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Presentation layer.
The presentation layer handles the conversion of data between a Standards-based or platform independant formats to a format understood by the local machine. This allows for data to be transported between devices and still be understood.
The presentation layer performs the folowing functions:
< The Session Layer | Index | The Application Layer >
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A tutorial on the open systems interconnection (osi) networking reference model plus tips on how to memorize the seven layers..
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that describes networking or telecommunications systems as seven layers, each with its own function.
The layers help network pros visualize what is going on within their networks and can help network managers narrow down problems (is it a physical issue or something with the application?), as well as computer programmers (when developing an application, which other layers does it need to work with?). Tech vendors selling new products will often refer to the OSI model to help customers understand which layer their products work with or whether it works “across the stack”.
The layers (from bottom to top) are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
It wasn’t always this way. Conceived in the 1970s when computer networking was taking off, two separate models were merged in 1983 and published in 1984 to create the OSI model that most people are familiar with today. Most descriptions of the OSI model go from top to bottom, with the numbers going from Layer 7 down to Layer 1.
The layers, and what they represent, are as follows:
The Application Layer in the OSI model is the layer that is the “closest to the end user”. It receives information directly from users and displays incoming data to the user. Oddly enough, applications themselves do not reside at the application layer. Instead the layer facilitates communication through lower layers in order to establish connections with applications at the other end. Web browsers (Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, etc.) TelNet, and FTP, are examples of communications that rely on Layer 7.
The Presentation Layer represents the area that is independent of data representation at the application layer. In general, it represents the preparation or translation of application format to network format, or from network formatting to application format. In other words, the layer “presents” data for the application or the network. A good example of this is encryption and decryption of data for secure transmission; this happens at Layer 6.
When two computers or other networked devices need to speak with one another, a session needs to be created, and this is done at the Session Layer . Functions at this layer involve setup, coordination (how long should a system wait for a response, for example) and termination between the applications at each end of the session.
The Transport Layer deals with the coordination of the data transfer between end systems and hosts. How much data to send, at what rate, where it goes, etc. The best known example of the Transport Layer is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which is built on top of the Internet Protocol (IP), commonly known as TCP/IP. TCP and UDP port numbers work at Layer 4, while IP addresses work at Layer 3, the Network Layer.
Here at the Network Layer is where you’ll find most of the router functionality that most networking professionals care about and love. In its most basic sense, this layer is responsible for packet forwarding, including routing through different routers . You might know that your Boston computer wants to connect to a server in California, but there are millions of different paths to take. Routers at this layer help do this efficiently.
The Data Link Layer provides node-to-node data transfer (between two directly connected nodes), and also handles error correction from the physical layer. Two sublayers exist here as well–the Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. In the networking world, most switches operate at Layer 2. But it’s not that simple. Some switches also operate at Layer 3 in order to support virtual LANs that may span more than one switch subnet, which requires routing capabilities.
At the bottom of our OSI model we have the Physical Layer, which represents the electrical and physical representation of the system. This can include everything from the cable type, radio frequency link (as in a Wi-Fi network), as well as the layout of pins, voltages, and other physical requirements. When a networking problem occurs, many networking pros go right to the physical layer to check that all of the cables are properly connected and that the power plug hasn’t been pulled from the router, switch or computer, for example.
Most people in IT will likely need to know about the different layers when they’re going for their certifications, much like a civics student needs to learn about the three branches of the US government. After that, you hear about the OSI model when vendors are making pitches about which layers their products work with.
In a Quora post asking about the purpose of the OSI model, Vikram Kumar answered this way: “The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide vendors and developers so the digital communication products and software programs they create will interoperate, and to facilitate clear comparisons among communications tools.”
While some people may argue that the OSI model is obsolete (due to its conceptual nature) and less important than the four layers of the TCP/IP model, Kumar says that “it is difficult to read about networking technology today without seeing references to the OSI model and its layers, because the model’s structure helps to frame discussions of protocols and contrast various technologies.”
If you can understand the OSI model and its layers, you can also then understand which protocols and devices can interoperate with each other when new technologies are developed and explained.
In a post on GeeksforGeeks, contributor Vabhav Bilotia argues several reasons why the OSI model remains relevant, especially when it comes to security and determining where technical risks and vulnerabilities may exist.
