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Wireless Sensor Networks

Jan 02, 2020

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Wireless Sensor Networks. Outline. Introduction Sensor Node Platforms & Energy Issues Time & Space Problems in Sensor Networks Sensor Network Protocols. Part I: Introduction. Outline. Introduction Motivating applications Enabling technologies Unique constraints

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• signal processing
• contaminant transport
• sensor network
• large earthquakes structure response

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Wireless Sensor Networks Outline • Introduction • Sensor Node Platforms & Energy Issues • Time & Space Problems in Sensor Networks • Sensor Network Protocols

Part I: Introduction

Outline • Introduction • Motivating applications • Enabling technologies • Unique constraints • Application and architecture taxonomy

Embedded Networked Sensing Potential • Micro-sensors, on-board processing, and wireless interfaces all feasible at very small scale • can monitor phenomena “up close” • Will enable spatially and temporally dense environmental monitoring • Embedded Networked Sensing will reveal previously unobservable phenomena Seismic Structure response Contaminant Transport Ecosystems, Biocomplexity Marine Microorganisms

App#1: Seismic • Interaction between ground motions and structure/foundation response not well understood. • Current seismic networks not spatially dense enough to monitor structure deformation in response to ground motion, to sample wavefield without spatial aliasing. • Science • Understand response of buildings and underlying soil to ground shaking • Develop models to predict structure response for earthquake scenarios. • Technology/Applications • Identification of seismic events that cause significant structure shaking. • Local, at-node processing of waveforms. • Dense structure monitoring systems. ENS will provide field data at sufficient densities to develop predictive models of structure, foundation, soil response.

Field Experiment • 38 strong-motion seismometers in 17-story steel-frame Factor Building. • 100 free-field seismometers in UCLA campus ground at 100-m spacing ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 1 km ¾¾¾¾¾¾

Research challenges • Real-time analysis for rapid response. • Massive amount of data  Smart, efficient, innovative data management and analysis tools. • Poor signal-to-noise ratio due to traffic, construction, explosions, …. • Insufficient data for large earthquakes  Structure response must be extrapolated from small and moderate-size earthquakes, and force-vibration testing. • First steps • Monitor building motion • Develop algorithm for network to recognize significant seismic events using real-time monitoring. • Develop theoretical model of building motion and soil structure by numerical simulation and inversion. • Apply dense sensing of building and infrastructure (plumbing, ducts) with experimental nodes.

App#2: Contaminant Transport Air Emissions Water Well • Science • Understand intermedia contaminant transport and fate in real systems. • Identify risky situations before they become exposures. Subterranean deployment. • Multiple modalities (e.g., pH, redox conditions, etc.) • Micro sizes for some applications (e.g., pesticide transport in plant roots). • Tracking contaminant “fronts”. • At-node interpretation of potential for risk (in field deployment). Soil Zone Spill Path Volatization Dissolution Groundwater

ENS Research Implications Contaminant plume • Environmental Micro-Sensors • Sensors capable of recognizing phases in air/water/soil mixtures. • Sensors that withstand physically and chemically harsh conditions. • Microsensors. • Signal Processing • Nodes capable of real-time analysis of signals. • Collaborative signal processing to expend energy only where there is risk.

App#3: Ecosystem Monitoring Science • Understand response of wild populations (plants and animals) to habitats over time. • Develop in situ observation of species and ecosystem dynamics. Techniques • Data acquisition of physical and chemical properties, at various spatial and temporal scales, appropriate to the ecosystem, species and habitat. • Automatic identification of organisms(current techniques involve close-range human observation). • Measurements over long period of time, taken in-situ. • Harsh environments with extremes in temperature, moisture, obstructions, ...

Field Experiments • Monitoring ecosystem processes • Imaging, ecophysiology, and environmental sensors • Study vegetation response to climatic trends and diseases. • Species Monitoring • Visual identification, tracking, and population measurement of birds and other vertebrates • Acoustical sensing for identification, spatial position, population estimation. • Education outreach • Bird studies by High School Science classes (New Roads and Buckley Schools). Vegetation change detection Avian monitoring Virtual field observations

ENS Requirements for Habitat/Ecophysiology Applications • Diverse sensor sizes (1-10 cm), spatial sampling intervals (1 cm - 100 m), and temporal sampling intervals (1 ms - days), depending on habitats and organisms. • Naive approach  Too many sensors Too many data. • In-network, distributed signal processing. • Wireless communication due to climate, terrain, thick vegetation. • Adaptive Self-Organization to achieve reliable, long-lived, operation in dynamic, resource-limited, harsh environment. • Mobility for deploying scarce resources (e.g., high resolution sensors).

Transportation and Urban Monitoring Disaster Response

Intelligent Transportation Project (Muntz et al.)

