case study on energy resources ppt

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building America program has developed a series of technology-specific case studies and best practices guides that may be applicable to all climate zones.

Technology Solutions for New and Existing Homes

These case studies from Building America research teams and national laboratories describe energy-saving solutions for both new and existing homes, classified into four categories.

Building Envelope Solutions for Walls, Foundations, and Roofs

Project:  Advanced Extended Plate and Beam Wall System in a Cold-Climate House Technology Focus: Building envelope Profile: This case study describes the highly insulated (high-R) light-frame wall system, called the extended plate and beam (EP&B), for use above grade in residential buildings. 

Project: Apartment Compartmentalization with an Aerosol-Based Sealing Process Technology Focus: Air-sealing, building envelope Profile: In this case study, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team demonstrated the automated air-sealing and compartmentalization of buildings through the use of an aerosolized sealant developed by the Western Cooling Efficiency Center at University of California Davis.

Project : Application of Spray Foam Insulation Under Plywood and OSB Roof Sheathing Technology Focus: Insulation, existing homes with unvented cathedralized roofs Profile: Building Science Corporation conducted hygrothermal modeling and explorations of 11 in-service roof systems that used spray polyurethane foam to study the performance of this system for air-sealing in complex assemblies, particularly roofs.

Project: Capillary Break Beneath a Slab: Polyethylene Sheeting Over Aggregate Technology Focus: Foundation, water management Profile: In this project, IBACOS worked with a builder of single- and multifamily homes in southwestern Pennsylvania (climate zone 5) to understand its methods of successfully using polyethylene sheeting over aggregate as a capillary break beneath the slab in new construction.

Project: Cladding Attachment Over Mineral Fiber Insulation Board Technology Focus: Exterior insulation of wood-framed buildings, new and existing homes Profile: In this project, Building Science Corporation studied the performance of mineral fiber insulation sheathing as a viable solution for exterior insulation retrofits, and developed guidance for retrofit assembly for wood-frame roof and walls and for cast concrete foundations.

Project : Cladding Attachment Over Thick Exterior Insulating Sheathing Technology Focus: Exterior insulation, new and existing homes Profile: Building Science Corporation investigated the benefits—and limitations—of adding insulation to the exterior of buildings as an effective means of increasing the thermal resistance of wood-framed walls and mass masonry wall assemblies.

Project: Cold Climate Foundation Wall Hygrothermal Research Facility Technology Focus: Building envelope and wall systems Profile: This case study describes the University of Minnesota’s Cloquet Residential Research Facility in northern Minnesota, which features more than 2,500 ft 2   of below-grade space for building systems foundation hygrothermal research.

Project: Complete and Fully Aligned Air Barrier Technology Focus: Air-sealing, insulation Profile: This research project, conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , focused on eliminating excessive humidity in the attic of a multi-floor, single-family home that was causing condensation and water damage along the roof and eaves.

Project: Cost Analysis of Roof-Only Air-Sealing and Insulation Strategies on 1-1/2 Story Homes in Cold Climates Technology Focus: Roof, air-sealing, insulation Profile: This project describes the use of the External Thermal and Moisture Management System developed by the NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership for deep energy retrofits. It is effective in reducing energy loss through the building envelope, improving building durability, reducing ice dams, and providing opportunities to improve occupant comfort and health.

Project: Durable Interior Foundation Insulation Retrofits for Cold Climates Technology Focus: Foundations Profile: This approach by the NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership team addresses thermal and moisture management for basements from the interior face of the wall without disturbing the exterior soil and landscaping.

Project: Excavationless: Exterior-Side Foundation Insulation for Existing Homes Technology Focus: Insulation, foundations Profile: This project describes an innovative, minimally invasive foundation insulation upgrade technique on an existing home that uses hydrovac excavation technology combined with a liquid insulating foam. Cost savings over the traditional excavation process ranged from 23% to 50%.

Project: Field Trial of an Aerosol-Based Enclosure Sealing Technology Technology Focus: Insulation Profile: This project demonstrated a new method for sealing building envelope air leaks using an aerosol sealing process developed by the Western Cooling Efficiency Center at the University of California-Davis, which is part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America research team Alliance for Residential Building Innovation. Developed in a laboratory setting, this process was applied to six single-family homes in this study and involved pressurizing a building while applying an aerosol sealant to the interior. 

Project: High-Performance Walls in Hot-Dry Climates Technology Focus: Walls Profile: In this project, the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation team worked with California builders to to implement wall assemblies meeting a U-value lower than 0.050 Btu/h-ft2-°F. The team observed and documented construction methods and obtained construction costs from builders to inform cost estimates for a range of advanced wall system types and insulation types.

Project: Hygrothermal Performance of a Double-Stud Cellulose Wall Technology Focus: Walls Profile: In this project, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings research team monitored a double-stud assembly in climate zone 5A to determine the accu­racy of moisture modeling and make recommendations to ensure durable and efficient assemblies..

Project: Initial and Long-Term Movement of Cladding Installed Over Exterior Rigid Insulation Technology Focus: Insulation, walls Profile: This research conducted by Building Science Corporation evaluated the system mechanics and long-term performance of the use of wood furring strips attached through the insulation back to the structure to provide a convenient cladding attachment location for exterior insulation.

Project: Innovative Retrofit Foundation Insulation Strategies Technology Focus: Foundation insulation Profile: In this project, the NorthernSTAR Building America Partnership evaluated a retrofit insulation strategy for foundations that is designed for use with open-core concrete block foundation walls. The three main goals were to improve moisture control, improve occupant comfort, and reduce heat loss..

Project: Insulated Siding Retrofit in a Cold Climate Technology Focus: Exterior building envelope Profile: In this study, the Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction worked with Kinsley Construction Company to evaluate the real-world performance of insulated siding when applied to an existing home.

