It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (John Smith 21).
It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 21-33).
Rule 4: When there is no author If the work is listed and alphabetized in your source list by its title (no author), then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well. The title may be shortened to just the first word (not including articles like "The" and "A"), and should be quoted or underlined if it is quoted or underlined in your source list. For example:
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg ( 21). |
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2006). |
Rule 5: Page numbers and other numbering systems Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (ch.), books (bk.), parts (pt.), verses, lines, acts, or scenes. Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph number. If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers. Note that a comma is used after the author (or title) in this case.
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, pars. 3-4). |
Occasionally, you may find that page numbers are available in addition to these other numbering systems. In this case, it is helpful to include both; provide the page number first, followed by a semicolon, and then the other identifying information. An example follows:
One novel reports a different theory (Smith 55; pt. 1, sec. 3, ch. 1). |
An exception to this rule is that when you are citing a classic verse play or poem, it is standard to omit page numbers even if they are given, and instead cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line. Divisions and the line number(s) are separated with periods, as in the following examples:
In his classic play, Smith jokes about the egg ( 1.4.55-56). |
Rule 6: When to cite the volume number If you are referring to a multi-volume work like an encyclopedia AND you used more than one volume of that work in your paper, then your parenthetical reference should include the volume number you used, as in the following example where we are referring to pages 5-6 of the third volume:
Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg ("Egg" 3:5-6). |
Rule 7: Referring to an entire work If you are referring to an entire work (like an opera or an entire novel) and not a specific section of the work, state the author and/or title within the sentence, and do not add any further information in parentheses. For example:
Smith's opera "Chicken and Egg" is a light-hearted comedy. |
An exception to the rule above is that if you are citing an entire volume of a multi-volume work, you should include the volume number (either within the sentence, or in parentheses as shown below). Note that we use the abbreviation vol. when page numbers are not provided, unlike the example for Rule 5.
Volume 2 of Smith's book solves the chicken and egg mystery. |
Rule 8: Quoting or paraphrasing a quotation If what you quote or paraphrase in your paper is itself a quotation in the source, add the phrase "qtd. in" to the parenthetical reference as shown here:
"I have proven that the chicken came before the egg" (qtd. in J. Smith 21). |
There are several citation styles out there. SIS uses MLA 9; however, speak with your supervisor or librarian if you'd like to choose a different one. Whichever you choose, BE CONSISTENT with citions and works cited page.
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Citing sources.
As you write your essay, you will make reference to primary and secondary sources . How do include other people's ideas, so as to give them credit in an academically honest way? You will want to quote or 'cite' other people's ideas in your text. How do you include citations without interrupting the 'flow' of your essay? There are several ways, as you can see in the examples below. The APA style guide has been applied to these examples.
Example from essay | It could be, of course, that we rely too much on the Internet. Technology journalist Nicholas Carr, for instance, suggests that many people have given up learning and remembering, relying entirely on their devices when they need to find out. |
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In 'Works cited' section | Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: how the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. London: Atlantic |
Why use this format? | This is very useful for introducing a source that you will be referring to multiple times. It gives credit where credit is due. |
How to do it | Notice in the example that the verb 'to suggest' is used. Other verbs that work well: say, state, claim, note, point out, show, demonstrate, believe or report. |
Example from essay | It could be, of course, that we rely too much on the Internet. As Nicholas Carr states in The Shallows, "many people have given up learning and remembering, relying entirely on their devices when they need to find out" (180). |
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In 'Works cited' section | Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: how the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. London: Atlantic |
Why use this format? | This is very useful for introducing an author or source that you will be referring to multiple times. It gives credit where credit is due by using the source's exact words. |
How to do it | Notice that the name of the author and the work are given. Notice the page number appears in parenthesis, outside the quotation marks and before the full stop. |
Example from essay | It could be, of course, that we rely too much on the Internet. As it has been claimed, "many people have given up learning and remembering, relying entirely on their devices when they need to find out" (Carr, 180). |
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In 'Works cited' section | Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: how the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. London: Atlantic |
Why use this format? | Inserting the quotation does not interrupt the flow of the writing. Nevertheless, the author has been quoted and given credit for his/her ideas. |
How to do it | You can a passive verb phrase, such as 'it has been claimed'. Notice the page number appears in parenthesis together with the author's last name, outside the quotation marks and before the full stop. |
