The OSI Model – The 7 Layers of Networking Explained in Plain English
This article explains the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and the 7 layers of networking, in plain English.
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that is used to describe how a network functions. In plain English, the OSI model helped standardize the way computer systems send information to each other.
Learning networking is a bit like learning a language - there are lots of standards and then some exceptions. Therefore, it’s important to really understand that the OSI model is not a set of rules. It is a tool for understanding how networks function.
Once you learn the OSI model, you will be able to further understand and appreciate this glorious entity we call the Internet, as well as be able to troubleshoot networking issues with greater fluency and ease.
All hail the Internet!
Prerequisites
You don’t need any prior programming or networking experience to understand this article. However, you will need:
Basic familiarity with common networking terms (explained below)
A curiosity about how things work :)
Learning Objectives
Over the course of this article, you will learn:
What the OSI model is
The purpose of each of the 7 layers
The problems that can happen at each of the 7 layers
The difference between TCP/IP model and the OSI model
Common Networking Terms
Here are some common networking terms that you should be familiar with to get the most out of this article. I’ll use these terms when I talk about OSI layers next.
A node is a physical electronic device hooked up to a network, for example a computer, printer, router, and so on. If set up properly, a node is capable of sending and/or receiving information over a network.
Nodes may be set up adjacent to one other, wherein Node A can connect directly to Node B, or there may be an intermediate node, like a switch or a router, set up between Node A and Node B.
Typically, routers connect networks to the Internet and switches operate within a network to facilitate intra-network communication. Learn more about hub vs. switch vs. router.
Here's an example:
For the nitpicky among us (yep, I see you), host is another term that you will encounter in networking. I will define a host as a type of node that requires an IP address. All hosts are nodes, but not all nodes are hosts. Please Tweet angrily at me if you disagree.
Links connect nodes on a network. Links can be wired, like Ethernet, or cable-free, like WiFi.
Links to can either be point-to-point, where Node A is connected to Node B, or multipoint, where Node A is connected to Node B and Node C.
When we’re talking about information being transmitted, this may also be described as a one-to-one vs. a one-to-many relationship.
A protocol is a mutually agreed upon set of rules that allows two nodes on a network to exchange data.
“A protocol defines the rules governing the syntax (what can be communicated), semantics (how it can be communicated), and synchronization (when and at what speed it can be communicated) of the communications procedure. Protocols can be implemented on hardware, software, or a combination of both. Protocols can be created by anyone, but the most widely adopted protocols are based on standards.” - The Illustrated Network.
Both wired and cable-free links can have protocols.
While anyone can create a protocol, the most widely adopted protocols are often based on standards published by Internet organizations such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
A network is a general term for a group of computers, printers, or any other device that wants to share data.
Network types include LAN, HAN, CAN, MAN, WAN, BAN, or VPN. Think I’m just randomly rhyming things with the word can ? I can ’t say I am - these are all real network types. Learn more here .
Topology describes how nodes and links fit together in a network configuration, often depicted in a diagram. Here are some common network topology types:
A network consists of nodes, links between nodes, and protocols that govern data transmission between nodes.
At whatever scale and complexity networks get to, you will understand what’s happening in all computer networks by learning the OSI model and 7 layers of networking.
What is the OSI Model?
The OSI model consists of 7 layers of networking.
First, what’s a layer?
No, a layer - not a lair . Here there are no dragons.
A layer is a way of categorizing and grouping functionality and behavior on and of a network.
In the OSI model, layers are organized from the most tangible and most physical, to less tangible and less physical but closer to the end user.
Each layer abstracts lower level functionality away until by the time you get to the highest layer. All the details and inner workings of all the other layers are hidden from the end user.
How to remember all the names of the layers? Easy.
Please | Physical Layer
Do | Data Link Layer
Not | Network Layer
Tell (the) | Transport Layer
Secret | Session Layer
Password (to) | Presentation Layer
Anyone | Application Layer
Keep in mind that while certain technologies, like protocols, may logically “belong to” one layer more than another, not all technologies fit neatly into a single layer in the OSI model. For example, Ethernet, 802.11 (Wifi) and the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) procedure operate on >1 layer.
The OSI is a model and a tool, not a set of rules.
OSI Layer 1
Layer 1 is the physical layer . There’s a lot of technology in Layer 1 - everything from physical network devices, cabling, to how the cables hook up to the devices. Plus if we don’t need cables, what the signal type and transmission methods are (for example, wireless broadband).
Instead of listing every type of technology in Layer 1, I’ve created broader categories for these technologies. I encourage readers to learn more about each of these categories:
Nodes (devices) and networking hardware components. Devices include hubs, repeaters, routers, computers, printers, and so on. Hardware components that live inside of these devices include antennas, amplifiers, Network Interface Cards (NICs), and more.
Device interface mechanics. How and where does a cable connect to a device (cable connector and device socket)? What is the size and shape of the connector, and how many pins does it have? What dictates when a pin is active or inactive?
Functional and procedural logic. What is the function of each pin in the connector - send or receive? What procedural logic dictates the sequence of events so a node can start to communicate with another node on Layer 2?
Cabling protocols and specifications. Ethernet (CAT), USB, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) , and more. Specifications include maximum cable length, modulation techniques, radio specifications, line coding, and bits synchronization (more on that below).
Cable types. Options include shielded or unshielded twisted pair, untwisted pair, coaxial and so on. Learn more about cable types here .
Signal type. Baseband is a single bit stream at a time, like a railway track - one-way only. Broadband consists of multiple bit streams at the same time, like a bi-directional highway.
Signal transmission method (may be wired or cable-free). Options include electrical (Ethernet), light (optical networks, fiber optics), radio waves (802.11 WiFi, a/b/g/n/ac/ax variants or Bluetooth). If cable-free, then also consider frequency: 2.5 GHz vs. 5 GHz. If it’s cabled, consider voltage. If cabled and Ethernet, also consider networking standards like 100BASE-T and related standards.
The data unit on Layer 1 is the bit.
A bit the smallest unit of transmittable digital information. Bits are binary, so either a 0 or a 1. Bytes, consisting of 8 bits, are used to represent single characters, like a letter, numeral, or symbol.
Bits are sent to and from hardware devices in accordance with the supported data rate (transmission rate, in number of bits per second or millisecond) and are synchronized so the number of bits sent and received per unit of time remains consistent (this is called bit synchronization). The way bits are transmitted depends on the signal transmission method.
Nodes can send, receive, or send and receive bits. If they can only do one, then the node uses a simplex mode. If they can do both, then the node uses a duplex mode. If a node can send and receive at the same time, it’s full-duplex – if not, it’s just half-duplex.
The original Ethernet was half-duplex. Full-duplex Ethernet is an option now, given the right equipment.
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 1 Problems
Here are some Layer 1 problems to watch out for:
Defunct cables, for example damaged wires or broken connectors
Broken hardware network devices, for example damaged circuits
Stuff being unplugged (...we’ve all been there)
If there are issues in Layer 1, anything beyond Layer 1 will not function properly.
Layer 1 contains the infrastructure that makes communication on networks possible.
It defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating physical links between network devices. - Source
Fun fact: deep-sea communications cables transmit data around the world. This map will blow your mind: https://www.submarinecablemap.com/
And because you made it this far, here’s a koala:
OSI Layer 2
Layer 2 is the data link layer . Layer 2 defines how data is formatted for transmission, how much data can flow between nodes, for how long, and what to do when errors are detected in this flow.
