essay about television production

Essay on TELEVISION

Updated November 24, 2023

The Medium is the Message

Television is a popular medium that has influenced society’s standards and public opinion while delivering educational information and entertainment. The emergence of streaming services has brought about changes in viewer habits and content production, leading to an evolution in the television landscape. Its ability to serve as both an informational and recreational tool highlights the profound influence of television on culture and communication.

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History of Television

Invention and Early Development (19th-early 20th century): The concept of television can be traced back to the 19th century, with inventors such as Paul Nipkow, who designed the first electromechanical television system in 1884. Early experiments continued through the early 20th century, with inventors such as Vladimir Zworykin and Philo Farnsworth making significant contributions.
Mechanical Television (1920s): It used rotating disks to scan and transmit images. 1927 Philo Farnsworth successfully transmitted the first-ever television image through a fully electronic system.
Introduction of Electronic Television (1930s): David Sarnoff of RCA played a crucial role in developing electronic television. Regular television broadcasts began in the late 1930s, with the BBC launching the world’s first public television service in 1936.
Impact of World War II (1940s): Resource constraints temporarily slowed Television production and adoption during World War II. After the war, television experienced rapid growth as economies recovered and technology improved.
Golden Age of Television (1950s-1960s): The 1950s saw the popularization of television in households across the United States and Europe. Iconic shows like “I Love Lucy,” “The Twilight Zone,” and “The Ed Sullivan Show” defined this era. Color television was introduced in the 1950s, enhancing the viewing experience.
Remote Control and Cable Television (1960s-1970s): The introduction of the remote control in the 1960s revolutionized viewer interaction. Cable television gained prominence, offering a wider range of channels and specialized content.
Satellite Television and Globalization (1980s-1990s): Satellite technology allowed for global television distribution. The rise of cable news networks such as CNN in the 1980s and 1990s contributed to the globalization of news coverage.
Digital Television and High Definition (2000s): Analog television signals were gradually replaced by digital signals, offering improved picture and sound quality. High-definition television (HDTV) became mainstream, providing a more immersive viewing experience.
Streaming Services and On-Demand Content (2010s-present): Streaming platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime transformed how audiences consume content. The traditional television model shifted as viewers embraced on-demand programming, binge-watching, and original content produced by streaming services.

Impact on Society

Television’s impact on society has been multifaceted, influencing culture, shaping opinions, and altering social behaviors in various ways:

Cultural Influence: Television has played a significant effect in creating cultural norms and values. It reflects societal attitudes and, as a result, impacts them. It serves as a mirror to society, showcasing diverse perspectives, lifestyles, and cultural practices, contributing to a more interconnected world.
Information Dissemination and Public Opinion: News programs and television documentaries profoundly impact public opinion and awareness. They shape perceptions of current events, politics, and societal issues. The presentation and framing of news stories on television can influence viewers’ understanding and opinions on important matters.
Behavioral and Social Impact: Influences consumer behavior and trends. Advertisements and product placements on TV often dictate purchasing decisions and lifestyle choices. Television programming can influence behavior, attitudes, and social interactions, especially for children. Educational programs have a positive impact on learning and development.
Cultural Homogenization and Globalization: It has contributed to cultural homogenization by transmitting common values, trends, and entertainment across borders. It has played a role in globalizing popular culture. Global events and phenomena can quickly reach a worldwide audience through television, fostering a sense of shared experiences.
Entertainment and Escapism: Serves as a primary source of entertainment, offering a wide array of genres and shows that provide an escape from daily life. It can evoke emotions, create cultural icons, and foster community through shared viewing experiences.
Health and Social Implications: Excessive television viewing has been associated with sedentary lifestyles, contributing to health issues like obesity and decreased physical activity. Television content can impact social perceptions and stereotypes, influencing how certain groups or issues are portrayed and perceived.
Economic Impact: It serves as a platform for advertising and generates substantial revenue. The success of television shows and networks significantly impacts the entertainment industry and economies.

Role of Television

Here’s a breakdown of its influence in different areas:

Entertainment Industry: Television is a significant source of entertainment worldwide. It provides diverse programs, including dramas, comedies, reality shows, and documentaries—a platform for creative expression, showcasing acting, directing, writing, and production talents. Reality TV has transformed entertainment dynamics, shaping pop culture and influencing trends.
News and Information Dissemination: Television remains an essential medium for news delivery. It reaches vast audiences with up-to-the-minute coverage of global events. 24-hour news channels and talk shows shape public opinion, influence political discourse, and raise awareness of critical issues.
Advertising and Consumerism: Commercials profoundly impact consumer behavior, promoting products and shaping consumer preferences. Advertisements generate revenue for networks and drive the economy by influencing purchasing decisions.
Education and Learning: This is a supplemental learning tool for children and adults. Educational programming on dedicated channels offers lessons on various subjects, contributing to informal education.
Cultural Influence: Reflects and shapes cultural norms, values, and societal attitudes by portraying diverse characters and storylines. It contributes to the globalization of culture, exposing audiences to different traditions, languages, and perspectives.
Health and Social Behavior: Influences lifestyle choices and social behavior, impacting everything from fashion trends to dietary preferences. Excessive screen time, however, has raised concerns about its effects on physical health and mental well-being.
Sports and Events Coverage: Broadcasts major sporting events, making them accessible to a global audience and enhancing the popularity of various sports. It provides a platform for cultural events, award shows, and ceremonies, fostering community engagement and celebration.
Technological Innovation and Future Trends: Technology continues to evolve, with advancements in high-definition displays, streaming services, smart TVs, and interactive content. Emerging virtual and augmented reality trends reshape viewer experiences, offering immersive and interactive content.

