india china relations essay 300 words

International relations: China and India Essay

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Introduction

India china economy.

China and India are two countries in Asia separated by the Himalayan Mountain. Both countries are growing rapidly in terms of economy. They are becoming both locally and internationally important in the economy of the world and are affecting globalization to the greatest extent.

Both countries, China and India, have experienced this growth because of good political leadership, security and investment in industrialization. The citizens of these two countries are engaged in intensive business throughout the world and this is why they are in a good position to control the world economy. China and India relate even in the military sector.

The current partnership between Asian countries India and China has a great impact on the world economy. These are the largest emerging economies that will set the pace of the global economy. This essay will discuss the impact of India and China power at the international trade system. The strategy and the impacts that both countries have at the local and international levels will be examined.

India is in the process of gaining great power at the international market. This is because of its diversity in ethics and a strong economic system. The growth of India was for the first time noted when New Delhi signed a nuclear pact with President George W. Bush in July 2005. India is now growing rapidly in the global balance of power. This is a sign that it will be able to control some sectors in the global economy (Foreign Affairs, 2011, p. 1).

China is third largest country after Russia and Canada and it has the highest population of 1.3 billion. It has a strong military force with nuclear weapons. Economically it is the fourth largest trading country in the world.

It has registered a rapid growth since 1978. In 1997 it rose to the tenth position in the world on terms of economic development. This growth is a clear indication that it can shoot to the top position (Dellios, 2005, p. 1).

China has a great planning system that strategizes to give the nation strength to exploit many opportunities in the global market.

The leadership in China considers foreign nations as important and encourages carrying out of business with other countries.

China is currently growing at a slightly higher rate of 1% more than India which is growing at a rate of 9% per annum (Taipei Times, 2011, p. 1), this is an outstanding growth rate: “As in the new 21 st century finally dawned, it was China, rather than the pacific that was catching the attention; the future was pointing to China, a global power shift” (Scott, n.d., p. 101).

This was after a partnership with USA. The economic planning in China has been impressive and a critical turning point in the world’s economy (Scott, n.d., p. 101); the 21 st Century is said to belong to the Chinese.

There has been an increased trade between India and China in the recent years which was not well established some years back.

Today both countries are beneficiaries of this trade: “In 2004, India’s total trade to China crossed US $13.6 billion, with Indian exports to China touching $ 7677.43 million and imports from china at US $ 5926.67 million” (Stanley, n.d., p. 1).

These relationships between these two countries were made in 1950: “India was the second country to establish diplomatic relations with China among the non socialist countries” (Stanley, n.d., p. 1). India and China agreed to work together for the benefit of the two countries (Stanley, n.d., p. 1).

Currently the effect that these two countries have on the global market cannot be denied

The global business revolution that has been unfolding in India and China over the past 15 years is currently also having, and will continue to have a major impact on the economies of the US, the EU, and other parts of Western Europe, Africa, Latin America and South Asia over the next two to five decades; albeit in varying degrees. (Peters, n.d., p. 1)

In spite of the decline in exports and major losses of Chinese caused by lower exports to the US and bank losses, China’s economy has not been threatened by these factors. The government has strategized to invest in key areas of education, health and infrastructure.

China’s economic status is mostly dependent on productivity rather than on exports. Thus the greatest effects of their economy are within and cannot fall because of other countries. It is even seen that it is other countries that depend on China compared to their dependence on other countries (Peters, n.d., p. 2).

However, China has a very high population. Many people earn less than two US dollars per day. From research it is estimated that about 25% graduates in one year do not get employed because of lack of jobs. This has been as a result of decreased demand for exports.

Accumulation of many jobless people in the society including the educated ones is a threat to security in the country. There is a need for the country to have policies to address this issue. Majority of those in rural areas also live in poverty (Peters, n.d., p. 3).

Though both China and India are experiencing growth in their economy, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening day after day.

There is urgent need to address the problem by introducing rules and regulations to govern the people so as to have resources, jobs and wealth distributed equally among the citizens. This is because as long as a country grows economically, it is the social and political stability that fuels it (Peters, n.d., p. 4).