In more official tech terms:
Line discipline. Who should talk for how long? How long should nodes be able to transit information for?
Flow control. How much data should be transmitted?
Error control - detection and correction . All data transmission methods have potential for errors, from electrical spikes to dirty connectors. Once Layer 2 technologies tell network administrators about an issue on Layer 2 or Layer 1, the system administrator can correct for those errors on subsequent layers. Layer 2 is mostly concerned with error detection, not error correction. ( Source )
There are two distinct sublayers within Layer 2:
Media Access Control (MAC): the MAC sublayer handles the assignment of a hardware identification number, called a MAC address, that uniquely identifies each device on a network. No two devices should have the same MAC address. The MAC address is assigned at the point of manufacturing. It is automatically recognized by most networks. MAC addresses live on Network Interface Cards (NICs). Switches keep track of all MAC addresses on a network. Learn more about MAC addresses on PC Mag and in this article . Learn more about network switches here .
Logical Link Control (LLC): the LLC sublayer handles framing addressing and flow control. The speed depends on the link between nodes, for example Ethernet or Wifi.
The data unit on Layer 2 is a frame .
Each frame contains a frame header, body, and a frame trailer:
Header: typically includes MAC addresses for the source and destination nodes.
Body: consists of the bits being transmitted.
Trailer: includes error detection information. When errors are detected, and depending on the implementation or configuration of a network or protocol, frames may be discarded or the error may be reported up to higher layers for further error correction. Examples of error detection mechanisms: Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) and Frame Check Sequence (FCS). Learn more about error detection techniques here .
Typically there is a maximum frame size limit, called an Maximum Transmission Unit, MTU. Jumbo frames exceed the standard MTU, learn more about jumbo frames here .
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 2 Problems
Here are some Layer 2 problems to watch out for:
All the problems that can occur on Layer 1
Unsuccessful connections (sessions) between two nodes
Sessions that are successfully established but intermittently fail
Frame collisions
The Data Link Layer allows nodes to communicate with each other within a local area network. The foundations of line discipline, flow control, and error control are established in this layer.
OSI Layer 3
Layer 3 is the network layer . This is where we send information between and across networks through the use of routers. Instead of just node-to-node communication, we can now do network-to-network communication.
Routers are the workhorse of Layer 3 - we couldn’t have Layer 3 without them. They move data packets across multiple networks.
Not only do they connect to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to provide access to the Internet, they also keep track of what’s on its network (remember that switches keep track of all MAC addresses on a network), what other networks it’s connected to, and the different paths for routing data packets across these networks.
Routers store all of this addressing and routing information in routing tables.
Here’s a simple example of a routing table:
The data unit on Layer 3 is the data packet . Typically, each data packet contains a frame plus an IP address information wrapper. In other words, frames are encapsulated by Layer 3 addressing information.
The data being transmitted in a packet is also sometimes called the payload . While each packet has everything it needs to get to its destination, whether or not it makes it there is another story.
Layer 3 transmissions are connectionless, or best effort - they don't do anything but send the traffic where it’s supposed to go. More on data transport protocols on Layer 4.
Once a node is connected to the Internet, it is assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address, which looks either like 172.16. 254.1 (IPv4 address convention) or like 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6 address convention). Routers use IP addresses in their routing tables.
IP addresses are associated with the physical node’s MAC address via the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which resolves MAC addresses with the node’s corresponding IP address.
ARP is conventionally considered part of Layer 2, but since IP addresses don’t exist until Layer 3, it’s also part of Layer 3.
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 3 Problems
Here are some Layer 3 problems to watch out for:
All the problems that can crop up on previous layers :)
Faulty or non-functional router or other node
IP address is incorrectly configured
Many answers to Layer 3 questions will require the use of command-line tools like ping , trace , show ip route , or show ip protocols . Learn more about troubleshooting on layer 1-3 here .
The Network Layer allows nodes to connect to the Internet and send information across different networks.
OSI Layer 4
Layer 4 is the transport layer . This where we dive into the nitty gritty specifics of the connection between two nodes and how information is transmitted between them. It builds on the functions of Layer 2 - line discipline, flow control, and error control.
This layer is also responsible for data packet segmentation, or how data packets are broken up and sent over the network.
Unlike the previous layer, Layer 4 also has an understanding of the whole message, not just the contents of each individual data packet. With this understanding, Layer 4 is able to manage network congestion by not sending all the packets at once.
The data units of Layer 4 go by a few names. For TCP, the data unit is a packet. For UDP, a packet is referred to as a datagram. I’ll just use the term data packet here for the sake of simplicity.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are two of the most well-known protocols in Layer 4.
TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, prioritizes data quality over speed.
TCP explicitly establishes a connection with the destination node and requires a handshake between the source and destination nodes when data is transmitted. The handshake confirms that data was received. If the destination node does not receive all of the data, TCP will ask for a retry.
TCP also ensures that packets are delivered or reassembled in the correct order. Learn more about TCP here .
UDP, a connectionless protocol, prioritizes speed over data quality. UDP does not require a handshake, which is why it’s called connectionless.
Because UDP doesn’t have to wait for this acknowledgement, it can send data at a faster rate, but not all of the data may be successfully transmitted and we’d never know.
If information is split up into multiple datagrams, unless those datagrams contain a sequence number, UDP does not ensure that packets are reassembled in the correct order. Learn more about UDP here .
TCP and UDP both send data to specific ports on a network device, which has an IP address. The combination of the IP address and the port number is called a socket.
Learn more about sockets here .
Learn more about the differences and similarities between these two protocols here .
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 4 Problems
Here are some Layer 4 problems to watch out for:
Blocked ports - check your Access Control Lists (ACL) & firewalls
Quality of Service (QoS) settings. QoS is a feature of routers/switches that can prioritize traffic, and they can really muck things up. Learn more about QoS here .
The Transport Layer provides end-to-end transmission of a message by segmenting a message into multiple data packets; the layer supports connection-oriented and connectionless communication.
OSI Layer 5
Layer 5 is the session layer . This layer establishes, maintains, and terminates sessions.
A session is a mutually agreed upon connection that is established between two network applications. Not two nodes! Nope, we’ve moved on from nodes. They were so Layer 4.
Just kidding, we still have nodes, but Layer 5 doesn’t need to retain the concept of a node because that’s been abstracted out (taken care of) by previous layers.
So a session is a connection that is established between two specific end-user applications. There are two important concepts to consider here:
Client and server model: the application requesting the information is called the client, and the application that has the requested information is called the server.
Request and response model: while a session is being established and during a session, there is a constant back-and-forth of requests for information and responses containing that information or “hey, I don’t have what you’re requesting.”
Sessions may be open for a very short amount of time or a long amount of time. They may fail sometimes, too.
Depending on the protocol in question, various failure resolution processes may kick in. Depending on the applications/protocols/hardware in use, sessions may support simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes.
Examples of protocols on Layer 5 include Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) and Remote Procedure Call Protocol (RPC), and many others.
From here on out (layer 5 and up), networks are focused on ways of making connections to end-user applications and displaying data to the user.
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 5 Problems
Here are some Layer 5 problems to watch out for:
Servers are unavailable
Servers are incorrectly configured, for example Apache or PHP configs
Session failure - disconnect, timeout, and so on.
The Session Layer initiates, maintains, and terminates connections between two end-user applications. It responds to requests from the presentation layer and issues requests to the transport layer.
OSI Layer 6
Layer 6 is the presentation layer . This layer is responsible for data formatting, such as character encoding and conversions, and data encryption.
