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Seaver center for western history research.

The Seaver Center for Western History Research is the two-dimensional and flat objects collection area of the History Department.

Our purpose is to collect, preserve, and make available to the general public research materials documenting the history of the trans-Mississippi West, with special emphasis on Southern California and Los Angeles.

Historic records include manuscript materials, books, serials, pamphlets, broadsides, maps, posters, prints, and photographs.

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To schedule a research appointment, please call 213.763.3359 or write to the Seaver Center at [email protected]  to discuss your research interests.  There may be ways we can provide the information you need without an in-person visit.   Research appointments are Wednesdays/Thursdays from 10 am to noon; 1 pm to 4 pm.

Research Resources

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Notes From the Archive

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Discoveries & Contemporary Collections

Gary Leonard Photographs

The Stories Behind LA's Street Names

A Steamy Trip Through Yosemite

William S. Hart at the 1926 Custer Semi-Centennial

Frequently asked questions, what is the seaver center  .

The Seaver Center for Western History Research is a repository and research center for historic papers (two-dimensional flat objects) within the History Department of the Natural History Museums of Los Angeles County (NHMLAC).

What are the differences between Museum Archives and the Seaver Center for Western History Research?  

Both the Museum Archives and the Seaver Center collect two-dimensional items that contain information of enduring historical value, such as letters, photographs, posters, and brochures. However Museum Archives hold records that reflect the museum's institutional history, while the Seaver Center holds noncurrent, historical records created primarily outside of the museum, by individuals, groups, institutions, and governments.

How can I make an appointment to review Seaver Center Collections?  

To make an appointment to visit the Seaver Center, please call 213.763.3359.  Research appointments are Wednesdays/Thursdays from 10 - noon; 1 - 4 p.m.

Can I order a copy of a photograph?  

To request a copy of a photograph, please send a written request to [email protected] . In your email, please include as much information about the photograph as possible, such as: the collection number; title; subject; and the reason for your request, such as for publication in a book or journal, research copy, or for documentary film. Requests for copies can also be sent to: Seaver Center for Western History Research, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007.

The Collections Manager will contact you if additional information is needed in order to prepare a Photograph Use Agreement which states rights assigned and for which the requestor must sign. The Agreement will also specify the proper credit line to be used for publication purposes. 

Upon receipt of the signed Photograph Use Agreement, you will be sent an invoice for Reproduction and/or Use Fees.

Please allow at least four weeks for the request to be filled.

I already have a copy of a photograph from the Seaver Center. How do I obtain permission to use the photograph?  

Please send a written request to [email protected] . In your e-mail, include as much information about the photograph as possible, such as: the collection number; title; subject; and describe the reason for your request, such as for publication in a book or journal, research copy, or for documentary film. Requests for permission can also be sent to: Seaver Center for Western History Research, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007.

Upon receipt of the signed Photograph Use Agreement, you will be sent an invoice for Use Fees.

Does the Seaver Center accept donations?  

Staff will evaluate potential donations on a case-by-case basis according to the relevance of the artifact to the History Department's mission, similarity to current holdings, and historical value. To inquire about making a donation, please send an e-mail description of your artifact to [email protected] .

Does the museum appraise artifacts for market value?  

NHMLAC, as a nonprofit foundation, prohibits its employees from appraising artifacts and specimens for market value. Appraisals can be obtained from private dealers and auction houses. For more information, go to www.appraisers.org.

More History at the Museum

Western Civilization: A Concise History Volume 1

(7 reviews)

Christopher Brooks, Portland Community College

Copyright Year: 2024

Publisher: Portland Community College

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Denise Griffin, Adjunct Faculty / ABE Program Coordinator and Instructor, Holyoke Community College on 6/29/21

The text is comprehensive while being concise. The courses I teach need more breadth than depth which this text has. I think that my students will enjoy the informal diction. The style of writing makes for enjoyable, interesting reading while... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

The text is comprehensive while being concise. The courses I teach need more breadth than depth which this text has. I think that my students will enjoy the informal diction. The style of writing makes for enjoyable, interesting reading while delivering comprehensive information. I like the format of the introduction which sets the groundwork for the text.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The text is accurate although because it is concise, does not include some of the finer detail on topics that an instructor may choose to clarify.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The text is up to date and written in a format that lends itself to being updated easily.

Clarity rating: 4

For my Freshman student population, accessible prose is important and I think this text does an excellent job of that. It also explains any terms the students may not know. As others have stated, there is no index or glossary.

Consistency rating: 4

Most chapters have a conclusion but not all. I think the overall format is good, but wish that there were some questions for critical thinking or to test a student's understanding of the content.

Modularity rating: 5

The text is broken down into logical modules that would be easy to teach as a stand alone lesson. The text also seems to have the right amount of diagrams and pictures associated with the module topic to enhance learning.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The organization of the material is well thought out with good flow through the modules. I would like to see those thought provoking questions and self-test questions included though.

Interface rating: 5

I experienced no interface issues. Someone commented on another text that it was easily accessible on their phone which might be due to lack of pictures and diagrams. I did not test this text on a phone and do not know if the images would slow downloading.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

Overall grammar is correct. It is an informal writing style that I think my students will enjoy.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

I do not see the text as being culturally insensitive, at the same time there could be more information about how race and ethnicity played a role in history. There is some information about the roles and treatment of women in the cultures, but having more information would be beneficial. The goal was to be concise, but I think this area could use some more information.

I like the text and plan on using it in my classes. I will supplement with more information about how different races, ethnicity, and sexes were treated. I think more on slavery throughout history would be beneficial. I see some mention in the section about Sparta but not much else where. I think it is important to know who was being enslaved and how the slaves were treated in various cultures. I acknowledge that the goal was to be concise, and I will supplement in areas I want to cover in more detail.

Reviewed by Nikolas Hoel, Instructor, Northeastern Illinois University on 5/11/21

For the immense project the text aspires to take on, the end product achieves a level of comprehensiveness that is on par with most print-based texts of a similar nature. That said, there is room for improvement. The text could easily expand to... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

For the immense project the text aspires to take on, the end product achieves a level of comprehensiveness that is on par with most print-based texts of a similar nature. That said, there is room for improvement. The text could easily expand to take a more global perspective that is predominant in the field of pre-modern history today. Approach the material as "The West in the World,' might prove to be more useful to instructors who are moving more towards that direction in their own understandings of the period. The other main issue is that there is little reference to or inclusive of primary sources in the text. The analysis of primary sources is key to developing not just as a historian, but as a critical thinker more generally. The text as written seems to provide the opportunity to include these types of materials and they should be considered for future updates and editions.

Within the constraints listed above, the content is historically accurate and reflects current consensus of scholars in the field. It might be beneficial to be more forthright about the reality that everything in the text and in the field generally is an interpretation and that those interpretations change over time. Of course, no text is perfect, but the few and minor errors in accuracy by meticulous intervention by the instructor with their own interpretations.

The text is up-to-date, and should be easily updated in the form that it exists now. The best updates would be to add primary source material, further readings sections, and a glossary. As it is in this format, contributors should be able to keep the book consistent with trends in the field, particularly as pre-modern history becomes more global.