The second threat to the economy of China is education. China has greatest education system but the system fails to train on skills.

This decreases their efficiency in exportation. While India has a good education system, it has a very huge number of illiterate people. In both countries there is also a significant difference in the number of educated males and females.

Most females have been left out of education and are illiterate. Another major problem is the brain drain, whereby the most learned scientists leaves the country to work in US (Peters, n.d., p. 6).

Sustainable development can only be achieved by investing in higher education. This will enhance productivity which in turn will bring a higher demand of labor. Failure to do this will stop them from having great international power that has been brought by their rapid economic growth.

China and India have flourished economically in the 21 st Century. Most of the growth has come as a result of industrialization and political stability in the countries. The two countries have strategized and acquired markets in many foreign countries and this has led them to earn a lot of foreign exchange.

By their partnership they are able to have a greater influence on the global market. However, the two countries are under some threats in social political sectors. To have a sustainable development the two countries must work to bridge the gap between the rich and poor and also invest in education without discriminating between genders.

Dellios, A. (2005) International Relations. Web.

Foreign Affairs. (2011) Foreign Affairs . Web.

Peters, B. Adjustments to the Global Economic Crisis by India and China . Web.

Scott, F. The 21 st Century as whose century? Web.

Stanley, T. Economy Watch . Web.

Taipei Times. (2011) International Relations . Web.

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IvyPanda. (2019, March 25). International relations: China and India. https://ivypanda.com/essays/international-relations-china-and-india/

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Bibliography

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Essay on India China Relations

Students are often asked to write an essay on India China Relations in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on India China Relations

Introduction.

India and China, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, have a long history of interaction. Their relationship has been marked by both cooperation and conflict.

Trade and Economy

Trade between India and China has grown significantly. China is now one of India’s largest trading partners, with goods ranging from electronics to textiles.

Border Disputes

Despite economic cooperation, border disputes have led to conflicts. The most notable was the 1962 Sino-Indian War, which strained relations.

India-China relations are complex, shaped by both cooperation and conflict. It’s vital for both nations to maintain peace for regional stability.

250 Words Essay on India China Relations

Historical overview.

India-China relations have been complex and multifaceted, shaped by historical, political, and economic factors. The two nations, both ancient civilizations, have had cultural exchanges over centuries, marked by the transmission of Buddhism from India to China. The 20th century, however, saw a shift in dynamics due to the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which left a deep scar on bilateral relations.

Political Relations

Politically, India and China have had a contentious relationship. Border disputes, particularly in Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, have been a significant source of tension. Despite numerous talks, a resolution is yet to be reached. The two nations, however, have shown restraint and commitment to peace through various agreements like the 1993 Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control.

Economic Relations

Economically, the relationship is characterized by a significant trade imbalance in China’s favor. China is India’s second-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching $87 billion in 2018-19. However, India’s trade deficit with China is a cause of concern, highlighting the need for more balanced trade relations.

The Way Forward

While the relationship is fraught with challenges, there are also opportunities for cooperation. As two of the world’s largest and fastest-growing economies, India and China can collaborate in areas like climate change, global health, and technology. Maintaining peace and fostering mutual trust will be crucial for the future of India-China relations.

500 Words Essay on India China Relations

India and China, two of the world’s oldest civilizations, share a historical relationship dating back over two millennia. This relationship has been a complex blend of cooperation and conflict, significantly shaped by geographical proximity, historical legacies, and the intricacies of regional and global politics.

Historical Perspective

The historical relationship between India and China is marked by peaceful cultural exchanges, most notably Buddhism, which originated in India and later spread to China. However, the modern relationship took a different turn post-1947, when India was one of the first countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China. The initial phase of their relationship was governed by the Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) agreement. But the bonhomie was short-lived, and the 1962 border war marked a significant turning point, leading to decades of mutual suspicion and mistrust.

The unresolved border dispute remains a significant irritant in India-China relations. The Line of Actual Control (LAC), a 3,488 km long border, is a product of historical treaties, misunderstandings, and conflicts. The recent skirmishes in the Galwan Valley and Doklam plateau underscore the volatility of this issue. These border tensions have not only led to military stand-offs but also impacted the broader bilateral relationship.