The operating system that hosts the end-user application is typically involved in Layer 6 processes. This functionality is not always implemented in a network protocol.
Layer 6 makes sure that end-user applications operating on Layer 7 can successfully consume data and, of course, eventually display it.
There are three data formatting methods to be aware of:
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): this 7-bit encoding technique is the most widely used standard for character encoding. One superset is ISO-8859-1, which provides most of the characters necessary for languages spoken in Western Europe.
Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBDCIC): designed by IBM for mainframe usage. This encoding is incompatible with other character encoding methods.
Unicode: character encodings can be done with 32-, 16-, or 8-bit characters and attempts to accommodate every known, written alphabet.
Learn more about character encoding methods in this article , and also here .
Encryption: SSL or TLS encryption protocols live on Layer 6. These encryption protocols help ensure that transmitted data is less vulnerable to malicious actors by providing authentication and data encryption for nodes operating on a network. TLS is the successor to SSL.
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 6 Problems
Here are some Layer 6 problems to watch out for:
Non-existent or corrupted drivers
Incorrect OS user access level
The Presentation Layer formats and encrypts data.
OSI Layer 7
Layer 7 is the application layer .
True to its name, this is the layer that is ultimately responsible for supporting services used by end-user applications. Applications include software programs that are installed on the operating system, like Internet browsers (for example, Firefox) or word processing programs (for example, Microsoft Word).
Applications can perform specialized network functions under the hood and require specialized services that fall under the umbrella of Layer 7.
Electronic mail programs, for example, are specifically created to run over a network and utilize networking functionality, such as email protocols, which fall under Layer 7.
Applications will also control end-user interaction, such as security checks (for example, MFA), identification of two participants, initiation of an exchange of information, and so on.
Protocols that operate on this level include File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure Shell (SSH), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Domain Name Service (DNS), and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
While each of these protocols serve different functions and operate differently, on a high level they all facilitate the communication of information. ( Source )
How to Troubleshoot OSI Layer 7 Problems
Here are some Layer 7 problems to watch out for:
All issues on previous layers
Incorrectly configured software applications
User error (... we’ve all been there)
The Application Layer owns the services and functions that end-user applications need to work. It does not include the applications themselves.
Our Layer 1 koala is all grown up.
Learning check - can you apply makeup to a koala?
Don’t have a koala?
Well - answer these questions instead. It’s the next best thing, I promise.
What is the OSI model?
What are each of the layers?
How could I use this information to troubleshoot networking issues?
Congratulations - you’ve taken one step farther to understanding the glorious entity we call the Internet.
Learning Resources
Many, very smart people have written entire books about the OSI model or entire books about specific layers. I encourage readers to check out any O’Reilly-published books about the subject or about network engineering in general.
Here are some resources I used when writing this article:
The Illustrated Network, 2nd Edition
Protocol Data Unit (PDU): https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-segments-packets-and-frames/
Troubleshooting Along the OSI Model: https://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1730891
The OSI Model Demystified: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEEnLZV2wGI
OSI Model for Dummies: https://www.dummies.com/programming/networking/layers-in-the-osi-model-of-a-computer-network/
Chloe Tucker is an artist and computer science enthusiast based in Portland, Oregon. As a former educator, she's continuously searching for the intersection of learning and teaching, or technology and art. Reach out to her on Twitter @_chloetucker and check out her website at chloe.dev .
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Layer 6 Presentation Layer
De/Encryption, Encoding, String representation
The presentation layer (data presentation layer, data provision level) sets the system-dependent representation of the data (for example, ASCII, EBCDIC) into an independent form, enabling the syntactically correct data exchange between different systems. Also, functions such as data compression and encryption are guaranteed that data to be sent by the application layer of a system that can be read by the application layer of another system to the layer 6. The presentation layer. If necessary, the presentation layer acts as a translator between different data formats, by making an understandable for both systems data format, the ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) used.
OSI Layer 6 - Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or display. It relieves the application layer of concern regarding syntactical differences in data representation within the end-user systems. An example of a presentation service would be the conversion of an EBCDIC-coded text computer file to an ASCII-coded file. The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified amount of bytes) or the C/C++ method (null-terminated strings, e.g. "thisisastring\0"). The idea is that the application layer should be able to point at the data to be moved, and the presentation layer will deal with the rest. Serialization of complex data structures into flat byte-strings (using mechanisms such as TLV or XML) can be thought of as the key functionality of the presentation layer. Encryption is typically done at this level too, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. Decryption is also handled at the presentation layer. For example, when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.[1] Another example is representing structure, which is normally standardized at this level, often by using XML. As well as simple pieces of data, like strings, more complicated things are standardized in this layer. Two common examples are 'objects' in object-oriented programming, and the exact way that streaming video is transmitted. In many widely used applications and protocols, no distinction is made between the presentation and application layers. For example, HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), generally regarded as an application-layer protocol, has presentation-layer aspects such as the ability to identify character encoding for proper conversion, which is then done in the application layer. Within the service layering semantics of the OSI network architecture, the presentation layer responds to service requests from the application layer and issues service requests to the session layer. In the OSI model: the presentation layer ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. For example, a PC program communicates with another computer, one using extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) and the other using ASCII to represent the same characters. If necessary, the presentation layer might be able to translate between multiple data formats by using a common format. Wikipedia
Data conversion
Character code translation
Compression
Encryption and Decryption
The Presentation OSI Layer is usually composed of 2 sublayers that are:
CASE common application service element
ACSE
Association Control Service Element
ROSE
Remote Operation Service Element
CCR
Commitment Concurrency and Recovery
RTSE
Reliable Transfer Service Element
SASE specific application service element
FTAM
File Transfer, Access and Manager
VT
Virtual Terminal
MOTIS
Message Oriented Text Interchange Standard
CMIP
Common Management Information Protocol
JTM
Job Transfer and Manipulation
MMS
Manufacturing Messaging Service
RDA
Remote Database Access
DTP
Distributed Transaction Processing
Layer 7 Application Layer
Layer 6 presentation layer, layer 5 session layer, layer 4 transport layer, layer 3 network layer, layer 2 data link layer, layer 1 physical layer.
Network infrastructure
presentation layer
Andrew Froehlich, West Gate Networks
What is the presentation layer?
The presentation layer resides at Layer 6 of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI ) communications model and ensures that communications that pass through it are in the appropriate form for the recipient application. In other words, the presentation layer presents the data in a readable format from an application layer perspective.
For example, a presentation layer program could format a file transfer request in binary code to ensure a successful file transfer . Because binary is the most rudimentary of computing languages, it ensures that the receiving device can decipher and translate it into a format the application layer understands and expects.
How the presentation layer works
Once the application layer passes data meant for transport to another device in a certain format, the presentation layer then prepares this data in the most appropriate format the receiving application can understand.
Common data formats include the following:
American Standard Code for Information Interchange and Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code for text;
JPEG , GIF and TIFF for images; and
MPEG, MIDI and QuickTime for video.
Encryption and decryption of data communications are also performed at the presentation layer. Here, encryption methods and keys exchange between the two communicating devices. Only the sender and receiver can properly encode and decode data so it returns to a readable format.
The presentation layer can serialize -- or translate -- more complex application data objects into a storable and transportable format. This helps to rebuild the object once it arrives at the other side of the communications stream. The presentation layer also deserializes the data stream and places it back into an object format that the application can understand by the application.
The tool that manages Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) is an example of a program that loosely adheres to the presentation layer of OSI.
