Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.
When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.
When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:
In-text citation | (‘Divest’, no date) |
Reference list entry | ‘Divest’ (no date) Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/divest (Accessed: 27 January 2020). |
Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.
Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.
Harvard style | Vancouver style | |
---|---|---|
In-text citation | Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019). | Each referencing style has different rules (1). |
Reference list | Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). . 11th edn. London: MacMillan. | 1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019. |
A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.
The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/
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Reference : Author, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis . Degree statement. Degree-awarding body.
Example : Allen, S. J. (2009) The social and moral fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland . Unpublished PhD thesis. University College Dublin.
In-Text-Citation :
Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .
Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .
Create a spot-on reference in harvard, general rules.
According to the Harvard citation style, the same template is used for referencing a master's thesis and a doctoral dissertation in a list of bibliographic references:
Author , ( year ). Title . Work type , University .
NB: Fill in the 'Work type' field the type of work and the academic grade, for instance, 'Ph.D. thesis'.
If the text of the work can be accessed online, use the following template for your reference:
Author , ( year ). Title . Work type , University . [Viewed date viewed ]. Available from: URL
NB: The text '[online]' is not given after the title of the work, in contrast to the references to a book , a journal article , etc.
Middleton, H. J., (2020). *ABA syncretism patterns in pronominal morphology . Ph.D. thesis, University College London. [Viewed 12 January 2021]. Available from: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10105591/
Reed, B. H., (1992). The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila melanogaster. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.
Use recognised abbreviations for universities and degrees. According to the NWU manual for master’s and doctoral studies, the following terms are used:
Mini-dissertation | Skripsie |
Dissertation | Verhandeling |
Thesis | Proefskrif |
For international theses and dissertations use the terms on the title page. Full stops are optional in the abbreviations for qualifications, eg: M.Sc. or MSc (Magister Scientiae), Ph.D. or PhD (Philosophiae Doctor).
Saah, P. 2017. Exploring Mintzberg’s managerial roles of academic leaders at a selected higher education institution in South Africa . Mafikeng: North-West University. (Mini-dissertation – MBA). Text reference: (Saah, 2017:103).
Doctoral theses and master’s dissertations are widely available on institutional repositories. Include the permanent link (“handle”) to the thesis / dissertation in the reference list.
Note: when giving a permanent link, a date of access is not necessary.
International theses / dissertations accessed from a commercial database e.g. ProQuest:
Carroll, A.R. 2018. Ecosystems, communities, and species: understanding mammalian response to ancient carbon cycle perturbations . Ann Arbor, MI: University of New Hampshire. (Dissertation – PhD). http://nwulib.nwu.ac.za/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.nwulib.nwu.ac.za/docview/2058145688? accountid=12865 Date of access: 13 Apr. 2019. Text reference: (Carroll, 2018:59).
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Note: This is an advanced guide to Harvard, useful for professional editors, academics, and students looking to bump up their grades with flawless referencing! If you’re new to Harvard and feel a little lost, check out our introduction to Harvard referencing . For extra help from Harvard experts, try our student proofreading services for free, or learn more about our editing services for businesses .
Harvard referencing refers to the general citation style of listing a source’s author and date in parentheses within the text, with a corresponding entry in a reference list at the end of the work.
If a customer says they’ve been asked to use the Harvard referencing style, it could be one of many variations. You should check if a particular version has been specified. If there isn’t, use this guide to apply the version we use, but add a note for the customer to check with their institution. Also, pay attention to the requested dialect. Quotation marks, for instance, will vary depending on whether the citation is written in US or UK English .
Essentially, the surname of the author of the source and the year of its publication must be given in the text. If it is not known when a source was published, it must be indicated with “no date” (abbreviated to “n.d.” ) in place of the year.
If a direct quote is made from a source, then the in-text citation must also include the page number (or paragraph) of the quote. For page numbers, the basic form is “p.” for a single page and “pp.” for quotes spanning multiple pages. For paragraphs, use “para.” (e.g., for websites that don’t have pages); for long documents without page numbers, you can choose to include the section or chapter number or name (e.g., Smith, 1998, Section title, para. 3), but do check with your institution’s style guide.
Those key pieces of information are given in parentheses in the same font as the surrounding text and separated by commas. The bracketed citation should immediately follow the portion of the sentence that comes from the external source. If the author is mentioned in the sentence, then the bracketed citation (which will then just include the year of publication) will need to follow directly after the author’s name.
In-text citations can take three basic forms :
If the source doesn’t come from an author with a surname – a corporate body, for example – then the name of that organization takes the place of the surname:
These basic rules will need to be adapted to various circumstances, which we will discuss next.
When there are multiple authors of the same work, the main thing to remember is that in-text citations name one or two authors. For three or more authors, only the first is mentioned, followed by “et al.” (in which case, note that a period is used in addition to a comma because “al.” is an abbreviation).