Harming the Youth

Television provides various benefits and entertainment options, but it remains a source of concern regarding its potential negative impact on the youth. Several factors contribute to the argument that television may be harming the youth.

Firstly, prolonged television viewing has been linked to adverse health effects, including sedentary behavior that can contribute to physical health issues such as obesity and poor cardiovascular health. The allure of television content may lead to a decrease in outdoor activities and exercise, exacerbating the risk of health problems among the youth. Television programming may contain violence, inappropriate language, or mature themes unsuitable for younger viewers. Exposure to such content can desensitize youth to violence, influence their behavior, and contribute to the development of aggressive tendencies.

Advertising on television poses a significant risk to the well-being of the youth. Advertisements often promote unhealthy food choices, unrealistic body standards, and materialistic values. The constant bombardment of these messages can contribute to the formation of negative self-images, unhealthy eating habits, and a skewed perception of success and happiness among young viewers. The impact on academic performance is also concerning. Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, can interfere with sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and difficulty concentrating. Poor sleep quality and the potential distraction of television during study time may contribute to lower academic achievement among the youth.

Benefits of Watching Television

While there are concerns about the potential adverse effects of excessive television watching, it is essential to acknowledge that television can also provide several benefits regarding education, entertainment, and social connection.

One significant advantage is the diverse range of entertainment options it offers. From television programs and movies to sports and reality shows, television caters to various tastes, providing a convenient and accessible source of relaxation and enjoyment.

It is also a valuable educational tool. Educational programs, documentaries, and informative channels disseminate information on topics from science and history to art and culture. The educational content can engage viewers and supplement formal education, making learning an enjoyable and accessible experience.

In addition to entertainment and education, it fosters a sense of connection and community. Shared viewing experiences, such as a family gathering around the TV or friends discussing a popular show, contribute to social bonding. it is a common ground for shared cultural references, fostering a sense of connection among diverse individuals.

Moreover, television plays a crucial role in keeping people informed. News programs provide real-time updates on local, national, and global events, helping viewers stay connected to the world around them. This accessibility to information contributes to a well-informed and engaged citizenry. From the convenience of entertainment to the educational and informative aspects, television continues to be a versatile and influential medium that enriches individuals’ lives and contributes to society’s cultural fabric.

Future Trends

Here are some anticipated future trends:

Streaming Dominance Continues: Streaming services are expected to dominate the television landscape further. The convenience of on-demand content and the proliferation of subscription-based platforms will likely redefine how viewers access and consume television.
Rise of Original Content: Streaming platforms investing heavily in original content creation will continue to expand. This trend will likely lead to a surge in high-quality, exclusive programming across genres, further diversifying viewer choices.
Personalized Viewing Experiences: Customization and personalization will become more prominent. AI and machine learning will enable platforms to recommend content based on individual preferences, improving user experiences.
Integration of Interactive Features: Interactive and immersive content will grow, allowing viewers to engage more actively with their favorite shows. This could include interactive storytelling, where viewers influence plotlines or character development.
Convergence of TV and Gaming: The line between television and gaming will continue to blur. Gaming content, live streams, and esports events are increasingly becoming part of television programming, appealing to a broader audience.
Expansion of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR): AR and VR technologies will find more applications in television. Enhanced viewing experiences, interactive storytelling, and virtual environments for immersive content could become more prevalent.
5G and Enhanced Connectivity: The widespread adoption of 5G technology will revolutionize content delivery. Faster speeds and improved connectivity will facilitate seamless streaming experiences and enable the expansion of high-definition and 4K content.
Shift in Advertising Models: Advertising strategies will evolve. Targeted advertising, product integrations, and branded content will likely become more prevalent as traditional ad formats face challenges with ad-skipping and ad-blocking technologies.
Content Accessibility and Global Reach: Television content will become increasingly accessible globally. Streaming platforms expanding their reach to different regions and creating diverse, multicultural content will cater to a more global audience.
Regulatory Changes and Content Curation: Regulatory changes may impact content creation and distribution. Stricter content guidelines and increased efforts for content curation and moderation could influence the type of content available to viewers.

Television has come a long way in terms of the types of programs it offers, largely due to changing audience preferences and technological advancements. While news and dramas have been the traditional formats, reality shows, and streaming platforms have emerged as new and dynamic landscapes. Despite these changes, television has maintained its ability to capture audiences with diverse content. As new technologies continue to shape the medium, television remains a powerful force in shaping cultural narratives and providing entertainment and information to viewers worldwide.

Understanding Television: the Focus of Television Programming

Implications of differences in television program policy or focus, reality tv shows, talk shows and democracy in the public sphere, works cited.

Television profitability depends highly on the attractiveness of the programs created. The key role of television producers is to make sure the viewers understand and enjoy what they are being shown. Viewers need to understand and be helped to distinguish what is fiction from what is true. Television producers are expected to be creative so that they can attract viewers (Caldwell 299). However, creativity has to be tempered because of cost implications and the need to remain realistic. Miami vice is a good movie. However, its production nearly failed because producers chose a very dangerous location from where the film was shot.