Example from essay | It could be, of course, that we rely too much on the internet. Technology journalist Nicholas Carr, for instance, suggests that many people have given up learning and remembering, relying entirely on their devices when they need to find out. He quotes Clive Thompson, who said, "I've almost given up making an effort to remember anything because I can instantly retrieve the information online." Carr quotes several other writers who have made similar suggestions: they claim that Google has replaced memory (Carr, 2011, 180). |
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In 'Works cited' section | Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: how the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. London: Atlantic |
Why use this format? | You may want to show that the relation between sources, emphasising that one appears within the other. |
How to do it | It is best to be clear in stating 'X quotes Y'. |
Example from essay | It could be, of course, that we rely too much on the internet. For instance, Clive Thompson has claimed, "I've almost given up making an effort to remember anything because I can instantly retrieve the information online" (2007). Nicholas Carr has used this and other quotations which suggest that many people have given up learning and remembering; they rely entirely on their devices when they need to find facts. out. It would seem that, for many, Google has replaced memory (Carr, 2011, 180 ff.). |
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In 'Works cited' section | Carr, N. (2011). The shallows: how the internet is changing the way we think, read and remember. London: Atlantic Thompson, C. (2007, Oct. 25). "Your outboard brain knows all," Wired. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-10/st_thompson |
Why use this format? | You may want to use a quotation that someone else has used and indicate the relation between the two works. |
How to do it | Use the authors' names in your writing. Describe the relation between the texts, such as 'As X states in Y...' Use parentheses, quotation marks and years of publication accurately. |
Having a good bibliogrphy or 'Works cited' section after your essay is important for multiple assessment criteria , including Criterion D: Presentation . You can use a citation generator, such as Zotero or Mendelay, to create both your works cited list and your in-text citations. See the page Annotated bibliography for further help.
The Extended Essay (EE) is an exhilarating yet challenging journey that every IB student embarks upon during the diploma. It is a culmination of years of hard work and dedication, an opportunity to delve into a subject you are passionate about, and a chance to demonstrate your research and writing skills. However, the path to completing an outstanding EE can be strewn with obstacles and pitfalls. Drawing from personal experience, I will share some valuable do’s and don’ts to guide you through your Extended Essay journey.
Utilize your supervisor.
One of the greatest resources at your disposal is your EE supervisor. Regularly communicate with them, seek their guidance, and ask questions when you are unsure. A good rapport with your supervisor can make a significant difference in your EE experience.
If, like me, you find yourself shuffled through supervisors or encounter issues with your assigned supervisor, don’t hesitate to advocate for yourself. Request a change if necessary and ensure you have a supervisor who understands and supports your research goals.
Procrastination is a common pitfall in the EE process. Start your research and writing as early as possible. A well-structured timeline can help you manage your time effectively and reduce last-minute stress. Starting your EE journey with research rather than writing will allow you to understand the implications of your question and your writing process will be a lot smoother. Then the summer holiday between Y1 and Y2 of IB is the best time to get ahead in writing your EE, even if you only do a little, it’s still going to make the whole process during Y2 so much easier.
Select a topic that genuinely excites you. Your EE is a substantial research project, and your passion for the subject matter will keep you motivated throughout the process. Plus, it will reflect in the quality of your work. This can also help in choosing a future area of study after the IB – who knows, maybe you could be on your way to a PhD in your EE area in the future.
When researching, it’s beneficial to engage in a wide variety of sources. When you’re researching make sure to read all perspectives on your matter, from the journal articles to documents, to news articles, and even people’s personal anecdotes. While you may not use all of these, you do need to get every countless perspective on an issue to make informed interpretations and back up your claims. This wide-range of research and engagement with your topic also makes you develop a deeper passion and brings fun to the process.
Writing is a process that often requires multiple drafts. Don’t expect your first draft to be perfect. Edit and revise your work diligently, and seek feedback from peers and teachers to refine your essay.
Adhere to proper citation and referencing styles (such as MLA, APA, or Chicago). Plagiarism is a serious academic offense, and citing sources correctly is crucial to maintaining academic integrity. What is strongly advised by many IB schools is that the percentage of integrity – or TurnItIn score – should be under 20%, so citing and referencing is vital in all IB assignments.
Procrastinate.
As mentioned earlier, procrastination can be your worst enemy. Avoid putting off your EE tasks until the last minute. This can lead to rushed research, lower-quality work, and unnecessary stress.
While it’s important to choose a subject you are passionate about, avoid selecting a topic solely because you think it will be easy. EE is about challenging yourself and exploring your academic boundaries.
On the other hand, don’t choose a topic that is overly complex or beyond your current knowledge level. Striking the right balance between challenge and feasibility is essential.
When you receive feedback from your supervisor or peers, don’t dismiss it. Feedback is a valuable tool for improvement. Embrace constructive criticism and use it to refine your EE.