Although it's technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model , HTTP includes presentation layer services within it. HTTP works when the requesting device forwards user requests passed to the web browser onto a web server elsewhere in the network.
HTTP receives a return message from the web server that includes a Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions ( MIME ) header. The MIME header indicates the type of file -- text, video, or audio -- that has been received so that an appropriate player utility can present the file to the user.
Functions of the presentation layer
ensures proper formatting and delivery to and from the application layer;
performs data encryption; and
manages serialization of data objects.
Editor's note: This article was republished in January 2023 to improve the reader experience.
Continue Reading About presentation layer
What is the difference between TCP/IP model vs. OSI model?
Data and file formatting
Related Terms
Dig deeper on network infrastructure.
What are the most important email security protocols?
file extension (file format)
network protocol
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
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Presentation Layer Of OSI Model For Beginners
Presentation Layer:
Presentation Layer is the sixth layer in the OSI model and here are some of the functionalities of the presentation layer:
Translation
Before being transmitted, the data remains in the form of characters and numbers. This data has to be changed to bitstreams before transmission. The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats that a network requires and the format a computer needs.
It carries out the process of encryption at the transmitter end and the process of decryption at the receiver end.
Encryption and decryption are ways to protect the confidentiality of the data stored on computer systems or wired over the internet or other computer networks.
Also Read: Network Layer Of OSI Mode: Functionalities and Protocols
In terms of security, modern-day encryption methods play a vital role in the security assurance of IT systems and communications as they can provide not only confidentiality but also, authentication and integrity.
Data compression
Data compression is also known by different names like source coding or bit-rate reduction. As evident from these names, data compression involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. So in this way, the data compression can be either lossy or lossless.
Even though lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy, no data information is lost in the lossless compression.
On the other hand, the lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it.
Data compression is useful in computer networks because it helps in the following ways:
Reducing resource usages such as data storage space or transmission capacity. B
Reducing the need for an expensive hardware for the data representation. For example, if a video is highly compressed before transmission, an expensive hardware might be required to decompress the video data before playing it.
Thus, data compression is also very helpful in real-time applications over the internet like real-time video or audio streaming.
Data conversion
There are different types of operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc. are being used all around the world. Data conversion is, thus, responsible for the conversion of computer data from one format to another.
Different computers encode data in different ways on the basis of certain standards. On top of that, each computer program handles data in a different manner. Data conversion comes in handy in those situations when the representation of data is needed on different platforms.
The presentation layer can be composed of two sublayers: common application service element (CASE) and specific application service element (SASE).
Also Read: LLC Layer (Logical Link Control): Data Link Layer Of OSI Model
The common application service element sublayer provides services for the application layer and request services from the session layer. It provides support for common application services whereas the specific application service element sublayer provides application specific services (protocols) like remote database access, file transfer, virtual terminal.
If you have any comments or thoughts related to it, feel free to ask and correct us. Also, don’t miss our complete coverage on the Computer networks .
A passionate adventure traveller over Trekkerpedia.com and Author of the book 'The Girl from the Woods'.
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The presentation layer is the 6 layer from the bottom in the OSI model. This layer presents the incoming data from the application layer of the sender machine to the receiver machine. It converts one format of data to another format of data if both sender and receiver understand different formats; hence this layer is also called the translation layer. It deals with the semantics and syntax of the data, so this layer is also called the syntax layer. It uses operations such as data compression, data encryption & decryption, data conversion, etc.
Data is sent from sender to receiver, but what if the sender device and receiver device understand different formats of code? For example, suppose one device understands ASCII code and another device understands EBCDIC code. In that case, the data must be translated into a code that the recipient understands to determine what data has been sent. The presentation layer is responsible for translating ASCII codes to EBCDIC or vice versa. With the help of the presentation layer, the receiver understands the data effectively and uses it efficiently. Whatever data is being transmitted between the sender and the receiver, that data must be secure because an intruder can hack the data passing between the sender and the receiver. Hackers can modify the data and send the modified data to the receiver to create false communication. The presentation layer is responsible for encrypting and decrypting data to avoid data leakage and data modification. The plaintext data at the source is encrypted into ciphertext (unreadable format), then it is sent to the receiver, where the ciphertext is decrypted into plaintext. Now, if the hacker tries to hack the data, the hacker receives an encrypted, unreadable form, and if the hacker tries to send modified data, the receiver can detect the modification during decryption; thereby, the data remains safe. If the file size is large, it becomes difficult to transmit the large file over the network. File size can be decreased by compressing the file for easy transmission of data. Compression is the method of diminishing the size of a file to transmit data easily in less time. When the compressed data reaches the receiver, the data is reconstructed back to the original size, and this process is called decompression.
The presentation layer in the OSI model is classified into two sublayers:
This sublayer offers services to layer-7, i.e., the application layer, and requests services from layer-5, i.e., the session layer. It supports various application services, such as Reliable Transfer Service Element (RTSE), Remote Operation Service Element (ROSE), Association Control Service Element (ACSE), and Commitment Concurrency and Recovery (CCR). This sublayer offers application-specific protocols, such as Message Oriented Text Interchange Standard (MOTIS), Remote Database Access (RDA), File Transfer Access and Manager (FTAM), Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP), Virtual Terminal (VT), Distributed Transaction Processing (DTP), Job Transfer and Manipulation (JTM), and others. It is a presentation layer protocol in the OSI model, which was formed by Citrix Systems. It is used for transferring data from server to client. It is a very thin protocol as it does not require much overhead in order to transmit data from the server over to the client. It is well-optimized for the WAN. It is the protocol that is used to implement the presentation layer of the OSI model. It provides different kinds of data representation, such as images, video, audio, numbers, etc. It is used for Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (Microsoft RPC) and Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) / Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). It is a communication protocol that was specifically designed for macOS by Apple, Inc. It provides file services for Classic Mac OS and macOS. This protocol is used to share files over the network. It is a protocol that is associated with the client-server operating system. The user can access the directory, print, message, file, clock synchronization, etc., with the help of this protocol. It supports many platforms, such as Linux, Classic Mac OS, Windows NT, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows. It is a telecommunications equipment that splits a stream of data into separate packets and formats packet headers for asynchronous communication on X.25 networks. It receives packets from the network and converts them into a stream of data. The PAD provides many asynchronous terminal connectivities to a host computer. It is a computer network protocol that is used to transfer data between two systems. It was first published in 1987. XDR is used by various systems such as NDMP, Network File System, NetCDF, ZFS, Open Network Computer Remote Procedure Call, and others. It is a protocol that offers ISO presentation services over TCP/IP based networks. This protocol explains an approach to provide stream-line support for OSI over TCP/IP based networks.
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What is the Presentation Layer?
Presentation Layer is the Layer 6 of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model . The presentation layer structures data that is passed down from the application layer into a format suitable for network transmission. This layer is responsible for data encryption, data compression, character set conversion, interpretation of graphics commands, and so on. The network redirector also functions at this layer.
Presentation Layer functions
Translation: Before being transmitted, information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bit streams. Layer 6 is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format the computer.
Encryption: Encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver
Compression: Data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be transmitted. Multimedia files, such as audio and video, are bigger than text files and compression is more important.
Role of Presentation Layer in the OSI Model
This layer is not always used in network communications because its functions are not always necessary. Translation is only needed if different types of machines need to talk with each other. Encryption is optional in communication. If the information is public there is no need to encrypt and decrypt info. Compression is also optional. If files are small there is no need for compression.
Explaining Layer 6 in video
Most real-world protocol suites, such as TCP/IP , do not use separate presentation layer protocols. This layer is mostly an abstraction in real-world networking.