NB: When it comes to the full list of references at the end, all authors – some institutions put a cap on this, but others simply say to consult the course tutor – should be listed.
When both authors are named, the in-text citation will spell out “and” rather than use an ampersand (“&”).
Two authors of the same source | This example (Carter and Burge, 1967) OR Carter and Burge (1967) gave this example. |
Three (or more) authors of the same source | This example (Powell et al., 1971) OR Powell et al. (1971) gave this example. |
An exception to only giving the surname of the author is if there are authors with the same surname and publications from the same year. In that case, the author’s initials should be added for clarity . Whether that initial comes before or after the surname, and whether or not it should have a period, will depend upon the university’s style guide. Our general approach is to put a period after an initial, as you would in any writing, but you should go for consistency within the document and flag the issue with a comment.
Authors with the same surname | This example (A. Hopper, 1911) OR B. Hopper (1911) gave this example. |
More frequently, you may come across citations for more than one work by the same author. If they were from different years but cited together, there is no need for the author’s name to be repeated. The years of publication are then listed in reverse chronological order (i.e., the newest comes first) with the years separated by semicolons . Each individual source is then listed in the reference list.
NB: When it comes to the full list of references at the end, the order of sources by the same author is chronological (i.e., with the earliest first).
If, however, the author has multiple works from the same year, a lowercase letter should be added to the year to differentiate the sources. The lettering should be alphabetical in the order that the sources are cited in the text .
NB: The crucial thing to check here is that the same system is reflected in the reference list at the end.
Multiple works by the same author in the same citation | There are a couple of sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; 2020). |
Different works with the same author and date | This was a productive year (Woodhouse, 2022a), as can be seen here (Woodhouse, 2022b). |
If there is more than one source cited in support of a statement (e.g., multiple works by the same author), they will need to be cited in reverse chronological order and separated by semicolons . If the list includes works from the same year , they should be cited alphabetically by author .
NB: If the customer has consistently cited references in chronological order, then you should simply add a note for them to check whether this is what their university requires. Given the many variations on the Harvard theme, this could well be the case.
Multiple sources cited in support of the same point. | There are multiple sources that cover this (Woodhouse, 2022; Powell et al. 1971; Carter, 1940; A. Hopper, 1911; B. Hopper, 1911) |
You may see cases where the title of the source is given in place of the author. This is likely because the source has no named author (whether individual or corporate). In these cases, using the title of the source (the book, collection, etc.) is an acceptable variation, but it’s advisable to flag it with a comment to make sure.
If you’re presented with a reference to a work within a work (i.e., the customer hasn’t read the original but has come across it as a reference in another), this is a secondary citation.
In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|
A. Hopper (1911), cited in Carter (1940), says… | Carter, P. (1940) Place of Publication: Publisher. |
The Harvard style requires a full list of all the sources that are cited within the text to be provided at the end of the document. The standard formatting requirement is to include it on a separate page titled Reference List .
Sometimes, a university will require a list of all the sources considered within a piece of work, even if they haven’t all been cited. This type of list is called a Bibliography .
In either case, the sources are listed alphabetically by the first item in the source’s full reference (usually the author’s surname). A corporate author or title of a work (if that comes first) starting with “The,” “A,” or “An” should be listed as if that word weren’t there (e.g., a source from the Open University would be listed under “O,” not “T”).
Detailing the sources in a reference list is probably the biggest cause of headaches for both writers and proofreaders. This is because the particular requirements differ depending on the type of source – and there are many .
The information itself is usually straightforward; it’s the formatting that gets tricky. In general terms, you could use the following as a checklist:
Item | Example |
---|---|
Author’s name: Surname first, then initial(s) after a comma, with a period after each initial. | (1911). “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Year of publication in parentheses, although this can vary between Harvard styles. | Hopper, A. “This is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of any individual chapter (or similar) comes before the details of the main work. It is presented in quote marks and in sentence case; think of this as the warm-up to the main event. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a comma. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Title of the main work goes in sentence case (usually, although this can vary) and italics; think of this as stressing the importance of the main work. To separate this from the next piece of information, it is usually followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “ ,” in A. Name (ed.) . Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp.30–45. |
If the source is not in hard copy/print form, the format is given in square brackets with a period after the closing bracket. | Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
The place of publication appears before the name of the publisher, usually followed by a colon to separate it from the next piece of information. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Publisher, pp.30–45. |
Publisher’s name comes after the place of publication. Think of the publisher as taking the important final credit. If further information does follow, there will need to be a comma in place. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: pp.30–45. |
Any range of pages, URLs, and dates of access to online material come last. Make sure page ranges are formatted with an en dash (–) rather than a hyphen (-). | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in , Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. |
The final piece of information is followed by a period. | Hopper, A. (1911). “This is my chapter,” in Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publisher, pp. 30–45. OR Hopper, B. (1911). “And this is my chapter,” in A. Name (ed). [Online]. Available at https://allmadeup details.domain/yestotallymadeup/ (Accessed 1 April 2022). |
Let’s start with the most common types and see how those translate from in-text citations to full reference listings so that you can easily recognize them and, if necessary, fix them.