Project : Insulating Concrete Forms Technology Focus: Building envelope Profile: This Pacific Northwest National Laboratory project investigated insulating concrete forms—rigid foam, hollow walls that are filled with concrete for highly insulated, hurricane-resistant construction.

Project: Interior Foundation Insulation Upgrade - Madison Residence Technology Focus: Building envelope Profile: This basement insulation project included a dimple mat conveying inbound moisture to a drain tile, airtight spray polyurethane foam wall and floor insulation, and radiant floor heat installation..

Project: Interior Foundation Insulation Upgrade - Minneapolis Residence Technology Focus: Building envelope Profile: This interior foundation project employed several techniques to improve performance and mitigate moisture issues: dimple mat; spray polyurethane foam insulation; moisture and thermal management systems for the floor; and paperless gypsum board and steel framing.

Project: Investigating Solutions to Wind Washing Issues in Two-Story Florida Homes; Phase 2 - Southeastern United States Technology Focus: Attic-floor cavity intersections Profile: The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction team investigated wind washing in 56 homes and developed recommendations for cost-effective retrofit solutions and information that can help avoid these problems in new construction.

Project : Moisture Durability of Vapor Permeable Insulation Sheathing Technology Focus: Exterior insulation, existing homes with vapor open wall assemblies Profile :   The Building Science Corporation team researched some of the ramifications of using exterior, vapor permeable insulation on retrofit walls with vapor permeable cavity insulation.

Project : Moisture Management of High-R Walls Technology Focus: Exterior insulation, existing homes with vapor open wall assemblies Profile: This project by the Building Science Corporation team focuses on how eight high-R walls handle the three main sources of moisture—construction moisture, air leakage condensation, and bulk water leaks.

Project: Monitoring of Double-Stud Wall Moisture Conditions in the Northeast Technology Focus: Exterior insulation Profile: Building Science Corporation monitored moisture conditions in double-stud walls from 2011 through 2014 at a new production house; three double stud assemblies were compared..

Project : Predicting Envelope Leakage in Attached Dwellings Technology Focus: Building envelope, multifamily housing Profile: The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team analyzed blower door test results from 236 attached dwelling units in 17 apartment complexes, in efforts to create a simplified tool for predicting air leakage to the outside in attached housing.

Project : Preventing Thermal Bypass Technology Focus: Fully aligned air and thermal barriers Profile: This project highlights the importance of continuous air barriers in full alignment with insulation to prevent thermal bypasses and achieve high energy performance, and recommends use of ENERGY STAR's Thermal Bypass Inspection Checklist.

Project: Project Overcoat: Airtightness Strategies and Impacts for 1-1/2 Story Homes Technology Focus: Building envelope; roof/attic air-seal and insulation Profile: The NorthernSTAR team studied the effectiveness of the External Thermal Moisture Management System as a solution for improving airtightness in a roof-only application and compared the results to more than 250 roof-only, interior-applied energy retrofits on 1-½ story homes.

Project: Stand-Off Furring in Deep Energy Retrofits Technology Focus: Exterior wall envelope Profile: This research project, conducted by IBACOS and GreenHomes America, investigated cost-effective deep energy retrofit solutions for improving the building shell exterior while achieving a cost-reduction goal, including reduced labor costs to reach a 50/50 split between material and labor..

Project : Stud Walls with Continuous Exterior Insulation for Factory Built Housing Technology Focus: Walls for factory built housing Profile :  This profile describes the Advanced Envelope Research project, managed by ARIES Collaborative , which will provide factory homebuilders with high-performance, cost-effective alternative envelope designs that will meet stringent energy code requirements.

Project: Taped Insulating Sheathing Drainage Planes Technology Focus: Building envelope Profile: The energy efficiency-based financial benefits of adding exterior insulation are well accepted by the building industry, and using exterior insulation as the drainage plane is the next logical step. This project by Building Science Corporation focuses on the field implementation of taped board insulation as the drainage plane in both new and retrofit residential applications.

Low-Load Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

Project:  Supplemental Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump in the Hot-Humid Climate Technology Focus: HVAC Profile: In this project, the Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction team studied the effects of mini-split heat pumps in six central Florida homes.

Project:  The Impact of Thermostat Placement in Low-Load Homes in Sunny Climates Technology Focus: Thermostat Placement Profile: In this project, Building America team IBACOS has found that low-load homes (zero energy ready homes) have differing room-to-room load densities and highly variable load densities throughout the day and year because of solar gains and internal gains.

Project: Advanced Boiler Load Monitoring Controls Technology Focus: HVAC Profile: In this project, the Building America team Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit installed and monitored an ALM aftermarket controller, the M2G from Greffen Systems, at two Chicago area multifamily buildings with existing OTR control..

Project: Balancing Hydronic Systems in Multifamily Buildings Technology Focus: Space heating Profile: In this project, the Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit team and Elevate Energy explored cost-effective distribution upgrades and balancing measures in multifamily hydronic systems, providing a resource to contractors, auditors, and building owners on best practices to improve tenant comfort and lower operating costs..

Project: Boiler Control Replacement for Hydronically Heated Multifamily Buildings Technology Focus: HVAC controls Profile: The Advanced Residential Integrated Solutions Collaborative partnered with Homeowners' Rehab Inc., a nonprofit affordable housing owner, to upgrade the central hydronic heating system in a 42-unit housing development, reducing heating energy use by an average of 19%.

Project : Buried and Encapsulated Ducts Technology Focus: HVAC systems, duct work and attic insulation Profile: In a study of three single-story houses in Florida, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team investigated the strategy of using buried and/or encapsulated ducts to reduce duct thermal losses in existing homes.

Project: Calculating Design Heating Loads for Superinsulated Buildings Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: The Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team monitored the energy use of three homes in the EcoVillage community in climate zone 6 to evaluate the accuracy of two different mechanical system sizing methods for low-load homes..