Smart Kindergarten Project: Sensor-based Wireless Networks of Toysfor Smart Developmental Problem-solving Environments(Srivastava et al) Middleware Framework NetworkManagement SensorManagement SensorFusion Speech Recognizer Database & Data Miner Wired Network WLAN Access Point High-speed Wireless LAN (WLAN) WLAN-Piconet Bridge WLAN-Piconet Bridge Piconet Piconet SensorsModules Sensor Badge Networked Toys

Enabling Technologies Embednumerous distributed devices to monitor and interact with physical world Networkdevices tocoordinate and perform higher-level tasks Embedded Networked Exploitcollaborative Sensing, action Control system w/ Small form factor Untethered nodes Sensing Tightly coupled to physical world Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

Sensors • Passive elements: seismic, acoustic, infrared, strain, salinity, humidity, temperature, etc. • Passive Arrays: imagers (visible, IR), biochemical • Active sensors: radar, sonar • High energy, in contrast to passive elements • Technology trend: use of IC technology for increased robustness, lower cost, smaller size • COTS adequate in many of these domains; work remains to be done in biochemical

Some Networked Sensor NodeDevelopments LWIM III UCLA, 1996 Geophone, RFM radio, PIC, star network AWAIRS I UCLA/RSC 1998 Geophone, DS/SS Radio, strongARM, Multi-hop networks WINS NG 2.0 Sensoria, 2001 Node development platform; multi- sensor, dual radio, Linux on SH4, Preprocessor, GPS UCB Mote, 2000 4 Mhz, 4K Ram 512K EEProm, 128K code, CSMA half-duplex RFM radio Processor

Sensor Node Energy Roadmap Source: ISI & DARPA PAC/C Program 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 .1 Rehosting to Low Power COTS (10x) • Deployed (5W) • PAC/C Baseline (.5W) Average Power (mW) • (50 mW) -System-On-Chip -Adv Power Management Algorithms (50x) (1mW) 2000 2002 2004

Comparison of Energy Sources Source: UC Berkeley With aggressive energy management, ENS might live off the environment.

Communication/Computation Technology Projection Source: ISI & DARPA PAC/C Program Assume: 10kbit/sec. Radio, 10 m range. Large cost of communications relative to computation continues

“The network is the sensor” (Oakridge National Labs) Requires robust distributed systems of thousands of physically-embedded, unattended, and often untethered, devices.

New Design Themes • Long-lived systems that can be untetheredand unattended • Low-duty cycle operation with bounded latency • Exploit redundancy and heterogeneous tiered systems • Leverage data processing inside the network • Thousands or millions of operations per second can be done using energy of sending a bit over 10 or 100 meters (Pottie00) • Exploit computation near data to reduce communication • Self configuring systems that can be deployed ad hoc • Un-modeled physical world dynamics makes systems appear ad hoc • Measure and adapt to unpredictable environment • Exploit spatial diversity and density of sensor/actuator nodes • Achieve desired global behavior with adaptive localized algorithms • Cant afford to extract dynamic state information needed for centralized control

From Embedded Sensing to Embedded Control • Embedded in unattended “control systems” • Different from traditional Internet, PDA, Mobility applications • More than control of the sensor network itself • Critical applications extend beyond sensing to control and actuation • Transportation, Precision Agriculture, Medical monitoring and drug delivery, Battlefied applications • Concerns extend beyond traditional networked systems • Usability, Reliability, Safety • Need systems architecture to manage interactions • Current system development: one-off, incrementally tuned, stove-piped • Serious repercussions for piecemeal uncoordinated design: insufficient longevity, interoperability, safety, robustness, scalability...

Sample Layered Architecture User Queries, External Database Resource constraints call for more tightly integrated layers Open Question: Can we define anInternet-like architecture for such application-specific systems?? In-network: Application processing, Data aggregation, Query processing Data dissemination, storage, caching Adaptive topology, Geo-Routing MAC, Time, Location Phy: comm, sensing, actuation, SP

Systems Taxonomy Metrics Load/Event Models • Spatial and Temporal Scale • Extent • Spatial Density (of sensors relative to stimulus) • Data rate of stimulii • Variability • Ad hoc vs. engineered system structure • System task variability • Mobility (variability in space) • Autonomy • Multiple sensor modalities • Computational model complexity • Resource constraints • Energy, BW • Storage, Computation • Frequency • spatial and temporal density of events • Locality • spatial, temporal correlation • Mobility • Rate and pattern • Efficiency • System lifetime/System resources • Resolution/Fidelity • Detection, Identification • Latency • Response time • Robustness • Vulnerability to node failure and environmental dynamics • Scalability • Over space and time

Part II: Sensor Node Platforms & Energy Issues

Sensor Node H/W-S/W Platforms In-node processing Wireless communication with neighboring nodes Event detection Acoustic, seismic, image, magnetic, etc. interface Electro-magnetic interface sensors radio CPU Limited battery supply battery Energy efficiency is the crucial h/w and s/w design criterion

Overview of this Section • Survey of sensor node platforms • Sources of energy consumption • Energy management techniques

Variety of Real-life Sensor Node Platforms • RSC WINS & Hidra • Sensoria WINS • UCLA’s iBadge • UCLA’s Medusa MK-II • Berkeley’s Motes • Berkeley Piconodes • MIT’s AMPs • And many more… • Different points in (cost, power, functionality, form factor) space