These sources are most likely to follow the general checklist given above. Within the list, “year of publication” is abbreviated to “year.” For particular issues relating to authors and years, please refer to the notes on in-text citations.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Book | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Floyd, 2021) | Floyd, D. L. (2021). Cardiff: Stratosphere Books. |
Chapter of an edited book | (Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Y. Editor (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. |
e.g. | (Telfer, 2008) | Telfer, E. (2008). “Food as art,” in A. Neill and A. Ridley (eds.). , 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, pp.11–29. |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
e.g. | (Boyer, 2007) | Boyer, S. D. (2007). “The logic of mystery,” , vol. 43, no. 1, pp.89–102. |
Here’s where things start to get different.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Movie/ film | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | ( , 1946) | (1946). Directed by Frank Capra [Film]. US: RKO Radio Pictures. |
Audio CD/vinyl | (Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. |
e.g. | (Beatles, 1967) | The Beatles (1967) [Vinyl]. London: Parlaphone. |
Some additional information is required here, most commonly:
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Website content | (Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
e.g. | (Proofed, 2022) | Proofed Inc. (2022) [Online]. Available at https://proofed.com/services/proofreading/ (Accessed 5 December 2022). |
With a wealth of sources available, there will always be something that doesn’t quite fit with the general principals. At the end of this guide is an alphabetical list of some you may come across and how they may appear ( remembering that there may be variations between universities ).
The aim of the list is to provide a baseline so that you know the main elements to expect. Consistency of presentation is key, as is the use of the commenting tool to point out where information may be missing – or the format may require checking with the university’s own preferences.
To summarize, the Harvard referencing style can be – and is – interpreted in a wide variety of ways. We’ve set out the Proofed standard approach, so here’s what to do when it almost inevitably differs from the approach taken by the customer:
(1911). “This is my chapter,” in , 2nd edn. Kingston-Upon-Hull: Publishing House, pp.30–45. |
The main purpose of referencing is for writers to avoid plagiarism. For that same reason, there is a limit on what can be done for a customer.
Source Type | In-text Citation | Full Reference Information |
---|---|---|
Annual report (print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, report number if given. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(Artist, year of release) OR Artist (year of release) | Artist (year of release). [Medium]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company. | |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year of publication or last updated). “Title of message,” , day and/or month of posted message [Blog]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). https://proofed.com/writing-tips/how-to-reference-a-print-book-harvard-style/ | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Reviewer, year of publication of review) OR Reviewer (year of publication of review) praised Author’s book… | Reviewer, Y. (year of publication of review). “Title of book review,” review of by Author, X. volume number, issue or part number, page range. | |
(Author of chapter, year) OR Author of chapter (year) says… | Author of Chapter, X. (year). “Title of chapter,” in Editor, Y. (ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. | |
(print or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | Author Organization (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, code or guideline number if given. OR Author Organization (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(published in print/online and unpublished) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Place of Publication: Publisher, page range. OR Author, A. (year). “Title of paper,” Location, date of conference. Publisher [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). OR Author, A. (year of presentation, if unpublished) “Title of paper,” paper presented at Location, date of conference. Note that if conference papers have been gathered together and published in book form (normally titled something like “Transactions of the …”), then a cited conference paper can be treated like a chapter in an edited book. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of standalone unit or block,” . Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) shows… | Author, X. (year). . Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… | Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of dictionary entry,” , edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Dissertation or thesis (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year of submission or publication) OR Author (Year of submission or publication) says… | Author, X. (year of submission or publication). PhD/Masters/Bachelors etc. thesis/dissertation. Place of Publication: Awarding Institution. If available online, provide the URL and accessed date. |
(online) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Online]. Place of publication if available: Publisher if available. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
eBooks (on reader) | (Author, year of eBook publication) OR Author (year of eBook publication) says… | Author, X. (year of eBook publication). [Type of eBook Reader]. Place of Publication: Publisher (Accessed date). |
(Editor, year) OR Editor’s Title of book (year) collects… | Editor, Y. (ed.) (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
eJournal article | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). Note that if the journal is available in print/hardcopy, then you should just treat it as a hardcopy journal. |
Encyclopedia entry (hardcopy or online, author or unauthored) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) defines… NB: Where unauthored, replace Author with Title of Encyclopedia. | Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of encyclopedia entry,” Edition number [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: Where unauthored, start with and move “Title of entry” to come after the edition number. |
Exhibition (catalog) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) noted that… | Author, X. (year). [Exhibition catalog]. Location, date(s) of exhibition. NB: If no author is available, begin with the title of the exhibition. If the catalog is available online, provide the appropriate URL/accessed date. |
