :Start_date and :End_date as binding variables in the WHERE clause of the query (with a formatting for date) and when I run it I am prompted to insert the values.

There is also another syntax supported by queries that is much more similar to SQL Server.

In this case I declare the variables with the DEFINE clause and assign them a value on the same line just like in SQL Server, then I used them in the WHERE clause, this time preceding them with an "&". Notice that in the declaration phase the "&" is not needed.

Both syntaxes and ways are supported in queries without the need of a PL/SQL block. In fact inside a PL/SQL block it is not possible to use a variable in order to filter data as we have just done above, because inside a block it is expected that the query assigns values to the variables with a SELECT .. INTO type of query, let's do an example extracting a specific customer First and Last name and return it using the DBMS_OUTPUT clause as I did in this tip: INSERT INTO for SQL Server, Oracle and PostgreSQL returning the value assigned to a variable.

It is also possible to declare the variables as the same data type as a column in a table, in this way the variables are "anchored" to the column data type: if it changes the variable will also change.

In PostgreSQL there is not the possibility to use variables in an ad hoc query (unless using or more properly abusing CTEs) but only in PL/pgSQL blocks, such as functions/procedures, but also as in line code blocks. As in the other RDBMS this is done with the clause DECLARE. Let's do the same example.

Here we have a few things to note: first, in order to have an inline code block I had to use the DO $$ and END $$ in order to delimitate the block. Second, I had to assign the rows returned by the query to a temporary table in order to present it, otherwise I would have had an error. Finally, the variables are not identified by special characters, but they can be declared and assigned in the same row as in the other RDBMS.

Variable Declaration in SQL Queries and Stored Procedures

So far we have seen how to declare and use variables in queries or code blocks similar to ad hoc queries, let's see now how they behave in procedures.

In SQL Server, as I pointed out at the beginning, the variables are treated the same way for ad hoc queries and stored procedures. Let's do a quick and easy example where we need to write a stored procedure returning the First Name and Last Name of a customer given its CustomerId.

I created a very simple stored procedure here, using the variable @CustomerId as the input parameter, now we execute it as follows.

Pay attention though, in this example I have not used a local variable but instead a parameter, so let's imagine that in this stored procedure we need to also check VIP customers which are identified by the SupportRepId being the sales manager. So I modify the stored procedure as follows.

In this case I've declared two local variables: @RepId stores the value of column SupportRepId returned with a query and @Vip stores the EmployeeId of the actual Sales Manager. Let's try it out.

Let's create the same procedure in Oracle, already considering the second one with the internal variables and IF logic.

Please notice that we do not need the DECLARE clause for the variables and the different syntax for the IF THEN ELSE.

In order to return the procedure's output, we have to assign it to a variable and run the same DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE that we've used before.

We can do the same in PostgreSQL, but in order to return a value from the procedure we need to use a FUNCTION and the syntax here is slightly different.

So a few comments on the syntax. In order to return a result set in a PostgreSQL function we need to specify the RETURNS table clause, then we assign the value of the select query directly to the variable repid with a syntax slightly different from both SQL Server and Oracle. Last but not least, we return the result set with the RETURN QUERY clause. Notice that we need to specify the language as PLPGSQL in order to make use of the IF THEN ELSE cycle.

We can then execute the function with a simple SELECT.

In this tutorial we reviewed various way to declare and use variables in SQL Server, Oracle and PostgreSQL. We also looked at differences in procedure syntax. Stay turned for future tutorials on stored procedures, system variables, dynamic SQL and more.

• SQL Server Variables (Transact-SQL)
• Oracle Variables and Oracle Define Variables
• PostgreSQL Declarations
• SQL Server Table Variable Example
• SQL Server INSERT command with variables
• The T-SQL DELETE statement
• SQL Server Bit Data Type
• How to use @@ROWCOUNT in SQL Server
• SQL Server Stored Procedure Input Parameter, Output Parameter and Return Value

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3 Triggers and Stored Procedures

This chapter compares MySQL and Oracle triggers and stored procedures. (The information in this chapter applies only to MySQL release 5, not to earlier releases.) For more information about Oracle triggers and stored procedures, see the PL/SQL User's Guide and Reference . This chapter includes the following sections:

Stored Procedures

3.1 Triggers

Triggers are named database objects that are implicitly fired when a triggering event occurs. The trigger action can be run before or after the triggering event. Triggers are similar to stored procedures but differ in the way that they are invoked.