Rockwell WINS & Hidra Nodes • Consists of 2”x2” boards in a 3.5”x3.5”x3” enclosure • StrongARM 1100 processor @ 133 MHz • 4MB Flash, 1MB SRAM • Various sensors • Seismic (geophone) • Acoustic • magnetometer, • accelerometer, temperature, pressure • RF communications • Connexant’s RDSSS9M Radio @ 100 kbps, 1-100 mW, 40 channels • eCos RTOS • Commercial version: Hidra • C/OS-II • TDMA MACwith multihop routing • http://wins.rsc.rockwell.com/

Sensoria WINS NG 2.0, sGate, and WINS Tactical Sensor • WINS NG 2.0 • Development platform used in DARPA SensIT • SH-4 processor @ 167 MHz • DSP with 4-channel 16-bit ADC • GPS • imaging • dual 2.4 GHz FH radios • Linux 2.4 + Sensoria APIs • Commercial version: sGate • WINS Tactical Sensor Node • geo-location by acoustic ranging and angle • time synchronization to 5 s • cooperative distributed event processing Ref: based on material from Sensoria slides

Sensoria Node Hardware Architecture Flash RAM Processor 10/100 Ethernet Address/Data Bus Preprocessor Interface Modular Wireless and Digital Interfaces Imager Module Imager Interface RF Modem 1 RF Modem 2 Digital I/O GPS Analog Front End Multi- Channel Sensor Interface DSP Preprocessor Ref: based on material from Sensoria slides

Sensoria Node Software Architecture General Purpose App 1 General Purpose App 2 General Purpose App 3 General Purpose App 4 WINS Node API RF Modem Control Discovery/ Self-Assembly Routing Messaging Geolocation Sensing Signal Processing Inter-Node Ranging Process Management Platform Management Linux 2.4 Kernel RF Modem 1 Interface RF Modem 2 Interface DSP Interface Sensor Interface GPS Interface Acoustic Ranging Interface Platform Interface GPIO Serial RF 1 RF 2 DSP/ ADC GPS Dual Codec uC Ref: based on material from Sensoria slides

Berkeley Motes • Devices that incorporate communications, processing, sensors, and batteries into a small package • Atmel microcontroller with sensors and a communication unit • RF transceiver, laser module, or a corner cube reflector • temperature, light, humidity, pressure, 3 axis magnetometers, 3 axis accelerometers • TinyOS light, temperature, 10 kbps @ 20m

The Mote Family Ref: from Levis & Culler, ASPLOS 2002

TinyOS Messaging Component Internal State Internal Tasks Commands Events • System composed of concurrent FSM modules • Single execution context • Component model • Frame (storage) • Commands & event handlers • Tasks (computation) • Command & Event interface • Easy migration across h/w -s/w boundary • Two level scheduling structure • Preemptive scheduling of event handlers • Non-preemptive FIFO scheduling of tasks • Compile time memory allocation • NestC • http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu Bit_Arrival_Event_Handler State: {bit_cnt} Start Yes Send Byte Eventbit_cnt = 0 bit_cnt==8 bit_cnt++ Done No Ref: from Hill, Szewczyk et. al., ASPLOS 2000

Complete TinyOS Application Ref: from Hill, Szewczyk et. al., ASPLOS 2000

UCLA iBadge • Wearable Sensor Badge • acoustic in/out + DSP • temperature, pressure, humidity, magnetometer, accelerometer • ultrasound localization • orientation via magnetometer and accelerometer • bluetooth radio • Sylph Middleware

Sylph Middleware Speech Recogn. Service Bayesian Fusion Service Storage Service Sensor Apps Sensor Configuration Manager Browsers

UCLA Medusa MK-II Localizer Nodes • 40MHz ARM THUMB • 1MB FLASH, 136KB RAM • 0.9MIPS/MHz 480MIPS/W (ATMega 242MIPS/W) • RS-485 bus • Out of band data collection, formation of arrays • 3 current monitors (Radio, Thumb, rest of the system) • 540mAh Rechargeable Li-Ion battery

BWRC’s PicoNode TripWire Sensor Node Chip encapsulation (1.5 mm) Solar Cell (0.5 mm) PCB (1 mm) Battery (3.6 mm) 7.6 mm Version 1: Light Powered Components and batterymounted on back 5 cm 3 cm Size determined by power dissipation (1 mW avg) Version 2: Vibration Powered Ref: from Jan Rabaey, PAC/C Slides

BWRC PicoNode (contd.) Sensor/ actuators 16kB CODE Sensor/actuator interface App/UI User interface 4kB XDATA Transport Aggregation/ forwarding 256 DATA DW8051 Chip Supervisor Network Serial Interconnect network Chip Supervisor Locationing DLL (MAC) Energy train FlashIF MAC SIF Serial Baseband ADC GPIO Reactive radio SIF RF (TX/RX) LocalHW PHY ADC Antenna • Reactive inter- and intra-chip signaling • Modules in power-down (low-leakage) mode by default • Events at interface cause wake-up • Hw Modules selected to meet flexibility needs while optimizing energy efficiency (e.g. 8051 microcontroller) 1 mW on < 10 mW sleep Size: 6 mm2 Ref: from Jan Rabaey, PAC/C Slides

