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Open Access Theses and Dissertations

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About OATD.org

OATD.org aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 1100 colleges, universities, and research institutions . OATD currently indexes 7,221,548 theses and dissertations.

About OATD (our FAQ) .

Visual OATD.org

We’re happy to present several data visualizations to give an overall sense of the OATD.org collection by county of publication, language, and field of study.

You may also want to consult these sites to search for other theses:

• Google Scholar
• NDLTD , the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. NDLTD provides information and a search engine for electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs), whether they are open access or not.
• Proquest Theses and Dissertations (PQDT), a database of dissertations and theses, whether they were published electronically or in print, and mostly available for purchase. Access to PQDT may be limited; consult your local library for access information.

• Refine Query
• Filter by source OCLC [1,198,989] National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan [1,167,835] IBICT Brazilian ETDs [631,648] Ethos UK [518,054] DiVA Archive at Upsalla University [434,475] Library and Archives Canada ETDs Repository / Centre d'archives des thèses électroniques de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada [199,832] Czech ETDs [155,686] South African National ETD Portal [150,664] Ohiolink ETDs [119,619] Dépôt national des thèses électroniques françaises [100,238] Universidade de São Paulo [85,990] Hochschulschriftenserver (HSSS) der SLUB Dresden [78,758] M.I.T. Theses and Dissertation [66,784] University of Arizona [62,987] Universidade do Porto [59,708] Australiasian Digital Theses Program [56,698] McGill University [53,664] Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú [51,210] Northeastern University [46,663] CCSD theses-EN-ligne, France [45,310] University of British Columbia [44,500] Virginia Tech Theses and Dissertation [40,916] Universidade Estadual Paulista [40,846] Universidad de Chile [33,469] Kyoto University [30,819] National Chengchi University Libraries [30,533] Naval Postgraduate School [29,660] East Tennessee State University [29,147] Boston University [24,883] Université de Montréal [24,139] Hong Kong University Theses [23,491] Université d’Ottawa [22,502] Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) [21,586] University of North Texas [21,467] University of Manitoba Canada [20,871] Florida State University [19,971] Université Laval [19,775] Georgia Tech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive [19,332] McMaster University [19,118] ProQuest.com [18,771] NSYSU Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive [18,167] University of Central Florida [17,764] Nagoya University [17,731] Lithuanian ETD submission system [17,343] K-State Research Exchange [17,271] University of Texas [16,290] The Chinese University of Hong Kong [15,705] PUC Rio [15,214] Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - SISBIB PERU [14,458] University of Massachusetts, Amherst [14,017] Texas A and M University [12,944] California Institute of Technology [11,479] Bradford Scholars [11,125] Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU [10,927] Brigham Young University [10,397] Arizona State University [9,630] Universidad Catolica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo [9,490] Université libre de Bruxelles [9,104] University of Würzburg [9,059] Middle East Technical Univ. [9,012] Columbia University [8,810] Georg-August-Universität Göttingen [8,575] Université de Sherbrooke [8,318] University of South Flordia [8,199] University of Oulu [8,178] Rice University [8,174] Walden University [8,007] University of Toronto [7,835] Utah State University [7,800] Louisiana State University [7,737] Ball State University [7,597] University of Patras [7,359] Purdue University [7,208] University of Victoria [7,197] North-West University [7,161] Potsdam University [7,020] University of Iowa [6,955] Ural Federal University [6,531] William and Mary [6,511] Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [6,448] Oregon State University [6,436] University of Waterloo Electronic Theses Repository [6,361] University of Canterbury [6,303] Virginia Commonwealth University [6,265] Mississippi State University [6,206] Tulane University [6,108] University of Saskatchewan Library [6,015] Humboldt University of Berlin [5,867] Duquesne University [5,754] Vidyanidhi Digital Lib. (India) [5,491] Università di Bologna [5,461] Southern Illinois University Carbondale [5,348] Universitat de Barcelona [5,295] Portland State University [5,266] Universitat Politècnica de València [5,244] Temple University [5,152] Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières [5,074] University of Kentucky [4,964] Georgia State University [4,963] Technischen Universität Darmstadt [4,732] Claremont Colleges [4,427] Atlanta University Center [4,341] California State University San Bernardino [4,248] University of Pittsburgh [4,221] University of the Pacific [4,015] India Institute of Science [3,939] Vanderbilt University Theses [3,920] Boston College [3,911] Florida International University [3,803] Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis [3,602] Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien [3,395] University of Hawaii at Manoa Libraries [3,370] Universidad de Alicante [3,313] Harvard University [3,302] Western Kentucky University Theses [3,116] Duke University [3,050] Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [3,020] University of New Orleans [2,923] Florida Atlantic University [2,915] University of Macau [2,890] California Polytechnic State University [2,876] University of Oregon [2,859] University of Tennessee Libraries [2,741] Università di Trento [2,724] Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Sedici [2,708] North Dakota State University [2,645] Nova Southeastern University [2,515] Université du Québec à Chicoutimi [2,436] Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de la Communauté française de Belgique [2,430] Hong Kong Baptist University [2,424] King Abdullah University of Science and Technology [2,285] University of Novi Sad [2,138] Worcester Polytechnic Institute [2,034] Univ. of Western Cape [1,967] Université de Toulouse [1,933] North Carolina State University [1,928] Montana State University [1,801] CRANFIELD1 [1,783] Universidad de Murcia [1,671] Universitat Rovira i Virgili [1,594] Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. DocTA [1,546] Universidad Ricardo Palma (URP) [1,520] University of Maine [1,483] Universitat Pompeu Fabra [1,438] Universidad Nacional del Sur [1,387] National Library of Portugal DiTeD ETD Repository [1,371] Carnegie Mellon University [1,311] Loyola Marymount University [1,304] Wichita State University [1,303] University of Massachusetts Medical School [1,266] Lingnan University [1,169] Universität Osnabrück [1,158] Universitat de València [1,153] University of Vermont [1,131] Doshisha University [1,097] North-West University, South Africa [1,091] Universidad del Pacífico [1,043] University of Miami [1,009] Universidad Nacional de Ingenierí(UNI) [981] University of Auckland [949] Universitat de Girona [926] University of North Florida [902] Universitat de Lleida [772] Hitotsubashi University [718] University of Montana Missoula [696] Texas Christian University [631] Universidad Continental [602] Universitat Ramon Llull [576] Butler University [527] Robert Gordon University [518] Southern Baptist Theological Seminary [499] Universitat Jaume I [418] UDLA-Thesis [408] Dissertations and other Documents of the Gerhard-Mercator-University Duisburg [383] Universitat de les Illes Balears [343] Hokkaido University Japan [330] Physnet, Physics Document Server, Germany [319] Universidad Mayor de San André(UMSA) [287] Universidad de Cantabria [281] Universidad de Lima [267] University of Latvia [255] Rhodes University SA [221] Universitat Internacional de Catalunya [211] Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann [186] VTechWorks NDLTD ETDs [186] Yale Medical student MD Thesis [122] University of Missiouri at St. Louis ETD Archive [119] UCL [118] Chapman University [102] Universidad de Oviedo [102] Sao Paulo State University, Sao Paulo - Brazil. [92] Universitat Oberta de Catalunya [80] Universidad de San Martin de Porres [77] Oregon Health and Science Univ. Library [71] University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill [62] Universitat de Vic [49] Indiana University of Pennsylvania Thesis [43] Universitat de Rovira i Virgili [38] Universitat Abat Oliba [32] Universidad de las Americas, Puebla: Digital Theses [30] George Washington University Theses [24] CRANFIELD [22] Hamburg Universtiy of Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg) [19] UniZar [14] Theses and Dissertations Online (Catalunya) [10] NDLTD Individual ETDs [4]
• Publication year
• english 1682450
• Zh-Tw 1005641
• portuguese 807713
• french 392543
• german 337107
• en_us 313334
• swedish 285491
• spanish 147619
• czech 136060
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• analysis 89000
• psychology 88761
• The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations . Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website .