Economic Interactions

Despite the political and strategic differences, economic interactions between the two nations have grown. China is now India’s largest trading partner, and India is among the top fifteen trading partners for China. However, the trade imbalance in favor of China is a cause of concern for India. Additionally, the increasing Chinese investments in India’s neighborhood, often termed as ‘String of Pearls’, is viewed with suspicion in India due to its potential strategic implications.

Global Governance and Multilateral Platforms

India and China, as emerging powers, have often cooperated on global issues like climate change, trade negotiations, and reform of international institutions. Platforms like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have provided avenues for such cooperation. However, their divergent positions on issues like terrorism and India’s entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group indicate the complexities involved.

In conclusion, India-China relations are characterized by a mix of competition and cooperation. The complexities of their relationship are a function of their historical experiences, geopolitical aspirations, and regional dynamics. While economic interdependence provides a platform for cooperation, unresolved border issues and strategic mistrust pose significant challenges. As the world enters an era of increasing multipolarity, the trajectory of India-China relations will have significant implications not only for the region but also for the broader global order. Thus, it is crucial for both nations to engage in constructive dialogue, manage their differences, and explore areas of common interest.

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India – China Relations

• January 2, 2022
• International Relations , Notes

China and India are both ancient civilisations and major developing countries. As the only two major developing countries and important representatives of emerging economies, China-India relations assume global and strategic significance.

India-China Relation – Background

• In 1950, India became the first non-socialist bloc country to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China.
• The two countries also jointly expounded the Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) in 1954.
• Though the border conflict in 1962 was a serious setback to bilateral ties, India and China restored ambassadorial relations in August 1976.
• Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi’s landmark visit in 1988 marked the beginning of improvement in bilateral relations.
• In 1993, the signing of an Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control on the India-China Border Areas reflected the growing stability in bilateral ties.
• Signed the Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation in 2003 and mutually decided to appoint Special Representatives (SRs) to explore the framework of a boundary settlement.
• In 2005, the two sides established a Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity.
• India-China bilateral relations have expanded and become diversified in the past decade
• In 2014, the two sides redefined the bilateral engagement as Closer Developmental Partnership.
• 2020 marked the year of the 70 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and India

Both the countries have similar attributes and problems including large population, huge rural-urban divide, rising economy and conflict with neighbours. India and China have established several dialogue mechanisms at various levels, covering bilateral political, economic, cultural, people-to-people, consular matters as well as dialogues on regional and global issues.

However, India-China relationship is dotted with “competition, cooperation, and discord”. In the past few years, these played out in incidents like India’s critique of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), India’s entry into the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the dramatic crisis in Doklam & Galwan Valley, the acceleration of multilateral cooperation in the BRICS and attempts to foster economic engagement.

Areas of Cooperation

• There are 50 dialogue mechanisms between China and India for exchanging views on various topics of bilateral, regional, and global concern.
• China is India’s largest goods trading partner , whereas India is the 12 th largest trading partner of China.
• E-business visa – has been introduced in 2017 to encourage more number of business persons from China travelling to India
• Indian companies have set up IT corridors in China, which help promote China-India cooperation in information technology and high technology
• China-India defense and security consultation to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the defense field.
• The two countries have established pairs of sister cities and provinces. For example, sister provinces and cities between Fujian Province & Tamil Nadu State, Quanzhou City & Chennai City.

Education relations – India and China signed the Education Exchange Programme (EEP) in 2006, which is an umbrella agreement for educational cooperation, providing scholarships for students.