Project: Ducts in Conditioned Space in a Dropped Ceiling or Fur-down Technology Focus: HVAC systems, ducts Profile: This case study examines an inexpensive, quick and effective method of building a fur-down or dropped ceiling chase, which brings the duct system into the interior of the house to reduce air leakage and improve durability and indoor air quality homes.

Project: Ducts Sealing Using Injected Spray Sealant Technology Focus: HVAC duct sealing Profile: In this project, the Raleigh Housing Authority worked with the Advanced Residential Integrated Solutions Collaborative to determine the most cost-effective ways to reduce duct leakage in its low-rise housing units.

Project: Evaluation of Ventilation Strategies in New Construction Multifamily Buildings Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: This research effort, conducted by the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings, included several weeks of building pressure monitoring to validate system performance of four different strategies for providing make-up air to apartments.

Project: Homeowner's Guide to Window Air Conditioner Installation for Efficiency and Comfort Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: This step-by-step guide developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory describes proper installation of window air conditioning units, in order to improve energy efficiency, save money, and improve comfort for homeowners.

Project: Hydronic Systems: Designing for Setback Operation Technology Focus: Space heating, water heating Profile: This guide, developed by Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings , provides step-by-step instructions for heating contractors and hydronic designers for selecting the proper control settings to maximize system performance and improve response time when using a thermostat setback..

Project : Improving Comfort in Hot-Humid Climates with a Whole-House Dehumidifier Technology Focus: HVAC systems, humidity control Profile : Researchers from the Consortium of Advanced Residential Buildings team monitored the operation of two AC systems coupled with a whole-house dehumidifier for a 6-month period, to study how comfort can be improved while reducing utility costs.

Project: Improving the Field Performance of Natural Gas Furnaces Technology Focus: HVAC systems, natural gas furnaces Profile: In this study, the Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit team examined the impact that common installation practices and age-induced equipment degradation may have on the installed performance of natural gas furnaces, as measured by steady-state efficiency and AFUE.

Project: Low-Load Space Conditioning Needs Assessment, Northeast and Mid-Atlantic Technology Focus: HVAC Profile: In this project, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team compiled and analyzed the data from 941 multifamily buildings in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions to outline the heating and cooling design load characteristics of low-load dwellings.

Project :   New Insights for Improving the Designs of Flexible Duct Junction Boxes Technology Focus: HVAC, duct design Profile:  IBACOS explored the relationships between pressure and physical configurations of flexible duct junction boxes by using computational fluid dynamics simulations to predict individual box parameters and total system pressure, thereby ensuring improved HVAC performance.

Project : Optimizing Hydronic System Performance in Residential Applications Technology Focus: Space heating, water heating Profile: In this project, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team worked with industry partners to develop hydronic system designs that would address performance issues and result in higher overall system efficiencies and improved response times.

Project: Properly Sized and Located Return Air Inlet Technology Focus: HVAC systems, ducts Profile: For this project, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers improved the duct systems in an existing home to increase safety, comfort and energy performance of HVAC equipment.

Project: Raised Ceiling Interior Duct System Technology Focus: HVAC systems, ducts Profile: This project describes a Habitat for Humanity builder’s efforts to construct a home to new DOE Zero Energy Ready Home standards using a fur-up or raised ceiling chase.

Project: Sealed Air Return Plenum Retrofit Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: In this project, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory researchers greatly improved indoor air quality and HVAC performance by replacing an old, leaky air handler with a new air handler with an air-sealed return plenum with filter; they also sealed the ducts, and added a fresh air intake.

Project: Selecting Ventilation Systems for Existing Homes Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: This research effort by the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team evaluated four different strategies for provide make-up air to multifamily residential buildings in order to help contractors and building owners choose the best ventilation systems.

Project: Steam System Balancing and Tuning for Multifamily Residential Buildings Technology Focus: HVAC systems, steam heating distribution system and controls Profile: The Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit team conducted a study to identify best practices, costs, and savings associated with balancing steam distribution systems through increased main line air venting, radiator vent replacement, and boiler control system upgrades.

Project: Ventilation System Effectiveness and Tested Indoor Air Quality Impacts Technology Focus: HVAC systems, whole-building dilution ventilation Profile: The Building Science Corporation tested the effectiveness of various ventilation systems at two unoccupied, single-family lab homes at the University of Texas at Tyler. 

Components for Water Heating and Space Conditioning

Project: Addressing Multifamily Piping Losses with Solar Hot Water Technology Focus: Water heating Profile: Sun Light & Power, a San Francisco Bay Area solar design-build contractor, teamed with Building America partner the Alliance for Residential Building Innovation (ARBI) to study this heat-loss issue. The team added three-way valves to the solar water heating systems for two 40-unit multifamily buildings.

Project: Air-to-Water Heat Pumps with Radiant Delivery in Low Load Home Technology Focus: Water heating Profile: Researchers from Alliance for Residential Building Initiative worked with two test homes in hot-dry climates to evaluate the in-situ performance of air-to-water heat pump systems, an energy efficient space conditioning solution designed to cost-effectively provide comfort in homes with efficient, safe, and durable operation.

Project: Foundation Heat Exchanger Technology Focus: HVAC and water heating Profile: The foundation heat exchanger, developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory , is a new concept for a cost-effective horizontal ground heat exchanger that can be connected to water-to-water or water-to-air heat pump systems for space conditioning as well as domestic water heating.

Project: Ground Source Heat Pump Research, TaC Studios Residence Technology Focus: Heating and cooling systems Profile: This case study describes the construction of a new test home that demonstrates current best practices for the mixed-humid climate, including a high performance ground source heat pump for heating and cooling, a building envelope featuring advanced air sealing details and low-density spray foam insulation, and glazing that exceeds ENERGY STAR requirements.