An example of a program that loosely adheres to layer 6 of OSI is the tool that manages the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) — although it’s technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model.
However, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it. HTTP works when the requesting device forwards user requests passed to the web browser onto a web server elsewhere in the network.
It receives a return message from the web server that includes a multipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME) header. The MIME header indicates the type of file – text, video, or audio – that has been received so that an appropriate player utility can be used to present the file to the user.
In short, the presentation layer
Makes sure that data which is being transferred or received should be accurate or clear to all the devices which are there, in a closed network.
ensures proper formatting and delivery to and from the application layer;
performs data encryption; and
manages serialization of data objects.
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The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference Model protocol stack, and second from the top. It is different from the other layers in two key respects. First, it has a much more limited and specific function than the other layers; it's actually somewhat easy to describe, hurray! Second, it is used much less often than the other layers; in many types of connections it is not required.
The name of this layer suggests its main function as well: it deals with the presentation of data. More specifically, the presentation layer is charged with taking care of any issues that might arise where data sent from one system needs to be viewed in a different way by the other system. It also takes care of any special processing that must be done to data from the time an application tries to send it until the time it is sent over the network.
Here are some of the specific types of data handling issues that the presentation layer handles:
The reason that the presentation layer is not always used in network communications is that the jobs mentioned above are simply not always needed. Compression and encryption are usually considered “optional”, and translation features are also only needed in certain circumstances. Another reason why the presentation layer is sometimes not mentioned is that its functions may be performed as part of the application layer.
The fact that the translation job done by the presentation layer isn't always needed means that it is common for it to be “skipped” by actual protocol stack implementations. This means that protocols at layer seven may talk directly with those at layer five. Once again, this is part of the reason why all of the functions of layers five through seven may be included together in the same software package, as described in the overview of layers and layer groupings .
The sixth OSI model layer is called the . Protocols at this layer take care of manipulation tasks that transform data from one representation to another, such as translation, compression and encryption. In many cases, no such functions are required in a particular networking stack; if so, there may not be any protocol active at layer six.
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Introduction to Reference Models
OSI Model: Physical Layer
OSI Model: Datalink Layer
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OSI Model: Presentation Layer
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OSI Vs TCP/IP
Presentation Layer
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In this tutorial, we will be covering the Presentation layer of the OSI reference model in Computer Networks.
The presentation layer is layer-6 of the OSI reference model . This layer mainly responds to the service requests from the application layer(that is layer-7) and issues the service requests to layer-6 that is (the session layer).
This layer mainly acts as the translator of the network. Another name of the presentation layer is the Syntax layer.
The primary goal of this layer is to take care of the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating systems. The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information(data) and will be able to use the data. Languages(syntax) can be different between the two communicating systems. Under this condition, the presentation layer plays a role as translator.
In order to make it possible for computers with different data representations to communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way. The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures(eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged.
We can say that the presentation layer may represent or encode the data in various ways (like data compression, data encryption). But the receiving device mainly decodes or converts the encoded message into its original form.
For the same data, the sender and receiver must need to agree upon a messaging format that is commonly known as the Presentation format.
Also, the presentation layer is a part of the operating system that mainly converts the data from one presentation format to another presentation format.
Protocols used at the Presentation layer
Given below are some of the protocols used at the presentation layer:
AFP(Apple filling protocol)
Secure Socket Layer(SSL)
FTP(file transfer protocol)
Lightweight Presentation Protocol(LPP)
SSH(Secure shell)
Functions of Presentation Layer
Translation: Before being transmitted, the information in the form of characters and numbers should be changed to bitstreams. The presentation layer is responsible for interoperability between encoding methods as different computers use different encoding methods. It translates data between the formats the network requires and the format of the computer.
Encryption: It carries out encryption at the transmitter and decryption at the receiver.
Compression: It carries out data compression to reduce the bandwidth of the data to be transmitted. The primary role of Data compression is to reduce the number of bits to be 0transmitted. It is important in transmitting multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.
Design Issues with Presentation Layer
To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way. Eg: String, double, date, etc.
Perform Standard Encoding on the wire.
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Presentation Layer In OSI Model : A Comprehensive Guide
In the vast landscape of computer networks, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model stands as a fundamental framework for understanding how data is transmitted from one device to another. Among its seven layers, the presentation layer holds an important place, acting as a translator and formatter to ensure seamless communication between different systems. Through this article, we will try to know what is presentation layer in OSI model, what is its role in the field of networking and what is its importance.
Table of Contents
What is the Presentation Layer?
The Presentation Layer, within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is the sixth layer. It focuses on the representation of data, ensuring that information exchanged between applications is formatted appropriately for transmission and receipt across a network. This layer handles tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting. Its primary function is to ensure that data remains readable and understandable by both the sender and receiver, regardless of differences in data formats. In essence, the Presentation Layer acts as a translator and formatter, facilitating seamless communication between different systems and enhancing the reliability and security of data transmission.
Working of Presentation Layer
The Presentation Layer acts like a language translator and document formatter in the OSI model. It takes data from applications and prepares it for transmission over the network by translating it into a language that both the sender and receiver understand. Think of it as converting a letter into a universal format before mailing it overseas. Additionally, the Presentation Layer ensures that the data looks right by formatting it properly, like adjusting the font and spacing in a document. It also adds extra security by encrypting the data if needed, making it like a secret code that only the intended recipient can understand. Lastly, it might shrink the data down to save space during transmission, similar to compressing a file before emailing it. In short, the Presentation Layer makes sure data is ready for its journey across the network, keeping it secure, readable, and efficient along the way.
Functions of the Presentation Layer
Data Translation : Converting data from the format used by the application into a format suitable for transmission over the network, and vice versa, ensuring interoperability between different systems.
Encryption and Decryption : Securing data during transmission by encrypting it before sending and decrypting it upon reception, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of the information.
Data Compression : Reducing the size of data before transmission to optimize bandwidth usage and speed up the transfer process, improving network efficiency.
Data Formatting: Formatting data according to predefined standards for transmission, including character encoding, data structure, and multimedia representation, ensuring compatibility between sender and receiver applications.
Protocol Conversion : Adapting data between different network protocols or data formats, facilitating communication between systems with varying requirements or standards.
Character Code Translation: Converting characters between different character sets or encoding schemes to ensure proper interpretation of text-based data across systems with different language or encoding preferences.
Protocols are Use in Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer primarily focuses on data representation and formatting rather than specific protocols. However, some protocols or standards are commonly associated with the Presentation Layer due to their role in data representation and formatting. Here are a few examples.
MIME : MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It’s a protocol that broadens the scope of email messages, enabling the use of text in various character sets beyond ASCII. Additionally, MIME facilitates the inclusion of attachments such as audio, video, images, and application programs within emails.
SSL/TLS : SSL/TLS protocols provide secure communication over a computer network by encrypting data between the client and server, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity. While SSL/TLS operate at the Transport Layer, they often involve encryption and decryption processes associated with the Presentation Layer.
ASCII (: ASCII and Unicode are character encoding standards that represent text characters using numerical codes. These standards ensure consistent representation of text characters across different systems and platforms, which is crucial for data interchange.
JPEG, GIF, PNG : These image file formats are commonly used for encoding and transmitting images over networks. While the specifics of image compression and encoding are often handled by the Application Layer, the Presentation Layer ensures proper interpretation and formatting of these image data.