Quick-and-dirty iPaq-based Sensor Node! HM2300 Magnetic Sensor - uC Based with RS232 • Range of +/- 2Gausus • Adjustable Sampling Rate • X, Y, Z output • Device ID Management WaveLan Card • IEEE 802.11b Compliant • 11 Mbit/s Data Rate Familiar v0.5 • Linux Based OS for iPAQ H3600s • JFFS2, read/write iPAQ’s flush • Tcl ported iPAQ 3670 • Intel StrongARM • Power Management (normal, idle & sleep mode) • Programmable System Clock • IR, USB, Serial (RS232) Transmission Acoustic Sensor & Actuator • Built-in microphone • Built-in speaker

Sensor Node Energy Roadmap(DARPA PAC/C) 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 .1 • Deployed (5W) Rehosting to Low Power COTS (10x) • PAC/C Baseline (.5W) -Simple Power Management -Algorithm Optimization (10x) Average Power (mW) • (50 mW) -System-On-Chip -Adv Power Management -Algorithms (50x) (1mW) 2000 2002 2004 • Low-power design • Energy-aware design

Where does the energy go? • Processing • excluding low-level processing for radio, sensors, actuators • Radio • Sensors • Actuators • Power supply

Processing • Common sensor node processors: • Atmel AVR, Intel 8051, StrongARM, XScale, ARM Thumb, SH Risc • Power consumption all over the map, e.g. • 16.5 mW for ATMega128L @ 4MHz • 75 mW for ARM Thumb @ 40 MHz • But, don’t confuse low-power and energy-efficiency! • Example • 242 MIPS/W for ATMega128L @ 4MHz (4nJ/Instruction) • 480 MIPS/W for ARM Thumb @ 40 MHz (2.1 nJ/Instruction) • Other examples: • 0.2 nJ/Instruction for Cygnal C8051F300 @ 32KHz, 3.3V • 0.35 nJ/Instruction for IBM 405LP @ 152 MHz, 1.0V • 0.5 nJ/Instruction for Cygnal C8051F300 @ 25MHz, 3.3V • 0.8 nJ/Instruction for TMS320VC5510 @ 200 MHz, 1.5V • 1.1 nJ/Instruction for Xscale PXA250 @ 400 MHz, 1.3V • 1.3 nJ/Instruction for IBM 405LP @ 380 MHz, 1.8V • 1.9 nJ/Instruction for Xscale PXA250 @ 130 MHz, .85V (leakage!) • And, the above don’t even factor in operand size differences! • However, need power management to actually exploit energy efficiency • Idle and sleep modes, variable voltage and frequency

Radio • Energy per bit in radios is a strong function of desired communication performance and choice of modulation • Range and BER for given channel condition (noise, multipath and Doppler fading) • Watch out: different people count energy differently • E.g. • Mote’s RFM radio is only a transceiver, and a lot of low-level processing takes place in the main CPU • While, typical 802.11b radios do everything up to MAC and link level encryption in the “radio” • Transmit, receive, idle, and sleep modes • Variable modulation, coding • Currently around 150 nJ/bit for short ranges • More later…

Computation & Communication Energy breakdown for MPEG Energy breakdown for voice Decode Decode Transmit Encode Encode • Radios benefit less from technology improvements than processors • The relative impact of the communication subsystem on the system energy consumption will grow Receive Receive Transmit Radio: Lucent WaveLAN at 2 Mbps Processor: StrongARM SA-1100 at 150 MIPS

Sensing • Several energy consumption sources • transducer • front-end processing and signal conditioning • analog, digital • ADC conversion • Diversity of sensors: no general conclusions can be drawn • Low-power modalities • Temperature, light, accelerometer • Medium-power modalities • Acoustic, magnetic • High-power modalities • Image, video, beamforming

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"...and advancing through the slides it works great but the lazer pointer is VERY weak and you have to be right next to the screen for it to show up...." Read more

Customers like the comfort of the remote control. They mention that it fits comfortably in their hand, the buttons are right where they'd want them, and it's ergonomic. They also like the small size and feel of the presenter remote, and the slide advance buttons are very easy to use.

"There's a lot to like about this clicker. It's lightweight, ergonomic , and seems to have good battery life so far...." Read more

"... Feels good in your hand and the buttons do what they're supposed to do with hardly any lag, so I'm very happy with the performance so far...." Read more

"...Time will tell but it is really cheap feeling . The microusb also is supposed to store next to the battery...." Read more

"...What I like is that the presenter is, for my small hands, very comfortable and ergonomic, and that the buttons are easy to use and very useful...." Read more

Customers are mixed about the quality of the remote control. Some mention it's a good little product, very useful, and of high quality. However, others say that it broke after one use, is fragile, and sensitive. They also say it looks like hardware failure and feels like it will fail within a few months.

"This is my new go-to clicker. It works so well and is durable " Read more

"...laptop... I have to fiddle with it to insert and it feels like it will fail within a few months . Time will tell but it is really cheap feeling...." Read more

"Yes, I had to do a PowerPoint presentation. And yes, this control was magical . It made for a successful presentation...." Read more

"...It has several features that are really handy , like the laser pointer...." Read more

Customers have mixed opinions about the buttons on the remote control. Some find the buttons right where they'd want them, and the side buttons for forward and back are large. They also say that the device has basic forward and forward buttons for slideshows, as well as a laser pointer. However, some customers say that they do make a significant click when pressing that may be distracting during a presentation.