Project: Heat Pump Water Heater Retrofit Technology Focus: Water heating Profile: In this project, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory studied heat pump water heaters, an efficient, cost-effective alternative to traditional electric resistance water heaters that can improve energy efficiency by up to 62%.

Project: Long-Term Monitoring of Mini-Split Ductless Heat Pumps in the Northeast Technology Focus: Mini-split heat pumps Profile: In this project, Building Science Corporation evaluated the long-term performance of mini-split heat pumps (MSHPs) in 8 homes during a period of 3 years. The work examined electrical use of MSHPs, distributions of interior temperatures and humidity when using simplified (two-point) heating systems in high-performance housing, and the impact of open-door/closed-door status on temperature distributions..

Project: Performance of a Heat Pump Water Heater in the Hot-Humid Climate Technology Focus: Water heating Profile: For a 6-month period, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings team monitored the performance of a heat pump water heater, discovering that it performed 144% more efficiently than a traditional electric resistance water heater and could save approximately 64% on annual water heating costs.

Project: Replacement of Variable Speed Furnace Motors Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: In this project, the Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings  team tested the Concept 3 replacement motors for residential furnaces in eight homes in and near Syracuse, New York, to test how these brushless, permanent magnet motors can use much less electricity than their permanent split capacitor predecessors.

Project: Replacing Resistance Heating with Mini-Split Heat Pumps Technology Focus: HVAC systems Profile: In this project, the Advanced Residential Integrated Solutions team investigated the suitability of mini-split heat pumps for multifamily retrofits.

Project: Retrofit Integrated Space and Water Heating Field Assessment Technology Focus: HVAC and water heating Profile: The NorthernSTAR team analyzed combined (combi) condensing water heaters or boilers and hydronic air coils to provide high- efficiency domestic hot water and forced air space heating.

Indoor Air Quality Solutions

Project:  Design Guidance for Passive Vents in New Construction, Multifamily Buildings Technology Focus: Passive vents Profile: In this project, Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings constructed the following steps, which outline the design and commissioning required for these passive vents to perform as intended.

Project: Air Leakage and Air Transfer Between Garage and Living Space Technology Focus: Building and garage ventilation Profile: In this project, Building Science Corporation worked with production homebuilder K. Hovnanian to conduct testing at a single-family home to measure the garage and house air leakage and pressure relationships and the garage-to-house air leakage.

Project: Combustion Safety for Appliances Using Indoor Air Technology Focus: HVAC systems and appliance safety Profile: In this case study, the Partnership for Advanced Residential Retrofit team provides guidance on how to assess and carry out the combustion safety procedures for appliances and heating equipment that uses indoor air for combustion in low-rise residential buildings.

Project: Evaluation of the Performance of Houses With and Without Supplemental Dehumidification in a Hot-Humid Climate Technology Focus: Dehumidification Profile: In this project, Building Science Corporation evaluated the humidity control performance of new high performance homes, and compared the interior conditions and mechanical systems operation between two distinct groups of houses: homes with a supplemental dehumidifier installed in addition to HVAC system, and homes without any supplemental dehumidification.

Project: Impact of Infiltration and Ventilation on Measured Space Conditioning Energy and Moisture Levels in the Hot-Humid Climate Technology Focus: HVAC systems ventilation Profile: This case study describes research by the Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction team to assess the moisture and cooling load impacts of airtightness and mechanical ventilation in two identical laboratory homes in the hot-humid climate over the cooling season.

Project: Overcoming Comfort Issues Due to Reduced Flow Room Air Mixing Technology Focus: HVAC equipment Profile: In this project, IBACOS studied when HVAC equipment is downsized and ducts are unaltered to determine conditions that could cause a supply air delivery problem and to evaluate the feasibility of modifying the duct systems using minimally invasive strategies to improve air distribution. .

Guides for All Climates

DOE has developed several Best Practices guidebooks that are applicable across all climate regions.

• Insulation: A Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners identifies steps to take to increase insulation in homes, ensure healthy levels of ventilation, and prevent moisture problems.
• HVAC: A Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners offers tips about energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and cooling options to help homeowners cut their energy use, reduce carbon footprint, and increase their homes' comfort, health, and safety.
• Energy Performance Techniques and Technologies: Preserving Historic Homes (Volume 13) focuses on being aware of and adhering to historic designation regulations, and addressing health and safety issues while preserving the features that make historic homes appealing.
• Air-Sealing: A Guide for Contractors to Share with Homeowners (Volume 10) provides information to help homeowners understand ways to seal unwanted air leaks in homes, while ensuring healthy levels of ventilation and avoiding indoor air pollution.
• Solar Thermal & Photovoltaic Systems (Volume 6) features current photovoltaic and solar thermal building practices by more than a dozen builders.

For additional, updated information on hundreds of building science topics that can help you build or retrofit to the most recent high-performance construction criteria, including the latest version of ENERGY STAR and the DOE Challenge Home requirements, see the Building America Solution Center .

Residential Successes

• Effect of Ducted HPWH on Space Conditioning and Water Heating Energy Use – Central Florida Lab Home
• High-Velocity Small-Diameter Duct System – Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Featured Publications

• BEopt-CA (Ex): A Tool for Optimal Integration of EE, DR and PV in Existing California Homes
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Design Strategy for a Hot-Humid Production Builder

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Energy and Natural Resources – Case study

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Case Study: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources

In this article, we explore the European Union’s commitment to renewable energy and the rise of ‘prosumer’ economics, as well as the efficient land use and environmental impact of anaerobic digestion plants (ABPs) for renewable energy production. We will also examine a case study in Montenegro, highlighting the effectiveness of renewable energy investments in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the pressing need for cost-effective emission reduction strategies within the energy sector.