Your 3 reflections are worth 6 marks, which is a lot in terms of EE. If you know that you might forget to complete them, or won’t remember things to put in them, keep a document while you’re on your EE journey to keep track of all problems, solutions and lessons you’ve learnt – this will help you synthesize great reflections and help your future self.
The IB Extended Essay is a rigorous and rewarding endeavor that can shape your academic and personal growth. By following these do’s and don’ts, you can navigate the challenges and make the most of this unique opportunity. Remember to harness your passion, seek guidance from your supervisor, and start early to ensure a successful Extended Essay journey. Embrace the process, and you’ll emerge with not only a valuable piece of research but also a sense of accomplishment that will stay with you long after your IB days are over.
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See this page for information on:
Annotating Sources: Origin, Purpose, Value, Limitation Selecting appropriate information Why you need a range of sources Searching effectively in databases and on the Internet Using Boolean Operators Cautions from IB on using online encyclopedias (such as Wikipedia)
Questions to answer in your annotation of each source
ORIGIN - the annotation
This is a [type of article] from [name of specific source] accessed through [name of the database].
ORIGIN - annotation examples:
PURPOSE - the annotation:
This article was published by the author to:
PURPOSE - annotation example:
VALUE - the annotation:
This article is valuable to me for my research because it helps me...
VALUE - annotation examples:
LIMITATION - the annotation:
This article is limited for my research because ...
LIMITATION - annotation examples:
It is important to appreciate when and how information becomes available, this can help you to understand more about the material you find in your research. Where does what you found fit in to the for the event or topic you are investigating?
When an historic, news-worthy event occurs, such as a terrorist bombing, earthquake, or weather-related disaster, information begins to be created almost immediately and will continue to be created for years into the future. If a major event occurs today, almost immediately there will be eyewitness accounts of the event, people who are there will take photographs, post their experiences on Facebook or Twitter, write a blog post or diary entry or send a text to a friend. These are examples of of information.
Over time more information will become available in different formats; newspapers are published the following day, magazines a week or month later, journal articles after a few months, books follow much later and finally reports may take a number of years to complete. | ; USC Library, perf. The Information Cycle. YouTube.com. University of Southern California, 29 Jul. |
University of Houston Libraries. What Are Primary vs. Secondary Sources? YouTube.com. |
Boolean Searching is a very useful skill to learn and really easy once you get the hang of it! Virginia Commonwealth University. Boolean Operators Tutorial. YouTube. N.p., 10 June 2010. Web. 14 Aug. 2015. <https://youtu.be/ffw70AU9pc0>. |
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Your teachers and EE supervisor may choose to caution you against using free online encyclopedias and other similar information websites. A bibliography that only cites these for reference or an argument that is overly reliant on them will not demonstrate the necessary “range of sources” required by the assessment criteria for the extended essay. They may also not be relevant or appropriate for the research question being explored.
Many online encyclopedias are not scholarly sources; however, if used appropriately and critically they can offer a useful starting point when undertaking research.
If using free online encyclopedias, do the following.
The key point to remember, if you do use information that is found on the Internet, is that you are responsible for ensuring that it is both reliable and accurate. One way to make sure you are considering the quality of your sources is to produce an annotated bibliography as part of your Researcher’s reflection space. An annotated bibliography provides a concise summary of each source and some assessment of its value and relevance.
A good annotated bibliography will:
Adapted from "The research and writing process; Academic integrity, Using online encyclopedias and other similar information websites", from Extended Essay Guide , International Baccalaureate Organization, 2018.
7. Begin to identify how and where you will gather source material for your research.
There are many information sources, from the obvious ones like books, magazines, newspapers and Internet sites to those you may not immediately think of such as maps, annual reports, conference proceedings and theses. All sources have strengths and weaknesses and you should consider these when deciding on the most appropriate sources to use in your research.
By using effective search techniques you can find useful, relevant information without having to waste lots of time trawling through all those unwanted search results!
Use these tips to help you search a variety of information sources including databases, library catalogs, and the Internet.
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COMMENTS
A citation is a shorthand method of making a reference in the body of an essay, either as an in-text citation or footnote/endnote. This must then be linked to the full reference at the end of the essay in the bibliography. A citation provides the reader with accurate references so that he or she can locate the source easily.
An extended essay must reflect intellectual honesty in research practices and provide the reader with the exact sources of quotations, ideas and points of view through accurate bibliographies and referencing. Producing accurate citations, referencing and a bibliography is a skill that students should be seeking to perfect.
A citation is a shorthand method of making a reference in the body of an essay, either as an in-text citation or footnote/endnote. This must then be linked to the full reference at the end of the essay in the bibliography. A citation provides the reader with accurate references so that he or she can locate the source easily.