"...Cons:-The surface of the clicker can be a bit too smooth to where I feel like I am going to drop it( might just be a personal preference)...." Read more

"...Now for the negatives:1. The button layout sucks !..." Read more

"For the price you can't beat this product. Device has a forward and back button to move between slides and has a laser pointer...." Read more

"...The blackout button does not work with my usual PDF reader (Sumatra), but works fine on Adobe, Google Chrome (as a PDF display), and Google..." Read more

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Powerpoint Templates and Google slides for Wireless Sensor Networks

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Deliver this complete deck to your team members and other collaborators. Encompassed with stylized slides presenting various concepts, this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Powerpoint Presentation Slides is the best tool you can utilize. Personalize its content and graphics to make it unique and thought-provoking. All the seventy seven slides are editable and modifiable, so feel free to adjust them to your business setting. The font, color, and other components also come in an editable format making this PPT design the best choice for your next presentation. So, download now.

This template shows the process of creating an IoT app for agriculture. The purpose of this slide is to easily access the various KPIs such as humidity level, temperature, etc. It includes such as management, service organization, security, etc.Introducing our Agricultural IoT Wireless Sensor Networks set of slides. The topics discussed in these slides are Service Organization, Process Execution, Process Modeling. This is an immediately available PowerPoint presentation that can be conveniently customized. Download it and convince your audience.

This Wireless Mouse is the perfect companion for your laptop or desktop. It features a comfortable ergonomic design, a reliable 2.4GHz connection, and a vibrant colour to add a touch of style to your workspace. Enjoy smooth and precise cursor control with this high-quality wireless mouse.

This monotone powerpoint icon is a perfect representation of a wireless mouse. Its sleek design and modern look make it the perfect addition to any presentation. Its easy to use and perfect for any professional or home office.

The following slide showcases wireless sensor network WSNs which is commonly used at mining site to enhance miners safety and create safe working environment. The slide covers information about IoT device purpose, key examples, and benefits of using.Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Wireless Sensor Network To Improve Workers How IoT Technology Is Transforming IoT SS. This template helps you present information on four stages. You can also present information on Wireless Sensor Networks, Multiple Sensors, Resistance Temperature using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide highlights IoT wireless sensor network uses. The purpose of this slide is to help businesses in improving efficiency, sustainability and quality of life for their users. It includes elements such as healthcare, smart homes, transportation, etc.Presenting our set of slides with Application Of Wireless Sensor Networks In IoT. This exhibits information on five stages of the process. This is an easy to edit and innovatively designed PowerPoint template. So download immediately and highlight information on Environmental Monitoring, Smart Homes, Transportation .

This slide highlights setup of wireless sensor network in IoT. The purpose of this slide is to provide a structured framework for designing, deploying and managing sensor applications. It includes elements such as sensor nodes, radio nodes, etc.Presenting our well structured Architecture For Wireless Sensor Networks In IoT. The topics discussed in this slide are Capture Environmental Variables, Forward Gateway, Edge Computing. This is an instantly available PowerPoint presentation that can be edited conveniently. Download it right away and captivate your audience.

This slide highlights IoT wireless sensor network advantages. The purpose of this template is to provide business professionals with real time data for making informed decisions. It includes elements such as prolonged battery life, smarter management, etc.Presenting our set of slides with Benefits Of Wireless Sensor Networks In IoT. This exhibits information on five stages of the process. This is an easy to edit and innovatively designed PowerPoint template. So download immediately and highlight information on Environmental Impact, Energy Efficient, Prolonged Battery Life.

This slide highlights communication standards for IoT sensor networks. The purpose of this slide is to aid businesses in selecting the appropriate standards based on the specific need of the application. It includes elements such as protocol, frequency bands, range, etc.Introducing our Communication Protocols For Wireless Sensor Networks In IoT set of slides. The topics discussed in these slides are Power Consumption, Wearables Smartphones, Home Automation. This is an immediately available PowerPoint presentation that can be conveniently customized. Download it and convince your audience.

This slide highlights IoT wireless sensor networks with fault tolerant routing. The purpose of this slide is to ensure the continuity of operations and reliability in presence of various faults, failures and disruptions. Presenting our well structured Fault Tolerance Routing In IoT Wireless Sensor Networks. The topics discussed in this slide are Fault Detection, Fault Tolerance, Fault Tolerance Path Model. This is an instantly available PowerPoint presentation that can be edited conveniently. Download it right away and captivate your audience.