Renewable energy refers to environmentally friendly sources of energy that can be naturally replenished. They have the advantage of causing minimal harm to the environment while producing electricity. Wind , solar , hydroelectric , and geothermal sources are examples of renewable sources that generate electricity. They are not only cleaner but also cheaper and easier to produce than any fossil fuel. 

Although there are expenses associated with harnessing these resources, their affordability enables scientists and engineers to exploit them effectively and facilitate the green transition.

EU’s Drive Towards Renewable Energy and ‘Prosumer’ Economics

The 27-member bloc conducted financial evaluations of green projects to determine their feasibility. It looked at things like cash flow (how money moves in and out), payback time (when you make back your initial investment), net present value (what future money is worth today), and internal rate of return (how profitable the investment is).

The analysis , published in 2021, found that if regular electricity users start generating their own power using renewable sources, they can become so-called “prosumers”: individuals who both consume and produce their own electricity using renewable sources. This approach can contribute to energy savings by reducing the distance electricity must travel from power plants to homes. The profitability of becoming a prosumer depends on factors such as setup costs, the amount of power consumed at home, and the surplus power sold back to the grid.

ABP Land Efficiency and Environmental Impact Assessment

A decade ago, a team of researchers at the University of Montenegro collaborated with the Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs to create a mode to evaluate and enhance the land requirements of anaerobic digestion plants (ABPs) while simultaneously minimising their environmental footprint. This comprehensive model was tailored to account for the distinct land requirements linked to ABPs, ensuring efficient land utilisation in the process.

To gauge the efficiency of land use in ABPs, these were compared to other energy sources like photovoltaic panels, onshore wind systems, and thermal power stations. The analysis revealed that ABPs are relatively efficient in terms of land utilisation for energy production.

Beyond land use, the evaluation of ABPs extends to their broader environmental footprint. This assessment encompasses factors such as greenhouse gas emissions, consumption of non-renewable resources, and the potential impacts of ABPs on local communities and ecosystems.

Matching the right renewable energy system to your energy needs is essential for both cost savings and environmental benefits and ensuring this alignment is crucial to maximise the associated benefits of using renewable energy sources.

You might also like: Renewables Will Dominate World’s Electricity Demand Through 2025, IEA Report Says

Assessing GHG Reduction in Montenegro: Analysis and Limitations

The aforementioned 2021 analysis includes a case study in Montenegro which focuses on the country’s significant dependence on imported liquid and gaseous fossil fuels. This reliance is closely linked to Montenegro’s energy sector, which heavily utilises imported fossil fuels for energy production, resulting in substantial greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), a primary contributor to global warming.

Montenegro has significantly bolstered its investments in renewable energy sources from 2016 to 2021, resulting in a remarkable 20% reduction in GHG emissions. These notable achievements are particularly prominent within the energy sector. Currently, renewable energy sources contribute to around 35% of Montenegro’s overall energy production. Moreover, the nation has strategically crafted and implemented various initiatives aimed at elevating energy efficiency and curbing emissions, reinforcing its commitment to a sustainable and eco-friendly future.

To assess the economic feasibility of GHG reduction measures, the scientists behind the study conducted an economic analysis. Using a dataset spanning a decade, they calculated the present value of monetary units. Key economic indicators, such as net present value and benefit-cost ratio, were employed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of various measures.

The analysis underscores the substantial positive impact of implementing economic and structural changes within the metal industry. These changes likely encompass improvements in energy efficiency, emissions reductions from industrial processes, and a potential transition to cleaner energy sources within the metal industry. As a result, emissions associated with this sector have significantly decreased, making a substantial contribution to the overall reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. However, the study also emphasises a crucial point: there is a pressing need for further greenhouse gas emissions reductions, particularly within the energy sector. This indicates that while progress has been made in the metal industry, there is still a need for additional emissions reductions at a broader scale, which may encompass the entire country or even global efforts.

This might involve a shift towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, enhanced energy efficiency practices, and the implementation of policies promoting renewable energy generation.

The study does have limitations, notably regarding the accuracy of investment cost estimates for certain measures. Future research should include cluster analysis to group measures based on their emissions impact. Additionally, addressing data limitations and conducting more precise analyses in specific areas of the research is essential.

Renewable energy resources offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution for cleaner electricity generation. The efficient land use in (ABPs) for renewable energy production is a promising aspect, as ABPs demonstrate relatively low land requirements compared to other energy sources. However, it is crucial to assess their broader environmental impact, including greenhouse gas emissions and community effects. 

The case study in Montenegro highlights the effectiveness of renewable energy investments in reducing emissions, emphasising the need for cost-effective emission reduction strategies in the energy sector. Despite study limitations, these findings underscore the importance of advancing cleaner and sustainable energy systems globally, balancing power needs with environmental preservation.

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A case study on renewable energy sources, power demand, and policies in the states of south india—development of a thermoelectric model.

1. Introduction

1.1. background, 1.2. literature report, 1.3. objectives, 1.4. organization of the article, 2. conventional and renewable energy resources—a review, 2.1. conventional energy resources, limitations of conventional energy:.

• Eliminating coal, oil, and gas is unsafe and can cause pollution. As a result, these petrol subordinates are non-feasible.
• As we go through viably accessible wellsprings of coal, oil, and gas, removing them turns out to be all of the more genuinely, more expensive, and more unsafe.
• Burning-through oil subordinates (both for warming and as fuel for vehicles) is the guideline wellspring of ‘ozone hurting substances’, carbon dioxide, and others that impact the air and are changing the climate.
• Contamination: the significant hindrance of these regular sources is that they cause high contamination. The consumption of kindling and petroleum products brings about air contamination. This can stay away from utilizing these non-regular sources.
• Modesty: The serious issue while utilizing regular sources, particularly petroleum products is that they are expendable sources. It requires a long period of time for them to be restored and recharged. In any case, non-regular sources are inexhaustible sources that do not get depleted.
• Dangerous: non-regular energy extraction is more secure. Numerous mishaps happen while removing energy from mines.
• Significant expense: the extraction of these energy sources is exorbitant both monetarily and on earth. The expense of energy creation and extraction is a lot less for non-ordinary sources (assuming that the underlying expense of foundation is borne).