For example, by understanding the different layers, enterprise security teams can identify and classify physical access, where the data is sitting, and provide an inventory of the applications that employees use to access data and resources.
“Knowing where the majority of your company’s data is held, whether on-premises or in cloud services, will help define your information security policy,” writes Bilotia. “You can invest in the correct solutions that provide you data visibility within the proper OSI layers once you have this knowledge.”
In addition, the OSI model can be used to understand cloud infrastructure migrations, particularly when it comes to securing data within the cloud.
And because the model has been around for so long and understood by so many, the uniform vocabulary and terms helps networking professionals understand quickly about the components of the networking system “While this paradigm is not directly implemented in today’s TCP/IP networks, it is a useful conceptual model for relating multiple technologies to one another and implementing the appropriate technology in the appropriate way,” Bilotia writes. We couldn’t agree more.
If you need to memorize the layers for a college or certification test, here are a few sentences to help remember them in order. The first letter of each word is the same as the first letter an OSI layer.
From Application to Physical (Layer 7 to Layer 1):
From Physical to Application (Layer 1 to Layer 7):
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In this article, you will learn about the core concepts of the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) model in a simple and easy way.
As a developer, it's a good idea to learn how things work "under the hood". That way you understand what your code and the tools you use are actually doing.
But it might seem easier to rely on black box abstraction and ignore the inner workings.
A popular black box abstraction is the internet.
Sure, many of us probably know the basics of what the internet is and how it works. There is a client and a server and they simply "communicate" with each other using something called HTTP or HTTPS?
But that's the extent of most people's knowledge.
I'm not saying we shouldn't use abstractions – I'm just saying that we should have some basic idea about how things work.
This is why I'm writing this article: to demystify this black box to help you learn how computers communicate with each other over a network.
The Open Systems Interconnection or OSI model is essentially a reference system that lays out how computers communicate with each other over a network.
It was created in 1983 by representatives of telecom companies and officially standardized in 1984 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
It is divided into seven layers. Each layer has its own domain and receives data from the previous layer, while passing data to the next layer.
The seven layers are:
Presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer.
If we think of it in coding terms, each layer is a class with some core functionality, and each class communicates with only the class above or below it.
Keep in mind that this is a reference model, meaning that we don't actually use it in real life. There is another model which is very similar to the OSI model but it encapsulates the first three layers and the last two.
This "real life" model is called the TCP/IP Model which is what the internet runs on.
But before we jump in and deal with each layer one by one, let's go over why should you learn the OSI model if it's not even used in real life.
During the past 20 years or so, the world has dramatically changed.
The internet came, the "web" came, and within the web ecosystem lots of things have changed. We started with simple HTML pages, then came JavaScript, and now we have all these frameworks and it sometimes feels so overwhelming.
But, you gotta remember this:
Learn the fundamentals, learn from first principles.
Let's take the web, for example, aside from all these changes we have seen during the past 20 years.
How the web works hasn't actually change much.
We still use the HTTP protocol.
It's true that the HTTP protocol has been updated, but not so much.
Even if we break down HTTP, it's made from TCP which also hasn't changed much.
My point is that you should stop looking at the shiny new things and focus on the fundamentals that these shiny new things are built upon.
For example, I remember when web sockets was a popular thing.
But if we break it down, they're based on the TCP protocol.
If you know TCP, you can easily understand how web sockets work and don't have to rely on black box abstractions.
I hope I've convinced on why you should learn from first principles. This not only applies to software engineering but to many other fields, too.
With that done, let's go over the seven layers of the OSI model.
The application layer is where most software engineers work. And this is where your browsers lives.
But I'm not talking about concrete applications such as Chrome, Skype, or Outlook.
I'm talking more fundamental things, such as protocols.
For example:
In a nutshell, the application layer handles the foundation that almost all end user applications use.
Once the client makes the HTTP request, the request itself get's passed down to the presentation layer (also called syntax layer).
This layer handles three main functionalities:
You don't want your data out in public, which is why smart people created the Transport Layer Security (TLS). It essentially encrypts your data.
It's also responsible for decrypting requests coming from other servers to be consumed by the application layer.
These are some big words, but what they essentially mean is "translation".
We want to "translate" our data to forms that our application understands.
For example, simple data structures may be translated into "objects" that our JavaScript application understands.
On the other hand, if we want our data to pass down the layer, we would translate our object into simple data structures that could be understood in the lower layers.