Foreign language title | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material, but keep the title in the original language. |
Government publication | (Country. Government Department, year) OR According to the Government Department (Country, year)… | Country. Department. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Document number). If available online, replace everything from “Place of publication” onwards with: Available at: URL (Accessed DD Month YYYY). |
Gray literature (brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc.) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [Type of Document, e.g. Brochure]. Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Illustration in book (hardcopy or online) | (Author, year, page featuring illustration) | Author, X. (year). Place of Publication: Publisher, page number(s) for illustration (illus./fig./diagram/logo.). OR Author, X. (year). (illus./fig./diagram/logo.) [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
(online or in real life) | (Artist, year of production) OR Artist (year of production) illustrates… | Artist, Z. (year of production). Collection if Applicable [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Artist, Z. (year of production). [Medium]. Collection or Institution in which the work is held, Location. If the image does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Drawing of colorful flowers in a green vase]”). |
Interview (by author or between two other people) | (Interviewee, year) OR Interviewee (year) said… | Interviewee, W. (year). Date of interview, Place of interview. |
Journal article (forthcoming) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. [Forthcoming]. “Title of article,” [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Journal (printed) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. |
Online journal article (as opposed to ejournal articles, ejournals are only available online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” volume, issue or part number, page range. NB: Unlike most other material accessed online, if a journal article is simply read online (website or PDF), then it is generally referenced as if it were the print version. |
Pre-print journal article (e.g., ArXiv) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year written) [Pre-print]. “Title of article,” |
Lecture (unpublished) | Tutor/Lecturer (year) states… | Tutor/Lecturer, V. (year). “Title of seminar/lecture/presentation,” University Name. Unpublished. |
Magazine (hardcopy and online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue or part number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. | |
Movie/film (foreign language) | ( , year of release) OR (year of release) shows… | (year of release). Directed by Director Full Name [Film]. Place of Distribution if available: Distribution Company. Cite and reference as you would for an English language material but keep the title in the original language. |
Multi-volume work | (Author or Editor, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author or Editor, X. (year). Volume number, Edition if not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. If you wish to cite all volumes in a multivolume work, then write the total number of volumes instead of the volume number (e.g. 6 vols). |
Musical score | (Composer, year) OR Composer (year) shows… | Composer, U. (year). A. Name (ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
Newsletter | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication, page range. OR Author, X. (year). “Title of article,” issue number if applicable, day and/or month of publication [Online]. Available at: URL [Accessed date]. |
Older work (e.g., Aristotle, Plato) | (Author, book and/or line or chapter number) NB: If only one work by the author has survived, there is no need to give the title in the citation. | Author, trans./ed. Translator/Editor (year of publication of translation/edition). Place of Publication: Publisher. If the work has been translated and edited, for example, you would say “trans. X.X. Translator, ed. X.X. Editor.” Some guides might want you to put commentary or introduction authors in, in which case it would be “Commentary by X.X. Commentator,” for example. |
Personal comms (emails, letters) | (Sender, year) OR Sender (year) says… | Sender, T. (year). Email to Recipient Name, date of message. |
Photographs (online, or in real life) | Photographer (year) illustrates… | Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph], [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date]. OR Photographer, S. (year). [Photograph]. Collection or institution in which the work is held, Location. If the photograph does not have a title, then you can use a brief description in square brackets instead (e.g., “[Four pigeons sitting on a bench]”). |
Play | ( , year of performance) OR (year of performance) illustrates… | Author (year of performance). Directed by Director Full Name [Venue, Location, day and/or month seen]. |
(Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). “Title of podcast,” day and/or month of airing [Podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(hardcopy, or online) | (Author, year) OR Author (year) says… NB: To pinpoint a phrase, the line number may be added after the year, separated with a comma. | A poem in a standalone book should be referenced as a book. A poem found online should be referenced in the same way as a web page. |
Author’s poem (Editor of anthology, year) was… | A poem in an edited anthology should be referenced in the same way as a chapter of an edited book. | |
Press release | (Organization, year) OR Organization (year) said… | Organization (year). [Press release]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
( year of transmission) OR In (year)... | (year). Channel, date of transmission. If the transmission is available online, include the URL and date of access. | |
Religious text (e.g., the Qur’an, the Bible) | (Book and chapter or Surah: verse) | Sacred Text Name. Book and chapter/Surah: verse. If applicable, also provide: Version (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Trans. A. Name (date). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
e.g. | (Ruth 1: 16–17) (Qur’an 20:26) (Shemot 3:14) | The Holy Bible. Ruth 1: 16–17. Good News (2013). Swindon: Bible Society. Qur’an 20:26. Trans. A. Yusuf Ali (2013). Ware: Wordsworth. Torah. Shemot 3:14. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) states… | For paper copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for books. For online copies of reports, reference these using the same format as for eBooks. | |