Areas of Contention

• Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – India boycotted BRI on issues of sovereignty (as China-Pakistan-Economic-Corridor – part of BRI, passes through Pakistan Occupied Kashmir) and other concerns over transparency, debt burden issues.
• Increasing presence in Indian Ocean (String of Pearls) – Chinese policy of building ports and naval bases around India’s maritime reaches such as Cocos Island in Myanmar, Chittagong in Bangladesh, Hambantota (Sri Lanka), Marao Atoll (Maldives) and Gwadar (Pakistan) is seen as Chinese encirclement of India

• Western Sector (Ladakh) – India uses Johnson Line and claims Aksai Chin as its own. China do not recognise it and instead accepts McDonald Line which puts Aksai Chin under its control.
• Middle Sector (Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) – Here LAC is the least controversial except for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains. India and China have exchanged maps on which they broadly agree
• Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim) – dispute is over the McMahon Line (in Arunachal Pradesh) decided in 1914 in a meeting of Representatives of China, India, and Tibet in Shimla.
• India has objected to it but there has been no formal treaty over sharing of the Brahmaputra water.
• Dalai Lama and Tibet issue – India supports a Tibetan government in exile formed by Dalai Lama which is unacceptable to China.
• Presence in South Asia – China has been increasing investments, enhancing trade with countries in South Asia challenging India’s traditional position in the neighbourhood.
• China’s protectionist policies – hinder the ability of Indian companies to enter Chinese markets.
• China’s Support to Pakistan – Through investments (e.g., CPEC), and supporting Pakistan on various issues like on Kashmir in UNSC, on terrorism, on NSG etc. has emboldened Pakistan to continue its policy of asymmetric warfare against India.
• Nuclear Suppliers Group ( NSG ) – China has been blocking India’s attempt to entry to NSG to build a case for Pakistan.
• Chinese company Huawei has been boycotted by many countries including the USA citing privacy issues. India still lacks any strong framework that can address such security issues.

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• IAS Preparation
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• India China Relations

India-China Relations: Notes for UPSC

India-China relations is an important topic from the GS Paper II, International Relations perspective of the UPSC Exam.

The People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established on October 1, 1949, and India was the first non-communist country to establish an Embassy in PRC. On April 1, 1950, India and China established diplomatic relations. The two countries also jointly expounded the Panchsheel (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) in 1954.

India and China mark the 1 st  of April 2020 as the 70 th  anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between them starting from 1950 till now.

To know about the basic overview of India’s Foreign Policy , visit the linked article.

From the  IAS Exam  perspective, the relation between India and China is an important topic and aspirants must be aware of the latest bilateral development between the two countries.

India-China Relations:- Download PDF Here

India-China Relations – Latest Developments

• Army Chief Gen Manoj Naravane had taken a review of the situation and announced that further steps will be taken to de-escalate the situation while calling for restrain from personnel of both the Armies.
• A major incident had occurred in the stand-off between India and China in Ladakh on the night of 15th June 2020. One Commanding Officer and two jawans of the Indian Army lost their lives during a violent face-off with Chinese troops in the Galwan area of Eastern Ladakh. These are the first combat deaths on the disputed boundary since 1975. In total, 2o Indian soldiers were martyred in the clashes. Indian Army had given a befitting reply to the Chinese Army and as per different Indian media reports, the Chinese Army lost a substantial number of soldiers in the ensuing conflict.
• Following a high-level visit by commanding officers of both the Indian and Chinese forces, the Chinese army on June 9th, 2020 agreed to withdraw about 2-2.5 km away from the disputed territory, with the Indian army also agreeing to disengage at some locations. Talks for further disengagement are to continue in the coming days.
• In the initial weeks of June 2020, there was a substantial buildup of troops on both sides of the LAC, with both the Indian and Chinese army matching strength for strength
• On 10 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim (India). 11 soldiers were injured. Following the skirmishes in Sikkim, tensions between the two countries grew in Ladakh with a buildup of troops at multiple locations.
• On 11 October 2019, Chinese president Xi Jinping met with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi at Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India for a second informal meeting between India and China.
• In 2019, India reiterated that it would not join One Belt One Road initiative, stating that it cannot accept a project that ignores concerns about its territorial integrity.
• In May 2018, the two countries agreed to coordinate their development programs in Afghanistan in the areas of health, education, and food security.
• On 18 June 2017, around 270 Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road. Among other charges, China accused India of illegal intrusion into its territory, across what is called the mutually agreed China-India boundary, and violation of its territorial sovereignty and United Nations Charter.
• On 28 August 2017, China and India reached a consensus to put an end to the border stand-off. Both of them agreed to disengage from the standoff in Doklam.
• On 16 June 2017 Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in Doklam, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India’s ally Bhutan.
• In September 2014 the relationship became strained as troops of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) reportedly entered two kilometers inside the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Chumar sector. The next month, V. K. Singh said that China and India had come to an “agreement of views” on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.