This prose is adequately clear. The logic that links the sections and chapters together is fairly easy to follow. The only issue, as has been raised in other places in this review, is that there is no term list of glossary. This made not be much concern to many students who have grown up in the "western tradition" and are familiar with the terms and concepts from previous experience and education, but as the demography of college students changes, if might be worth considering the renewed importance of such tools.

Consistency rating: 5

The terminology is consistent with the purposes and framework of the text. It is also current with the standards for the field at this time, which lends the text to be used as a gateway for further study, as intro courses can often serves as recruiting tools for majors. The consistency of the text will aid continuing students well.

The modularity is perhaps the strongest aspect of this text. The chapters are easy to follow and the layout of that modularity throughout the entirety of the book is fairly consistent. Furthermore, the navigational side bar to the left reflects the modularity well and allows quick reference and navigation.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

The organization within each chapter is satisfactory. The bigger concern is the organization of the three-volume work as a whole. Granted it is based on a quarter not a semester system, but division of the volumes still seems problematic. The chunks are far too big. Further, if it were divided into more volumes, sections could be used for more specific classes on narrower periods of time. For example, there are few OER textbooks for medieval history, and a simple reorganization of the chapters, would facilitate those courses. Finally, far too much is packed into the chapters on medieval society as opposed to those on ancient or later periods. More depth in these areas would help improve the overall usability of the text.

Interface rating: 3

The general aspects of the interface for the text is fine. The navigational panels to the left side are effective and easy to use. Further the charts, maps, and images are free from distortion. The main problem is not what is here, but what is not. The text is limited with no glossary and bibliography or list of further readings. There are many terms and concepts in "Western Civilization" that may not be familiar to students, especially those outside of that tradition, and which find their way necessarily into this text. These could easily be hyperlinked for more easy of access, not only to definitions, but also to understanding. It should be noted that I only viewed the text on a desktop and other issues may exist when using a mobile device as so many students do.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

Overall, the text is free from grammatical errors. That said, at some points the sentence structure is odd, which may distract students or limit comprehension, especially of non-native speakers of English.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

The text is fairly inclusive and certainly is more so than more tradition, paper-based textbooks. Yet, the movement in the field is towards placing ancient and medieval Europe in their more global context, and this text could present those themes a little more clearly. The book does problematize the concept of the "West" in the introduction, which is important and necessary, but it would be stronger if it followed though more completely on the promises that section seems to make.

Reviewed by Robert Harrison, Instructor of History, Linn-Benton Community College on 6/25/20

The text is very comprehensive in terms of the number of civilizations and cultures covered. In fact, I wonder if even a 16-week semester would suffice to cover them. It is gratifying to see a fairly detailed chapter on Islamic civilization. The... read more

The text is very comprehensive in terms of the number of civilizations and cultures covered. In fact, I wonder if even a 16-week semester would suffice to cover them. It is gratifying to see a fairly detailed chapter on Islamic civilization. The text is also quite comprehensive in its survey of political and military events. Empires like those of the ancient Hittites receive more coverage than would be typical in a Western Civilization survey. However, to little attention is given to artistic, literary, and cultural life in general. Brief thumbnail sketches of topics like Greek art and drama just don't go far enough. The lives of ancient women are mentioned in a number of places, but without enough detail. The orientation of the text is clearly from the top on down, with an emphasis on dynasties, rulers, and their wars and conquests. One example is the list of Egyptian rulers and their accomplishments, which are important, to be sure, but daily life, while mentioned in various cultures, is given too little attention, as are topics like the construction of the pyramids. One example is the statement that slaves probably didn't build the pyramids of Giza, which is accurate, but substantially more information than that is now available regarding the lives of workers. Another example is how the rise of Hebrew monotheism receives a fair summary, but almost entirely from biblical texts, without much reference to archaeology. The lack of even short excerpts from key primary documents is also a problem, as is the need for more maps.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The text was quite accurate in most regards, though the statement in the introduction about most histories of Western Civilization starting with the Greeks doesn't match my experience. I don't think I have ever seen a text which doesn't begin with Neolithic events and then moves to Mesopotamian civilizations. Recent archaeology also should be reflected more often in the text. For example, the work at Gobleki Tepe in Turkey has challenged traditional explanations of how the rise of farming and civilization arose in sequence. Another problem area was the description of the life of Jesus as having been miraculous based on statements of some gospels. The earliest gospel, that of Mark, does not include any of the legends of the nativity, and historians don't describe events like the visitation and annunciation as historical. The statement that the young Jesus showed great aptitude for theology is likewise not historically responsible. We really know nothing of Jesus' early life. The author would do well to consult the work of the Jesus Seminar, whose founder, Dr. Robert Funk, has estimated that 18% of the sayings of Jesus recorded in the gospels is accurate. The problematic nature of the gospels as historical sources needs some attention in the text.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

There is a need to incorporate recent archaeological evidence and the work of other social sciences in order to bring the text truly up to date. One example is the area of Biblical archaeology, which has challenged the traditional explanation of the rise of Hebrew monotheism in interesting ways, most importantly the notion that Yahweh was worshiped with Asherah as a consort. These discoveries are now decades old. I also think the text needs a substantial increase in the coverage of gender and class, with more attention paid to the daily lives and contributions of women, workers, and slavery.

Clarity rating: 5

I found no problems with the clarity and style of the text, and especially appreciated the lack of jargon.

Although I have problems with the degree to which the text centers historical events from a ruling class perspective, I must agree that the approach is consistent. I would recommend much more of a "people's history" approach.

Sections of the text could easily be assigned in smaller sections without losing a sense of clear organization. Chapter subheadings are clear and there are rarely more than 3-4 pages assigned to each subheading.

Topics are generally listed clearly; the chronology works well. However, I think the text would more effective with blocks of primary documents to break up the narrative. More charts and maps would also relieve the flow of one page full of text after another. Images are critical to a students' grasp of major themes, not just one the flow of events.

Interface rating: 4

I was pleased with the easy interface of mostly maps in the text, though at least one map lacked a key to the expansion of an empire.

Grammar and style are generally not a problem, and the book seems to be at an appropriate level for college readers. However, a few sentences could raise problems, such as this one from page 204: "Christianity united self-understood "Western Civilization" just as Roman culture had a few centuries earlier."

The text's problems with cultural relevance do not stem from dismissive or insensitive references, but much more from its default perspective: that of male rulers (with exceptions of course) and how history is grouped around their actions.

Despite some shortcomings, the author certainly deserves praise for a highly readable and accurate survey of a vast period of history.

Reviewed by David Henry Paradis, Senior Instructor, University of Colorado Boulder on 6/11/20

The comprehensiveness of this work is somewhat uneven. Some topics, such as ancient Sumeria and the Greeks resemble similar treatments in other concise editions. Other topics, such as the medieval religion, medieval state building, and the... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 2 see less

The comprehensiveness of this work is somewhat uneven. Some topics, such as ancient Sumeria and the Greeks resemble similar treatments in other concise editions. Other topics, such as the medieval religion, medieval state building, and the defining features of Germanic and Celtic cultures are noticeably weak or absent. The author acknowledged that his background in the history of political theory influenced his focus on political history. He acknowledges the book’s lack of coverage of topics related to gender, social relations, and cultural development. One way to appreciate Brooks’ contribution is that it constitutes an initial edition, ready for emendations and improvements. Although it has been traditional to provide an index in paper textbooks, it seems less necessary in an electronic source that one can easily search. Nevertheless, a glossary with hyperlinks to somewhat specialized terms, such as a redistributive economy, would be a benefit for many students.