2.2. Clean Energy

• Clean energy = clean air
• Successful power energy = standard sources
• Efficient power = recyclable sources

Favorable of Clean Energy

• Clean energy provides an assortment of ecological and monetary advantages, such as providing a decrease in air contamination. A different clean energy supply likewise decreases the reliance on imported energies (and the related monetary and natural costs this brings about).
• Sustainable clean energy likewise has inborn expense investment funds, as there is no compelling reason to concentrate and move powers (for example, with oil or coal, as the assets recharge themselves normally).
• Another modern advantage of a spotless energy blend is the formation of tasks to create, fabricate and introduce the perfect energy assets of things to come.

2.3. Renewable Energy in India—A Glance

Click here to enlarge figure

3. Energy Mix of Southern States

3.1. power—energy scenario in the state of andhra pradesh.

• The total capacity of the thermal power plant installed is 3410.0 MW.
• The total capacity of the Hydel power plant is 1773.6 MW.
• The total capacity of power plants using non-conventional energy resources is 405.426 MW. Thus, the overall total capacity of plants under APGENCO is 5589.0 MW.
• The total installed capacity of the Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is 1600 MW.
• The total installed capacity under the Government of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) is 7189.0 MW.

3.2. Power—Energy Scenario in the State of Tamilnadu

• To promote the use of new and renewable sources of energy (NRSE), and therefore to implement projects.
• To encourage people to participate in energy-saving initiatives,
• To promote scientific research and development of renewable sources of energy.

3.3. Energy Scenario in the State of Kerala

• Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEBL): the KSEBL generates a total power of 2246.685 MW of which the hydro power plant contributes to about 2052.00 MW, the diesel/low Sulphur heavy stock (LSHS) based power plant contributes about 159.96 MW, the wind energy based power plant contributes about 2.025 MW, and solar energy-based power plant contributes up to 32.70 MW.
• Captive Power Plant: the Captive power plant contributes a total power of about 85.7 MW of which the hydro power plant contributes about 33 MW, the solar energy-based power plant contributes about 32.70 MW, and the wind and thermal energy-based power plants contribute up to 10 MW each. Independent power producers-based power plants generate a total power of 502.83 MW of which thermal power plants contribute 359.58 MW, hydropower plants contribute about 33.00 MW, wind energy-based power plant contributes about 58.25 MW, and solar energy-based power plants contribute about 52.00 MW.
• Co-generation Power Plant: the co-generation thermal-based power plant contributes up to 10 MW. Thus, the overall installed capacity of the state is 2823.0140 MW. The installed capacity of MW as of 2021 in Kerala by the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEBL) by various types of power stations is described in the Table 4 .

3.4. Power—Energy Scenario in the State of Karnataka

3.5. the state of odisha—power production and supply a glance, 3.6. power policies formulated in various states across south india, 3.7. gas emission from various renewable energy sources, 4. budget allocation by southern states—a comparison, 5. thermo-electric-generator (teg), 5.1. methodology and materials, 5.2. simulation study of the proposed teg model, 5.3. experimentation of the proposed teg model, 6. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Loganathan, V.; Ravikumar, D.; Kesavan, R.; Venkatesan, K.; Saminathan, R.; Kannadasan, R.; Sudhakaran, M.; Alsharif, M.H.; Geem, Z.W.; Hong, J. A Case Study on Renewable Energy Sources, Power Demand, and Policies in the States of South India—Development of a Thermoelectric Model. Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148882

Loganathan V, Ravikumar D, Kesavan R, Venkatesan K, Saminathan R, Kannadasan R, Sudhakaran M, Alsharif MH, Geem ZW, Hong J. A Case Study on Renewable Energy Sources, Power Demand, and Policies in the States of South India—Development of a Thermoelectric Model. Sustainability . 2022; 14(14):8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148882

Loganathan, Vijayaraja, Dhanasekar Ravikumar, Rupa Kesavan, Kanakasri Venkatesan, Raadha Saminathan, Raju Kannadasan, Mahalingam Sudhakaran, Mohammed H. Alsharif, Zong Woo Geem, and Junhee Hong. 2022. "A Case Study on Renewable Energy Sources, Power Demand, and Policies in the States of South India—Development of a Thermoelectric Model" Sustainability 14, no. 14: 8882. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148882

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Abrams environmental law clinic—significant achievements for 2023-24, protecting our great lakes, rivers, and shorelines.

The Abrams Clinic represents Friends of the Chicago River and the Sierra Club in their efforts to hold Trump Tower in downtown Chicago accountable for withdrawing water illegally from the Chicago River. To cool the building, Trump Tower draws water at high volumes, similar to industrial factories or power plants, but Trump Tower operated for more than a decade without ever conducting the legally required studies to determine the impact of those operations on aquatic life or without installing sufficient equipment to protect aquatic life consistent with federal regulations. After the Clinic sent a notice of intent to sue Trump Tower, the State of Illinois filed its own case in the summer of 2018, and the Clinic moved successfully to intervene in that case. In 2023-24, motions practice and discovery continued. Working with co-counsel at Northwestern University’s Pritzker Law School’s Environmental Advocacy Center, the Clinic moved to amend its complaint to include Trump Tower’s systematic underreporting each month of the volume of water that it intakes from and discharges to the Chicago River. The Clinic and co-counsel addressed Trump Tower’s motion to dismiss some of our clients’ claims, and we filed a motion for summary judgment on our claim that Trump Tower has committed a public nuisance. We also worked closely with our expert, Dr. Peter Henderson, on a supplemental disclosure and on defending an additional deposition of him. In summer 2024, the Clinic is defending its motion for summary judgment and challenging Trump Tower’s own motion for summary judgment. The Clinic is also preparing for trial, which could take place as early as fall 2024.