Shakespeare (play script, sonnet, or anthology) | (Shakespeare, year of version publication, Act:Scene:Line) OR (Editor or Compiler, year of anthology) | Shakespeare, W. (year of version publication). Edited by A. Name. Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Editor, Y. (ed.) (year of publication of anthology). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
(Author, year) OR Author (year) says… | Author, X. (year). [...] [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If the author’s real name is unknown, their username may be used and capitalized as it appears online. | |
Social media profile page | (Author, year last updated) OR Author (year last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). [Social Media Platform]. Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Speech | (Speaker, year) OR Speaker (year) said… | Speaker, R. (year). Location, date. |
(Organization, year) OR Organization (year) says… | Organization (year). Number: Place of Publication: Publisher. | |
Statistics | Cite and reference in the same way as datasets, remembering that the year will relate to the year the statistics were published, not the year they were gathered. | |
Statute or Act (pre-1963) | ( Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) OR As enacted in (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number) | (Regnal year Abbreviated name of sovereign, chapter number). Place of Publication: Publisher (if available). |
e.g. | ( (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) OR As enacted in the (26 Hen. 8, c. 1) | (26 Hen. 8, c. 1). |
Statute or Act (post-1963) | (Country, ) OR s.X(Y) of the Act (Country, ) states… (Wales. OR s.27(1) of the Act ( ) states… | (chapter number of the Act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of Publication: Publisher. (anaw 2). London: The Stationery Office. OR (c.22). London: The Stationery Office. |
Translated book | (Author, year of translated version) OR Author (year of translated version) says… | Author, X. (year of translated version [year of original work if available]). (trans. A. Translator). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
( year of broadcast) OR In (year of broadcast) | (year of broadcast). Channel, date of transmission. OR (year of broadcast) Channel, date of transmission [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
(online) | ( , date uploaded) OR (date uploaded) shows… | (date uploaded). Title of Platform, added by Username of Uploader [Online]. Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Webinar | (Author or presenter, year) OR Author or presenter (year) states… | Author or Presenter, X. (year). [Webinar]. Publisher or sponsor of the webinar. Available at: URL (Accessed date). NB: If no recording of the webinar is available, the URL availability details may be replaced with the date the webinar was delivered. |
(Author, year of publication or last updated) OR Author (year of publication or last updated) states… | Author, X. (year). Publisher/Website Name if Different from Author. Available at: URL (Accessed date). | |
White paper (published or unpublished) | (Department, year) | Department (year). (Command paper number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Department (year). (Command paper number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Working paper | (Author or Organization, year) | Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Place of Publication: Publisher. OR Author, X. or Organization (year). (Working paper series or number). Available at: URL (Accessed date). |
Yearbook | (Institution, year) | Institution (year). Place of Publication: Publisher. |
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What you need to know, harvard style tutorial.
The Harvard referencing system is known as the Author-Date style . It emphasizes the name of the creator of a piece of information and the date of publication, with the list of references in alphabetical order at the end of your paper.
Unlike other citation styles, there is no single, definitive version of Harvard Style. Therefore, you may see a variation in features such as punctuation, capitalization, abbreviations, and the use of italics.
Always check with your instructor and follow the rules he or she gives you.
Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places:
Sample References List:
Click on the Links Below to See Additional Examples:
Click on the image below to launch this tutorial that was created by the University of Leeds. The section on Citing in Text is especially useful.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and CC BY-NC 4.0 Licenses .
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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .
For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .
This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .
In-text citations and full references.
Referencing consists of two elements:
To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .
a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text.
a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment.
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You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Harris, 2015). OR It has been emphasised by Harris (2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised (Shah and Papadopoulos, 2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. OR Shah and Papadopoulos (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong, Smith and Adebole, 2015). OR Wong, Smith and Adebole (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong , 2015). OR Wong (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (The Open University, 2015). Information from The Open University (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015). Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Generate accurate Harvard reference lists quickly and for FREE, with MyBib!
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style.
It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
The generated references can be copied into a reference list or bibliography, and then collectively appended to the end of an academic assignment. This is the standard way to give credit to sources used in the main body of an assignment.
Harvard is the main referencing style at colleges and universities in the United Kingdom and Australia. It is also very popular in other English-speaking countries such as South Africa, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. University-level students in these countries are most likely to use a Harvard generator to aid them with their undergraduate assignments (and often post-graduate too).