Support for triggers in MySQL is only included beginning with release 5.0.2. A trigger can only be associated with a table and defined to fire when an INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE statement is performed on the table. MySQL does not permit two triggers with the same trigger timing (BEFORE or AFTER) and trigger event or statement (INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE) to be defined on a table. For example, you cannot define two BEFORE INSERT or two AFTER UPDATE triggers for a table. All triggers defined on MySQL are row triggers, which means that the action defined for the triggers is executed for each row affected by the triggering statement.

Error handling during trigger execution for transactional tables ensures that either both the triggering statement and trigger action is completed successfully or neither the trigger statement nor the trigger action is executed, that is all changes made are rollback on failure. For non-transactional tables, all changes made prior to the point of error remains in effect.

The following is the syntax to create a trigger in MySQL:

In Oracle, triggers can be fired when one of the following operations occurs:

DML statements (INSERT, DELETE or UPDATE) that modify data on a table or view

DDL statements

User events such as logon and logoff

System events such as startup, shutdown, and error messages

Oracle allows multiple triggers with the same trigger timing and trigger event to be defined on a table; however, these triggers are not guaranteed to execute in any specific order. Triggers can be defined as row triggers or statement triggers. Statement triggers are fired once for each triggering statement regardless of the number of rows in a table affected by the triggering statement. For example if a DELETE statement deletes several rows from a table, a statement trigger is only fired once.

The execution model for Oracle triggers is transactional. All actions performed as a result of the triggering statement, including the actions performed by fired triggers, must all succeed; otherwise, they are rolled back.

3.2 Stored Procedures

Stored procedures provide a powerful way to code application logic that can be stored on the server. MySQL and Oracle both use stored procedures and functions. Stored functions are similar to procedures, except that a function returns a value to the environment in which it is called. In MySQL, stored procedures and functions are collectively called routines.

The following sections compare stored procedures in MySQL and Oracle:

Individual SQL Statements

Variables in Stored Procedures

Error Handling in Stored Procedures

3.2.1 Individual SQL Statements

This section describes considerations related to the following statements or constructs:

REPLACE Statement

DO Statement

Compound DECLARE Statement

Compound SET Statement

3.2.1.1 REPLACE Statement

The REPLACE statement in MySQL is a dual-purpose statement. It works like the INSERT statement when there is no record in the table that has the same value as the new record for a primary key or a unique index, and otherwise it works like the UPDATE statement.

Oracle does not have any built-in SQL statements that supports the purposes of the MySQL REPLACE statement. To convert this statement to Oracle, an emulated function using both the INSERT and UPDATE statements has to be created. An attempt is first made to place the data into the table using the INSERT statement; and if this fails, the data in the table is then updated using the UPDATE statement.

3.2.1.2 DO Statement

As its name implies, the DO statement in MySQL does something but does not return anything; specifically, it executes the comma-delimited list of expressions specified as its parameters. The DO statement is converted to a SELECT expr1 [, expr2,…] INTO … FROM DUAL statement in Oracle.

3.2.1.3 Compound DECLARE Statement

MySQL uses the DECLARE statement to declare local variables in stored procedures. PL/SQL does not allow multiple declarations; each declaration must be made separately. To convert compound DECLARE statements into functionally equivalent PL/SQL code, each MySQL multiple declaration statement should be converted into logically equivalent separate statements, one for each declaration.

For example, consider the following MySQL simple declaration and multiple declaration statements:

The PL/SQL functionally equivalent statements are:

In this example, the two original MySQL DECLARE statements are converted into three logically equivalent PL/SQL declaration statements, with one PL/SQL declaration statement for every declaration used within the MySQL DECLARE statements.

3.2.1.4 Compound SET Statement

MySQL uses the SET statement to assign values to variables (user variables or system variables). MySQL allows compound statements that assign values to two or more variables within the same statement. PL/SQL allows only simple assignments that assign a single value to a single variable. To convert compound SET statements into functionally equivalent PL/SQL code, split each MySQL multiple assignment statement into logically equivalent simple assignment statements.

For example, consider the following MySQL simple assignment and multiple assignment statements:

In this example, the two original MySQL SET statements are converted into three logically equivalent PL/SQL assignment statements, with one PL/SQL assignment statement for every declaration used within the MySQL SET statements.

3.2.2 Variables in Stored Procedures

MySQL supports three types of variables in stored procedures: local variables, user variables, and system variables.