This is a no-brainer: the fewer bits there are to send, the faster the request will be.
This is also one of the main functions of the presentation layer. Keep in mind this is a lossless compression meaning no information will be lost in the process.
Well to be fair, in the real world most of these things are done in the application layer.
This is why in the TCP/IP model the presentation layer is part of the application layer.
This one is a bit confusing. And in fact, I couldn't find many use cases for it.
The primary function of the session layer is to manage connections between client and server.
But what does that actually mean?
So let's say you want to go to google.com
To do that you first have to establish a connection with google.com, so you say "Hey server, what's up, I want to connect to google.com".
The server responds back: "Yeah, sure."
Congratulations, you have just established a connection with google.com's server and can freely send a GET request to fetch the page.
Long story short, this layer is used for:
Now comes the reality check: in real life this pretty much does not exist and is part of the Transport Layer – which we'll discuss next.
This is where the interesting stuff happens.
The transport layer is usually defined based on the protocol that's being used.
The two most popular ones are :
TCP is one of the main protocols in the internet suite. It is used on top of the IP (internet protocol) to ensure reliable transmission of packets.
TCP fixes many issues that arise when you use IP such as lost packets, out of order packets, duplicate packets, and corrupted packets.
You would use TCP in applications that require all packets to be error-free such as text messaging.
On the other hand UDP is stateless, meaning it doesn't save any state between the client and server It is also very light making it fast. But the downside is that it's not reliable, packets can go missing, get corrupted, and so on.
UDP is mostly used when you don't really care if you lose a few packets here and there, such as video streaming.
Also keep in mind that the data in this layer are called segments.
Long story short, TCP is reliable but slow, while UDP is unreliable but fast.
I don't really know why this is called the network layer.
It should be called the internet layer – because the most important protocol here is the Internet Protocol (IP)
What the IP basically does is it takes the segments from the transport protocol, and adds meta-data that helps identify where your client is in a local network.
Another function of the network layer is message forwarding, meaning that it sends your packets from network to network.
Data in this layer are called packets.
This layer defines how data is transmitted between two systems.
It takes care of things such as how long two systems talk to each other, how much data can be sent, and what happens if there are any errors. All this is handled in the Data Link layer.
The data link layer is broken up to two sub-layers:
Packets are taken from the network layer, and are encapsulated with the addition of new headers for the MAC address of the client and server.
There is also another subset of data added at the end of the packet which is used for error detection. This is called the tail.
Once these meta-data are added, the data is now called a frame.
Finally this is the physical layer.
Don't get confused with the word physical – we are not only talking about wires.
Data can get transferred in many different ways such as radio waves or even light.
Unfortunately these ways of transportation do not know "frames", they only know bits.
The function of this layer is to simply transform frames into bytes (8 bits) and send them over some transport method (electricity, waves, light, and so on).
Finally our request will get transmitted to the server, and the server will go through the same process but in reverse.
In this article, you learned:
I hope you learned something today, and would like to thank you for reaching the end.
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Presentation Layer is responsible for representation & formatting of data for session Layer in encapsulation process. It is the 6th Layer in the seven layer OSI Model after Session Layer. Presentation layer serves like a translator & takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information or data and will be able to use the data. OSI Model divides the network communication processes into seven layers in order to simplify it. Each layer performs specific functions to support the layers above it. This seven Layer model starts from Physical till Application Layer & Presentation Layer is on 2nd place in this model as in below figure:
Each Layer in OSI Model Performs some important duties. Important functions performed by Presentation Layer are listed here:
*Encryption is typically done at this layer as well, although it can be done on the application, session, transport, or network layers, each having its own advantages and disadvantages
The OSI Model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication. Actual communication is made possible by using communication protocols. Each layer on the OSI Model has some protocols associated with it. Some important protocols on Presentation layer are listed in below:
Presentation Layer is the 6th Layer in seven Layer OSI Model. It performs important functions like Data Formatting, Data Representation, Data Encryption/Decryption, Data Compression and De-compression. Important Protocols at Presentation Layer include ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF, SSL & TLS. Equipment operating at Presentation Layer include Firewalls, Gateways, Load Balancers & Computers.
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There are two popular networking models: the OSI layers model and the TCP/IP layers model. The presentation layer and session layer exist only in the OSI layers models. The TCP/IP layers model merges them into the application layer.