Content Accuracy rating: 3

Any textbook that covers the scope of material included in these volumes will have a few inaccuracies, or it will offer explanations that cause a specialist to cringe. Nevertheless, Brooks’ treatment of complex historical developments, such as the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, not only was lucid and brief but also demonstrated familiarity with recent works on the subject. On a few topics, this mastery of the material was not as evident, especially in matters medieval: the use of Latin was not confined to written communications between intellectuals in Europe during the Middle Ages; scholars across Europe continued to speak Latin into the early modern period. Similarly, the only impact of the Fourth Crusade was not the weakening of Byzantium; the Venetians carved out a trade empire that lasted for centuries.

One of the strengths of OER textbooks is that the author can allow derivative publications with acknowledgement. This volume provides a much-needed OER textbook for survey courses in European History. Similar to most texts in this genre, this concise history begins in the ancient Near East, where the first agricultural revolution or farming package transformed human material and social conditions. It then proceeds from the dawn of civilization around 3,500 BCE to cover Ancient Greece and Rome before covering medieval and early modern Europe in volume 2. Because the presentation of material in these volumes resembles the standard canon for Western Civilization textbooks, it is likely to attract supporters who seek to transform this first edition into an even stronger revision.

Clarity rating: 3

In some regards the terminology used is quite clear. For example, the section on the early Middle Ages refers to the Church of Rome as “the Latin Church,” and it explains why the term “Catholic” is not necessarily appropriate for this period. Overall, the writing is generally clear and efficient in its coverage of the material. However, in some passages the language could be clearer, more formal, more concise, and more precise. In some passages typos, such as “sword” instead of “sworn,” and poor word choices undermine the professional presentation of the material. In others, references to customs and traditions as “things” (the word appears 42 times in volume 1) or to wars among the Hellenistic successor states as “feuding” are ripe for editorial revision. In still other instances, the language is just a little too colloquial: “huge” and “hugely” make a combined 46 appearances in volume 1. Finally, the text refers to medieval peasants as "farmers," a term that is somewhat anachronistic for the period.

Consistency rating: 3

Although the coverage of the ancient world was fairly robust, coverage of early medieval Europe was too cursory. This uneven coverage limited the continuity of the analysis. For example, the text mentioned the importance of bureaucracy in maintaining political stability in the ancient world but failed to note the significance of its development within medieval Europe in general or in Anglo-Saxon England or in the Ottonian empire in particular. While Anglo-Saxon history has arguably occupied too large a position in previous accounts of Western Civilization, the diminution to just two paragraphs appears to be an over-correction, especially to this English medievalist. When one considers that the textbook is essentially an introduction to European history, it is hard to understand why the Mongol Empire, fascinating as it is, receives more attention than the Anglo-Saxon or Ottonian states.

Modularity rating: 3

The chapter headings and foci are excellent. The tripartite division of the volumes makes lots of sense, even though most Western Civilization courses have two parts, one modern and one pre-modern. It seems that if one is going to employ this tripartite division of periods that the divisions would fall along the lines of ancient, medieval, and modern. Given that the early Middle Ages functioned as a sort of crucible for European Civilization that fused the Greco-Roman, barbarian, and Christian customs and traditions, it would make sense to begin volume 2 there instead of the period around 1000 when that medieval culture started to transform into a civilization.

The organizational structure of this Western Civilization textbook is in some ways superior to many of the more elaborate textbooks. The chapters on the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate, for example, address these entities over the course of several centuries without interrupting their development to focus on other polities. Consequently, the narrative and analysis remain unbroken in contrast to some books that jump back and forth between the Byzantines, the Muslims, and the barbarian successor states during the Middle Ages. With that back and forth approach, students often lose some of the continuity of the Byzantines and the Muslims. Brooks’ organizational structure makes especial sense for those courses that have only one class on the Caliphate and another on Byzantium.

The PDF version of the textbook worked very well. It integrated easily into our institution’s learning management system (LMS). Students were able to access it without issues.

Grammatical Errors rating: 3

Although the number of grammatical errors was fairly small, the prose periodically borders on wordy or unclear forms of expression. A more thorough editing could improve the quality of the prose quite a bit.

Since the 1980s introductory courses in European history often address the racist and imperialist assumptions that initially fashioned the concept of Western Civilization. Brooks addresses this unfortunate legacy in the first dozen pages of volume 1. Similarly, his treatment of the rise and influence of Islam begins with an explanation of the similarities between Islam and Christianity and with a brief accounting of the West’s indebtedness to Islamic scholars during the Middle Ages. In addition, Brooks pointed out that his own background in intellectual political history has limited his ability to address cultural history and gender relations adequately. Admitting that his treatment of these issues might fall short for some readers, he has given permission to use this work as a foundation for derivative works according to OER guidelines.

Reviewed by Nicole V. Jobin, Instructor, University of Colorado Boulder on 6/11/20

The text includes an introduction and thirteen chapters covering the history of Western Civilization from the Origins of civilization in Mesopotamia through the era of the Viking invasions in Western Europe. The introduction frames the entirety... read more

The text includes an introduction and thirteen chapters covering the history of Western Civilization from the Origins of civilization in Mesopotamia through the era of the Viking invasions in Western Europe. The introduction frames the entirety of the text as if the reader were going to use all three volumes. This introduction highlights the issue of where the study of western civilization came from and why it is still relevant, while also pointing out the ways in which the text seeks to put Europe into context by acknowledging contributions, contacts, and influences from an area that extends well beyond “the west.” Perhaps the most interesting statement in the introduction is the examination of why Western Civilization even exists as a field of study, relating it to the era in which it first appeared (the 20th c.) as a distinct set of textbooks and courses in American universities. Chapters cover Mesopotamia, Egypt, The Bronze and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East, Greek and Roman civilizations, the advent of Christianity, the early Byzantine Empire, the advent and early spread of Islam, and the kingdoms of Early Medieval Europe. As the title indicates, the text is concise. It is also primarily focused on political and intellectual history, with occasional forays into economic, religious, and women’s history. There is no index or glossary for this text.

The content of this text appears to be accurate and in-line with the narrative of published works on this subject, which usually begin with early hominids and the rise of agriculture, though some subjects are treated with more detail than others. One example that shows that this material is up to date is the reference to recent changes in our understanding of early hominids, for instance. Errors mentioned by a reviewer of the first edition have been corrected in the February 2020 edition. Since this is a concise history, some topics necessarily are treated in very short form. As with all survey texts, the story is presented a bit too much as a narrative with most of the questions already answered, and little references to sources, but this is more a problem of the genre of survey textbooks than with this textbook in particular. A bibliography or indications for further reading would help to flesh out the sense that the information in the text is well researched (which it appears to be) and provide the message more clearly to students that works such as this are based on research, not just a retelling of static, uninterpreted facts.