Local variables are declared within stored procedures and are only valid within the BEGIN…END block where they are declared. Local variables must be declared within a BEGIN…END block before they can be referenced in other statements in the block, including any nested BEGIN…END blocks. If a local variable declared within a nested BEGIN…END block has the same name as a local variable declared in its enclosing BEGIN…END block, the local variable in the nested block takes precedence wherever the local variable is referenced in the nested BEGIN…END block. Local variables can have any SQL data type. The following example shows the use of local variables in a stored procedure.

User variables are specific to a user session and cannot be seen or used by other users. They are valid only for the duration of a user session and are automatically freed when the user session ends. User variables have a session-scope; thus, all references to a user variable of the same name within a session refer to the same variable. In MySQL stored procedures, user variables are referenced with an ampersand (@) prefixed to the user variable name (for example, @x and @y ). The following example shows the use of user variables in two stored procedures.

In the second procedure (p3) in the preceding example, the use of the user variables a and b on the right-hand side of the assignment statement assumed that the variables have previously been initialized to some value by the first procedure. If the variables have not been initialized by the first procedure, they would have null values, and the result for the assignment would also be a null value.

System variables can also be referenced in MySQL stored procedures. There are two kinds of system variable in MySQL: global system variables and session system variables. Global system variables affect the operation of the overall server. Session system variables affect the individual user session. System variables that are dynamic can also be changed in MySQL stored procedures.

In a SET statement, variables name preceded by GLOBAL or @@global. are global variables, and session variables name can optionally be preceded by SESSION , @@session ., LOCAL or @@local. . System variables can be referenced in SELECT statement using the @@[global.|session.|local.]var_name syntax. If global. , session. , or local. is not present, MySQL returns the SESSION variable if it exists or the GLOBAL value otherwise. The following example shows some of these syntax options.

Oracle PL/SQL also allows variables to be declared and used in stored procedures. As in MySQL, variables in PL/SQL must be declared in the declarative part of a PL/SQL block before they are referenced in any other statements in the block.

Local variables in PL/SQL have same scope as local variables in MySQL stored procedures. They are valid within the PL/SQL block where they are declared, including nested PL/SQL blocks. A variable of the same name in a nested PL/SQL block takes precedence over the variable in the enclosing PL/SQL block.

As with local variables in MySQL, variables in PL/SQL can have any SQL data type, such as NUMBER or VARCHAR2. In addition, variables in PL/SQL can also have PL/SQL data types, such as BOOLEAN or PLS_INTEGER, or be declared to hold table columns or table rows using the special qualifiers %TYPE and %ROWTYPE .

The following example shows some variable declarations in a PL/SQL block.

Oracle PL/SQL also allows constants to be declared in stored procedures. Like variables, constants must be declared in the declarative part of a PL/SQL block before they can be referenced in other statements in the PL/SQL block, including nested PL/SQL blocks. A constant is declared with the CONSTANT keyword. A constant must be initialized in its declaration, and no further assignments to the constant are allowed. The following example declares a constant in PL/SQL.

User variables in MySQL stored procedures can be emulated in Oracle by defining the variables in a package. The package specification emulates the per-session MySQL user variables.Variables defined in a package are available to the users of the package. For an example of a MySQL stored procedure and the converted equivalent in Oracle, consider the following MySQL stored procedure:

For this example, the Oracle equivalent statements are:

3.2.3 Error Handling in Stored Procedures

Both Oracle PL/SQL and MySQL implement an error handling mechanism for their stored procedures. Each SQL statement in the stored procedure is checked for errors before the next statement is processed. If an error occurs, control immediately is passed to an error handler. For example, if a SELECT statement does not find any rows in the database, an error is raised, and the code to deal with this error is executed.

In MySQL stored procedures, handlers can be defined to deal with errors or warnings that occurs from executing a SQL statement within a stored procedure. MySQL allows two types of handlers: CONTINUE handlers and EXIT handlers. The two types of handlers differ from their next point of execution in the stored procedure after the handler is run. For a CONTINUE handler, execution continue at the next statement after the statement that raised the error. For an EXIT handler, execution of the current compound statement, enclosed by a pair of BEGIN and END statements, is terminated and execution continues at the next statement (if any) after the compound statement.