Television watching has become a habit for the majority of citizens in any given country and industry players are always on toes to serve the ever changing needs and tastes of the viewers and producers are trying hard to give the audience what they expect. They don’t show films/movies that they know viewers will not enjoy watching. A single episode can’t win a place in the market. So television should be able to reach everywhere and all people through the programs being featured (Ellis 276)

The ever-changing viewer tastes and preferences require that production adopts a creative marketing approach. However, viewer sustenance and maintenance also requires helping a level of routinization and sticking to predictable formats and patterns (Ellis 277). Therefore, to achieve high profits, producers have to balance between creativity and standardization or use of familiar formats.

The audience has a role to play in program development. As they watch programs, their feedback helps the producers to know what is running fine or what needs to be changed. The audience is critical in ensuring the only right content is produced. The interplay between viewer interests and television program objectives is what should inform successful television production. This is because television programs are normally not just about entertainment but also education or informing the public. Therefore, continuous interaction between the audience and television program producers is critical. For example, the Idea for the film Miami vice is said to have been mooted at a party. Therefore, producers have to interact with the general public if they want ideas for productions. By listening to customer needs and desires, producers can infuse the necessary creativity that meets market needs in program development (Caldwell 296).

The relationship between the producer and the audience is that the producer is supposed to provide value for the audience’s money and time. Audiences rely on producers for exciting programs (Caldwell 296). The producer is required to come up with shows which are interesting to the audience and the audience can understand every part of the show. The role of the audience is to watch what is produced and see if they can understand and enjoy what is produced. The audience is supposed to pick the joke, fact, a fiction to enjoy the program produced by the producer (Caldwell 294). Producers are supposed to turn out with shows which are understood by the audience depending on the language they are using so that the audience can understand what they are trying to communicate to them. The key role of a producer is to know the standards of a program. A skilled producer can know the possible level of production budget by just looking at a television program.

Standardization helps the producer and the broadcaster to have a good relationship and even come up with creative ideas. The benefit of standardized production is that it allows for division of labor. Division of labor or specialization ensures that every producer can do what he/she knows well to produce to his/her level best.

Television programs are varied and often a viewer is more interested in some programs than others. Looking at a series like Miami Vice, it is clear that a lot of creativity was infused in its production. The interaction between producer creativity and viewer expectations leads to a production that is not only entertaining but whose plot can easily be grasped and followed by viewers.

Different television programs produced by different players linked through cables to a network of satellites and streamed to end users have become a common phenomenon. Since the 1980s local cable companies have been owned by larger firms and have been expanding into the ownership of channels and also cable systems since then (Meehan and Byars 92). Producing or acquiring programs depends on the potential of its owners to provide or license such programs. Networks’ cooperative business has made these owners successful.

Owners of these channels have made a lot of money through the programs they present (Meehan and Byars 95). They have focused on presenting programs that attract a lot of people, this includes reality shows and a good example of such shows is the Oprah show. This show has attracted a huge audience all over the world. Surveys indicate that these shows are very entertaining and are loved by all kinds of people; the old and young. During the presentation of these programs, there are commercial breaks where an advertisement runs. And advertisers pay a lot of money for the advertisement of their products on television because through combining their advertisements with good programs they promote their products to a large number of people.

The audience is attracted or conceived through the programs the channel offers to them. Some will attract more audience, retain, or even put off the audience. When a television channel is new, it can introduce programs that will attract a new audience like in the case of CBS that has maintained its program ‘Welcome home’ (Johnson 403). The program remains the most-watched program on a television network. It is watched by both blacks and whites in America (Johnson 406). Branding appeals and the way these channels relate to their audience contributes so much to the audience attraction.

Featuring programs that are outdated does not, for example, attract young viewers so balancing the programs a channel feature is an important factor to consider for it to attract an audience. There’s another way of attracting an audience by featuring programs that attract for example women, like in the case of Lifetime, they sought and featured shows that attracted women (Meehan and Byars 94). These gave them a huge number of women viewers.

Audiences respond differently to the types of programs they watch because there are different types of people in society. There is a particular trend in larger US culture; there are those who value the standards of real community, security, safety, and solid nuclear family values. Some programs reinforce family values and television channels have several channels to choose from so audiences or viewers have a choice to watch certain programs or not (Johnson 409).

Programs being featured have the power to change traditional values to modern cultural values or preserve a culture. A good example of a program that helps shape people’s values is ‘Touched by an Angel’ which has featured heavily on CBS. This series whose plot consists of individuals meeting challenges or tough life questions but are helped by angels to find answers really can influence peoples thinking about issues in their life. Such a program’s viewers get entertained, educated, and most crucially their thinking on values is changed. People often copy much of what they see on television and adopt or adapt it in their way of life e.g. dressing and behavior.

Belief in God is also affected and programs have been created in the name of God to attract an audience. Many people believe God has power and when such programs are featured they seem to want to follow them especially when they are featuring money and how to be rich. Some programs which are featured have made people believe more in money than in God because they have found an easier way of getting rich and they believe it’s through their efforts that they gain wealth, this makes them not see any meaning in belief in God.