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12 September 2024

On Thursday 12 September, the German National Library will not open until 14:30 due to a staff meeting at both locations.

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About DissOnline

The German National Library houses the largest national collection of online dissertations in Europe. We have been collecting online dissertations and theses since 1998. Since then, the collection has grown to more than 284,000 documents (as of November 2020).

Since these activities began under the aegis of DissOnline more than 20 years ago, electronic publishing has become a part of everyday university life. This is due to the close cooperation between universities, their libraries and computer centres, and representatives of academia as well as the long-standing support provided through projects funded by the German Research Foundation ( DFG ).

The DissOnline project was brought to a successful, sustainable conclusion. Stakeholders whose initiative had supported DissOnline then became free to transfer their commitment to other areas. In June 2012, the DissOnline advisory committee therefore decided to integrate the functions and information on the website www.dissonline.de into the German National Library’s services. This is particularly relevant in terms of the deposit of works with the German National Library. The extended metadata format XMetaDissPlus enables all types of publications and documents available in subject-specific and institutional repositories and on university servers to be deposited in just one fully automated transaction.

Deposit information

The DissOnline portal is also integrated into the German National Library's catalogue as a search option. This means that online dissertations are listed as a component of the German National Library’s collection alongside traditional printed dissertations, other online university publications and academic literature. Our catalogue offers a wide variety of search options that are constantly being developed and optimised further. You will find an explanation of all the available search options here:

Guide to searching dissertations and theses in the German National Library’s catalogue (only available in German)

In order to enhance the international visibility of the collection, the metadata for all German online dissertations is continually delivered to DART , the European portal for online dissertations. NDLTD : Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations is committed to the promotion of electronic publishing in the academic sector beyond Europe. The International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) takes place every year.

Statistical information

Online university publications have been collected, catalogued and archived at the German National Library since 1998. The illustration shows how the percentage of online publications has developed over the years since this work began. Here it must be considered that although dissertations are subject to a mandatory publication obligation and an obligation to be placed on deposit with the German National Library, only an approximate impression of doctoral and publication activities in Germany can be given.

As the statistics refer to the year in which the publication was released rather than the year in which it was deposited, it is quite possible that figures may rise in succeeding years. This applies in particular to the most recent full year.

The DissOnline projects

• 1998–2000 Dissertations Online
• 2003–2004 Establishment of a coordinating body for online university publications
• 2005–2007 DissOnline Tutor
• 2005–2008 Establishment of a portal for online university publications

The intensive cooperation between all partners and sponsors also made it possible to start collecting dissertations and theses on a voluntary basis in 1998, eight years before the amendment to the Law Regarding the German National Library and the provision stipulating the mandatory deposit of online publications.

Last changes: 08.03.2021 Short-URL: https://www.dnb.de/dissonline

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• RIT Libraries
• Thesis and Dissertation Resources
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• Thesis Writing Guides
• Writing in Engineering and Science

Why search this literature?

It is crucial for graduate students to search the thesis and dissertation literature to make sure that an idea or hypothesis has not already been tested, explored, and published.  An additional reason to search this literature is that it is rich with ideas and information not found elsewhere.  If graduate students do not continue on as academics or if students that came after them in their programs did not continue their research, this literature may be the end of the line for scholarship on a topic.

ProQuest has published dissertation e-learning modules covering the usefulness of using dissertations as a research source.  See link below:

• Dissertation eLearning resources from ProQuest Uncover the value of dissertations.