A Harvard Referencing Generator solves two problems:
A well-formatted and broad bibliography can account for up to 20% of the total grade for an undergraduate-level project, and using a generator tool can contribute significantly towards earning them.
Here's how to use our reference generator:
MyBib supports the following for Harvard style:
⚙️ Styles | Harvard, Harvard Cite Them Right |
---|---|
📚 Sources | Websites, books, journals, newspapers |
🔎 Autocite | Yes |
📥 Download to | Microsoft Word, Google Docs |
There isn't "one true way" to do Harvard referencing, and many universities have their own slightly different guidelines for the style. Our generator can adapt to handle the following list of different Harvard styles:
Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.
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Upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, is your source credible don't forget to consider these factors:, purpose : reason the source exists.
Reference examples.
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title . Type of qualification, academic institution.
Dang, V.A. 2007 . Three essays in financial economics . Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.
Author and date.
When the author name is not mentioned in the text, the citation consists of the author’s name and the year of publication in brackets.
It was emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent (Jones, 2017).
If you have already named the author in the text, only the publication year needs to be mentioned in brackets.
Jones (2017) emphasised that citations in the text should be consistent.
If a source has three or more authors, the name of the first author should be given, followed by the phrase "et al."
It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent (Jones et al., 2017).
Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent.
Leeds Harvard does not use ibid to refer to previously cited items. If you are citing the same item twice in a row (i.e. you do not cite any other items in the text between the two citations) you must write the full citation again.
The key principle of referencing is that the reader should understand which information came from another source and which is your own idea, so you should provide citations as often as is necessary to make this clear. If you feel that you are citing the same source too many times in one paragraph, you could change the way that you are writing:
Example: Jones et al. (2017) emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent and argued that referencing is a key part of academic integrity. Furthermore, having a broad range of references in a text is an indicator of the breadth of a scholar's reading and research (Jones et al., 2017). They also suggested that…
You should include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table, etc. from a source.
"It was emphasised that citations in a text should be consistent" (Jones, 2017, p.24).
When referencing a single page, you should use p. For a range of pages, use pp.
p.7 or pp.20-29.
If the page numbers are in Roman numerals, do not include p. before them.
(Amis, 1958, iv)
When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard.
Skip straight to the issue that affects you:
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Start with HOLLIS (HarvardKey login required for some full text, including theses & dissertations)
How do you know if it's available online?
What Harvard theses and dissertations can you expect to find online in full text? How do you get to them?
If the work hasn't been digitized:
You can order PDFs or photocopies of most Harvard theses and dissertations (unless they're available through the Proquest database linked above) from 1873 through November 2011 (and ALM theses to 2016)
For Extension School ALM theses check out our Library Guide for Harvard Extension School theses page
Want to view a dissertation or thesis at the library? Check with the archival collection location listed in HOLLIS.
Wondering what dissertations and theses have been submitted in the recent past? Use DASH .
For more on undergraduate theses and dissertations, see our " How can I locate a Harvard undergraduate thesis?" FAQ.
Looking for non-Harvard theses & dissertations? See our "How can I find theses and dissertations?" FAQ.
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We are happy to answer questions from all Harvard affiliates and from non-affiliates inquiring about the library's collections.
Unfortunately, we're unable to answer questions from the general public which are not directly related to Harvard Library services and collections.
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All you need to know about citations
To cite an online thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:
Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of an online thesis in Harvard style:
Author(s) of the online thesis . ( Year of submission ) Title of the online thesis . Degree description . Degree-awarding institution . Available at: URL (Accessed: Date of access ).
Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:
A master's thesis found in an online platform
Bauger, L . ( 2011 ) Personality, Passion, Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being among Junior Elite Athletes in Norway . Master's Thesis . University of Tromsø . Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/29a9/ef96c34e577211246b83b11813a2585033c5.pdf (Accessed: 5 July 2018 ).
A PhD thesis found in an online platform
Confait, M. F . ( 2018 ) Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: the case of the Seychelles . PhD thesis . Edith Cowan University . Available at: Retrieved from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2060 (Accessed: 5 June 2019 ).
This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.
Automatic citations in seconds
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Referencing and RefWorks
Our templates will help you to reference correctly for your assignments, and there are plenty to choose from! Just remember, you'll have to follow the guidance exactly as shown, including text formatting and punctuation.
What kind of material do you want to reference? Use the filter selectors below to choose the right category.
By default, you will see our most frequently used templates. You can switch to view specific types of materials, or see them all.
Journal Articles
Art & Culture
Ilustrations
Illustrations
Course Material
Communications
The source i am using references someone else. how do i reference that.
This is called secondary referencing .
For example, you are reading an article published in 2014 by Caroline Anderson. In her article, Caroline talks about an interesting theory outlined and discussed in a different journal article, published in 2010 by Michael Scott, and she correctly cites and references Scott 2010.