Certain cultural values are reproduced by the type of programs being featured by these networks. Some programs are seen as old-fashioned, rural, or which are not meant for urban people. Some programs are friendly and can be viewed by any type of audience. So programs give rise to such cultural values where a particular group of people cannot view a particular program because it’s old fashioned or meant for rural people (Victoria 416). But programs which are friendly to all groups of people and ages are enjoyed by everyone.

Reality television shows are dramas that have a real-life storyline and there are usually audiences participating. Audiences participate in the continuing story of the issue and the people involved in the real-life experience, for example in the case of Oprah show there is always an audience.

When actions are done uniquely, they symbolize a certain action like putting a wafer in a mouth which is a sign of Holy Communion (Couldry 59). This is known as ritual actions. Late Ray Rapport says that these actions are more than we see and they may not be done by the performer (Couldry 64).

Media rituals are actions done uniquely and give rise to a belief which does not link any clear content that is believed. One of the functions of media rituals is to change an ordinary person into a media person and this is by making a ritual action seem natural television happening.

In the American Top Model show during the eviction, when a model is evicted from the house she’s told to go inside, pack her belongings, and leave the house immediately. After she has finished packing, the presenter walks live to the house and after some time, the evictee is seen coming from the house with her belongings and the presenter leads her to the studio for an interview where she shares about her experience in the house. This repeated format of evictions is a ritual of sorts.

According to anthropologist Catherine Bell, ritualization organizes our movement around space and helps us to experience created features of the environment as real (Couldry 61). Ritualization reproduces symbolic ability, which plays a role in the classification in which ritual draws.

Reality TV shows are created in a way that everything seems natural and real but it’s always more than we see. Certain actions are repeated and organized in a way that has a unique meaning. An action done in a specific environment signifies a certain act. The formality of these actions is emphasized more on the kind of values associated with these actions. Rituals are repetitive actions and they give rise to a belief that hides clear thinking. It is their ritualized form that makes them successful without them being exposed.

Voyeurism works in a way that reality TV shows have made those who watch believe that what happens on TV is the easiest way to become rich or become famous or celebrity. Reality TV shows have turned audiences into voyeurs by brainwashing their minds with what they present to them because they don’t expose the real actions.

There is the transition of characters from an ordinary person to a media person like in the case of Big Brother show. Media self is that character who’s the value of the media, such character or person gives value to the media. Celebrification is a transitional process that changes the ordinary person to a media person controlled by the media.

Considering the case of ‘Americas Next Top Model’, ordinary girls are turned into kind of celebrities immediately or as soon as they cast in the show. Even the way they speak would make one imagine that they are celebrities or have been such for some time. Reality TV shows make ordinary people celebrities. These people are not professional actors but are used to make the show real because they feature real-life experience.

According to Couldry (88), reality TV shows are a process that takes real-life individuals and puts them under observation, analysis, and selective display for entertainment and educational purposes, and also to encourage audience participation. Its ethical dimension is that we need to know how media is transforming our social lives and how it’s being transformed in return (Couldry 72).

Direct address to the camera works in a way that reveals a lot about the character because the filmmaker is an uninvolved and unrevealed bystander. This way a character can tell a lot about his/her experience in an easy way because no one is filming him/her. Talk shows have made many people into celebrities. Fame and money have always made people want to participate in such shows. The limitation is that their private life and even that of their families are exposed because they reveal so much about themselves.

Reality TV shows are dramas that are real-life stories and there is always a possibility of emphasizing individual experience when there is a truth in what different people do and say. People want to see for themselves and believe that what they have been hearing is true. The disadvantage is that it promotes a certain type of behavior in which those who want to be popular by being involved in such created games of these shows must change and stick to. There is also penetration of a certain social reality. In the ‘Americas Next Top Model’, one senses an immersion of the girls into a culture of sophistication that is proper to the show biz or modeling world. As the pressure pile on girls to be of a certain kind in the way they carry themselves and interact so also are different people among viewers influenced to want to change their ways.

Personal authority is brought about by not being controlled but by expressing personal interests (Anderson 148). One has the freedom to control what is meaningful, acceptable, and significant. In talk shows social issues are made relevant to the viewers by showing them a reality in social life through which they can access the reality that matters to them as people.

The Oprah Winfrey Show and the Jerry Springer Show are two excellent examples of talk shows. A talk show often involves a host, guests, and an audience. While Oprah Winfrey’s show focuses on personal struggles, self-improvement, and is more attractive to women. The Jerry Springer show focuses on dysfunctionality or problems in families. The two talk shows feature real-life stories where viewers can learn from people’s experiences.

In talk shows, the role of the studio audience is to provide support to the characters and they also make the show look real and like its happening at that particular moment. Audiences contribute to the society of celebrity by for instance buying their magazines and voting for them. Focus on individualized problems, interpersonal relations, and private solutions can hinder the democratic potential of talk shows because reality TV is like a laboratory where subjects are tested.

One critical issue with talk shows is that people involved are expected to change their behavior and stick to desired media conduct; this hinders their democratic potential (Anderson 160). The audience can be exploited because they don’t know what they are watching has been organized in a manner that looks real but is far from reality. Whether stage-managed or not, it’s exciting when audiences learn from real-life experience and these reality TV shows give them a chance to meet the reality of life. Different realities of life are featured by different people.

Individual responsibility and indifference also affect the quality of talk shows. The Jerry Springer Show, unlike the Oprah Winfrey show, has been criticized for focusing on obscene and indecent topics. The show’s reputation defines the kind of guests it attracts. The guest’s focus unless well checked could derail a talk show through either not showing much enthusiasm or veering off into other areas.