PDF : PDF is a file format used to present and exchange documents reliably, independent of software, hardware, or operating systems. The Presentation Layer ensures proper interpretation and rendering of PDF documents for display or printing
the Presentation Layer of the OSI Model acts as a translator and formatter, ensuring that data exchanged between applications remains readable and compatible across diverse systems. By handling tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression, and formatting, it enhances the reliability, efficiency, and security of data transmission over networks. Essentially, the Presentation Layer plays a crucial role in facilitating seamless communication between different systems, ensuring that information is accurately represented and securely transmitted, thus contributing to the smooth functioning of modern networking environments.
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The OSI Model - Presentation Layer
Presentation layer.
The presentation layer handles the conversion of data between a Standards-based or platform independant formats to a format understood by the local machine. This allows for data to be transported between devices and still be understood.
The presentation layer performs the folowing functions:
Communication with the application layer above.
Translation of data conforming to cross-platform standards into formats understood by the local machine.
Communication with the session layer below.
Examples of Presentation Layer Functions
Conversion of a Sun .RAS raster graphic to JPG.
Conversion of ASCII to IBM EBCDIC
Conversion of .PICT on a MAC to .jpg
Conversion of .wav to .mp3
< The Session Layer | Index | The Application Layer >
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OSI Seven Layers Model Explained with Examples
This tutorial explains the OSI reference model. Learn the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer in detail through examples.
The OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model is a comprehensive set of standards and rules for hardware manufacturers and software developers. By following these standards, they can build networking components and software applications that work in any environment. It was published in 1984 by ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
It provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes. It explains the networking from a modular perspective, making it easier to understand and troubleshoot.
Seven layers of the OSI Model
The OSI model has seven different layers, which are divided into two groups. The following table lists all the layers with their names and numbers.
Group
Layer Number
Layer Name
Description
Top Layers
7
Application
Provide a user interface for sending and receiving data
6
Presentation
Encrypt, format, and compress data for transmission
5
Session
Initiate and terminate a session with the remote system
Bottom Layers
4
Transport
Break the data stream into smaller segments and provide reliable and unreliable data delivery
3
Network
Provide logical addressing
2
Data Link
Prepare data for transmission
1
Physical
Move data between devices
Let’s understand each layer in detail.
This tutorial is the second part of the article " Networking reference models explained in detail with examples. ". Other parts of this article are the following.
This tutorial is the first part of the article. It summarizes why the OSI model was created and what advantages it has.
This tutorial is the third part of the article. It compares the OSI reference model with the TCP/IP model and lists the similarities and differences between both.
This tutorial is the fourth part of the article. It explains the five layers of the TCP/IP model in detail.
This tutorial is the fifth part of the article. It explains how data is encapsulated and de-encapsulated when it passes through the layers.
The Application Layer
This is the last and topmost layer of the OSI model. This layer provides an interface between the local system and the application program running on the network. If an application wants to use the resources available on the remote system, it interacts with this layer. Then, this layer provides the protocols and services that the application needs to access those resources.
There are two types of application programs: Network-aware and Network-unaware . An application program is considered a Network-aware application if it can make any type of network request. If an application program cannot make any type of network request, it is considered a Network-unaware program.
Network-aware programs are further divided into two types.
Programs that are mainly built to work on a local system. This type of program occasionally accesses the network for particular reasons such as updates, documentation, and troubleshooting. MS-Word, Adobe-Photoshop, and VLC Player are examples of this type of program.
Programs that are mainly built to work with a remote system. This type of program provides a platform to access resources available on a remote system. This type of program only works if the system is connected to the network. SSH, FTP, and TFTP are examples of this type of program.
The Application layer describes only the programs which fall in the second type. But it doesn’t mean that the first type of programs can’t take the advantage of the Application layer. It simply means that they are not documented in the Application layer. But if required, they can also connect to the network through the Application layer.
The Top layer of the OSI model is the application layer. It provides the protocols and services that are required by the network-aware applications to connect to the network. FTP, TFTP, POP3, SMTP, and HTTP are examples of standards and protocols used in this layer.
The Presentation Layer
The sixth layer of the OSI model is the Presentation layer. Applications running on the local system may or may not understand the format that is used to transmit the data over the network. The presentation layer works as a translator. When receiving data from the Application layer, it converts that data in such a format that can be sent over the network. When receiving data from the Session layer, it reconverts the data in such a format that the application, which will use it, can understand.
Conversion, compression, and encryption are the main functions that the Presentation layer performs on the sending computer while on the receiving computer these functions are reconversion, decompression, and decryption. ASCII, BMP, GIF, JPEG, WAV, AVI, and MPEG are examples of standards and protocols that work in this layer.
The Session Layer
The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for setting up, managing, and dismantling sessions between presentation layer entities and providing dialogs between computers.
When an application makes a network request, this layer checks whether the requested resource is available on the local system or on a remote system. If the requested resource is available on a remote system, it tests whether a network connection to access that resource is available or not. If a network connection is not available, it sends an error message back to the application informing that the connection is not available.
If a network connection is available, it establishes a session with the remote system. For each request, it uses a separate session. This allows multiple applications to send or receive data simultaneously. When data transmission is completed, it terminates the session.
The session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating communications between two computers. RPCs and NFS are examples of the session layer.
The Transport Layer
The transport layer is the fourth layer of the OSI model. It provides the following functionalities: -
Segmentation
On the sending computer, it breaks the data stream into smaller pieces. Each piece is known as a segment and the process of breaking the data stream into smaller pieces is known as the segmentation . On the receiving computer, it joins all segments to recreate the original data stream.
Data transportation
This layer establishes a logical connection between the sending system and receiving system and uses that connection to provide end-to-end data transportation. This process uses two protocols: TCP and UDP.
The TCP protocol is used for reliable data transportation. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. UDP protocol is used for unreliable data transportation. UDP is a connection-less protocol.
The main difference between a connection-less and connection-oriented protocol is that a connection-oriented protocol provides reliable data delivery. For reliable data delivery, it uses several mechanisms such as the three-way handshake process, acknowledgments, sequencing, and flow control.
Multiplexing
Through the use of port numbers, this layer also provides connection multiplexing. Connection multiplexing allows multiple applications to send and receive data simultaneously.
The main functionalities of the Transport layer are segmentation, data transportation, and connection multiplexing. For data transportation, it uses TCP and UDP protocols. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. It provides reliable data delivery.
The Network Layer
The third layer of the OSI model is the Network Layer. This layer takes the data segment from the Transport layer and adds a logical address to it. A logical address has two components; network partition and host partition. The Network partition is used to group networking components while the host partition is used to uniquely identify a system on the network. A logical address is known as the IP address. Once the logical address and other related information are added to the segment , it becomes the packet .
This layer decides whether the packet is intended for the local system or a remote system. It also specifies the standards and protocols which are used to move data packets over networks.
To move data packets between two different networks, a device known as the router is used. Routers use the logical address to make the routing decision. Routing is the process of forwarding data packets to their destination.
Defining logical addresses and finding the best path to reach the destination address are the main functions of this layer. Routers work in this layer. Routing also takes place in this layer. IP, IPX, and AppleTalk are examples of this layer.
The Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer is the second layer of the OSI model. This layer defines how networking components access the media and what transmission methods they use. This layer has two sub-layers: MAC and LLC.
MAC (Media Access Control)
This sub-layer defines how the data packets are placed in media. It also provides physical addressing. The physical address is known as the MAC address. Unlike logical addresses that need to be configured, physical addresses are pre-configured in NIC. The MAC address is used to uniquely identify a host in the local network.