The reading level is appropriate for entry-level college students and the material is consistent with the subject areas typically covered in the beginning portion of the survey course. In order to use this text in a semester-based course, a portion of Volume 2 would also be necessary. It is clear that the author has made some attempt to bring in new scholarship where relevant and on a limited basis. This is not usually something that is done on a large scale except with major revisions to traditional Western Civilization texts every few years. Here, the author has already completed one revision since the original publication of the text a year or so ago.

The language is clear and accessible. Students are introduced to new terms and concepts in ways that make meanings clear. Highlighting terms that are likely to be unfamiliar, or providing a vocabulary list at the end of each chapter might increase this accessibility further, but the text itself does provide good cues.

The text is consistent in terminology, focus, and framework. Chapters follow similar patterns as the text moves through its chronological narrative.

Modularity rating: 4

The organizational structure is built on a chronological narrative that would make taking chapters out of order somewhat nonsensical. That being said, if an instructor was teaching a version of the course where certain topics were not included or that extended beyond the end of the text, it would be fairly easy to take chapters out or add some from the next volume to achieve the desired coverage. At the chapter level, more subheadings would be helpful.

The sequencing is logical and consistent with other introductory texts in the field, though occasionally the flow within a section is a bit disrupted. For instance, in the section on Egypt, the political chronology of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom is divorced from the discussion of continuity (mostly cultural) that follows in a way that some historians might find less than optimal.

The selection of maps and photographs is well chosen to illustrate the chapters, though a few more illustrations would be welcome. While these maps and photos are clearly labeled, citation of sources for each item clearly visible in the descriptive text with the titles would be welcome. Right now the citation list appears at the end of each chapter which makes it less integral and less visible to students who need to learn about proper citation both in OER and for other formats. Providing some statistical or data visualization items could expand the usefulness of the text for explaining to students the different methods of historical analysis available to historians.

Few, if any, grammatical errors of significance are present.

Within the confines of the topic of Western Civilization, which is necessarily focused on Western Europe, this text appears to be mostly inclusive. The author makes a clear statement in the introduction that he has expanded coverage of areas that interacted with and influenced Europe, as well as looking in later volumes at the impact (both positive and negative) European expansion had upon the world in a larger sense. He also states that he has attempted to expand his coverage of women in history, though this is still in a somewhat imperfect state given the brevity of the text and the focus on mostly political and intellectual history. See the sections on Rome for an example of this, where scholarship has revealed more about women and gender in Roman society, but the text here has only limited coverage of this kind of information.

Reviewed by Mark Janzen, Assistant Professor of History, Louisiana College on 4/25/20

The chapters covered in this first volume are well-organized and the major topics are addressed but sometimes without sufficient space (more in "Consistency" section). I was especially happy to the ancient world given several chapters instead of... read more

The chapters covered in this first volume are well-organized and the major topics are addressed but sometimes without sufficient space (more in "Consistency" section). I was especially happy to the ancient world given several chapters instead of just 2-3 chapters as many books do.

Since the book is apparently marketed in three parts, I think it's important to provide an index for each part. Certain institutions or programs may use only volume 1, for example, and there is no index for it.

Most sections I found to be accurate but there were a few errors, some more troubling than others. Jews, Christians, and Muslims do not worship the same god as the Introduction claims. There are substantial differences -- Trinitarian God vs. Allah is One, Deity of Christ, etc. -- to the extent that devout believers of each faith would bristle at the notion that they worship the same god. If the intent was to inform students that the three 3 largest monotheistic faiths have much in common due to their Abrahamic heritage, then that needs to be said. Claiming they all worship the same god is a gross simplification and requires far too much "cleaning up" from the professor to my mind. Either this needs to be removed or given a fuller treatment with far more nuance. The explanation regarding the Trinity is also a bit muddy and it felt like the author was not quite sure how to explain it. I also find using terms like "party line" to discuss a religious dogma to be in poor state and this risks giving students an overly politicized view of religion. Of course, religion and politics mixed often in that time period, but again I thought nuance was lacking here. Overall the sections on religion need the most work.

Another area that needs more nuance is the so-called "Dark Ages" and the long since worn out characterization of the Germanic tribes are barbarians. The author appears to be aware of this by continually putting it "barbarians" in quotes and then explaining it in one paragraph. The term, however, should be replaced by the actual names of the tribes for their distinctions to be noted. They were not one homogenous group. There's no reason to perpetuate the Roman stereotype of them. Note it and move on to addressing them by name.

A colleague of mine has read it as well and made some additional observations I'd like to highlight. The sections involving Latin terms also need to be cleaned up a bit. "Coloni" are not slaves but colonists. Most Coloni were "veterani" or their descendants who were settled in conquered provinces to secure Roman power. They kept the peace and were given land as incentive for military service. They were by definition free Roman citizens, in contrast to the rustici or nativi who were non-citizens and often suffered under early forms of serfdom.

A few topics deserve more treatment, in particular the time between the Arab Conquest and the Crusades. More should be said of the Carolingians, the Holy Roman Empire, etc.

I think it's relevant and appears like it would be easy to update. I don't know if the author is a Wikipedia writer but at times it reads very similar to Wiki entries and makes use of Wiki Commons media/images. I don't not say this as a criticism necessarily. If anything, such a relationship makes updating even more streamlined.

I will include these next remarks here because of the relationship to Wikipedia. I considered placing them in the first section as well. I would greatly appreciate a section "For Further Reading" so that the reliance on Wiki would be mitigated a bit. Considering that nearly every professor I know tells his/her students to not rely too much on Wiki, it's important that the book provide additional sources.

See some of my comments above, but overall I think it is well-written for an early Undergraduate textbook. I would like a bit more precision and nuance on certain topics (some addressed above) but the overall prose is lucid and accessible. I think this is written in a more readable prose for Freshman than the vast majority of textbooks.

Terminology is fine so far as I could tell. I do think the framework needs to tweaked some (see comments above about the time periods between the Arabic Conquest and the Crusades). I think more should also be said of a few ancient events like Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Peloponnesian War. That said, I greatly appreciated the space devoted to the ANE, Greece, and Rome.

No issues here. The headings are intuitive and provide a generally fair amount of reading for each section. Easily digestible for undergrads.

They are logical and clear other than the last chapter or two on Islam and the Early Middle Ages which feels rushed (see comments above)

Layout, pixelation, etc. are all well done.

No major issues.

It's inclusive. A bit more on women/gender throughout would be helpful. The section on women in Egypt was great to see but so short. Much more could said there and in other regions and times. See also my previous comments on religion.

My other major concern is that there is a lack of primary source citations. Many expensive texts include text-boxes or something similar to address this. Others include an entirely separate book. Considering cost, the latter is a bad option, of course. Good instructors will no doubt supplement this book with primary sources, but I would like to see more sources cited in the text to demonstrate how vibrant, exciting, and relevant history is. For example, when I discuss women in Egypt, I discuss letters from the worker's village at Deir el-Medina from two women to each other. One essentially states she has nothing to wear for the social function that week, so she wants to borrow something from the letter recipient. My students get a good laugh at that! More significantly, that conversation allows us to discuss literacy rates and gender. Did these women know how to write or have access to scribes somehow if not? Both options have interesting implications for their treatment in Egyptian society. I say all this as one example how vital including primary sources is to make history come alive. The book is well-written but needs more of this for history to come alive, which I find is often an uphill battle in Civ classes, as many students come into the class after a poor experience with history class in high school (IE, boring).