Library Databases

All graduate students should, at minimum, search the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database (PQDT) to see if the research they are proposing to do has already been done by a student at another institution/university.  RIT dissertations and theses have been included in PQDT since approximately 2006.

• Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global This link opens in a new window Identifies Ph.D. dissertations from U.S. & Canadian universities since 1861. Abstracts from 1980. Master's theses from 1988. Many with full-text.

RIT Digital Institutional Repository

• Digital Institutional Repository The digital institutional repository for the Rochester Institute of Technology, managed by RIT Libraries.
• ProQuest - Most Accessed Dissertations/Theses

Each month ProQuest updates this list of the top 25 Most-Accessed Dissertations and Theses across all subjects, based upon total PDF downloads. Find out what is trending.

The web sites below should also be consulted as appropriate to perform a full and thorough review of the dissertation and thesis literature beyond your introductory search of ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.  Consider whether a particular country or part of the world would have an interest in your potential research topic.

Only large-scale repositories of dissertations and theses are included here. You may also need to search individual university repositories directly.

• Ebsco Open Dissertations Search thousands of open dissertations and theses from over 50 participating libraries.
• EThOS (from the British Library) EThOS offers a 'single point of access' where researchers the world over can access ALL theses produced by UK Higher Education.
• Indian Institute of Science Dissertations and theses from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
• Indian Theses and Dissertations (Shodhganga) Over 130 participating Indian universities and over 8800 ETD documents.
• National ETD Portal (South Africa) South African theses and dissertations.
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), is an international organization dedicated to promoting the adoption, creation, use, dissemination, and preservation of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). The NDLTD Union Catalog contains more than one million records of electronic theses and dissertations. Search the Union Catalog from here: http://thumper.vtls.com:6090/?theme=NDLTD
• OhioLINK ETD Center Electronic theses and dissertations from colleges and universities in the state of Ohio.
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations OATD aims to be the best possible resource for finding open access graduate theses and dissertations published around the world. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from over 600 colleges, universities, and research institutions. OATD currently indexes over 1.5 million theses and dissertations. RIT is included.
• Theses Canada Canadian universities voluntarily participate by submitting approved theses and dissertation to Theses Canada. Click on "Search Theses Canada" under the Introduction on the left hand side of the page to begin your search.
• TROVE From the National Library of Australia - Search Trove to explore amazing collections from Australian libraries, universities, museums, galleries and archives.
• Next: Thesis Writing Guides >>

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Theses Collection Wales

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The Theses Collection Wales includes approximately 50,000 theses and dissertations which have been presented for postgraduate degrees in higher educational institutions in Wales. The collection comprises theses and dissertations arising from all PhD and research Masters degrees, as well as taught Masters dissertations which have a Welsh interest or have gained a distinction. You can view the full text of any electronic theses by becoming a member of the Library .

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𝗟𝗮𝗸𝗯𝗮𝘆-𝗞𝗮𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗢𝘂𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺

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𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗦 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗔𝗗𝗨𝗟𝗧 𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗫𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗗

𝟭𝟭𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗔𝗗𝗨𝗟𝗧𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣

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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.

Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

Chapter 5 dissertations and theses.

Created: October 10, 2007 ; Last Update: August 11, 2015 .

A. Entire Dissertations and Theses

• Sample Citation and Introduction
• Citation Rules with Examples

B. Parts of Dissertations and Theses

• A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Dissertations and Theses

The general format for a reference to entire dissertation, including punctuation:

The general format for a reference to entire master's thesis, including punctuation:

• Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses

Dissertations and theses are rigorous reports of original research written in support of academic degrees above the baccalaureate level. Although some countries use the term "thesis" to refer to material written for a doctorate, the term in this chapter is reserved for work at the master's level, while "dissertation" is used for the doctorate.

Citations to dissertations and theses are similar to the standard book, with the following important points:

• With rare exceptions, dissertations have only one author. Most master's theses also have a single author, but occasionally will have two.
• The place of publication for a thesis or dissertation is the city where the university or other institution granting the degree is located. Many dissertations, particularly those of US universities, do not state the place of publication. When this occurs, obtain the city name from another source and place it in square brackets.
• The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree.

The chief source for information about a dissertation or thesis is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso page, and the cover are additional sources of authoritative information not found on the title page.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses .

Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses .

• Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author (R) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)

Author for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

General rules for author.

• List names in the order they appear in the text
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
• Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
• End author information with a period

Specific Rules for Author

• Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
• Other surname rules
• Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
• Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name
• Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
• Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
• Options for author names

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Other surname rules.

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name.

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

1. standard dissertation, 2. standard master's thesis, 3. dissertation or thesis with optional full name(s) for author, 4. dissertation or thesis with more than one author (rare), 5. dissertation or thesis with authors showing designations of rank within the family, title for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for title.

• Enter the title of a dissertation or thesis as it appears in the original document and in the original language
• Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a Content Type or Type of Medium follows it, then end with a space

Specific Rules for Title

• Titles not in English
• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

Titles not in English.

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Examples for Title

6. dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a period, 7. dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, greek letter, or other special characters, 8. dissertation or thesis with non-english titles, 9. dissertation or thesis with non-english titles, with translation, content type for a dissertation or thesis (optional), general rules for content type.

• Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the title to alert the user that the reference is not to a standard book
• Follow the bracketed type with a period unless the dissertation or thesis is in a non-print medium (see Type of Medium below)

Specific Rules for Content Type

• Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Non-English titles with translation

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Non-English titles with translation.

Examples for Content Type

10. dissertation or thesis in a microform, type of medium for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for type of medium.

• Indicate the specific type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the title and the content type when a dissertation or thesis is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium inside the square brackets for the content type, preceded by the word "on". For example: [dissertation on microfiche].
• End with a period following the closing bracket
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description below
• See Chapter 15 for dissertations or theses in audiovisual formats; Chapter18 and Chapter 22 for those in electronic formats

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

Examples for type of medium, place of publication for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for place of publication.