You want to paraphrase that idea in your essay. Who do you reference, Anderson 2014 or Scott 2010 ?
You should only reference what you have read, and you do not have to track down the original reference. However, if you wish to credit the originator of the idea, see our example here:
Scott (cited in Anderson 2014) suggests that in order to have a better brew, you should put the milk in first, then the teabag, then the boiling water. I strongly disagree with that.
Scott's theory (cited in Anderson 2014 p.25) states that "the correct order for an optimal brew is milk, teabag, boiling water".
ANDERSON, C., 2014. The history of a good cuppa. T Journal , 54(2), pp. 24-28.
The reference list will only include the source you have read.
This happens quite often with websites, if you want to reference different pages from the same organisation which are published in the same year. Take for example these two pages from NHS Choices, published in 2017: Four cups of coffee not bad for health and Can fizzy water make you fat?
You must differentiate between the citations and reference list entries using letters to the right of the publication year.
To achieve this:
Following a systematic review looking at the consumption of coffee in adults, it has been found that "400mg/day of caffeine is not associated with significant concern for cardiovascular mortality" (NHS Choices 2017b) . A different study, looking at water consumption, suggests that there is a difference between how fizzy water and non-fizzy drinks can affect the body (NHS Choices 2017a) .
NHS CHOICES, 2017a . Can fizzy water make you fat? [online]. London: NHS Choices. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2017/05May/Pages/Can-fizzy-water-make-you-fat.aspx [Accessed 23 May 2017].
NHS CHOICES, 2017b . Four cups of coffee 'not bad for health' suggests review . [online]. London: NHS Choices. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/news/2017/04April/Pages/Four-cups-of-coffee-not-bad-for-health-suggests-review.aspx [Accessed 23 May 2017].
Where the same author has produced works in different years these works should be arranged in chronological order in the reference list, for example:
SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2004. Report on... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005. Children and... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2014. Advice on...
If two or more of these are from the same year, follow the guidance from the previous FAQ and add a, b, c, etc. to differentiate between the different entries, for example:
SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2004. Report on... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005a. Children and... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2005b. Juvenile justice... SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT, 2014. Advice on...
You simply put the citations in one set of brackets.
This is the bit where I am paraphrasing a really cool idea which is going to make me sound very smart (Wilson 2012; Allen 2002; Green and White 2002; Brown, Jones and Smith 1998; Anderson et al. 1965) .
No , if the book or journal article also exists on paper, you would reference the source as the paper version , regardless of whether you read it online.
The good news is almost all E-Books, or E-Journals will have been published in paper too. It doesn't matter whether you find the book via our Library catalogue, GoogleBooks or any other service. You should be able to find the necessary information to create a standard reference for the book/journal article.
There are very rare cases in which a book has only been published online. In these cases, reference like a webpage, something like this:
BROWN, C., 2013. My love affair with referencing . [online]. London: Little & Large. Available from: http://www.littlelarge.com/brown [Accessed 17 December 2016].
I can't find the publisher....
In general, the organisation on whose website the web page sits will be the publisher. If this is not clear, look for ‘About Us’ or ‘Contact us’ information, or scroll to the bottom of the page and look for copyright information; you should see an organisation mentioned.
The address of the organisation’s headquarters should be mentioned in ‘About us’, ‘Contact us’ or ‘Our Offices’. You can treat the town or city where the organisation is based as the place of publication.
If you still can't find it, you can omit mentioning the place of publication.
On some pages, a date may be given at the top of the page. If no date is listed there, scroll down to the bottom of the web page and look for a copyright or ‘last updated’ date.
If you still cannot find a date, but the page you are looking at, and the rest of the website, seems to be continually updated and there are no indications that the page is older, you can use the current year as your date.
If you are in any doubt, however, use n.d. (meaning no date) for the year.
We know this isn't what you want to hear, but we're afraid there's no exact answer to this question.
In some cases, your lecturers will tell you specifically how many references they expect from you in a particular assignment. More often though, the number of references will be determined by the nature of the assignment and it will be down to yourself and what you have written and the sources you have consulted. If you are worried you have not used enough sources, and therefore do not have enough references, we would suggest you seek guidance from whoever is marking your assignment.
Of course! We're a friendly bunch who are here to help, support, and give you all the right tools to get those references right!
If you need further support with Harvard referencing please visit our Workshops and Appointments page where you will find:
If you're not sure which template is right for your source or if you're struggling to identify the information you need then you can email the team for support. This is a high demand service and we can't always guarantee a quick response. Please use the information we provide online to help yourself as much as possible first. This includes looking at the templates and ensuring that you have adhered to these when writing your references. We can't offer a proof-reading or correction service for your entire reference list. As referencing is a marked part of most assignments your lecturers are expecting to see your own work.