This slide provides a brief introduction to IoT based sensor network and wireless communication and their role in smart buildings development. It also include benefits, threats involved, opportunities and use cases of IoT based sensor and communication. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Sensor Networks And Wireless Communication Analyzing IoTs Smart Building IoT SS. This template helps you present information on five stages. You can also present information on Personalized, Optimization, Space using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

Following slide showcases use of wireless sensor network solutions to enable effective communication among IoT devices for data processing. It includes elements such as overview, architecture, examples, etc.Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Wireless Sensor Network For Improved Connectivity IoT In Telecommunications Data IoT SS. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Consists Distributed, Wireless Channels, Monitor Physical Conditions. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide depicts the dashboard for spectrum consumption in cognitive radio by covering an overview of the types of data that spectrum contains, spectrum results, user reputation, and locations. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Dashboard For Spectrum Consumption In Cognitive Radio. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Dashboard, Spectrum Consumption, Cognitive Radio, Spectrum Outputs. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the global market size of cognitive radio technology, including the projected compound annual growth rate from the year 2017 to 2023. It also caters to the anticipated CAGR for the period 2022 to 2023. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Market Size Of Global Cognitive Radio Technology. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Market Size, Global Cognitive, Radio Technology, Compound Annual Growth Rate using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

Introducing Table Of Contents For Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Ppt Ideas Graphics Tutorials to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with five stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Spectrum Sensing, Cognitive Radio Models, CR Access Paradigms, CR Spectrum, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

Presenting our Wireless Sensor Network Application In Powerpoint And Google Slides Cpb PowerPoint template design. This PowerPoint slide showcases three stages. It is useful to share insightful information on Wireless Sensor Network Application This PPT slide can be easily accessed in standard screen and widescreen aspect ratios. It is also available in various formats like PDF, PNG, and JPG. Not only this, the PowerPoint slideshow is completely editable and you can effortlessly modify the font size, font type, and shapes according to your wish. Our PPT layout is compatible with Google Slides as well, so download and edit it as per your knowledge.

Presenting our Wireless Sensor Networks In Powerpoint And Google Slides Cpb PowerPoint template design. This PowerPoint slide showcases four stages. It is useful to share insightful information on Wireless Sensor Networks This PPT slide can be easily accessed in standard screen and widescreen aspect ratios. It is also available in various formats like PDF, PNG, and JPG. Not only this, the PowerPoint slideshow is completely editable and you can effortlessly modify the font size, font type, and shapes according to your wish. Our PPT layout is compatible with Google Slides as well, so download and edit it as per your knowledge.

This slide represents the overview of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, which comprise multiple energy constrained, self configuring, self aware WS nodes and distributed wireless sensors with cognitive radio abilities. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Radio IT Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks Cr WSN Overview Ppt Professional Examples. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Wireless Sensors, Cognitive Radio Abilities, Traditional Wireless. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the cognitive radio solutions to overcome the conventional wireless sensor network problems and effectively use the unused spectrum to satisfy the rising requirements of information technology devices and gadgets. Introducing Cognitive Radio IT CR Solutions To Conventional Wireless Sensor Network Problems Ppt Model Pictures to inCRease your presentation threshold. Encompassed with eight stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Transceiver, Communication, Accommodate, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide depicts the problems with conventional wireless sensor networks, such as the long wait time for delayed critical information and performance degradation due to the coexistence of industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Radio IT Problems With Conventional Wireless Sensor Networks Ppt Model Maker. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Wireless Sensor Networks, Communication, Network Environment using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide gives an overview of the first stage of the data processing known as network wireless sensor and actuators. The purpose of this slide is to define how wireless sensor and actuators collect data. Introducing Stage 1 Network Wireless Sensors And Actuators Iot Data Analytics to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with three stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Wireless Sensors, Actuators, Sensing And Actuating Stage, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the overview of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, which comprise multiple energy-constrained, self configuring, self aware WS nodes and distributed wireless sensors with cognitive radio abilities. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Sensor Networks IT Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSN Overview. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Incumbent Band, ISM Band, ISM And Incumbent Band using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the cognitive radio solutions to overcome the conventional wireless sensor network problems and effectively use the unused spectrum to satisfy the rising requirements of information technology devices and gadgets. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Sensor Networks IT CR Solutions To Conventional Wireless Sensor Network Problems. This template helps you present information on eight stages. You can also present information on Efficient Spectrum, Vast Amounts, Spectrum Gapsusing this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide depicts the problems with conventional wireless sensor networks, such as the long wait time for delayed critical information and performance degradation due to the coexistence of industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Sensor Networks IT Problems With Conventional Wireless Sensor Networks. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Wireless Sensor Networks, Wireless Sensor, Technologies using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