• Place is defined as the city where the university or other institution granting the degree is located
• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E ) to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D ), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as London (ON) and London (England)
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien
• End place information with a colon

Specific Rules for Place of Publication

• Non-US cities
• No place of publication can be found

Non-US cities.

No place of publication can be found.

Examples for Place of Publication

11. dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title page, publisher for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for publisher.

• The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree
• Record the name of the institution as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
• Abbreviate well-known words in institutional names, such as Univ. for University, if desired
• When a division or other subsidiary part of an institution appears in the publication, enter the main institutional name first. For example: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center.
• End publisher information with a semicolon

Specific Rules for Publisher

• Abbreviations in publisher names
• Non-English names of institutions
• Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher

Abbreviations in publisher names.

Non-English names of institutions.

Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.

Examples for Publisher

12. dissertation or thesis publisher with subsidiary part included, 13. dissertation or thesis issued by a governmental body, 14. dissertation or thesis issued by other than a university, date of publication for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for date of publication.

• Always give the year of publication, i.e., the year the degree was granted
• Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
• Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as Jan
• End date information with a period

Specific Rules for Date of Publication

• Non-English names for months
• Seasons instead of months
• Options for date of publication

Non-English names for months.

Seasons instead of months.

Options for date of publication.

Examples for Date of Publication

15. dissertation or thesis date with month included, 16. dissertation or thesis date with season, pagination for a dissertation or thesis (optional), general rules for pagination.

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the dissertation or thesis appears
• Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes unless they are included in the pagination of the text
• Follow the page total with a space and the letter p
• For dissertations or theses published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 2 vol
• End pagination information with a period

Specific Rules for Pagination

• No numbers appear on the pages

No numbers appear on the pages.

Examples for Pagination

17. dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume, physical description for a dissertation or thesis (optional), general rules for physical description.

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a dissertation or thesis is published in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, microcard, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

• Language for describing physical characteristics

Language for describing physical characteristics.

Examples for Physical Description

Language for a dissertation or thesis (required), general rules for language.

• Give the language of publication if other than English
• Capitalize the language name
• Follow the language name with a period

Examples for Language

Notes for a dissertation or thesis (optional), general rules for notes.

• Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself
• Complete sentences are not required

Specific Rules for Notes

Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• Other types of material to include in notes

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

18. dissertation or thesis with availability statement included, 19. dissertation or thesis with location of a library or other holding institution where the dissertation/thesis may be found, 20. dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree, 21. dissertation or thesis with sponsorship or support note included, 22. dissertation or thesis accompanied by a cd-rom, dvd, or other medium, 23. dissertation or thesis with supplemental material on the internet.

Jones DL. The role of physical activity on the need for revision total knee arthroplasty in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee [dissertation]. [Pittsburgh (PA)]: University of Pittsburgh; 2001. 436 p.

Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia; 2004. 290 p.

Zhao C. Development of nanoelectrospray and application to protein research and drug discovery [dissertation]. Buffalo (NY): State University of New York at Buffalo; 2005. 276 p.

Roguskie JM. The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin glycan in virulence [master's thesis]. [Pittsburgh (PA)]: Duquesne University; 2005. 111 p.

Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training guide for social work professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.

Baldwin, Karen Brandt. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic medical record for the evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 2004. 116 p.

Kolotylo C, MacDonald JM. Exploration of the relationships among personal and illness-related factors, migraine headache pain, the chronic pain experience, coping, depressive symptomatology, disability, and quality of life in women with migraine headache [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; 1999. 295 p.

Korir J, Karr-Kidwell PJ. The relationship between self esteem and effective educational leadership: a literary review, recommendations, and interviews [master's thesis]. [Denton (TX)]: Texas Woman's University; 2000 May. 98 p.

Daugherty RH 3rd. Social work education and public assistance workers in Kentucky 1936-2001 [dissertation]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 2004. 203 p.

Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p.

Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene -induced mitochondrial aberrations precede apoptotic and necrotic cell death in murine liver and lung [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's University; 2004. 149 p.

Greek letters may be written out if special fonts are not available

Goel R. Characterization of α-thrombin -induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.

Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin -induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.

Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available

Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70 S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.

Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.

Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [Predictive parameters for macroangiopathy complications in Type 2 diabetes which requires insulin] [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.

Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Craft LL. Exercise and clinical depression: examining psychological mechanisms [dissertation on microfiche]. [East Lansing (MI)]: Michigan State University; 2002. 116 p. 2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.

Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967)] [dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University; 2001. 133 p. 2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in. German.

Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on microfilm]. [College Park (PA)]: Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p. 3 microcards: 3 x 5 in.

Campbell E. Childbearing and choice: views of young Chinese professional women [dissertation]. [Claremont (CA)]: Claremont Graduate University; 1996. 147 p.

Metry KJ. NAT polymorphism in breast cancer risk [master's thesis]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 2004. 71 p.

Miller LE, Sperry BM. Central American women's experience of prenatal care [master's thesis]. [Boston (MA)]: Massachusetts General Hospital, Institute of Health Professions; 1992. 66 p.

Schauppner CE. Some ramifications of compensation limitations in personal services contracts for direct health care providers [master's thesis]. Monterey (CA): Naval Postgraduate School (US); 1990. 74 p.

Kazerouni NN. Family history of breast cancer as a determinant of the risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancers: a nationwide cohort study [dissertation]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics; 2002.

Kan H. Does the Medicare principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model adequately adjust for selection bias? [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): RAND Graduate School; 2002. 101 p.

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering. [Berkeley (CA)]: University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. 2 vol.

Hanson CA. Embodying erudition: English art, medicine, & antiquarianism in the age of empiricism [dissertation]. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, Department of Art History; 2003. 2 vol.

Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. Available from: UMI, Ann Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.

Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children five to nine years of age [master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon State University; 2004. 111 p. Available from: Kinesiology Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY 2317.

Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span perspective [dissertation]. Uppsala (Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001. 156 p. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 AC955 v.20 2001.

Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications [master's thesis]. Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48 p. Master of Public Health.

Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) [dissertation]. [Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University; 2003. 197 p. Doctor of Education.

Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance [dissertation]. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.

Tuitele BA. The current practices in injury prevention and safety helmet use in an Air Force medical center [master's thesis]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; 2000. 59 p. Supported by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Protocol No. T061AK-01.

Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-sectional anatomy CD-ROM and Web-based educational materials to meet the needs of medical imaging specialists working in magnetic resonance imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: Cardinal Stritch University; 2002. 113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.

Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance [master's thesis]. Dominguez Hills (CA): California State University, Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p. Accompanied by: 1 videocassette.

Wyatt TH. Pilot testing Okay with Asthma (TM) : a digital story for psychosocial asthma management [dissertation]. [Charlottesville (VA)]: University of Virginia; 2003. 109 p. Web site for the program available at: http://okay-with-asthma.org/ .

• B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Dissertations and Theses

The general format for a reference to a part of a dissertation, including punctuation:

The general format for a reference to a part of a master's thesis, including punctuation:

• Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Rather than citing a dissertation or thesis as a whole, separately identified portions of them may be cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of dissertations/theses when they are written or compiled by the authors of the dissertation or thesis. In general, most modern texts have standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables, and appendixes. However, many other names may be found for parts.

Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a dissertation or thesis with the citation to the dissertation or thesis itself, then follow it with the information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.

Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has been reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using the instructions presented here. Consult the original publication and cite the particular item from there.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and Theses .

Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses .

• Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Dissertation or Thesis (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)

Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Cite the dissertation or thesis according to Chapter 5A Entire Dissertations or Theses

Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

General rules for name and number/letter.

• Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
• Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Fig. to Figure.
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12, Table 2, Figure 3.1, or Appendix A
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert VI or Six to 6.
• End name and number/letter information with a comma and a space

Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter

• Non-English names for parts
• No letter or number follows the name
• No name appears

Non-English names for parts.

No letter or number follows the name.

No name appears.

Examples for Name and Number/Letter

1. chapter in a dissertation or thesis, 2. table in a dissertation or thesis, 3. figure in a dissertation or thesis, 4. appendix in a dissertation or thesis, 5. other part of a dissertation or thesis, 6. other part of a dissertation or thesis, without name and number/letter, 7. part of a dissertation or thesis in a language other than english, title of the part for a dissertation or thesis (required).

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the dissertation or thesis
• End title information with a semicolon and a space
• Non-English titles for parts
• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
• No title appears

Non-English titles for parts.

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.

No title appears.

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

General rules for location (pagination).

• Begin location with "p." followed by a space
• Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4.
• Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 126-127 becomes p. 126-7, but p. 126A-127A is correct.
• Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number. For example: p. S10-8.
• End page information with a period

Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

• Roman numerals for page numbers
• Part paginated separately
• No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

Roman numerals for page numbers.

Part paginated separately.

No page numbers appear on the pages of the part.

Examples for Location (Pagination)

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering [dissertation]. [Berkeley (CA)]: University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. Chapter 2, Running the maze: animal and human experiments; p. 67-130.

Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional anthropological approach [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of New South Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995. Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on Tarawa; p. 46-53.

Hayenga ES. Dieting through the decades: a comparative study of weight reduction in America as depicted in popular literature and books from 1940 to the late 1980's [dissertation]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: University of Minnesota; 1988. Chapter 3C, Science and health; p. 257-70.

Cornwell D. A cost benefit of telemedicine: an assessment of aero-medical evacuation patients throughout the Pacific Basin [master's thesis]. [Waco (TX)]: Baylor University, US Army-Baylor University Graduate Program; 1995. Table 4, Total air-evacs vs total potential telemedicine patients; p. 45.

Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician practice and health outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School; 2002. Table 4.8, Mean objective measures of health for healthcare facility users; p. 4-33.

Bicks C. Lurking in the gossip's bowl: genealogy, gynecology, and the politics of midwifery in Shakespeare's England [dissertation]. [Stanford (CA)]: Stanford University, Department of English; 1997 Jun. Figure 9, Syringe for emergency in utero baptism; p.194.

Roberts PR. Snakes and ladders: the pursuit of a safety culture in New Zealand public hospitals [master's thesis]. [Wellington (New Zealand)]: Victoria University of Wellington, Institute of Policy Studies and Health Services Research Centre; 2002. Figure 2.1, Schema showing relationship of paradigms to human performance and links to and through culture; p. 13.

Deutsch B. Lifestyle and contaminants in Greenland 1994-1996: evaluation of the AMAP, Human Health Subprogram [master's thesis]. Aarhus (Denmark): University of Aarhus; 1999. Figure 2, Histograms of birth weight and gestational age; p. 20.

Grant MM. Under the microscope: "race," gender, and medical laboratory science in Canada [dissertation]. [Toronto (ON)]: University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education; 2004. Appendix, Survey on the career patterns and professional experiences of Canadian medical laboratory technologists; p. 285-92.

Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996 Oct. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.

Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician practice and health outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School; 2002. Appendix 1, Background on problems of less developed countries; p. A1-8.

Powers JC. Herman Boerhaave and the pedagogical reform of eighteenth-century chemistry [dissertation]. [Bloomington (IN)]: Indiana University, Department of History and Philosophy of Science; 2001 May. Epilogue, Boerhaave's legacy; p. 296-301.

Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space flight in the United States [dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002 May. Part 2, Space medicine; p. 188-377.