Since 2016, the Abrams Clinic has worked with the Chicago chapter of the Surfrider Foundation to protect water quality along the Lake Michigan shoreline in northwest Indiana, where its members surf. In April 2017, the U. S. Steel plant in Portage, Indiana, spilled approximately 300 pounds of hexavalent chromium into Lake Michigan. In January 2018, the Abrams Clinic filed a suit on behalf of Surfrider against U. S. Steel, alleging multiple violations of U. S. Steel’s discharge permits; the City of Chicago filed suit shortly after. When the US government and the State of Indiana filed their own, separate case, the Clinic filed extensive comments on the proposed consent decree. In August 2021, the court entered a revised consent decree which included provisions advocated for by Surfrider and the City of Chicago, namely a water sampling project that alerts beachgoers as to Lake Michigan’s water quality conditions, better notifications in case of future spills, and improvements to U. S. Steel’s operations and maintenance plans. In the 2023-24 academic year, the Clinic successfully litigated its claims for attorneys’ fees as a substantially prevailing party. Significantly, the court’s order adopted the “Fitzpatrick matrix,” used by the US Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia to determine appropriate hourly rates for civil litigants, endorsed Chicago legal market rates as the appropriate rates for complex environmental litigation in Northwest Indiana, and allowed for partially reconstructed time records. The Clinic’s work, which has received significant media attention, helped to spawn other litigation to address pollution by other industrial facilities in Northwest Indiana and other enforcement against U. S. Steel by the State of Indiana.

In Winter Quarter 2024, Clinic students worked closely with Dr. John Ikerd, an agricultural economist and emeritus professor at the University of Missouri, to file an amicus brief in Food & Water Watch v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . In that case pending before the Ninth Circuit, Food & Water Watch argues that US EPA is illegally allowing Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, more commonly known as factory farms, to pollute waterways significantly more than is allowable under the Clean Water Act. In the brief for Dr. Ikerd and co-amici Austin Frerick, Crawford Stewardship Project, Family Farm Defenders, Farm Aid, Missouri Rural Crisis Center, National Family Farm Coalition, National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, and Western Organization of Resource Councils, we argued that EPA’s refusal to regulate CAFOs effectively is an unwarranted application of “agricultural exceptionalism” to industrial agriculture and that EPA effectively distorts the animal production market by allowing CAFOs to externalize their pollution costs and diminishing the ability of family farms to compete. Attorneys for the litigants will argue the case in September 2024.

Energy and Climate

Energy justice.

The Abrams Clinic supported grassroots organizations advocating for energy justice in low-income communities and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities in Michigan. With the Clinic’s representation, these organizations intervened in cases before the Michigan Public Service Commission (MPSC), which regulates investor-owned utilities. Students conducted discovery, drafted written testimony, cross-examined utility executives, participated in settlement discussions, and filed briefs for these projects. The Clinic’s representation has elevated the concerns of these community organizations and forced both the utilities and regulators to consider issues of equity to an unprecedented degree. This year, on behalf of Soulardarity (Highland Park, MI), We Want Green, Too (Detroit, MI), and Urban Core Collective (Grand Rapids, MI), Clinic students engaged in eight contested cases before the MPSC against DTE Electric, DTE Gas, and Consumers Energy, as well as provided support for our clients’ advocacy in other non-contested MPSC proceedings.

The Clinic started this past fall with wins in three cases. First, the Clinic’s clients settled with DTE Electric in its Integrated Resource Plan case. The settlement included an agreement to close the second dirtiest coal power plant in Michigan three years early, $30 million from DTE’s shareholders to assist low-income customers in paying their bills, and $8 million from DTE’s shareholders toward a community fund that assists low-income customers with installing energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy, and battery technology. Second, in DTE Electric’s 2023 request for a rate hike (a “rate case”), the Commission required DTE Electric to develop a more robust environmental justice analysis and rejected the Company’s second attempt to waive consumer protections through a proposed electric utility prepayment program with a questionable history of success during its pilot run. The final Commission order and the administrative law judge’s proposal for final decision cited the Clinic’s testimony and briefs. Third, in Consumers Electric’s 2023 rate case, the Commission rejected the Company’s request for a higher ratepayer-funded return on its investments and required the Company to create a process that will enable intervenors to obtain accurate GIS data. The Clinic intends to use this data to map the disparate impact of infrastructure investment in low-income and BIPOC communities.

In the winter, the Clinic filed public comments regarding DTE Electric and Consumers Energy’s “distribution grid plans” (DGP) as well as supported interventions in two additional cases: Consumers Energy’s voluntary green pricing (VGP) case and the Clinic’s first case against the gas utility DTE Gas. Beginning with the DGP comments, the Clinic first addressed Consumers’s 2023 Electric Distribution Infrastructure Investment Plan (EDIIP), which detailed current distribution system health and the utility’s approximately $7 billion capital project planning ($2 billion of which went unaccounted for in the EDIIP) over 2023–2028. The Clinic then commented on DTE Electric’s 2023 DGP, which outlined the utility’s opaque project prioritization and planned more than $9 billion in capital investments and associated maintenance over 2024–2028. The comments targeted four areas of deficiencies in both the EDIIP and DGP: (1) inadequate consideration of distributed energy resources (DERs) as providing grid reliability, resiliency, and energy transition benefits; (2) flawed environmental justice analysis, particularly with respect to the collection of performance metrics and the narrow implementation of the Michigan Environmental Justice Screen Tool; (3) inequitable investment patterns across census tracts, with emphasis on DTE Electric’s skewed prioritization for retaining its old circuits rather than upgrading those circuits; and (4) failing to engage with community feedback.