Introducing Agenda For Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Ppt Ideas Example Introduction to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with five stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Cognitive Wireless, Sensor Networks, Conventional Wireless, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the overview of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks, which comprise multiple energy constrained, self configuring, self aware WS nodes and distributed wireless sensors with cognitive radio abilities. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Radio Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSN Overview Ppt Ideas File Formats. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Cognitive Radio, Wireless Sensor Networks, Auto Conscious Wireless Sensor. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents how the adoption of the cognitive radio method can overcome the problems imposed by the traditional wireless sensor network system. It also includes how primary and secondary users can use the spectrum. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Adopting Cognitive Radio Method In WSN. This template helps you present information on six stages. You can also present information on Cognitive Processes, Future Wireless Communications, Unlicensed Spectrum Bands using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide depicts the advantages of cognitive radio technology that caters overcome radio spectrum scarcity, improved quality of service, avoiding intentional radio jamming scenarios, switching to power saving protocol, and improving satellite communications. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Advantages Of Cognitive Radio Technology to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with five stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Satellite Communications, Intentional Radio, Jamming Scenarios, Radio Spectrum Scarcity, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the advantages of using a cognitive radio network in a wireless sensor network, such as utilizing multiple channels, energy efficiency, ability to operate globally, defend against attacks, and application specific spectrum band utilization. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Advantages Of Using Cognitive Radio Network In WSNs. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Efficiency In Energy, Capacity To Operate Globally, Spectrum Band Utilization using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide outlines a cognitive radio network architecture consisting of primary and secondary networks where licensed users use the primary network and unlicensed users use the secondary without interrupting each other. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture Of Cognitive Radio Networks. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Primary Network, Secondary Network, Architecture Of Cognitive, Radio Networks. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the budget for cognitive radio technology, including project cost summary, amount, project details such as company name, project name, project lead, and project start date. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Budget For Cognitive Radio Technology. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Budget For Cognitive, Radio Technology, Project Lead, Project Start Date using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the cognitive cooperation model of the CR network in which the capabilities of both primary and secondary users are pre determined. Its components include primary receiver and transmitter, and secondary receiver and transmitter. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Cognitive Cooperation Model In Cr Network. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Primary Receiver, Primary Transmitter, Both Primary And Secondary Users. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the overview of three cognitive radio access paradigms such as underlay, overlay, and interweave. It includes the subcategories of interweave that are full duplex and half duplex. The full duplex further caters to transmit sense and transmit receiver. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Cognitive Radio CR Access Paradigms Overview. This template helps you present information on three stages. You can also present information on Underlay Access, Overlay Access, Interweave Access, Cognitive Radio using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide describes the comparison between different cognitive radio access paradigms, such as underlay, overlay, and interweave. The difference is based on network side information, simultaneous transmission, transmit power limits, and hardware. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Comparison Of Cognitive Radio Access Paradigms. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Network Side Information, Transmit Power Limits, Simultaneous Transmission using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the consolidated approach for driving cognitive radio to accommodate the increasing spectrum requirements. It also includes the type of information that a spectrum database should include. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Consolidated Approach To Drive Cognitive Radio to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with seven stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Consolidated Approach, Drive Cognitive Radio, Immense Quantities, Consumption Patterns, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the cognitive radio solutions to overcome the conventional wireless sensor network problems and effectively use the unused spectrum to satisfy the rising requirements of information technology devices and gadgets. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR Solutions To Conventional Wireless Sensor Network. This template helps you present information on eight stages. You can also present information on CR Solutions, Conventional Wireless, Sensor Network Problems, Communication Channels using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide describes the application of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks in bandwidth intensive complex multimedia applications such as live video streaming, audio, still pictures, monitoring, and surveillance. These applications need more bandwidth and are intolerant to delays. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Bandwidth Intensive Applications to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with six stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Exceedingly Complex, Accessible And Appropriate, WSN Applications In Healthcare, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide talks about how the application of cognitive radio wireless network systems in the healthcare department is advancing the medical field by providing wearable body sensors to collect information about patients for better healthcare. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Health Care Department. This template helps you present information on seven stages. You can also present information on Monitor Remotely, Wearable Body Sensors, Health Professionals using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide represents the use of CR WSNs in home appliances and indoor applications such as smart buildings, home monitoring systems, factory automation, and personal entertainment and other indoor WSN application. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Home Appliances And Indoor Applications to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with six stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Potential And Emerging Indoor, Quality Of Service, Home Monitoring Systems, Factory Automation, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide depicts the use of cognitive radio wireless sensor networks in the military and public security applications, including targeting, command and control, information collection, battlefield surveillance, assistant intelligence, and targeting. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Military And Public Security Applications. This template helps you present information on six stages. You can also present information on Command And Control, Assistant Intelligence, Targeting, Surveillance On The Battlefield using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide talks about the application of CR WSNs in real time surveillance applications that include traffic monitoring, biodiversity mapping, habitat monitoring, environmental monitoring, irrigation, vehicle tracking, inventory tracking, and underwater WSN. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Real Time Surveillance Applications to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with eight stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Traffic Monitoring, Biodiversity Mapping, Habitat Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the application of cognitive radio wireless sensors in transportation and vehicular networks using Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1609.4 standards and the WAVE system. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks CR WSNs In Transportation And Vehicular Networks. This template helps you present information on five stages. You can also present information on Automobile Contexts, Transmit Data, Control Channel, Service Channels using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide depicts the dynamic spectrum cognitive radio model, which assumes that primary users do not always utilize the spectrum. The spectrum can be used by secondary users modeled with the on and off process. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Dynamic Spectrum Cognitive Radio Model. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Dynamic Spectrum, Cognitive Radio Model, Occupy The Spectrum using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks For Table Of Contents Ppt Ideas Graphic Images to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with one stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Cognitive Radio Networks, Cognitive Radio Technology, Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide represents the functional blocks of cognitive radio technology, including spectrum sensing, management, sharing, and mobility and functions of each block. It also comprises the working cycle of the CR technology, and its various components. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Functional Blocks Of Cognitive Radio Technology. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Transmitted Signal, Spectrum Characterization, Identifying Unutilized Spectrum, Spectrum Scheduling. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Future Of Cognitive Radio Networks. This template helps you present information on six stages. You can also present information on Cognitive Radio Networks, Telecommunications Authority, TV Transmission Frequencies using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide represents the overview of the global cognitive radio market share by type. The various kinds of sectors include government and defense, telecommunication, and transportation, and it also caters to the use of CR by its applications and regions. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Global Cognitive Radio Market Share By Type to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with four stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Spectrum Sensing, Spectrum Analysis, Spectrum Allocation, Spectrum Analyzer, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide talks about the growth factors of the cognitive radio market, including increased demand for spectrum freedom, intelligent devices and goods, and services. It also includes the projected market growth of the technology from 2020 to 2026. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Growth Factors Of The Cognitive Radio Market. This template helps you present information on four stages. You can also present information on Cognitive Radio Market, Government Rules, Significant Companies, Cognitive Radio using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide outlines how cognitive radio technology is essential to use the spectrum freely and effectively by both primary and secondary users. It also consists of the CR cycle, and its various phases cover radio environment, spectrum sensing, spectrum allocation, and so on. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Importance Of Cognitive Radio Technology. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Radio Environment, Spectrum Sensing, Spectrum Allocation, Cognitive Radio Technology using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the overview of the initial cognitive radio cycle model, and its components are as follows radio environment, receiver, and transmitter. The receiver monitors the nearby radio environment and gathers channel quality information. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Initial Cognitive Radio Cycle Model Overview. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Radio Environment, Interference Temperature Assessment, Intelligent Function. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide describes the interference temperature model of cognitive radio, which allows primary and secondary users to coexist on the same spectrum, but interference from secondary users to primary receivers should not exceed a certain level. Deliver an outstanding presentation on the topic using this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Interference Temperature Cognitive Radio Model. Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Federal Communications Commission, Interference Temperature, Cognitive Radio Model using the slides given. This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. It is also available for immediate download. So grab it now.