Kairo JG. A review of the ecology and restoration of mangroves systems [dissertation]. Brussels (Belgium): Vrije University; 2001. Ecology and restoration of mangrove systems in Kenya; p. 2-15.

Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996 Oct. Summary recommendations; p. 44.

Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? Hoaxes and American men of science in the nineteenth century [dissertation]. Washington: American University, Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences; 2003. "Doctor" Dionysius Lardner; p. 132-48.

Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space flight in the United States [dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002 May. [Map], Germany 1946: showing Allied zones of occupation; p. 188.

Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en Espana: un estudio desde la perspectiva de la equidad [dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999. Tabla 5.11, Resumen de los resultados de los estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad autonoma; p. 238. Spanish.

with translation

Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en Espana: un estudio desde la perspectiva de la equidad [Decentralization and financing of public health assistance in Spain: a study from the perspective of equality] [dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999. Tabla 5.11, Resumen de los resultados de los estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad autonoma [Table 5.11, Summary of the results of the evaluated studies, in terms of need for each independent community]; p. 238. Spanish.

• Cite this Page Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 5, Dissertations and Theses. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2015 Aug 11].
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U.S. Dissertations & Theses

• ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global This link opens in a new window ProQuest database providing the electronic equivalent of Dissertation Abstracts International. Beginning with the first U.S. dissertation in 1861, represents the work of authors from North American and European universities on a full range of academic subjects. Indexes and provides access to Georgetown-authored theses and dissertations. more... less... Includes abstracts for doctoral dissertations beginning July 1980 and for Master's theses beginning Spring 1988. Citations for dissertations published from 1980 forward include 350-word abstracts. Citations for Master's theses from 1988 forward include 150-word abstracts. Most dissertations published since 1997, and some from prior years, are available for free download; others may be requested via Interlibrary Loan.
• Dissertations & Theses (Georgetown-authored) This link opens in a new window Recent online theses and dissertations from selected Georgetown programs and departments. For access to Georgetown theses and dissertations authored prior to 2006, see the Georgetown catalog or refer to ProQuest's Dissertations & Theses database. Print copies of disserations may be requested using the Library's Library Use Only Materials Request. .
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD) This link opens in a new window Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD) provides access to more than 1.8 million open-access theses and dissertations from more than 800 colleges, universities, and research institutions worldwide. Note that OATD accesses only open-access theses and dissertations, so ProQuest Dissertations & Theses is a larger database.

International Dissertations & Theses

• EThoS: Electronic Theses Online This link opens in a new window The British Library's database of digitized theses from UK higher education institutions. Free registration and login is required.
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"Flora of Russia" on iNaturalist: a dataset

Affiliations.