It can be very catastrophic for a talk shows presenter if the guests and audience are unresponsive to the questions they are being asked. If they fail to open up or freeze in the face of cameras, the talk show is compromised. The desire to maintain a responsive guest list and audience could easily lead talk show producers into manipulating the whole production. Any manipulation effort of any sort affects the authenticity of the program. It affects the individuality of the guests and mutilates their person to make them representative of the talk show theme or characteristic.

Andersen, Robin. “The Television Talk Show: From Democratic Potential to Pseudotherapy.” Consumer Culture and TV Programming. Boulder: Westview Press, (1995): 146-173.

Caldwell J. Thornton, “Modes of Production: The Televisual Apparatus,” Television Study Reader. London: Routledge, (2004): 293-310.

Couldry, Nick. “Teaching Us to Fake It: Ritualized Norms of Television’s ‘Reality’ Games,” Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture, Susan Murray and Laurie Ouellette. Eds. New York: NYU Press, (2004), 57-74.

Ellis, John. “Television Production.” The Television Studies Reader. Ed.

Robert Allen and Annette Hill. New York: Routledge, 2004. 275-292.

Johnson, Victoria E. “Welcome Home? CBS, PAX-TV, and “Heartland” Values in a Neo- Network Era.” Television Study Reader. New York: Routledge, (2000): 404-417.

Meehan Eileen R. and Byars Jackie, “Telefeminsism: How Lifetime got its Grove, 1984- 1997,” Television Study Reader. New York: Sage Publishers, (2000): 92-104.

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Global Television Industry

Introduction.

Film and Media Studies
Communication Studies
International Media and Cultural Studies
Media Imperialism
Media Flows
Political Economy
Cultural Studies
Structures and Markets
Nations and Regions
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Global Television Industry by Denise Bielby , Kristen Bryant LAST REVIEWED: 15 January 2020 LAST MODIFIED: 15 January 2020 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199791286-0244

Television was introduced as an experimental technology in the 1920s and 1930s in Europe, Asia, the former Soviet Union, and the Americas, but it was not until after World War II that it was widely adopted as a form of mass communication around the globe. Although television’s innovation and diffusion as a novel technology, establishment and growth as a communications industry, maturation and popularity, and specialization and diversification took decades to unfold, once it became widely publicly available, it quickly materialized as an essential venue for news, information, and entertainment. Television originated as a domestic industry overseen through a variety of national regulatory arrangements, making its transformation from a medium focused on local interests and concerns into an industry with a global reach all the more compelling. This transformation, which was enhanced by the introduction of cable, satellite, and Internet technology, was, in retrospect, influenced by the accomplishments of radio broadcasting, with its ability to transcend national borders and reach unanticipated audiences, and the expansiveness of the film industry, which from the earliest days of the studio system had cultivated an international export market to enhance revenue. In the case of the television industry, export was led by production companies seeking to recoup the costs of production under deficit financing arrangements with the networks and program sponsors. Early global exports were driven mainly by US production companies, and although the United States remains dominant in the sale of finished products, a vast number of nations, production companies, and networks now provide the United States with stiff competition within regional markets and program genres. Deficit financing has been adopted more recently by wealthier non-US nations like the United Kingdom, while less affluent and/or smaller markets rely on other approaches. Ever-emerging technologies, penetrable national borders, remote markets, and viewer interest in programs from other countries are foundational concerns alongside the political economy of regulation that make up the study of the global television industry.

The study of the global television industry is a multidisciplinary field informed by analysis of the cultures and cultural contexts of the production, distribution, and consumption of the medium of television. Parks and Kumar 2003 (film and media studies); Ouellette 2013 (communication studies); Hall, et al. 2010 and Grindstaff, et al. 2019 (sociology); and Mansell and Raboy 2011 (communication policy) are all handbooks that serve as primary contributions to this vast field that also includes research by scholars in economics and business who address the commerce of culture-producing industries; political scientists who attend to the delineations of nation, state, and national identity by media institutions; and geographers who analyze the relationship of interconnected trade among cities and regions to globalization. Volkmer 2012 is a handbook that addresses the diverse methodological approaches that reflect the multidisciplinarity of the field. Although scholarly analysis of television’s global presence was launched in the early 1970s, following the publication of Nordenstreng and Varis 1974 , the UNESCO report (cited under Theorizing Global Television: Media Flows ) on international patterns of “television traffic,” the field remained a relatively specialized topic of concern until the study of globalization, per se, became established as a field in its own right and was recognized and accepted as integral to understanding the cultural contexts of the societal, institutional, and technological infrastructures of the television industry. Because the study of the global television industry remained largely nascent until the early 1990s, and draws upon a broad range of disciplinary backgrounds and perspectives, handbooks and associated reference works were slow to emerge even as important work pertinent to understanding the industry was being published. However, the field is now sufficiently established that there are very useful edited collections with contributions from a substantial number of well-known scholars who populate the field. These handbooks tend to reflect the disciplinary roots and perspectives of their editors, even as individual scholars from vastly different disciplines share interest in particular subjects.

Grindstaff, Laura, Ming-Cheng Lo, and John Hall, eds. Handbook of Cultural Sociology . 2d ed. New York: Routledge, 2019.