Finally, I'd like to note that there is a good chance my department adopts this book. It does a nice job overall. My comments above are made in hopes of improving it further.

Reviewed by Michael Hofstetter, Professor of History, Southwest Minnesota State University on 6/24/19

The text covers the main ideas and areas of the subject well. However, it lacks an index, glossary, and bibliography. The addition of a bibliography (or at least some suggested readings connected with each chapter) would be most helpful for... read more

The text covers the main ideas and areas of the subject well. However, it lacks an index, glossary, and bibliography. The addition of a bibliography (or at least some suggested readings connected with each chapter) would be most helpful for undergraduates.

The text is generally accurate. However, some sections are stronger than others. The chapters on the Roman republic and empire are particularly strong and even handed. The chapter on Islam, however, glosses over key events (such as the murder of Uthman and the events at Karbala) which were crucial in the creation of the division between Sunnism and Shiism. There are also some minor factual oversights which could use editing - Abbasid era scholars did pioneering work in optics and refraction but did not develop telescopes; the letter which Pope Gregory sent to missionaries in Anglo-Saxon England did not go to Bede but to Augustine of Canterbury; Solon was by all accounts an archon and not (unlike Draco before him or Peisistratus afterwards) a tyrant.

Of greater concern is that, on occasion, the author makes unnecessary polemical statements. The most egregious of these is his repeated assertion that many Western Civilization textbooks begin with Greece. Most widely used textbooks, however, begin with Mesopotamia and Egypt just as this one does, so this is misguided. This otherwise very useful text is also occasionally marred by diction which is overly informal. A textbook such as this needs to both present material in an engaging fashion (which this does) and to offer students a strong example of scholarly prose.

The book incorporates recent scholarship though its citation of it is uneven. Here again a bibliography of some sort would be most helpful.

The text explains most technical terms very clearly and makes appropriate use of etymologies in its explanations.

As noted above the use of terminology is consistent.

The text is divided into clearly defined chapters which would facilitate classroom use.

Most of the book is well organized. It could use a bit of tightening up in a few areas, though. For example, it discusses the Mycenean Civilization in two different sections when it would be clearer to keep it all together.

The interface works well. It is also easy to download the text in a PDF format.

The text is grammatically correct though the diction is at times too informal.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The text is inclusive.

This textbook clearly is the product of great effort and is generally well-organized and presented. As mentioned above, it could benefit from some minor editing for accuracy, diction and, on occasion, organizational clarity and would be improved by the inclusion of a bibliography or suggested reading list as well as an index. It is a strong attempt to offer a survey of a broad period and would be of use particularly in the community college environment.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Chapter 1: The Origins of Civilization
• Chapter 2: Egypt
• Chapter 3: The Bronze Age and the Iron Age
• Chapter 4: The Archaic Age of Greece
• Chapter 5: Persia and the Greek Wars
• Chapter 6: The Classical Age of Greece
• Chapter 7: The Hellenistic Age
• Chapter 8: The Roman Republic
• Chapter 9: The Roman Empire
• Chapter 10: The Late Empire and Christianity
• Chapter 11: Byzantium
• Chapter 12: Islam and the Caliphates
• Chapter 13: Early Medieval Europe

Ancillary Material

About the book.

Western Civilization: A Concise History is an Open Educational Resource textbook covering the history of Western Civilization from approximately 8000 BCE to the recent past.

The textbook is divided into three volumes. The core narrative of the textbook is a political history of the greater Mediterranean region in the ancient period in Volume 1, Europe and European empires in the medieval and early modern periods in Volume 2, and both European and world history in the modern period in Volume 3. Elements of intellectual, cultural, social, and religious history are present throughout, but the main focus of the text is politics over time.

About the Contributors

Dr. Christopher Brooks , Portland Community College

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Best History Research Paper Topics

Dive into the world of historical scholarship with our comprehensive guide to the best history research paper topics . Primarily designed for students tasked with writing history research papers, this guide presents a curated list of 100 exceptional topics, divided into 10 distinct categories, each with a unique historical focus. The guide offers clear and practical advice on how to choose the most compelling history research paper topics, and provides 10 handy tips on crafting an outstanding research paper. In addition to academic guidance, the guide introduces the superior writing services of iResearchNet, a reliable option for students needing customized history research papers.

Comprehensive List of Best History Research Paper Topics

The following comprehensive list of the best history research paper topics is crafted to stimulate your curiosity and ignite your passion for historical study. These topics cover a range of historical periods and geographical locations to cater to the diverse interests of history students.

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Ancient History Topics

• The Causes and Effects of the Fall of the Roman Empire
• Daily Life in Ancient Egypt
• The Influence of Alexander the Great’s Conquests on the Hellenistic World
• The Role of Women in Spartan Society
• The Construction and Significance of the Great Wall of China
• The Impact of Confucianism on Ancient Chinese Society
• Trade Routes and their Role in the Expansion of Ancient Civilizations
• The Cultural and Political Influence of the Phoenician Civilization
• Comparing Democracy in Ancient Greece to Modern Democracy
• The Religious Practices and Beliefs of the Mayans

Medieval History Topics

• The Role of the Catholic Church in Medieval Europe
• The Impact of the Black Death on Medieval Society
• The Cultural Significance of the Knights Templar
• Gender Roles and Family Structure in Medieval Japan
• The Causes and Consequences of the Hundred Years War
• The Political Structure of the Byzantine Empire
• The Influence of the Carolingian Renaissance on Europe
• The Role of Vikings in European Trade and Exploration
• The Crusades: Causes, Events, and Consequences
• The Architecture and Symbolism of Gothic Cathedrals

Early Modern History Topics

• The Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation
• The Role of the Enlightenment in the French Revolution
• The Impact of the Scientific Revolution on European Society
• The Socioeconomic Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• The Influence of the Ottoman Empire on Southeast Europe
• The Role of Slavery in the Colonial Economies
• The Politics and Culture of the Renaissance in Italy
• European Imperialism in Africa and Asia
• The Cultural and Political Impacts of the Mughal Empire
• The American Revolution: Causes, Events, and Legacy

Modern History Topics

• The Causes and Global Consequences of World War I
• The Great Depression: Causes and Effects
• The Role of Propaganda in World War II
• The Impact of the Cold War on International Relations
• The Civil Rights Movement in the United States
• The Fall of the Berlin Wall and the End of the Cold War
• The Effects of Decolonization in the 20th Century
• The Role of Women in the World Wars
• The Formation and Impact of the European Union
• The Causes and Consequences of the Arab Spring

Asian History Topics

• The Cultural Impact of the Silk Road in Asia
• The Effects of Colonial Rule in India
• The Legacy of the Mongol Empire in Asia
• The Cultural and Political Changes in China’s Cultural Revolution
• The Korean War: Causes, Events, and Consequences
• The Role of Samurai in Feudal Japan
• The Impact of the Opium Wars on China
• The Influence of Buddhism on Asian Cultures
• The Cambodian Genocide under the Khmer Rouge
• The Role of Gandhi in India’s Independence