For the VGP case against Consumers, the Clinic supported the filing of both an initial brief and reply brief requesting that the Commission reject the Company’s flawed proposal for a “community solar” program. In a prior case, the Clinic advocated for the development of a community solar program that would provide low-income, BIPOC communities with access to clean energy. As a result of our efforts, the Commission approved a settlement agreement requiring the Company “to evaluate and provide a strawman recommendation on community solar in its Voluntary Green Pricing Program.” However, the Company’s subsequent proposal in its VGP case violated the Commission’s order because it (1) was not consistent with the applicable law, MCL 460.1061; (2) was not a true community solar program; (3) lacked essential details; (4) failed to compensate subscribers sufficiently; (5) included overpriced and inflexible subscriptions; (6) excessively limited capacity; and (7) failed to provide a clear pathway for certain participants to transition into other VGP programs. For these reasons, the Clinic argued that the Commission should reject the Company’s proposal.

In DTE Gas’s current rate case, the Clinic worked with four witnesses to develop testimony that would rebut DTE Gas’s request for a rate hike on its customers. The testimony advocated for a pathway to a just energy transition that avoids dumping the costs of stranded gas assets on the low-income and BIPOC communities that are likely to be the last to electrify. Instead, the testimony proposed that the gas and electric utilities undertake integrated planning that would prioritize electric infrastructure over gas infrastructure investment to ensure that DTE Gas does not over-invest in gas infrastructure that will be rendered obsolete in the coming decades. The Clinic also worked with one expert witness to develop an analysis of DTE Gas’s unaffordable bills and inequitable shutoff, deposit, and collections practices. Lastly, the Clinic offered testimony on behalf of and from community members who would be directly impacted by the Company’s rate hike and lack of affordable and quality service. Clinic students have spent the summer drafting an approximately one-hundred-page brief making these arguments formally. We expect the Commission’s decision this fall.

Finally, both DTE Electric and Consumers Energy have filed additional requests for rate increases after the conclusion of their respective rate cases filed in 2023. On behalf of our Clients, the Clinic has intervened in these cases, and clinic students have already reviewed thousands of pages of documents and started to develop arguments and strategies to protect low-income and BIPOC communities from the utility’s ceaseless efforts to increase the cost of energy.

Corporate Climate Greenwashing

The Abrams Environmental Law Clinic worked with a leading international nonprofit dedicated to using the law to protect the environment to research corporate climate greenwashing, focusing on consumer protection, green financing, and securities liability. Clinic students spent the year examining an innovative state law, drafted a fifty-page guide to the statute and relevant cases, and examined how the law would apply to a variety of potential cases. Students then presented their findings in a case study and oral presentation to members of ClientEarth, including the organization’s North American head and members of its European team. The project helped identify the strengths and weaknesses of potential new strategies for increasing corporate accountability in the fight against climate change.

Land Contamination, Lead, and Hazardous Waste

The Abrams Clinic continues to represent East Chicago, Indiana, residents who live or lived on or adjacent to the USS Lead Superfund site. This year, the Clinic worked closely with the East Chicago/Calumet Coalition Community Advisory Group (CAG) to advance the CAG’s advocacy beyond the Superfund site and the adjacent Dupont RCRA site. Through multiple forms of advocacy, the clinics challenged the poor performance and permit modification and renewal attempts of Tradebe Treatment and Recycling, LLC (Tradebe), a hazardous waste storage and recycling facility in the community. Clinic students sent letters to US EPA and Indiana Department of Environmental Management officials about how IDEM has failed to assess meaningful penalties against Tradebe for repeated violations of the law and how IDEM has allowed Tradebe to continue to threaten public and worker health and safety by not improving its operations. Students also drafted substantial comments for the CAG on the US EPA’s Lead and Copper Rule improvements, the Suppliers’ Park proposed cleanup, and Sims Metal’s proposed air permit revisions. The Clinic has also continued working with the CAG, environmental experts, and regulators since US EPA awarded $200,000 to the CAG for community air monitoring. The Clinic and its clients also joined comments drafted by other environmental organizations about poor operations and loose regulatory oversight of several industrial facilities in the area.

Endangered Species

The Abrams Clinic represented the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Hoosier Environmental Council (HEC) in litigation regarding the US Fish and Wildlife Service’s (Service) failure to list the Kirtland’s snake as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The Kirtland’s snake is a small, secretive, non-venomous snake historically located across the Midwest and the Ohio River Valley. Development and climate change have undermined large portions of the snake’s habitat, and populations are declining. Accordingly, the Clinic sued the Service in the US District Court for the District of Columbia last summer over the Service’s denial of CBD’s request to have the Kirtland’s snake protected. This spring, the Clinic was able to reach a settlement with the Service that requires the Service to reconsider its listing decision for the Kirtland’s snake and to pay attorney fees.

The Clinic also represented CBD in preparation for litigation regarding the Service’s failure to list another species as threatened or endangered. Threats from land development and climate change have devastated this species as well, and the species has already been extirpated from two of the sixteen US states in its range. As such, the Clinic worked this winter and spring to prepare a notice of intent (NOI) to sue the Service. The Team poured over hundreds of FOIA documents and dug into the Service’s supporting documentation to create strong arguments against the Service in the imminent litigation. The Clinic will send the NOI and file a complaint in the next few months.

Students and Faculty

Twenty-four law school students from the classes of 2024 and 2025 participated in the Clinic, performing complex legal research, reviewing documents obtained through discovery, drafting legal research memos and briefs, conferring with clients, conducting cross-examination, participating in settlement conferences, and arguing motions. Students secured nine clerkships, five were heading to private practice after graduation, and two are pursuing public interest work. Sam Heppell joined the Clinic from civil rights private practice, bringing the Clinic to its full complement of three attorneys.