The second edition of Hall, et al. 2010 . It contains updated material on global culture and global processes, and new entries on cultural policy, cultural consumption, and media ownership.

Hall, John R., Laura Grindstaff, and Ming-Cheng Lo, eds. Handbook of Cultural Sociology . New York: Routledge, 2010.

A comprehensive overview of contemporary scholarship in sociology, communication, media studies, ethnic studies, gender studies, and international studies that focuses on the complex relations of culture to social structures in a global era. Contributions include cultural and social theory and developments central to the constitution and reproduction of culture, including media culture, such as power, technology, and the organization of work. The book’s second edition, Grindstaff, et al. 2019 , contains new entries and updated material.

Mansell, Robin, and Marc Raboy, eds. The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Edited collection that explores conceptual frameworks and new methodologies for mapping the contours of emergent global media and communication policy. Examines the local, national, regional, and global forums in which policy debate occurs.

Ouellette, Laurie, ed. The Media Studies Reader . New York: Routledge, 2013.

A collection of foundational essays and new writings that cover major theories and debates that have shaped domestic and global critical media studies from the 1940s to the early 21st century. Topics include culture, technology, representation, industry, identity, audience, and citizenship.

Parks, Lisa, and Shanti Kumar, eds. Planet TV: A Global Television Reader . New York: New York University Press, 2003.

An edited collection that provides a comprehensive overview of the rapidly changing landscape of global television through contributions that explore cultural imperialism, nationalism, postcolonialism, transnationalism, ethnicity, and cultural hybridity. Its embrace of the history of television cultures counters the assumption that global television is merely a result of the current dominance of the West in world affairs.

Volkmer, Ingrid, ed. The Handbook of Global Media Research . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

An edited collection that explores competing methodologies in the field of transnational media and communications in order to provide insight into the challenges of research practice in a globalized media landscape.

Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login .

Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here .

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Evolution of Television Essay

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Evolution of television (TV) is a chronological breakdown of television advancements since its invention. Television broadcasting is a telecommunication transmission and reception of sound and images in motion. The pictures are either monochromatic (black and white) or colored.

A basic TV system is a combination of the transmitter, medium of transmission, and a receiver. Benoit (2013) argues that television may also refer to the physical television set, mode of broadcasting, or various programs that the TV network airs.

Research shows that in 1926 Farnsworth was the first person to transmit real-time moving images from a transmitter to a remote receiver. In another experiment, he transmitted radio-frequency signals from a transmitter to several receivers operating at the same radio frequency as the transmitter.

This development was the foundation for television broadcasting in 1939. During the World War II, America used television broadcasting for live coverage of war fronts. However, mass TV broadcasting and transmission began after the World War II in 1948 (Cesar & Chorianopoulos, 2009).

Commercialized color television broadcasting in the US began in 1953. It involved broadcasting of colored images instead of the monochromatic ones. However, color television sets and their accessories were very expensive at that time in addition to high prices for the colored images’ transmission.

Consequently, television networks did not launch color television broadcasting immediately. In 1965, the US television networks adopted color TV format and started broadcasting color pictures for the first time in 1966 (Benoit, 2013).

In 1970, the American television networks launched cable television broadcasting, which is a technology where images and audio are transmitted to the television subscribers using a coaxial cable instead of the frequency signal. John and Margaret Walson invented cable television broadcasting in 1948.

Later in 1972, Home Box Office (HBO) cable television network was launched and introduced a television network using premium cable for reception and transmission of the colored images. HBO transmission technology implemented a satellite as the medium between the transmitter and the receiver.

Research affirms that HBO television improved the TV experience since creation of documentaries, comedy, and boxing programs. In addition, it should be noted that with the invention of HBO, many families migrated from cinema entertainment to television-based entertainment programs (Parsons, 2008).

In 1981, MTV cable television network was introduced. According to Parsons (2008), MTV television network had few format restrictions in its broadcasting and presented pay-based channels to compete the restricted HBO channels.

TBS was one of the most remarkable basic channels providing the local TV broadcasting in the USA. The invention of stereo sound television sets in 1982 improved picture quality as well. However, the TV sets using stereo sound technology penetrated the American market in 1984 only. They had better resolution with clear colored images (Parsons, 2008).

Television broadcasting and reception significantly improved in the 1990s. Throughout the decade, the cable television was the means of transmission between the transmitters in television network premises and the receivers at the viewer’s home.

For instance, HBO introduced Sex in the city and The Sopranos programs, the episodes of which were keenly followed by many homes leading to the fact that television became a popular means of entertainment in the US.

Since 1930, television sets have used Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) screens for displaying. By the end of the 1990s, liquid crystal display (LCD) and Plasma television screens replaced CRT ones. Afterwards, television sets with inbuilt sleep timers to save power were released into the American market.

In 1999, the child lock buttons appeared to be inserted in the TV sets to enhance home television security penetrated the market. Therefore, parents could control what their children watched and at what time (Cesar & Chorianopoulos, 2009).

The TV entertainment changed in 2000 after the introduction of the DVD technology. In the early 2000s, more and more houses used DVD and CD players for entertainment instead of watching the regular television programs. By the mid 2000s, scientists launched the Thin Film Technology (TFT) display, and in 2007, electronic companies presented TV sets and computers implementing the TFT screens for display.