American History Topics

• The Impact of the New Deal on the American Economy
• The Vietnam War: Causes, Events, and Legacy
• The Influence of the Beat Generation on American Culture
• The Role of Manifest Destiny in Westward Expansion
• The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its Effects on the Cold War
• The Women’s Suffrage Movement in the United States
• The Native American Civil Rights Movement
• The Role of the Transcontinental Railroad in American Expansion
• The Civil War: Causes, Events, and Aftermath
• The Immigration Wave at Ellis Island: Causes and Effects

European History Topics

• The Impacts of the Russian Revolution
• The Influence of Martin Luther’s Theses on Europe
• The British Empire: Rise, Dominance, and Fall
• The Role of Art in the French Revolution
• The Impact of the Spanish Inquisition on Spain and its Colonies
• The Rise and Influence of Fascism in Europe
• The Role of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages
• The Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles
• The Formation and Impact of NATO
• The Role of the Media in the Fall of the Berlin Wall

African History Topics

• The Effects of Apartheid in South Africa
• The Influence of the Trans-Saharan Trade on West African Societies
• The Role of Nelson Mandela in Ending Apartheid
• The Scramble for Africa and its Effects on the Continent
• The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on West Africa
• The Rwandan Genocide: Causes and Consequences
• The Role of the African Union in Continental Politics
• The Impact of Islam on North Africa
• The Decolonization of Africa in the 20th Century
• The Role of Women in Pre-Colonial African Societies

Military History Topics

• The Influence of Technological Innovations on Warfare
• The Role of the French Foreign Legion in Global Conflicts
• The Impact of the Manhattan Project on World War II and Beyond
• The Role of the Spartans in Ancient Greek Warfare
• The Impact of Drones on Modern Warfare
• The Influence of the English Longbow on Medieval Warfare
• The Role of the Maginot Line in World War II
• The Impact of Naval Power on the British Empire
• The Influence of Nuclear Weapons on International Politics
• The Role of Propaganda in World War I

This expansive list of best history research paper topics offers a comprehensive exploration of the past, crossing different eras, regions, and themes. They form a rich tapestry of human experience and a foundation for understanding our present and future. Choose a topic that piques your interest, ignites your curiosity, and promises a journey of intellectual discovery. Remember that the exploration of history is a journey into the roots of our shared humanity and an exploration of the forces that shape our world.

History and What Range of Best Research Paper Topics it Offers

As a subject of study, history is more than a chronological list of events, dates, and prominent figures. History is the exploration of human experiences, societal changes, political upheavals, cultural transformations, economic shifts, and technological advancements across different periods and regions. This exploration allows us to understand how the past has shaped our present and how it can potentially shape our future. It teaches us to appreciate the complexities and nuances of human nature and society, making history a rich field for research paper topics.

History is an interdisciplinary field, interweaving elements from various areas of study, including politics, sociology, economics, anthropology, geography, and literature. This interdisciplinary nature provides a wide array of best history research paper topics. Moreover, the global scope of history further broadens the pool of topics, as it encompasses every region of the world and every period from the dawn of human civilization to the present day.

Exploring Different Periods

Historical research often focuses on specific periods, each offering unique topics for exploration. For instance, Ancient History provides topics related to ancient civilizations like Rome, Greece, Egypt, China, and India, and key events such as Alexander the Great’s conquests or the fall of the Roman Empire.

The Medieval Period offers topics related to the socio-political structure of societies, the influence of religion, the impact of plagues, and the role of significant historical figures. Researching the Renaissance can focus on cultural, artistic, and scientific revolutions that have shaped the modern world.

The Modern History category contains topics related to significant events and transformations, such as world wars, the Great Depression, the Cold War, decolonization, and various national and international movements.

Geographical Perspectives

Geographical focus is another common approach in historical research. Asian history encompasses topics ranging from the influence of Confucianism in China to the impact of colonial rule in India. European history explores events such as the Enlightenment, the French and Russian revolutions, and the formation of the European Union. American history topics can cover everything from Manifest Destiny to the Civil Rights Movement. African history can delve into the effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade, the apartheid era, and decolonization.

Thematic Approaches

In addition to period- and region-based topics, history offers an extensive range of thematic topics. These themes often intersect with other disciplines, leading to exciting interdisciplinary research opportunities.

Social and cultural history, for instance, covers diverse topics such as the influence of the Harlem Renaissance on African American culture, the counterculture movement of the 1960s, the role of film and television in shaping societies, or the impacts of the Internet on global culture.

Military history provides a wide range of topics related to warfare, strategy, technological developments, and the influence of military conflicts on societies and politics. From the use of the English longbow in medieval warfare to the impact of drones on modern warfare, this field offers a variety of fascinating topics.

Making the Right Choice

The choice of a research paper topic in history should ideally be guided by your interest, the available resources, and the requirements of your assignment. With such a wide range of topics, it can be challenging to make a choice. But remember, a good history research paper topic is not just about the past; it should also engage with the present and potentially shed light on the future. The best research paper topics are those that not only delve deep into the annals of history but also resonate with current issues and debates.

The study of history is a gateway into the vast narrative of human civilization. With an extensive range of periods, regions, and themes to choose from, history offers a rich reservoir of research paper topics. As we delve into the past, we discover the forces that have shaped our world, gain insights into the human experience, and glean lessons for our future. This journey of exploration makes history an incredibly exciting field for research papers.

How to Choose Best History Research Paper Topics

Choosing the best history research paper topic can be the first step towards a rewarding intellectual journey. It’s not just about meeting academic requirements; it’s about uncovering facets of the past that intrigue you and may potentially contribute to the broader understanding of history. Here are twenty in-depth tips that will guide you through the process and help you select the best topic for your history research paper.