This slide represents the introduction to the cognitive radio technology that helps to fully utilize the available spectrum by secondary users who do not have a spectrum license without interrupting the primary users. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction To Cognitive Radios Technology. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Spectrum Occupied, Allocated Spectrum, Licensed Spectrum, Federal Communications. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide represents the classification of spectrum sensing techniques, a technique that is used to detect if a part of the spectrum is free for use or not. The main types of techniques include signal processing and cooperative sensing, which further consist of the sub categories of these techniques. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks IT Classification Of Spectrum Sensing Techniques. This template helps you present information on six stages. You can also present information on Matched Filter Detection, Energy Detection, Cyclostationary Feature Detection using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks IT Spectrum Sensing Cognitive Radio Technique to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with six stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Spectrum Sensing, Cognitive Radio Technique, Minimizes Network Congestion, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide talks about the key characteristics of a cognitive radio network, and it includes operating environment sensing, operational state languages, and distributed resource management within a network. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Key Characteristics Of Cognitive Radio Networks. This template helps you present information on three stages. You can also present information on Operating Environment Sensing, Operational State Languages, Distributed Resource Management using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide represents the limitations of spectrum sensing techniques, such as cooperative and non cooperative. Non cooperative methods include parallel sensing, sequential sensing, wave form, match filter, and cyclo stationary. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Limitations Of Spectrum Sensing Techniques to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with three stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Accessibility Of Spectrum Gaps, Performance In Spectrum Bands, Perfect Algorithm, Spectrum Sensing Techniques, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide talks about the logical framework of spectrum management. The components of the logical framework include spectrum opportunity manager, scheduling, radio frequency environment, spectrum access, negotiation, information sharing, and sensing. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Logical Framework Of Spectrum Management. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Spectrum Access, Spectrum Negotiation, Spectrum Information Sharing. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.

This slide depicts the overview of spectrum analysis in cognitive radio technology, which is used to appropriately utilize unused spectrum by secondary users without interfering with each other. CR technology replaces the hardware used in traditional radio systems. Increase audience engagement and knowledge by dispensing information using Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Overview Of Spectrum Analysis In Cognitive Radio. This template helps you present information on seven stages. You can also present information on Technique Facilitates, Unused Spectrum, Across Several Users Or Devices using this PPT design. This layout is completely editable so personaize it now to meet your audiences expectations.

This slide describes the overview of the spectrum management functional block that collects the best accessible spectrum to fulfill the secondary users requirements. It also includes its main phases, such as spectrum analysis and spectrum decision. Introducing Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Overview Of Spectrum Management Functional Block to increase your presentation threshold. Encompassed with six stages, this template is a great option to educate and entice your audience. Dispence information on Spectrum Analysis, Spectrum Decision, Spectrum Management, Functional Block, using this template. Grab it now to reap its full benefits.

This slide depicts the problems with conventional wireless sensor networks, such as the long wait time for delayed critical information and performance degradation due to the coexistence of industrial, scientific, and medical radio bands. Present the topic in a bit more detail with this Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Problems With Conventional Wireless Sensor Networks. Use it as a tool for discussion and navigation on Problems With Conventional, Wireless Sensor Networks, Confidential Information. This template is free to edit as deemed fit for your organization. Therefore download it now.