Many families replaced their CRT displays with the TFT screens. This migration was further motivated by the stereotype that the CRT screens emitted radiation that affected the viewers’ eyes if watched for a long time (Benoit, 2013). In addition, the TFT televisions were small and consequently economical and fashionable.

The televisions with the TFT screens displayed clearer images than television utilizing the CRT screens for display (Wells, 2009).

The US switched from analog television to Digital Television (DTV) transmission on June 12, 2009. This technology is a transmission and reception of sound and images in a digital format using digital devices. It uses multiplexing technology in transmission of images and photos rather than time and frequency separation used in analog transmission.

There are so many advantages associated with the DTV broadcasting. For instance, digital television broadcasting produces sharper pictures due to the reduced interference time (Benoit, 2013).

Secondly, digital transmission uses less bandwidth hence many channels can be transmitted using the same physical medium used in analog transmission. Therefore, viewers can access more channels in the DTV transmission than in the analog television broadcasting.

Furthermore, the DTV transmission improves file accessibility through the Set Top Box (STB) feature that has multiple universal serial ports, from which people connect external devices like phones, internet modems, flash disks, and memory cards. Therefore, families can use their TV sets to play video or audio files from external devices (Cesar & Chorianopoulos, 2009).

In addition, the DTV transmission led to the introduction of High Definition (HD) television sets. HD televisions apply the digital display technology that provides high quality audio and colored pictures. HD screens display clear sounds and images since the screens use double vertical resolutions as compared to the width resolution.

In 2010, High definition television (HDTV) technology display was launched. HDTV is an improved version of HD display that uses widescreen format technology that enabled high quality images. Online television is the latest TV development in the broadcasting market.

Today, one can stream live television programs from their computers, tablets, or mobile phones. Therefore, television viewers do not necessarily require a television set to watch television programs (Benoit, 2013).

In conclusion, evolution of television technology has undergone multiple changes since 1930. The first television used cable technology to transmit black and white images at the specified time. Afterwards, the color image transmission improved television image quality in 1953.

Later on in 1972, HBO TV network introduced long distance transmission using satellite as the medium. High resolution Stereo sound TV transmission was presented in the 1980s. Plasma and LCD television displays, which improved picture and audio clarity, penetrated the US market in the 1990s.

Further in 2009, America switched from analog to digital TV transmission that in 2010 was replaced by HD and HDTV television sets improving the image quality. Online television streaming using mobile phones, tablets or computers is the latest development in the TV technology.

Benoit, H. (2013). Digital television: satellite, cable, terrestrial, IPTV, mobile TV in the DVB framework (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press.

Cesar, P., & Chorianopoulos, K. (2009). The evolution of TV systems, content, and users toward interactivity . Hanover, MA: Now Publishers.

Parsons, P. (2008). Blue skies: a history of cable television . Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Wells, Q. (2009). Guide to digital home technology integration . Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.

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Essay on Television for Students [100, 150, 200, 350 Words]

Essay on Television: Television is one of the most influential innovations of modern times. In this article, you are going to learn to write a paragraph or essay on Television (100, 150, 200 and 350 Words). You’ll learn what are the uses and abuses of television or what are the advantages and disadvantages of television. So, let’s get started.

Table of Contents

Short Essay on Television: 100 Words

Television is based on a highly sophisticated science of vision and sound. A man can see as far the horizon. He hears as far as the sound is audible to him. But television takes his vision to a place far beyond his horizon. He sees a thing or person long beyond his actual physical reach. It brings to him also sound from a very remote place.

In fact, television brings vision and sound together from a distance which is beyond the range of human sight and hearing. It is a powerful and very useful invention of modern science. It has conquered space for human eye-sight. It has brought about a great development in the science of communication. It can well be used for entertainment and knowledge.

Television Essay: 150 Words

One of the latest wonders of science is Television. It is an effective medium of communication and entertainment. We can watch live important political, sports and other events happening at distant places. This enables us to have a direct knowledge of the things, places and events far away. TV has thus brought the whole world into the drawing room.

Television is also a powerful medium of mass education. Educational programmes on healthcare and family planning, general knowledge can be sent to millions of viewers through audio-visual presentation in the TV. It also keeps off loneliness.

But TV has its bad effects too. Watching TV sometimes becomes an addiction, People remain glued to the TV and it makes them idle- particularly the students and young people. They neglect sports and games and their studies. Too much of viewing affects our vision. Programmes, if not properly selected, cast bad effects on young minds. Social visits become very rare and people become unsocial.

Essay on the Television: 200 Words

No other thing is as familiar as Television in our present times. It was invented by John Baird in 1925. It first appeared in India in 1959. It is really a wonder of science today. It is a two-in-one. It is the radio on one side and the cinema on the other. Television is a very useful instrument in many ways. It is a powerful medium for education and recreation. It gives lessons on the subjects like science and mathematics and also on geography and history.

It shows us cinema and live telecast on games and sports. On its screen we have a delightful scenery of nature and thrilling sights of animals roaming in the jungles and in the deep waters of the seas. We can amuse the shows of serials. It is also a mighty medium of advertisement.

Sometimes it has bad effects on children. In most cases, they sit tight with it to witness their favorite items which captivate them greatly. Sometimes they neglect their bounden duties as students. They try to copy the most interesting show-style. In some cases they even face their death. Many things are very good with television but its price is very high and the poor cannot benefit by it.