• 1 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia.
• 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia.
• 3 Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, RAS, Borok, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, RAS Borok, Yaroslavl Oblast Russia.
• 4 Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Moscow, Russia Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, RAS Moscow Russia.
• 5 Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia.
• 6 Tigirek State Reserve, Barnaul, Russia Tigirek State Reserve Barnaul Russia.
• 7 Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, Russia Sevastopol State University Sevastopol Russia.
• 8 Pavlovsk Secondary School #2, Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast, Russia Pavlovsk Secondary School #2 Pavlovsk, Voronezh Oblast Russia.
• 9 Independent Researcher, Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, Russia Independent Researcher Korolyov, Moscow Oblast Russia.
• 10 Lomonosov Moscow State University (Sevastopol Branch), Sevastopol, Russia Lomonosov Moscow State University (Sevastopol Branch) Sevastopol Russia.
• 11 Independent Researcher, Milkovo, Kamchatsky Krai, Russia Independent Researcher Milkovo, Kamchatsky Krai Russia.
• 12 Independent Researcher, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia Independent Researcher Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Russia.
• 13 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia Tomsk State University Tomsk Russia.
• 14 Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park "Smolny", Saransk, Russia Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park "Smolny" Saransk Russia.
• 15 Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia Tyumen State University Tyumen Russia.
• 16 Mountain Botanical Garden, Dagestan Federal Research Centre, RAS, Makhachkala, Russia Mountain Botanical Garden, Dagestan Federal Research Centre, RAS Makhachkala Russia.
• 17 Belorechenskoye Agricultural Public Joint Stock Company, Belorechensky, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia Belorechenskoye Agricultural Public Joint Stock Company Belorechensky, Irkutsk Oblast Russia.
• 18 Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, RAS Ekaterinburg Russia.
• 19 Independent Researcher, Kaliningrad, Russia Independent Researcher Kaliningrad Russia.
• 20 Independent Researcher, Kostroma, Russia Independent Researcher Kostroma Russia.
• 21 Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia Belgorod National Research University Belgorod Russia.
• 22 Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, Moscow, Russia Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS Moscow Russia.
• 23 Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Lobachevsky State University Nizhny Novgorod Russia.
• 24 Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, SB RAS Irkutsk Russia.
• 25 Independent Researcher, Novosibirsk, Russia Independent Researcher Novosibirsk Russia.
• 26 Republican Children's Ecological and Biological Center of Bashkortostan, Ufa, Russia Republican Children's Ecological and Biological Center of Bashkortostan Ufa Russia.
• 27 Dagestan State Medical University, Makhachkala, Russia Dagestan State Medical University Makhachkala Russia.
• 28 Independent Researcher, Tyumen, Russia Independent Researcher Tyumen Russia.
• 29 Independent Researcher, Bryansk, Russia Independent Researcher Bryansk Russia.
• 30 Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia Voronezh State University Voronezh Russia.
• 31 Independent Researcher, Sevastopol, Russia Independent Researcher Sevastopol Russia.
• 32 Central Chernozem Reserve, Kursk Oblast, Russia Central Chernozem Reserve Kursk Oblast Russia.
• 33 Togliatti State University, Togliatti, Russia Togliatti State University Togliatti Russia.
• 34 Institute of General and Experimental Biology, RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia Institute of General and Experimental Biology, RAS Ulan-Ude Russia.
• 35 Independent Researcher, Kursk, Russia Independent Researcher Kursk Russia.
• 36 Independent Researcher, Saratov, Russia Independent Researcher Saratov Russia.
• 37 Independent Researcher, Alushta, Russia Independent Researcher Alushta Russia.
• 38 Open Laboratory of Conservation Biology, Novosibirsk, Russia Open Laboratory of Conservation Biology Novosibirsk Russia.
• 39 Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk Russia.
• 40 Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Russia.
• 41 Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Russia.
• 42 Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy Moscow Russia.
• 43 Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch, RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia Institute Botanic Garden, Ural Branch, RAS Ekaterinburg Russia.
• 44 Directorate of Protected Areas, Vladimir, Russia Directorate of Protected Areas Vladimir Russia.
• 45 Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Yugra State University Khanty-Mansiysk Russia.
• 46 Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Tula, Russia Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University Tula Russia.
• 47 Independent Researcher, Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia Independent Researcher Likino-Dulyovo, Moscow Oblast Russia.
• 48 Independent Researcher, Samara, Russia Independent Researcher Samara Russia.
• 49 Chelyabinsk Children and Youth Camping Trip Centre "Kosmos", Chelyabinsk, Russia Chelyabinsk Children and Youth Camping Trip Centre "Kosmos" Chelyabinsk Russia.
• 50 Independent Researcher, Omsk, Russia Independent Researcher Omsk Russia.
• 51 Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, Russia Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University Ulyanovsk Russia.
• 52 Independent Researcher, Vladimir, Russia Independent Researcher Vladimir Russia.
• 53 Komarov Botanical Institute, RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia Komarov Botanical Institute, RAS Saint Petersburg Russia.
• 54 Independent Researcher, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Independent Researcher Khanty-Mansiysk Russia.
• 55 Independent Researcher, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Independent Researcher Nizhny Novgorod Russia.
• 56 Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia Altai State University Barnaul Russia.
• 57 Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS, Pushchino, Russia Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, RAS Pushchino Russia.
• 58 Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Moscow, Russia Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology Moscow Russia.
• 59 Rybinsk State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum Preserve, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia Rybinsk State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum Preserve Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast Russia.
• 60 Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia Bashkir State University Ufa Russia.
• 61 Baikalsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Tankhoy, Buryat Republic, Russia Baikalsky State Nature Biosphere Reserve Tankhoy, Buryat Republic Russia.
• 62 Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia Irkutsk State University Irkutsk Russia.
• 63 Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia.
• 64 Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, FEB RAS Vladivostok Russia.
• 65 Independent Researcher, Moscow, Russia Independent Researcher Moscow Russia.
• 66 Independent Researcher, Cheboksary, Russia Independent Researcher Cheboksary Russia.
• 67 Independent Researcher, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia Independent Researcher Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai Russia.
• 68 Independent Researcher, Ufa, Russia Independent Researcher Ufa Russia.
• 69 Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS, Tyumen, Russia Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS Tyumen Russia.
• 70 Independent Researcher, Volzhsk, Mari El Republic, Russia Independent Researcher Volzhsk, Mari El Republic Russia.
• 71 NUST MISIS, Moscow, Russia NUST MISIS Moscow Russia.
• 72 Independent Researcher, Perm Krai, Russia Independent Researcher Perm Krai Russia.
• 73 Tver State University, Tver, Russia Tver State University Tver Russia.
• 74 Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, RAS, Moscow, Russia Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity, RAS Moscow Russia.
• 75 Independent Researcher, Asino, Tomsk Oblast, Russia Independent Researcher Asino, Tomsk Oblast Russia.
• 76 Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia Vernadsky Crimean Federal University Simferopol Russia.
• 77 Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russia Ogarev Mordovia State University Saransk Russia.
• 78 Tuva State University, Kyzyl, Russia Tuva State University Kyzyl Russia.
• 79 Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS, Ufa, Russia Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS Ufa Russia.
• 80 Independent Researcher, Neftekamsk, Russia Independent Researcher Neftekamsk Russia.
• 81 Visim State Natural Biosphere Reserve, Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia Visim State Natural Biosphere Reserve Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast Russia.
• 82 Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» Moscow Russia.
• 83 Sebezhsky Museum of Local Lore, Sebezh, Pskov Oblast, Russia Sebezhsky Museum of Local Lore Sebezh, Pskov Oblast Russia.
• 84 Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education Samara Russia.
• 85 Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow, Russia Zubov State Oceanographic Institute Moscow Russia.
• 86 Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, RAS, Moscow, Russia Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, RAS Moscow Russia.
• 87 Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Samara Federal Research Center, RAS, Togliatti, Russia Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Samara Federal Research Center, RAS Togliatti Russia.
• 88 Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre, RAS, Apatity, Russia Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, Kola Science Centre, RAS Apatity Russia.
• 89 Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada Canadian Museum of Nature Ottawa Canada.
• 90 Avrorin Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, RAS, Apatity, Russia Avrorin Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, RAS Apatity Russia.
• PMID: 33244292
• PMCID: PMC7686226
• DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e59249

Background: The "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist brought together professional scientists and amateur naturalists from all over the country. Over 10,000 people were involved in the data collection.

New information: Within 20 months, the participants accumulated 750,143 photo observations of 6,857 species of the Russian flora. This constitutes the largest dataset of open spatial data on the country's biodiversity and a leading source of data on the current state of the national flora. About 87% of all project data, i.e. 652,285 observations, are available under free licences (CC0, CC-BY, CC-BY-NC) and can be freely used in scientific, educational and environmental activities.