• Understand the Assignment: Understanding your assignment’s requirements is the primary and most critical step in selecting a topic. Take time to carefully read the guidelines given by your instructor. Are there any specific historical periods, geographical regions, or themes you are required to focus on? Do the instructions indicate the scope or complexity level of the topic? Comprehending the parameters set by your instructor will significantly narrow down your options.
• Choose a Time Period: One way to approach the topic selection is by focusing on a particular time period that sparks your interest. It could be anything from the Bronze Age, to the Renaissance, to World War II. The more interested you are in the chosen time period, the more engaged you will be in the research process.
• Pick a Region: Similar to choosing a time period, selecting a particular region or country can also help narrow down potential topics. Are you fascinated by the history of East Asia, intrigued by ancient Egypt, or drawn to the socio-political history of Europe? Starting with a geographic focus can provide a strong foundation for your research.
• Identify a Theme: In addition to or instead of a time period or region, you might want to choose a theme that you wish to explore. Themes can range from political history, cultural history, history of science and technology, to gender history, among others. A thematic approach can offer a unique perspective and can even allow you to cross over different time periods or regions.
• Conduct Preliminary Research: Even before you have a firm topic in hand, engage in some preliminary research. This could involve reviewing textbooks, scholarly articles, or reputable online resources related to your chosen period, region, or theme. Preliminary research can give you a general sense of the historical context and inspire potential topics.
• Seek Inspiration from Existing Works: As part of your preliminary research, look at other research papers, theses, or dissertations in your area of interest. This can give you a good idea of what has been done, what gaps exist in the research, and where your research could potentially fit in.
• Scope Your Topic: The scope of your topic should be proportionate to the length and depth of your paper. If your paper is relatively short, a narrow, focused topic would be more suitable. For a longer and more complex paper, a broader topic that explores multiple facets or perspectives would be more appropriate.
• Consider the Relevance: Another aspect to consider when selecting a topic is its relevance. Does the topic have any relation to the course you are undertaking? Does it reflect on current historical or social debates? A topic that connects your historical research to broader academic or social issues can make your paper more impactful and engaging.
• Look for Unique Angles: While not every research paper can revolutionize the field, striving for some degree of originality in your work is always a good practice. Look for unique angles, underexplored areas, or new perspectives on a well-trodden topic. Presenting a fresh approach can make your paper more interesting for both you and your readers.
• Assess the Availability of Sources: Your research paper is only as good as your sources. Before finalizing your topic, make sure there are enough primary and secondary sources available to you. This could be in the form of books, academic articles, documentary films, archives, databases, or digital resources.
• Evaluate the Feasibility: Beyond the availability of sources, consider other practical aspects of your chosen topic. Is it feasible to conduct the research within the given time frame? Is the topic too complex or too simplistic for your current academic level? A realistic evaluation of these factors at an early stage can save you a lot of time and effort down the line.
• Reflect on Your Interests: Above all, select a topic that genuinely piques your curiosity. A research paper is a significant undertaking, and your interest in the topic will sustain you through potential challenges. If you are passionate about the topic, it will reflect in your writing and make your paper more compelling.
• Solicit Feedback: Seek advice from your instructor, classmates, or any other knowledgeable individuals. They may be able to provide valuable feedback, point out potential pitfalls, or suggest different perspectives that can enrich your research.
• Be Flexible: Be prepared to tweak, adjust, or even overhaul your topic as you delve deeper into the research process. New information or insights may emerge that shift your focus or challenge your initial assumptions.
• Bridge the Past and Present: Try to find topics that allow you to connect historical events or phenomena with contemporary issues. This can provide additional depth to your paper and may also appeal to a broader audience.
• Consult Specialized Encyclopedias and Guides: These can provide overviews of various topics and can often suggest areas for research. They also offer bibliographies which can serve as a starting point for your research.
• Draft a Preliminary Thesis Statement: Once you have a potential topic, try drafting a preliminary thesis statement. This can help you focus your ideas and give you a clear direction for your research.
• Ensure Your Topic Meets the Assignment Goals: Check back with your assignment guidelines to make sure your chosen topic meets all the requirements. It’s a good idea to do this before you start your in-depth research.
• Be Ready to Invest Time and Effort: Choose a topic that you are ready to spend time on. Remember, you will be working on this topic for an extended period, so choose something that you find interesting and engaging.
• Enjoy the Process: Finally, remember that the process of researching and writing a history paper can be a source of enjoyment and intellectual satisfaction. Choose a topic that not only meets academic requirements but also gives you a sense of accomplishment and discovery.

Choosing the best history research paper topic is not merely about fulfilling an academic requirement. It’s about setting the stage for a journey into the past, an exploration of humanity’s collective memory. The right topic will not only make this journey enjoyable but also deeply enlightening. By considering these tips, you can select a topic that resonates with you and holds the potential for a meaningful scholarly contribution.

How to Write a Best History Research Paper

Writing a history research paper can be a rewarding experience, providing an opportunity to delve into the past and explore the events, ideas, and personalities that have shaped our world. However, crafting a high-quality paper requires more than just an interest in the subject matter. It involves thorough research, analytical thinking, and clear, persuasive writing. Here are twenty comprehensive tips on how to write a best history research paper.

• Understand the Assignment: Begin by thoroughly understanding the assignment. Ensure you grasp the requirements, the scope of the paper, the format, and the deadline. Clear any doubts with your professor or peers before you start.
• Select a Suitable Topic: As discussed earlier, choosing an appropriate topic is crucial. It should be engaging, manageable, and meet the assignment’s requirements. Consider your interests, the available resources, and the paper’s scope when choosing the topic.
• Conduct In-Depth Research: Once the topic is decided, embark on thorough research. Use a variety of sources, such as books, academic journals, credible online sources, primary sources, and documentaries. Remember to take notes and record the sources for citation purposes.
• Formulate a Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is the central argument or point of your paper. It should be clear, concise, and debatable, providing a roadmap for your entire paper. The thesis statement should guide your research and each main point you make in your paper should support this central idea.
• Create an Outline: An outline helps organize your thoughts and arguments. Typically, it should include an introduction (with the thesis statement), body paragraphs (with topic sentences), and a conclusion. Each point in your outline should be a reflection of your thesis statement.
• Start with a Strong Introduction: The introduction should be engaging, provide some background on the topic, and include the thesis statement. It sets the tone for the rest of your paper, so make it compelling and informative.
• Develop Body Paragraphs: Each body paragraph should focus on one main idea that supports your thesis. Begin with a topic sentence, provide evidence or arguments, and then conclude the paragraph by linking it back to your thesis. Be clear and concise in your arguments.
• Use Evidence Effectively: Support your arguments with evidence from your research. This could include quotations, statistics, or primary source materials. Remember to interpret the evidence and explain its relevance to your argument.
• Maintain a Logical Flow: The ideas in your paper should flow logically from one point to the next. Use transitional words and phrases to maintain continuity and help guide your reader through your paper.
• Write a Compelling Conclusion: Your conclusion should sum up your main points, restate the thesis in light of the evidence provided, and possibly offer areas for further research or a concluding insight. It should leave the reader with something to think about.
• Cite Your Sources: Always cite your sources properly. This not only gives credit where it’s due but also strengthens your argument by indicating the breadth of your research. Ensure you follow the required citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
• Revise for Clarity and Coherence: After finishing your initial draft, revise your work. Check for clarity, coherence, and consistency of argument. Ensure each paragraph has a clear focus, and that the paragraphs flow smoothly from one idea to the next.
• Proofread: Proofread your paper for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Such errors can distract from the content and undermine your credibility as a writer. Reading your paper aloud or having someone else read it can help catch errors you might have missed.
• Seek Feedback: Before finalizing your paper, consider seeking feedback from your professor, peers, or a writing center tutor. They can provide valuable perspectives and suggestions for improvement that you might not have considered.
• Write in a Formal Academic Style: Your paper should be written in a formal academic style. Avoid slang, colloquialisms, and overly complex language. Be clear, concise, and precise in your expression.
• Avoid Plagiarism: Plagiarism is a serious academic offense. Ensure that all ideas and words that are not your own are properly cited. When in doubt, it’s better to over-cite than to under-cite.
• Stay Objective: A good history paper is objective and does not include personal opinions or biases. It relies on facts and evidence, and presents balanced arguments. Stick to the evidence and avoid emotional language.
• Be Original: Strive for originality in your argument and interpretation. While your topic might not be entirely new, your perspective on it can be. Don’t be afraid to challenge established interpretations if you have evidence to support your argument.
• Use Primary Sources Wisely: Primary sources are invaluable in historical research. However, remember that they should be used to support your argument, not to construct it. Your analysis and interpretation of the sources are what matters.
• Enjoy the Process: Finally, remember to enjoy the process. Writing a research paper is not just an academic exercise, but a journey into the past. It’s a chance to learn, explore, and contribute to our understanding of history.