Television Essay in English: 350 Words

Television is a modern invention. When television was first invented, people of the world were very happy because they had the scope to know the world around them and to entertain themselves in the best possible ways. Television is no doubt something which ushered progress of civilization. Some electronic media like BBC took over the most important role to make the people of the world aware of the society to which they were belonging and the environment by which they were being nourished. It is quite well known that, BBC produced all of the plays of Shakespeare as films. Even this world famous electronic media focused on the two World Wars so much so that people of the world came to know how horrible was war and warfare. Thus social consciousness was an important factor that was first aroused by the aid of television.

But this television is now being abused constantly by some commercially debased people. In West Bengal, television is so abused that the young generation is now misguided. The young people follow the bad culture and become oblivious of the hoary tradition of our country. Mere entertainment has been presented on the different television channels. Meaningless serials and reality shows are heart-throbbing without any moral impact. Crimes and social disorder are presented so crudely that the minds of the young people are overwhelmed with frustration, dilapidation, and despair. It seems that there is no escape from despair. The ultimate result is social alienation which brings about moral dilemma.

Yet, the concerned authority is really callous to the problems. Advertisement, sponsors, etc. are the sources of the economic structure of the different channels. Thus, the producers intend to draw the attention of the businessman by claiming the popularity of the channels. The inevitable result of this kind of commercial debasement is of Course disintegration that causes serious disbelief in the sphere of culture and education. Therefore, we must be conscious of the fact that television is not merely a media for entertainment; rather it is a source of important social and cultural messages.

Read More: 1. Blood Donation Essay in English 2. APJ Abdul Kalam Essay in English 3. Essay on Mother Teresa in English

Apj abdul kalam essay in english | 100, 200, 300, 500 words, blood donation essay in english | 150, 200, 300 words, my mother essay in english 10 lines [5 sets], essay on mother teresa in english for students [300 words], 3 thoughts on “essay on television for students [100, 150, 200, 350 words]”.

I really enjoyed reading your essay on television. It was very informative and I learned a lot. I especially liked the part about how television can be used to teach different subjects.

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STAGES OF TELEVISION PRODUCTION

This is a short but explanatory version of the various stages that are involved in television programing. It introduces students to the pre-production, production and post-production stages of television production.

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1 st day of prod. Happens in 2 stages, 1 st transforming the idea into workplace or script, processing the all necessary production details such as, locations, crews, and all equipment are work out.  Prod: begin since we do rehearsal or even a video-recording session. Or load a camcorder into a van for a field shoot. It involves equipment and crews, also includes all activities in which is recorded or televised.  Post-Prod: the major activities in Post-Prod is editing of the video-audio. Also include the color correction of video clip, the selection of appropriate background-music and the creation of special audio effects. Effect to Cause Model: (Effect-to-Cause – Basic Idea – Desired Effect – Cause – Actual Effect) The model that suggest to move the general idea directly to the desired effect and then back up and think about how to bring about Cause-this effect. It started with a basic idea, but instead of moving from the basic idea directly to the production process, it jumps to the desired effect on the target audiences which is the general program objective. The program objective can be reached through a specific message that ideally, the viewer will actually receive. Because these all important msgs is generated by the process of the viewer's watching the video, we call it as Process Message. This requires the fair-clearly idea from the producer of what he wants the targeted audiences to learn, do and feel before thinking about the necessary technical equipment. Video Leader? It's a sequence of some videos which consist Blank Tape, Color Bars, State Visual, Leader Numbers (Count Down Numbers) and Black Screen Video. These all put in the beginning of the produced video. The video leader must be generated by the equipment actually used in the videotape recording. The video leader helps adjust the playback machine to the video and audio values of the record machine. The video leader started with the Blank tape for threading (silence audio track), and then continued with the color bars in 30 to 60 seconds (0 VU test tone). Come after that, the 15 seconds state visual, usually showing the title of the video, the director and simple credits of production crews. Next is (genereally 8-10 seconds) Leader Number to count down before showing the produced video. Before the produced video showed, there is a gap in 2 seconds with a black screen to smooth the transition.

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Making a great television commercial is an art in itself. Twenty years ago, there was no official available information about the steps to follow to prepare a TV commercial throughout all phases. The main reason for that knowledge gap is that the old method used was based on multiple agencies and vendors working on the same campaign, so the single groups do not have to know everything; they just needed to understand their own role and responsibility. In the last years, video production and post-production industries are changing very fast. Digital retooling is taking place, causing dramatic industry restructuring. The old player’s large post-production facilities using dedicated, proprietary equipment are being replaced by new players, small production companies, using personal computers to produce a different type of production media with the same professional result, at a lower cost. Nowadays, the significant reduction of video production costs, the more and more disappearing barr...

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Secuoya Studios Launches European Sales and Global Co-Production Division, Taps María García-Castrillón as its Director

By John Hopewell

John Hopewell

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Camino de Valcarcel, Maria Garcia-Castrillon

In two strategic appointments as co-production becomes the order of the day, Secuoya Studios has launched a new European Sales and Global Co-Production Division, overseen by Brendan Fitzgerald, ex Sony Pictures Entertainment senior exec who joined Secuoya Studios as its CEO at the beginning of the year.

The Division’s first director will be María García-Castrillón, who has been named its Head of International Co-Productions. Former Grupo Boomerang TV’s Camino de Valcárcel has joined the division as an executive.

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