Read about  Silk Road Economic Belt  in the linked article.

Background of India-China Relations

• Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited India in June 1954 and Prime Minister Nehru visited China in October 1954. Premier Zhou Enlai again visited India in January 1957 and in April 1960.
• The Sino-Indian conflict, which took place from  October 20 in 1962 led to a serious setback in bilateral relations. India and China restored ambassadorial relations in August 1976.
• Higher political level contacts were revived by the visit of the then External Affairs Minister, A.B. Vajpayee in February 1979.
• The Chinese Foreign Minister Huang Hua paid a return visit to India in June 1981. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China in December 1988. During this visit, both sides agreed to develop and expand bilateral relations in all fields. It was also agreed to establish a Joint Working Group (JWG) – to seek a fair, reasonable, and mutually acceptable solution on the boundary question – and a Joint Economic Group (JEG).
• From the Chinese side, Premier Li Peng visited India in December 1991. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visited China in September 1993. The Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the India – China Border Area was signed during this visit, providing for both sides to respect the status quo on the border, clarify the LAC where there are doubts and undertake CBMs.
• President R. Venkataraman paid a state visit to China in May 1992. This was the first Head of State-level visit from India to China.
• President Jiang Zemin’s state visit to India in November 1996 was similarly the first by a PRC Head of State to India. The four agreements signed during his visit included the one on CBMs in the Military Field along the LAC covering the adoption of concrete measures between the two militaries to enhance exchanges and to promote cooperation and trust.
• India-China political relations are enhanced and strengthened by various mechanisms. There is a close and regular interaction between strategic and foreign policy think-tanks.

To know more about the  major boundary lines of the world , visit the linked article.

Relations After Nuclear Test

From the context of India-China, read the related articles linked below, for UPSC 2024 :

Indian Companies in China

With the growth in bilateral trade between India and China in the last few years, many Indian companies have started setting up Chinese operations to service both their Indian and MNC clientele in China. Indian enterprises operating in China either as representative offices, Wholly Owned Foreign Enterprises or Joint Ventures with Chinese companies are into manufacturing (pharmaceuticals, refractories, laminated tubes, auto-components, wind energy, etc.), IT and IT-enabled services (including IT education, software solutions, and specific software products), trading, banking, and allied activities.

While the Indian trading community is primarily confined to major port cities such as Guangzhou and Shenzhen, they are also present in large numbers in places where the Chinese have set up warehouses and wholesale markets such as Yiwu. Most of the Indian companies have a presence in Shanghai, which is China’s financial center; while a few Indian companies have set up offices in the capital city of Beijing. Some of the prominent Indian companies in China include Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Matrix Pharma, NIIT, Bharat Forge, Infosys, TCS, APTECH, Wipro, Mahindra Satyam, Essel Packaging, Suzlon Energy, Reliance Industries, SUNDARAM Fasteners, Mahindra & Mahindra, TATA Sons, Binani Cements, etc. In the field of banking, ten Indian banks have set up operations in China. State Bank of India (Shanghai), Bank of India (Shenzhen), Canara Bank (Shanghai) and Bank of Baroda (Guangzhou), have branch offices, while others (Punjab National Banks, UCO Bank, Allahabad Bank, Indian Overseas Bank, Union Bank of India, etc.) have representative offices. Apart from PSU banks, private banks such as Axis, ICICI also has representative offices in China.

Chinese Companies in India

According to information available with the Embassy of India, close to 100 Chinese companies have established offices/operations in India. Many large Chinese state-owned companies in the field of machinery and infrastructure construction have won projects in India and have opened project offices in India. These include Sinosteel, Shougang International, Baoshan Iron & Steel Ltd, Sany Heavy Industry Ltd, Chongqing Lifan Industry Ltd, China Dongfang International, Sino Hydro Corporation, etc. Many Chinese electronic, IT, and hardware manufacturing companies also have operations in India. These include Huawei Technologies, ZTE, TCL, Haier, etc. A large number of Chinese companies are involved in EPC projects in the Power Sector.