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer.
It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes. For example, a web browser receives a web page from a web server in the HTML language. HTML language includes many tags and markup that have no meaning for the end user but they have special meaning for the web browser. the web browser uses the presentation layer's logic to read those syntaxes and format data in such a way the web server wants it to be present to the user.
On the sender device, it encapsulates and compresses data before sending it to the network to increase the speed and security of the network. On the receiver device, it de-encapsulates and decompresses data before presenting it to the user.
Example standards for representing graphical information: JPEG, GIF, JPEG, and TIFF.
Example standards for representing audio information: WAV, MIDI, MP3.
Example standards for representing video information: WMV, MOV, MP4, MPEG.
Example standards for representing text information: doc, xls, txt, pdf.
The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI layers model. It is responsible for initiating, establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between the local application and the remote applications.
It defines standards for three modes of communication: full duplex, half-duplex, and simplex.
In the full duplex mode, both devices can send and receive data simultaneously. The internet connection is an example of the full duplex mode.
In the half duplex mode, only one device can send data at a time. A telephone conversation is an example of the half-duplex mode.
In the simplex mode, only one device can send data. A radio broadcast is an example of the simplex mode.
Structure Query Language (SQL), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and Network File System (NFS) are examples of the session layer.
By ComputerNetworkingNotes Updated on 2023-04-25
ComputerNetworkingNotes CCNA Study Guide Presentation layer and Session layer of the OSI model
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Description and Functions of Presentation Layer in the OSI model: In this tutorial, we are going to learn what the Presentation layer is and the Functions of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model in Computer Networking. We will also discuss the Design issues with the Presentation Layer and the working of the Presentation Layer with the help of its diagram. By Monika Jha Last updated : May 05, 2023
The Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two communicating devices.
This figure shows the relationship of the presentation layer to the session layer and application layer.
The following are the design issues with presentation layer:
Specific functionalities of the presentation layer are as follows:
Example: Convert ASCII code to EBCDIC code.
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Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. At the end of this article, you will completely educate about What is Presentation Layer in OSI Model without any hassle.
Presentation layer is capable to handle abstract data structures, and further it helps to defined and exchange of higher-level data structures.
Let’s get started, functions of presentation layer.
Presentation layer performs various functions in the OSI model ; below explain each one –
Example of presentation layer protocols:.
Here, we will discuss all examples of presentation layer protocols; below explain each one –
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) : MIME protocol was introduced by Bell Communications in 1991, and it is an internet standard that provides scalable capable of email for attaching of images, sounds and text in a message.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) : FTP is a internet protocol, and its main goal is to transmit all files in between one host to other hosts over the internet on TCP/IP connections.
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) : This protocol is used to make connection with Usenet server and transmit all newsgroup articles in between system over internet.
Apple Filing Protocol (AFP ) : AFP protocol is designed by Apple company for sharing all files over the entire network .
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) : NCP is a Novell client server model protocol that is designed especially for Local Area Network (LAN). It is capable to perform several functions like as file/print-sharing, clock synchronization, remote processing and messaging.
Network Data Representation (NDR) : NDR is an data encoding standard, and it is implement in the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).
Tox : The Tox protocol is sometimes regarded as part of both the presentation and application layer , and it is used for sending peer-to-peer instant-messaging as well as video calling.
eXternal Data Representation (XDR) : This protocol provides the description and encoding of entire data, and it’s main goal is to transfer data in between dissimilar computer architecture.
Design issues with presentation layer, faqs (frequently asked questions), what is meant by presentation layer in osi model.
Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model that is the lowest layer, where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts.
Can you explain some presentation layer examples, what are the main functions of the presentation layer, what are services of presentation layer in osi.
Presentation layer has a responsibility for formatting, translation, and delivery of the information for getting to process otherwise display .
Now, i hope that you have completely learnt about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service ; involving with major functions of presentation Layer with ease. If this post is useful for you, then please share it along with your friends, family members or relatives over social media platforms like as Facebook, Instagram, Linked In, Twitter, and more.
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The presentation layer is the sixth layer (layer 6) of the seven-layer OSI model. The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or presentation to the user. It relieves the application layer from the responsibility in data representation .
This layer may translate data from a format used by the application layer into a common format at the source system. The presentation layer at the target system may re-translate the format into another appropriate format for its application layer.