LLC (Logical Link Control)
This sub-layer identifies the network layer protocol. On the sending computer, it encapsulates the information of the Network Layer protocol in the LLC header from which the Data Link layer receives the data packet. On the receiving computer, it checks the LLC header to get the information about the network layer protocol. This way, a data packet is always delivered to the same network layer protocol from which it was sent.
Defining physical addresses, finding hosts in the local network, specifying standards and methods to access the media are the primary functions of this layer. Switching takes place in this layer. Switches and Bridges work in this layer. HDLC, PPP, and Frame Relay are examples of this layer.
The Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is the first layer of the OSI model. This layer specifies the standards for devices, media, and technologies that are used in moving the data across the network such as:-
Type of cable used in connecting the devices
Patterns of pins used in both sides of the cable
Type of interface-card used in the networking device
Type of connector used to connect the cable with the network interface
Encoding of digital signals received from the Data Link layer based on the attached media type such as electrical for copper, light for fiber, or a radio wave for wireless.
On the sending computer, it converts digital signals received from the Data Link layer, into analog signals and loads them on the physical media. On the receiving computer, it picks analog signals from the media and converts them into digital signals, and transfers them to the Data Link layer for further processing.
The Physical Layer mainly defines standards for media and devices that are used to move data across the network. 10BaseT, 10Base100, CSU/DSU, DCE, and DTE are examples of the standards used in this layer.
That’s all for this tutorial. In the next part of this article, we will compare the OSI model with the TCP/IP model and explains the similarities and differences between both models. If you like this tutorial, please don’t forget to share it with friends.
By ComputerNetworkingNotes Updated on 2024-06-09
ComputerNetworkingNotes CCNA Study Guide OSI Seven Layers Model Explained with Examples
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The Presentation Layer of OSI Model
The presentation layer (Layer 6) ensures that the message is presented to the upper layer in a standardized format. It deals with the syntax and the semantics of the messages.
The main functions of the presentation layer are as follows −
It encodes the messages from the user dependent format to the common format and vice versa, for communication among dissimilar systems.
It is responsible for data encryption and decryption of sensitive data before they are transmitted over common channels.
It is also responsible for data compression. Data compression is done at the source to reduce the number of bits to be transmitted. It reduces the storage space and increases the file transfer rate. It is particularly useful for transmission of large multimedia files.
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Presentation Layer: What It Is, Design Issues, Functionalities
Description and Functions of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: In this tutorial, we are going to learn what the Presentation layer is and the Functions of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model in Computer Networking. We will also discuss the Design issues with the Presentation Layer and the working of the Presentation Layer with the help of its diagram. By Monika Jha Last updated : May 05, 2023
What is Presentation Layer?
The Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating devices.
The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in that way the receiver of the data will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data.
Languages that are syntax can be different from the two communicating machines. In this condition, the presentation layer plays the role of translator between them.
It is possible for two machines to communicate with different data representations, data structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way.
These abstract data structures will be managed by the presentation layer and this layer allows higher-level data structures (For example banking records), to be defined and exchanged.
This figure shows the relationship of the presentation layer to the session layer and application layer.
Design Issues with Presentation Layer
The following are the design issues with presentation layer:
To manage and maintain the Syntax and Semantics of the information transmitted.
Encoding data in a standard agreed-upon way just like a string, double, date, etc.
It Performs Standard Encoding scheme on the wire.
Functionalities of the Presentation Layer
Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows:
1. Translation
The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams because different computers use different encoding schemes.
The Presentation layer is responsible for compatibility between these encoding methods.
The Presentation layer at the sender's side changes the information from its sender dependent format.
The Presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common format into its receivers dependent format.
Example: Convert ASCII code to EBCDIC code.
2. Encryption
The system must be able to assure privacy regarding the message or information as it also carries sensitive information.
Encryption means that the sender transforms the original information or message to another form, this data after encryption is known as the ciphertext and this ciphertext sends the resulting message out over the network.
Decryption concerned with the transform of the message back to its original form. This decrypted data is known as plain text.
3. Compression
Data Compression means reduces the number of bits to be transmitted by this reduce the bandwidth of the data.
Data Compression becomes particularly important in the transmission of multimedia such as audio, video, text, etc.
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OSI: Layer 6 – Presentation
The presentation layer is the sixth layer (layer 6) of the seven-layer OSI model. The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or presentation to the user. It relieves the application layer from the responsibility in data representation .
This layer may translate data from a format used by the application layer into a common format at the source system. The presentation layer at the target system may re-translate the format into another appropriate format for its application layer.
Presentation Services
The presentation layer provides the following services and functions . These functions ensure that information sent from the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system.
Character code translation – i.e. ASCII to EBCDIC
Data conversion and format – the use of standard image, sound, and video formats
Data compression – de-duplicates the number of bits that need to be transmitted on the network
Data encryption – encrypt data for security purposes
Some of the protocols that function at this layer include:
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
Independent Computing Architecture (ICA)
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
Network Data Representation (NDR)
eXternal Data Representation (XDR)
X.25 Packet Assembler/Disassembler Protocol (PAD)
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Presentation Layer: Protocols, Examples, Services | Functions of Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. At the end of this article, you will completely educate about What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model without any hassle.
What is Presentation Layer?
Presentation layer is capable to handle abstract data structures, and further it helps to defined and exchange of higher-level data structures.
Presentation Layer Tutorial Headlines:
Let’s get started, functions of presentation layer.
Presentation layer performs various functions in the OSI model ; below explain each one –
Protocols of Presentation Layer
Example of presentation layer protocols:.
Here, we will discuss all examples of presentation layer protocols; below explain each one –
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : MIME protocol was introduced by Bell Communications in 1991, and it is an internet standard that provides scalable capable of email for attaching of images, sounds and text in a message.
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) : This protocol is used to make connection with Usenet server and transmit all newsgroup articles in between system over internet.
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP ) : AFP protocol is designed by Apple company for sharing all files over the entire network .
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) : NCP is a Novell client server model protocol that is designed especially for Local Area Network (LAN). It is capable to perform several functions like as file/print-sharing, clock synchronization, remote processing and messaging.
Network Data Representation (NDR) : NDR is an data encoding standard, and it is implement in the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).
Tox : The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer , and it is used for sending peer-to-peer instant-messaging as well as video calling.
eXternal Data Representation (XDR) : This protocol provides the description and encoding of entire data, and it’s main goal is to transfer data in between dissimilar computer architecture.
Presentation Layer Services
Design issues with presentation layer, faqs (frequently asked questions), what is meant by presentation layer in osi model.
Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model that is the lowest layer, where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts.
What protocols are used in the presentation layer?
Can you explain some presentation layer examples, what are the main functions of the presentation layer, what are services of presentation layer in osi.
Presentation layer has a responsibility for formatting, translation, and delivery of the information for getting to process otherwise display .
Now, i hope that you have completely learnt about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. If this post is useful for you, then please share it along with your friends, family members or relatives over social media platforms like as Facebook, Instagram, Linked In, Twitter, and more.
Also Read: Data Link Layer: Protocols, Examples | Functions of Data Link Layer
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Design Issues in Presentation Layer
The syntax and the semantics of the information exchanged between two communication systems is managed by the presentation layer of the OSI Model .
Before going through the design issues in the presentation layer, some of its main functions are:
Translation – It is necessary that the information which is in the form of numbers, characters and symbols needs to be changed to the bit streams. The presentation layer handles the different encoding methods used by different machines .It manages the translation of data between the format of network requires and computer.