Handlers are defined to deal with one or more conditions. A condition may be a SQLSTATE value, a MySQL error code, or a predefined condition. There are three predefined conditions: SQLWARNING (warning or note), NOT FOUND (no more rows) and SQLEXCEPTION (error). A condition may be defined separately with a name and subsequently referenced in the handler statement. All the handler definitions are made at the start of a compound statement block.

In Oracle PL/SQL stored procedures, an error condition is called an exception. Exceptions may be internally defined (by the runtime system) or user-defined. Some internal exceptions have predefined name, such as ZERO_DIVIDE or NO_DATA_FOUND. Internal exceptions are implicitly (automatically) raised by the runtime system. User-defined exceptions must be given names and must be raised explicitly by RAISE statements in the stored procedures. Exception handlers handle exceptions that are raised.

Exception handlers can be declared for a PL/SQL block. Such exception handlers are enclosed between BEGIN and END statements, and they handle exceptions that might be raised by statements in the PL/SQL block, including sub-blocks. A PL/SQL block is similar to a MySQL compound statement block. Exceptions can be declared only in the declarative part of a PL/SQL block, and they are local to that block and global to all of its sub-blocks. Thus, the enclosing block cannot handle exceptions raised in a sub-block if they are exceptions local to the sub-block. Exceptions raised in a sub-block are not propagated to the enclosing block if exception handlers defined for sub-block handle them and if are not raised again in the exception handlers. After an exception handler runs, the current block stops executing and execution resumes at the next statement in the enclosing block.

For an example of using the error handling mechanism in MySQL and Oracle stored procedures, consider the following MySQL stored procedure:

The following is the Oracle PL/SQL equivalent.

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How to assign value in stored procedure variable when executing it?

This is my SQL code

Then I execute the code like this

Then I got error result saying too many argument specified.

I also tried this

It doesn't return an error, but 0 rows affected.

I want to assign @Code value when I execute the stored procedure, is it even possible to do that ?

Sorry, it's actually a CHAR(4) , not INT

Again sorry, I just copy paste all code without looking at it first, above is the actual code, I am very sorry for the confuse...

• 5 The first parameter of your stored procedure is declared as an int, so why are you passing the string value 'Name' ? –  Bridge Commented Dec 19, 2016 at 15:18
• 2 So many things here. First you define numeric but do not specify the scale or precision. Do you know the default size? I know I can't remember and even if I did I do not like to rely on defaults. Provide a scale and precision. What is @Code? It is a defined local variable that is always NULL...as a result your code is likely not doing what you want. Then you have the sp_ prefix, this is a no win. I would suggest a different prefix, or even better, no prefix at all. Last but not least, when calling a procedure you should specify which value is for which parameter...again don't rely on defaults. –  Sean Lange Commented Dec 19, 2016 at 15:35
• do not start the procedure with sp_ Check here for more info sqlperformance.com/2012/10/t-sql-queries/sp_prefix –  GuidoG Commented Dec 19, 2016 at 16:50
• where does the vairable code should get its value from ? –  GuidoG Commented Dec 19, 2016 at 16:51
• sorry, i am already edited it , above is my actual code –  Ein Hazard Commented Dec 20, 2016 at 1:41

4 Answers 4

It looks like you are providing the parameters in a different order than you have declared them. Choice is declared before Name but you are providing Name first when executing the procedure. Also, don't you want your update statement to say "code = @choice"? The local variable is undefined and not needed.

For Microsoft SQL Server

For your problem: (don't use sp prefix) and (@code is not a parameter so we cannot pass value, it is local variable) If you are having some problems with IF then, make @code as parameter but pass null value when needed and make that null check in procedure.

See below to assign values:

I have come to a conclusion that its impossible to combine branching stored procedure if one of the branch do not use all the parameters.

And because of that I have write 2 stored procedures, below is my full code :

For insert procedure: [this is the procedure that using a variable]

For update, delete, and show procedure:

and use the procedures like this :

Branch 1 [Update]

• Before : 00001, Laptop, 5
• After : 00001, Laptops, 10

Branch 2 [Delete]

Branch 3 [Show]

First of all, your variable @Stock doesn't return decimal because it's INT variable, you might try float or something else. It's the reason why it shows an error if you give it "15,2"

And 0 rows affected was caused because you didn't set that variable properly. You have to assign a valid value to it.

• um.. no, its actually 15 for 'stock' and 2 for 'Code'. not 15,2 for Stock –  Ein Hazard Commented Dec 20, 2016 at 1:34

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