Alexey P. Seregin, Dmitriy A. Bochkov, Julia V. Shner, Eduard V. Garin, Igor N. Pospelov, Vadim E. Prokhorov, Pavel V. Golyakov, Sergey R. Mayorov, Sergey A. Svirin, Alexander N. Khimin, Marina S. Gorbunova, Ekaterina S. Kashirina, Olga P. Kuryakova, Boris V. Bolshakov, Aleksandr L. Ebel, Anatoliy A. Khapugin, Maxim M. Mallaliev, Sergey V. Mirvoda, Sergey A. Lednev, Dina V. Nesterkova, Nadezhda P. Zelenova, Svetlana A. Nesterova, Viktoriya N. Zelenkova, Georgy M. Vinogradov, Olga V. Biryukova, Alla V. Verkhozina, Alexey P. Zyrianov, Sergey V. Gerasimov, Ramazan A. Murtazaliev, Yurii M. Basov, Kira Yu. Marchenkova, Dmitry R. Vladimirov, Dina B. Safina, Sergey V. Dudov, Nikolai I. Degtyarev, Diana V. Tretyakova, Daba G. Chimitov, Evgenij A. Sklyar, Alesya N. Kandaurova, Svetlana A. Bogdanovich, Alexander V. Dubynin, Olga A. Chernyagina, Aleksandr V. Lebedev, Mikhail S. Knyazev, Irina Yu. Mitjushina, Nina V. Filippova, Kseniia V. Dudova, Igor V. Kuzmin, Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva, Vladimir P. Zakharov, Vladimir P. Travkin, Yaroslav O. Magazov, Vladimir Yu. Teploukhov, Andrey N. Efremov, Olesya V. Deineko, Viktor V. Stepanov, Eugene S. Popov, Dmitry V. Kuzmenckin, Tatiana L. Strus, Tatyana V. Zarubo, Konstantin V. Romanov, Alexei L. Ebel, Denis V. Tishin, Vladimir Yu. Arkhipov, Vladimir N. Korotkov, Svetlana B. Kutueva, Vladimir V. Gostev, Mikhail M. Krivosheev, Natalia S. Gamova, Veronica A. Belova, Oleg E. Kosterin, Sergey V. Prokopenko, Rinat R. Sultanov, Irina A. Kobuzeva, Nikolay V. Dorofeev, Alexander A. Yakovlev, Yuriy V. Danilevsky, Irina B. Zolotukhina, Damir A. Yumagulov, Valerii A. Glazunov, Vladimir A. Bakutov, Andrey V. Danilin, Igor V. Pavlov, Elena S. Pushay, Elena V. Tikhonova, Konstantin V. Samodurov, Dmitrii V. Epikhin, Tatyana B. Silaeva, Andrei I. Pyak, Yulia A. Fedorova, Evgeniy S. Samarin, Denis S. Shilov, Valentina P. Borodulina, Ekaterina V. Kropocheva, Gennadiy L. Kosenkov, Uladzimir V. Bury, Anna E. Mitroshenkova, Tatiana A. Karpenko, Ruslan M. Osmanov, Maria V. Kozlova, Tatiana M. Gavrilova, Stepan A. Senator, Maxim I. Khomutovskiy, Eugene A. Borovichev, Ilya V. Filippov, Serguei V. Ponomarenko, Elena A. Shumikhina, Dmitry F. Lyskov, Evgeny A. Belyakov, Mikhail N. Kozhin, Leonid S. Poryadin, Artem V. Leostrin.

PubMed Disclaimer

Dynamics of identified and verified…

Dynamics of identified and verified ("research-grade") observations of the "Flora of Russia" project…

The "Flora of Russia" project…

The "Flora of Russia" project species number dynamics since the inception on 9…

Observers (blue dots) and members…

Observers (blue dots) and members (red dots) of the "Flora of Russia" project…

The homepage of the "Flora…

The homepage of the "Flora of Russia" project on iNaturalist (Russian-language interface, statistics…

A map of 750K observations…

A map of 750K observations from the "Flora of Russia" project showing an…

Moscow Oblast, 9 Jan 2019…

Moscow Oblast, 9 Jan 2019 - 1,286 observations from 180 users

Moscow Oblast, 7 Sep 2020…

Moscow Oblast, 7 Sep 2020 - 72,861 observations from 1,906 users

City of Moscow, 9 Jan…

City of Moscow, 9 Jan 2019 - 1,115 observations from 181 users

City of Moscow, 7 Sep…

City of Moscow, 7 Sep 2020 - 66,124 observations from 1,596 users

Bryansk Oblast, 9 Jan 2019…

Bryansk Oblast, 9 Jan 2019 - 67 observations from 4 users

Bryansk Oblast, 7 Sep 2020…

Bryansk Oblast, 7 Sep 2020 - 34,830 observations from 175 users

Verifiable observations from Russia on…

Verifiable observations from Russia on iNaturalist made in 2019 - tracheophytes (green) and…

Verifiable observations from Russia on iNaturalist in 2020 - tracheophytes (green) and all…

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• Russia InfoCentre - Korolev, Moscow oblast, Russia

Korolyov , city, Moscow oblast (region), Central federal district, western Russia . It lies just northeast of the city of Moscow . The area, known as Kalininsky, developed after 1928 as an industrial satellite, particularly for weapons manufacture, and dormitory town of the capital. It achieved city status and was renamed Kaliningrad in 1938. In 1996 the city was renamed in honour of the scientist Sergey Korolyov . The community was traditionally known for its fine textiles, notably silk. After World War II , scientific research institutes were established in the city, which is a centre of Russia’s space industry. Other high-technology and science-related industries also contribute to the local economy. Korolyov has many parks and a city museum; the former estate of the poet Marina Ivanovna Tsvetayeva is maintained as a museum. Pop. (2006 est.) 172,781.