Body of the essay. Conclusion. References and bibliography. Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories, or IB subject groups, which are as follows: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature. Group 2: Language Acquisition. Group 3: Individuals and Societies. Group 4: Sciences.
The extended essay is an independent, self-directed piece of research, finishing with a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. Read about the extended essay in greater detail. You can also read about how the IB sets deadlines for ...
Extended Essay: Citations and Referencing - IB REQUIREMENTS. Introduction; Subject Guidance & Proposal Forms; 8 Simple Steps to writing an Academic Essay... and Outlines! Finding a Topic; Academic Sources of Information; Researcher's Spaces; Reflections; In-Text Citations (MLA9 & APA7) In-Text Citations (Chicago)
Formal presentation of the extended essay The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. The use of word processors is encouraged. The length of the extended essay The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays.
Effective Citing and Referencing - International education
A simple guide to APA (American Psychological Association) writing style that discusses the mechanics of APA format and internal text citations, and includes guidelines for actual reference page entries and a sample paper. The Chicago Manual of Style by University of Chicago Staff (Editor) Call Number: 808.02 CHI. ISBN: 9780226104201.
In-Text Citation. In-text citations are like abbreviations for the longer, full citation that is listed in your bibliography or works cited page. In-text citations get sprinkled into the text of your essay so that the reader can see you are acknowledging another scholar's work, but they are no so big that they interrupt their reading of your ideas.
IB DP Extended Essay: Citations & Referencing Use this guide as you journey through the extended essay process. Material adapted from the EE support materials developed by Kosta Lekanides
The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay is a substantial research project that challenges high school students to explore a topic of personal interest within one of the IB's six subject areas. This extended essay, typically around 4,000 words in length, allows students to engage in independent research and develop critical thinking and writing skills. In this step-by-step guide, we ...
citation. The first one uses the author-date type, the second one uses the footnote type. Below the two sentences, you can see the rest of the footnote citation at the end of the page. For in-text citations, like the ones in the screenshots above, you can write in a number of ways. Try to make the citation fit in with the rest of the text. For ...
Annotated Bibliography for the Extended Essay. Early in the Extended Essay process, are required to submit an annotated bibliography summarizing and evaluating five sources.For each source you need to provide full bibliographic information (a compete MLA8 citation), and write a detailed annotation (paragraph) demonstrating your understanding of the source and its relevance to your larger ...
Extended Essay : APA Citations. A guide to ASW's research tools and supports to help you with the Extended Essay. Getting Started; Writing a Research Question; Research Tools; Research Skills; Academic Integrity; Using Citations Toggle Dropdown. MLA Citations ; APA Citations ; Noodletools;
In-Text Citations (MLA9 & APA7) In-Text Citations (Chicago) Images and Screenshots; Graphs and Tables; Citing AI; Citations and Referencing - IB REQUIREMENTS ... Ms Sally's Presentations; Resources from the IB. Overview of the Extended Essay "The extended essay is an in-depth study of a focused topic chosen from the list of available Diploma ...
An essay that attempts to evade the word limit by including important material in footnotes or endnotes will be compromised across the assessment criteria. Please note that footnotes and endnotes are added to the word count as they are encountered. Extended Essay Guide, International Baccalaureate Organization, p. 86, 2016.
All essays must follow this format: Labelled "Table of Contents" in 12-point, readable font (Arial is recommended) Headings and page numbers for required components of the essay include: Introduction. Body of the essay: Headings and subheadings within the body of the essay may be included. Conclusion.
Citations. A citation is a shorthand method of making a reference in the body of an essay, either as an in-text citation or footnote/endnote.This must then be linked to the full reference at the end of the essay in the bibliography. A citation provides the reader with accurate references so that he or she can locate the source easily.
The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. ... If full citation information is provided in the caption, use the same ...
Rule 1: Placement. The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period. If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period: "The chicken came before the egg" (Smith 21). Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses.
Having a good bibliogrphy or 'Works cited' section after your essay is important for multiple assessment criteria, including Criterion D: Presentation. You can use a citation generator, such as Zotero or Mendelay, to create both your works cited list and your in-text citations. See the page Annotated bibliography for further help.
The Extended Essay (EE) is an exhilarating yet challenging journey that every IB student embarks upon during the diploma. It is a culmination of years of hard work and dedication, an opportunity to delve into a subject you are passionate about, and a chance to demonstrate your research and writing skills. ... Adhere to proper citation and ...
The Research Process. In this stage of the research process it's time for you to locate the information you need - identify the "how and where" for the sources you will use to write your essay. The important thing to remember is to not be overwhelmed by the amount of information out there, just collect what you think might be useful to you.