These include Shanghai Electric, Harbin Electric, Dongfang Electric, Shenyang Electric etc. Chinese automobile major Beijing Automotive Industry Corporation (BAIC) has recently announced plans to invest US$ 250 million in an auto plant in Pune. TBEA a Xinjiang-based transformer manufacturer has firmed up plans to invest in a manufacturing facility in Gujarat. During the visit of Premier Wen to India, Huawei announced plans to invest in a telecom equipment manufacturing facility in Chennai.

India-China economic relations constitute an important element of the strategic and cooperative partnership between the two countries. Several institutional mechanisms have been established for enhancing and strengthening economic cooperation between the two countries. Besides the India-China Joint Economic Group on Economic Relations and Trade, Science and Technology (JEG), and the India-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue (SED), a Financial Dialogue has also been taking place between the two countries since 2006.

India-China Financial Dialogue

In accordance with the MoU on the Launch of the Financial Dialogue between India and China, signed during Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao’s visit to India in April 2005, the two sides have since successfully held Financial Dialogues. A Joint Statement was signed and released at the end of the Dialogue. During the Dialogue, both sides exchanged views on the global macroeconomic situation and policy responses, with specific reference to current risks to the global economy and the role of India and China in the post-crisis recovery phase. Discussions also took place on G20 issues including reforms in the International Monetary System and the Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth.

To know about the types of monetary systems , visit the linked article.

Banking Links

Many Indian banks have established their presence in mainland China in the last few years. Four Indian banks, namely, State Bank of India (Shanghai), Canara Bank (Shanghai), Bank of Baroda (Guangzhou), and Bank of India (Shenzhen) have to branch offices in China. At present, the State Bank of India is the only Indian bank to have the authorization to conduct local currency (RMB) business at its branch in Shanghai. More Indian banks are planning to upgrade their Representative Offices in China to branch offices and existing branch offices are applying for RMB license. Various Government institutions and agencies from the two countries have also been interacting with each other for furthering cooperation in areas such as taxation, human resource development, and employment, health, urban development, and tourism. There are a close exchange and interaction between the economic think tanks and scholars as well.

Chinese President XI Jinping’s Visit (In September 2014)

China’s President Xi Jinping’s visit to India will go down history in five major aspects.

Result of the visit

• Annual Visits at the level of heads of State/Govt.
• A city in each country identified for a smart city demonstration project
• Increase speed on the existing line from Chennai to Mysore via Bangalore
• Training in a heavy haul for 100 Indian Railways officials
• Redevelopment of existing railway stations and establishment of a railway university in India
• 2015 as the ‘Visit India Year’ in China and 2016 as the ‘Visit China Year’ in India
• Promoting tourism products and routes in India based on the historical travels of the Chinese-monk scholar Xuan Zang to India in the 7th century AD
• China would be a partner country at the Delhi International Book Fair 2016
• China would be a guest country at the Indian International Film Festival 2014
• Strengthen exchanges in movies, broadcasting and television shows
• The first round of maritime cooperation dialogue to be held this year.

For more articles related to India’s foreign affairs, click on the links given in the table below:

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India-China Relations Are Unlikely to See Much Progress

By: Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan

February 15, 2024

India-China relations are unlikely to see much progress in the coming year. Tensions between the two countries increased dramatically after a clash along their disputed border in 2020. Despite more than a dozen rounds of talks since then, there has been no resolution and only minor progress. While it may not be in the interests of either India or China to let the situation escalate, the risk is real.

There are several reasons for the intense dispute between the two Asian giants. One is the worsening balance of power between the two countries, which increases Indian insecurity. India is an emerging power with a fast-growing economy, but China’s rise has been far more impressive and consequential. That China has been able to bring its vast economic resources and influence to bear at both the regional level and even globally has put great pressure on India.