Encryption – The data encryption at the transmission end as well as the decryption at the receiver end is managed by the presentation layer.
Compression – In order to reduce the number of bits to be transmitted, the presentation layer performs the data compression. It increases efficiency in case of multimedia files such as audio, video etc.
Design issues with Presentation Layer :
Standard way of encoding data – The presentation layer follows a standard way to encode data when it needs to be transmitted. This encoded data is represented as character strings, integers, floating point numbers, and data structures composed of simple components. It is handled differently by different machines based on the encoding methods followed by them.
Maintaining the Syntax and Semantics of distributed information – The presentation layer manages and maintains the syntax as well as logic and meaning of the information that is distributed.
Standard Encoding on the wire – The data structures that are defined to be exchanged need to be abstract along with the standard encoding to be used “on the wire”.
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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”
Guy Kawasaki
Remember: Less is more.
A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.
Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.
As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.
Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.
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Analytical Methods
Layer-by-layer assembly of homopolypeptide polyelectrolytes on asymmetric nanochannels for the detection of nickel ions †.
* Corresponding authors
a Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, No. 127, Youyi Road (West), Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]
b State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, No. 222, Tianshui Road (South), Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected]
Nickel stands out as one of the prevalent heavy metal ionic pollutants found in water. It is urgent to devise a simple, efficient, budget-friendly, highly-selective and proficient method for detecting Ni( II ). This work reports an approach to design a nanofluidic diode for the ultrasensitive and label-free detection of nickel ions based on layer-by-layer assembly of polyarginine (PA) and polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on the inner surface of asymmetric nanochannels. We can tune the adsorption/desorption characteristics of the asymmetric nanochannels for Ni 2+ by adjusting the pH changes, i.e. , the PA-γ-PGA modified nanochannels adsorb Ni 2+ at pH 6 and desorb at pH 3 in aqueous solution. This pivotal adjustment facilitates the reusable and specific detection of nickel ions with a detection limit of 1 × 10 −8 M. Moreover, the system demonstrates commendable stability and recyclability, enhancing its practical applicability. This innovative system holds promise for recognizing and detecting nickel ions in diverse environments such as water, blood, and cells. The robust performance and adaptability of our proposed system instill confidence in its potential for future applications.
This article is part of the themed collection: Analytical Methods HOT Articles 2024
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Layer-by-layer assembly of homopolypeptide polyelectrolytes on asymmetric nanochannels for the detection of nickel ions
P. An, J. Yang, T. Wang, S. Lu, D. Wang, Z. Wang, C. Sun, C. Qin and J. Li, Anal. Methods , 2024, 16 , 2654 DOI: 10.1039/D4AY00422A
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Prerequisite : OSI Model. Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required ...
The Session Layer initiates, maintains, and terminates connections between two end-user applications. It responds to requests from the presentation layer and issues requests to the transport layer. OSI Layer 6. Layer 6 is the presentation layer. This layer is responsible for data formatting, such as character encoding and conversions, and data ...
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified ...
The presentation layer is located at Layer 6 of the OSI model. The tool that manages Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) is an example of a program that loosely adheres to the presentation layer of OSI. Although it's technically considered an application-layer protocol per the TCP/IP model, HTTP includes presentation layer services within it.
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. ... As well as simple pieces of data, like strings, more complicated things are standardized in this layer. ...
Presentation Layer is the sixth layer in the OSI model and here are some of the functionalities of the presentation layer: Translation. Before being transmitted, the data remains in the form of ...
The presentation layer is the 6 th layer from the bottom in the OSI model. This layer presents the incoming data from the application layer of the sender machine to the receiver machine. It converts one format of data to another format of data if both sender and receiver understand different formats; hence this layer is also called the ...
Presentation Layer is the Layer 6 of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The presentation layer structures data that is passed down from the application layer into a format suitable for network transmission. This layer is responsible for data encryption, data compression, character set conversion, interpretation ...
Presentation Layer (Layer 6) The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference Model protocol stack, and second from the top. It is different from the other layers in two key respects. First, it has a much more limited and specific function than the other layers; it's actually somewhat easy to describe, hurray! Second, it is used ...
The presentation layer is layer-6 of the OSI reference model. This layer mainly responds to the service requests from the application layer (that is layer-7) and issues the service requests to layer-6 that is (the session layer). This layer mainly acts as the translator of the network. Another name of the presentation layer is the Syntax layer.
Key functions of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model include: Data Encryption: It securely encrypts data to prevent unauthorized access during transmission. Data Compression: It reduces data ...
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer. It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes.
The Presentation Layer, within the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is the sixth layer. It focuses on the representation of data, ensuring that information exchanged between applications is formatted appropriately for transmission and receipt across a network. This layer handles tasks such as data translation, encryption, compression ...
The presentation layer handles the conversion of data between a Standards-based or platform independant formats to a format understood by the local machine. This allows for data to be transported between devices and still be understood. The presentation layer performs the folowing functions: . Communication with the application layer above.; Translation of data conforming to cross-platform ...
OSI Model Advantages and Basic Purpose Explained . This tutorial is the first part of the article. It summarizes why the OSI model was created and what advantages it has. ... The presentation layer works as a translator. When receiving data from the Application layer, it converts that data in such a format that can be sent over the network ...
The Presentation Layer of OSI Model. The presentation layer (Layer 6) ensures that the message is presented to the upper layer in a standardized format. It deals with the syntax and the semantics of the messages. The main functions of the presentation layer are as follows −. It encodes the messages from the user dependent format to the common ...
Functionalities of the Presentation Layer. Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows: 1. Translation. The processes or running programs in two machines are usually exchanging the information in the form of numbers, character strings and so on before being transmitted. The information should be changed to bitstreams ...
Presentation Layer: The presentation layer is layer 6 of the 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It is used to present data to the application layer (layer 7) in an accurate, well-defined and standardized format. The presentation layer is sometimes called the syntax layer.
The presentation layer is a very important layer because it handles encryption, decryption, and the conversion of complex data into flat-byte strings, a format that is easily transmittable. The ...
The presentation layer is the sixth layer (layer 6) of the seven-layer OSI model. The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or presentation to the user. It relieves the application layer from the responsibility in data representation.
What is Presentation Layer? Definition: Presentation layer is 6th layer in the OSI model, and its main objective is to present all messages to upper layer as a standardized format.It is also known as the "Translation layer". This layer takes care of syntax and semantics of messages exchanged in between two communication systems. Presentation layer has responsible that receiver can ...
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that divides network communications functions into seven layers. Sending data over a network is complex because various hardware and software technologies must work cohesively across geographical and political boundaries. The OSI data model provides a universal language for ...
Design issues with Presentation Layer : Standard way of encoding data - The presentation layer follows a standard way to encode data when it needs to be transmitted. This encoded data is represented as character strings, integers, floating point numbers, and data structures composed of simple components.
A - Basic needs for victims of crime is the focus of this award. Keep in mind the award is for $200,000 over two years, so consider how to prioritize essential victim needs and consider how to use the funds to support the most victims. Additionally, for examples of allowable expenses please see pg 4 of the solicitation.
A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you're pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something ...
Nickel stands out as one of the prevalent heavy metal ionic pollutants found in water. It is urgent to devise a simple, efficient, budget-friendly, highly-selective and proficient method for detecting Ni(II).This work reports an approach to design a nanofluidic diode for the ultrasensitive and label-free detection of nickel ions based on layer-by-layer assembly of polyarginine (PA) and ...