The presentation layer provides the following services and functions . These functions ensure that information sent from the application layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system.
Some of the protocols that function at this layer include:
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The syntax and the semantics of the information exchanged between two communication systems is managed by the presentation layer of the OSI Model .
Before going through the design issues in the presentation layer, some of its main functions are:
Design issues with Presentation Layer :
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Introduction : Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. This layer is also known as Translation layer, as this layer serves as a data translator for the network. The data which this layer receives from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated here as per the required format to transmit over ...
Learn about the OSI model and its 7 layers of networking, explained in plain English to understand how networks function.
The presentation layer is the lowest layer at which application programmers consider data structure and presentation, instead of simply sending data in the form of datagrams or packets between hosts. This layer deals with issues of string representation - whether they use the Pascal method (an integer length field followed by the specified ...
The Presentation Layer, situated at Layer 6 of the OSI model, acts as an intermediary between the Application Layer (Layer 7) and the Session Layer (Layer 5). Its primary function is to ensure ...
The presentation layer ensures the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. On the sending system it is responsible for conversion to standard, transmittable formats. [7] On the receiving system it is responsible for the translation, formatting, and delivery of ...
What is the presentation layer? The presentation layer resides at Layer 6 of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) communications model and ensures that communications that pass through it are in the appropriate form for the recipient application. In other words, the presentation layer presents the data in a readable format from an ...
The presentation layer structures data that is passed down from the application layer into a format suitable for network transmission. This layer is responsible for data encryption, data compression, character set conversion, interpretation of graphics commands, and so on. The network redirector also functions at this layer.
The presentation layer manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data structures (eg: banking records), to be defined and exchanged. We can say that the presentation layer may represent or encode the data in various ways (like data compression, data encryption). But the receiving device mainly decodes or converts the ...
The presentation layer is the 6 th layer from the bottom in the OSI model. This layer presents the incoming data from the application layer of the sender machine to the receiver machine. It converts one format of data to another format of data if both sender and receiver understand different formats; hence this layer is also called the ...
The presentation layer handles the conversion of data between a Standards-based or platform independant formats to a format understood by the local machine. This allows for data to be transported between devices and still be understood. The presentation layer performs the folowing functions: Communication with the application layer above.
This tutorial explains the OSI reference model. Learn the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer in detail through examples.
A tutorial on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model plus tips on how to memorize the seven layers.
Presentation Layer The presentation layer is concerned with preserving the meaning of information sent across a network. The presentation layer may represent (encode) the data in various ways (e.g., data compression, or encryption), but the receiving peer will convert the encoding back into its original meaning. The presentation layer concerns itself with the following issues:
In this article, you will learn about the core concepts of the Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) model in a simple and easy way.
The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session ...
In conclusion, the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
OSI Model divides the network communication processes into seven layers in order to simplify it. Each layer performs specific functions to support the layers above it. This seven Layer model starts from Physical till Application Layer & Presentation Layer is on 2nd place in this model as in below figure:
The presentation layer is the sixth layer of the OSI Reference model. It defines how data and information is transmitted and presented to the user. It translates data and format code in such a way that it is correctly used by the application layer. It identifies the syntaxes that different applications use and formats data using those syntaxes.
The presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in that way the receiver of the data will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data. Languages that are syntax can be different from the two communicating machines. In this condition, the presentation layer plays the role of translator between them. It is possible for two machines to communicate with different ...
Presentation Layer is the 6th layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model where all application programmer consider data structure and presentation, beyond of simply sending the data into form of datagram otherwise packets in between the hosts. Now, we will explain about what is presentation layer with its protocols, example, service; involving with major functions of presentation ...
The presentation layer is the sixth layer (layer 6) of the seven-layer OSI model. The presentation layer is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing or presentation to the user. It relieves the application layer from the responsibility in data representation.
The Open Systems Intercommunication (OSI) model is a conceptual model that represents how network communications work. Learn more about the 7-layer OSI model.
Design issues with Presentation Layer : Standard way of encoding data -. The presentation layer follows a standard way to encode data when it needs to be transmitted. This encoded data is represented as character strings, integers, floating point numbers, and data structures composed of simple components.
Rachel Maser (@cleanfoodcrush). 2 Likes. Seven Layer Chicken Taco Salad 塞 SIMPLE Layered Salad with a beautiful presentation and an ABSOLUTELY...