Appointments, workshops, and email support are available during the Academic Support Team working hours of Monday-Friday 9am-5pm.
Appointment and email response times will depend on team availability and demands on the service. These are high demand services so please make sure you contact us well ahead of your deadline.
If you would like to download a copy of this referencing guide, PDF and Word versions are available below:
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In Harvard, the following reference list entry format is used for the dissertation: Author Surname, Author Initials. (Year Published). Title of the dissertation in italics. Level. Institution Name. For example, reference list entry for the above source would be: Darius, H. (2014).
This guide introduces the Harvard referencing style and includes examples of citations. Welcome Toggle Dropdown. A-Z of Harvard references ; Citing authors with Harvard ; ... Title of thesis (in italics). Degree statement. Degree-awarding body. Available at: URL. (Accessed: date). In-text citation: (Smith, 2019)
Cite A Dissertation in Harvard style. Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
A thesis is a long-term, large project that involves both research and writing; it is easy to lose focus, motivation, and momentum. Here are suggestions for achieving the result you want in the time you have. The dissertation is probably the largest project you have undertaken, and a lot of the work is self-directed.
or dissertation guidelines, check which style of referencing your lecturer or department asks you to use. If you don't check, and you use a style that is not the one stated in your guidelines, you could find you lose marks. This guide introduces you to the Harvard referencing style, which uses an 'author-date' approach.
Harvard; In-text citations and reference list; Articles; Books; Conference papers; Webpages; Reports; Video, film, television; Figures and tables; Standards and patents; Generative artificial intelligence (AI) Computer software and mobile applications; Legal sources; Thesis or dissertation. Thesis or dissertation; Personal communications
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
Theses. Reference: Author, Initial. (Year of submission) Title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree-awarding body. Example: Allen, S. J. (2009) The social and moral fibre of Celtic Tiger Ireland. Unpublished PhD thesis. University College Dublin. In-Text-Citation:
According to the Harvard citation style, the same template is used for referencing a master's thesis and a doctoral dissertation in a list of bibliographic references: Author, (year). Title. Work type, University. NB: Fill in the 'Work type' field the type of work and the academic grade, for instance, 'Ph.D. thesis'.
Most dissertations are 100 to 300 pages in length. All dissertations should be divided into appropriate sections, and long dissertations may need chapters, main divisions, and even subdivisions. Students should keep in mind that GSAS and many departments deplore overlong and wordy dissertations.
To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:. Author(s) of the PhD thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
According to the NWU manual for master's and doctoral studies, the following terms are used: For international theses and dissertations use the terms on the title page. Full stops are optional in the abbreviations for qualifications, eg: M.Sc. or MSc (Magister Scientiae), Ph.D. or PhD (Philosophiae Doctor). Saah, P. 2017.
Harvard referencing refers to the general citation style of listing a source's author and date in parentheses within the text, ... (NB: in a dissertation or thesis, the number may refer to the chapter in which it appears - e.g., Figure 3.5 may refer to the fifth figure in Chapter 3). Then a title (caption) for the figure or table.
What You Need To Know. Harvard Style will affect your paper in two places: In-text citations in the body of your paper, and. The reference list at the end of your paper. Rules: All in-text citations should be listed in the reference list at the end of your paper. Reference list entries need to contain all the information that someone reading ...
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
To cite a master's thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:. Author(s) of the master's thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
A Harvard Referencing Generator is a tool that automatically generates formatted academic references in the Harvard style. It takes in relevant details about a source -- usually critical information like author names, article titles, publish dates, and URLs -- and adds the correct punctuation and formatting required by the Harvard referencing style.
Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused? Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness? Automatic works cited and bibliography formatting for MLA, APA and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. Now supports 7th edition of MLA.
When you're referencing with Leeds Harvard you may come across issues with missing details, multiple authors, edited books, references to another author's work or online items, to name a few. Here are some tips on how to deal with some common issues when using Leeds Harvard. Skip straight to the issue that affects you: Online items; URL web ...
To cite an undergraduate thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:. Author(s) of the undergraduate thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
Contact Imaging Services staff directly for additional information at 617/495-3995 or [email protected] (M-F, 9-5 Eastern) For Extension School ALM theses check out our Library Guide for Harvard Extension School theses page. Want to view a dissertation or thesis at the library? Check with the archival collection location listed in HOLLIS.
To cite an online thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:. Author(s) of the online thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
If you need further support with Harvard referencing please visit our Workshops and Appointments page where you will find: A calendar of workshops that can be booked online. There are twice-weekly sessions on Harvard referencing ; Recordings of previous workshops; Information on how to book 1-1 or small group support appointments with one of ...