This political pressure has been wielded by Beijing against India at a number of points. For example, China scuttled India’s application for membership to the Nuclear Supplier’s Group (NSG), despite a personal appeal from Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to China’s leader Xi Jinping. India has been seeking membership to the NSG, a nuclear technology control regime, for several years as part of its efforts to integrate with the global non-proliferation architecture. 1 Similarly, China has repeatedly used its influence to block India’s proposals to place individuals in Pakistan wanted by India on terror charges on a United Nations watchlist.  

Beyond such political pressure, the growing imbalance also matters in relative military power. U.S.-China competition means that China’s military power is growing fast. For example, China has concurrently developed two stealth fighter planes, making it the only country other than the United States to do so. 2 For a long time, India was proud to be the only Asian country operating aircraft carriers, but China now has two operational carriers, and its new class of aircraft carrier has nearly twice the displacement of India’s. Beijing is also building naval vessels at a pace that India cannot match. Sooner than later, these carriers will likely begin to operate in waters closer to India. Although India has not made any official public comment yet, China’s recent and unprecedented nuclear weapon expansion will also likely begin to gnaw at India’s deterrent force.  

The gap in military power between India and China is at least partly because India’s conventional military power is suffering due to years of underinvestment and neglect. Quoting a senior defense official, one Indian media report cited an acute shortage of artillery guns, main battle tanks and light tanks, infantry combat vehicles and assorted helicopter types and even assault rifles, carbines and sniper rifles.  

Meanwhile, the Indian Navy is struggling to keep its inventory afloat amid its quickly depleting underwater fleet. India has 15 tactical submarines , many of which should have been retired several years ago but have had their operational lives extended with repairs and modifications. The Indian Air Force also faces serious shortages. Against a fighter squadron strength of 42, the Indian Air Force has merely 29 squadrons in addition to other critical inadequacies , including mid-air refuelers and rotary-wing aircraft. Compounding these issues, India has been worrying about the possibility of a two-front threat in which China and Pakistan coordinate to put military pressure on India.  

These insecurities are further exacerbated because India and China share an un-demarcated and disputed border. While there is a long historical context to the border conflict, China has pushed forward in the recent past. In 2017, this led to a 71-day stand-off in an area called Doklam at the India-China-Bhutan trijunction. More recently, in 2020, China appears to have deliberately instigated a clash in the Galwan River Valley that resulted in dozens of casualties.  

After more than three years, and despite 19 rounds of military-level talks and a number of meetings between the foreign ministers—and even between the two leaders on the sidelines of other summit meetings—there has been no disengagement of the military forces. There are still more than 60,000 troops on each side of the border on regular deployment, which brings with it serious risk of escalation. There is little sign that either side has much flexibility, which means that the border issue is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon.  

As India-China relations have worsened, India’s response has increased China’s insecurities. To China’s discomfort, India has accelerated its partnerships with the United States, Japan, and Australia, especially through the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (or Quad). However, these are not comfortable relationships for India, as occasional developments indicate. The Indian position on the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the continuing dalliance with Moscow suggest that even though New Delhi may be enhancing the level of its partnership with the United States and its other Quad partners, Russia will continue to be an important security partner for India. That India is deepening partnerships with the United States and its allies despite its own discomfort says a lot about how insecure New Delhi feels about China’s power and behavior.

Nevertheless, this also means that India-China relations will get even more challenging. China initially dismissed the Quad as just “ sea foam ” that will dissipate soon, but Beijing has become harsher as the grouping has slowly deepened security partnerships across the region. Their relationship is increasingly taking on the appearance of a spiraling security dilemma, as their responses to each other ratchet up their conflict.  

Dr. Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the Director of the Centre for Security, Strategy and Technology (CSST) at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi. As a senior Asia defense writer for The Diplomat, she writes a weekly column on Asian strategic issues.

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India China Relations: From the History to the Contemporary World

The ncert political science book of class 12, ‘contemporary world politics’, lays strong emphasis on international relations, international organisations, contemporary centres of powers and as the books suggests, the important concept of contemporary world politics. as india organises the g20 summit for the year 2023, it is important for the school students to understand the details of india’s relations with each of the countries which are participating in the g-20 summit. this article provides details about the india-china relations from history to the contemporary world. stay tuned to study more on india’s relations with all the countries which are participating in the g20 and beyond..

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