In conclusion, writing a best history research paper requires careful planning, thorough research, clear writing, and detailed revision. However, the process can be highly rewarding, leading to new insights and a deeper understanding of history. These tips provide a comprehensive guide to help you craft a top-notch history research paper. Remember, history is a continually evolving dialogue, and your paper is your chance to join the conversation.

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World History

• Western Civilization to 1600 CE
• Introduction

Call Numbers

Primary journals, magazines, and recommended online databases for history research, selected books and ebooks, online and e-books.

• World History to 1500 CE
• World History 1500 CE to present

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Western Civilization 1600 CE to present

 An introduction to the development of the “West” from the era of Absolutism to the present. A central theme will be how a weak and fragmented western Europe became a major influence in the world, strongly identified with modernity, technology, and expanding economic, political, cultural, and social systems. Students will investigate the increasing power of the nation-state and systems of empire, and the ways in which ideas of race, class, and gender played a part in this evolution. Special attention will be paid to the evolution of ideologies, such as capitalism, imperialism, communism, and globalization.

Library of Congress Subject Headings are the call numbers used at College of the Redwoods, and Colleges and Universities across the country. Dewey decimal is used at public libraries, including Humboldt Public Library. 

Using the history related search words or any words relating to your topic, use the suggested call number ranges to browse for titles of interest, or consult the list of recommended books to the right.

Suggested call number ranges for browsing:

Library of Congress:

D: General History

DA: Great Britain

DAW: Central Europe

DB: Austria - Liechtenstein - Hungary - Czechoslovakia

DC: France - Andorra - Monaco

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Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians

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Ralph Mann, Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians, Western Historical Quarterly , Volume 23, Issue 3, August 1992, Pages 368–369, https://doi.org/10.2307/971516

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11 Critical events and periods in the history of western civilization

Western Civilization comes from thousands of years of historic events. To understand the present, you have to understand Western history. Here's a crash course!

Western civilization is the basis of much of our modern culture. As such, our society rests on thousands of years of history stretching back into antiquity. If you want to understand the modern world and make sense of current events, you have to learn a bit about the history of western civilization.

Of course, the best way to beef up your knowledge of history is to study Brainscape’s adaptive history flashcards . But if you want a quick guide for the most critical events and periods in Western history, check out our list below.

The 11 most pivotal periods in western history

1. ancient greece.

One of the smaller ancient civilizations, Greece has exerted an influence out of proportion to its size on the development of Western civilization, largely due to the intellectual accomplishments of Greek philosophers, who laid the foundation for much of modern science and governance, as well as art, mathematics, poetry, and more. Ancient Greece flourished from around 800 B.C. to 146 B.C.

2. Roman Civilization

The Roman Republic rose around 500 B.C. and lasted for about 500 years, after which the Roman Empire was established. At its height, the Roman Empire stretched across the entire Mediterranean region, laying claims from Spain to the Red Sea and from Britain to Iraq. As such, this culture, which originated in central Italy, has played a huge role in the development of Europe and western civilization as a whole in realms such as religion, law, architecture, warfare, language, and more.

3. The rise of Christianity

Although the history of Christianity is a hotly debated subject, much is known. Christianity began in the Levant (the region of modern Syria, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan) about 2,000 years ago, originally emerging as a sect of Judaism. Over the next 400 years, the religion spread across the region and become the official religion of the Roman Empire. It spread throughout Europe, North Africa, India, and other regions during the course of the Middle Ages.

4. Middle Ages

Between the 5th and 15th centuries, following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, European society entered something of a plateau—a period of cultural stagnation that lasted 1,000 years. This is the classical era of knights, kings, and damsels in distress.

Society in the middle ages was generally organized via feudalism , a custom whereby land was given from the centralized leadership of a nation (often a king) to vassals or lords, who in return agreed to tend the lands and provide soldiers and supplies to the nation in case of war. This political structure dominated European politics until the 1400s.

5. The Protestant Reformation

Within the Roman Catholic Church of 1500s Europe, corruption was rife—especially signified by the widespread sale of “indulgences.” If you had the money, you could erase your sins by paying the Church.

Based on this and many other gripes, Martin Luther began the Reformation in 1517 when he wrote The Ninety-Five Theses. This critique of the Church led directly to the conversion of much of northern Europe to Protestantism, and contributed to major conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War.

6. The Renaissance

The end of the Middle Ages is generally defined as the beginning of the Renaissance , a cultural movement which led to artistic and cultural changes across the European continent.

The period is generally regarded as beginning in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century, where wealthy merchant-elites bankrolled the expensive pursuits of Renaissance figures. Advances during the Renaissance include development in art techniques, the invention of printing text, new theories and discoveries in astronomy and other fields of science, and the Protestant Reformation.

7. European Colonization

While colonialism has been a feature of almost every known empire and civilization, the most recent colonial era was dominated by European states. Between the late 1400s and mid-1900s, European powers built massive overseas empires by force and guile.

The largest empire was built by Britain, which at its height ruled over 25% of the world's surface . Since the Second World War, the world has seen increasing decolonization as occupied states are given—or have taken—their sovereignty back again.

8. African Slave Trade

Slavery has been present in human society since the earliest civilizations (although not in many other human societies), but perhaps the worst example of slavery in human history is the Transatlantic Slave Trade which took place between the 16th and 19th centuries.

Arguably the darkest era in the history of western civilization, European powers and the nascent American colonies bought and stole more than 12 million Africans from slave traders and communities in Western Africa. The slaves were shipped around the world to work in plantations and other hard-labor industries and to serve as personal servants. Much of the wealth of this period was built with slave labor.

9. Early America

The country we know now as the United States of America began originally as 13 British colonies on the Atlantic seaboard of North America. Originally founded in 1607 (Virginia), the colonies became economically independent through various industries, especially cotton and tobacco plantations in the South and trade in the North.

Starting in the 1760s, American colonists began to rebel against the British government, arguing that “ taxation without representation ” was not fair. This led to the American Revolutionary War , wherein the colonists defeated the British forces and founded a new nation.

10. The Industrial Revolution

Starting around 1760 in Great Britain , a revolution in the manipulation and control of energy was made. It revolved around the manipulation of steam to generate mechanical power, the development of machinery to replace human labor, increased use of water power, and the rise of intensive iron production. This mechanization led to a massive increase in productive (and destructive) capacity, and changed industry forever after.

11. Globalization

The world has been changed a great deal by globalization: the increased interconnection between the planet in terms of communication, trade, and transportation. The term generally refers to the process that began in the mid-1800s with the installation of overseas telegraph cables .

Since the beginning of globalization, the world has changed a great deal. The world’s economies are more interdependent than ever before. Advocates of increased globalization believe that it has facilitated great wealth, while critics of globalization point to sweatshops and other issues.

The fascinating history of western civilization

We hope you enjoyed this look into history. We know one thing: this just stimulates our thirst for more learning. Dive into the Brainscape's world history flashcards for more striking facts about the world.

And if you like those, you may like the millions of other flashcards that Brainscape and our partners have compiled for a huge range of other subjects. Whether you want to review the arts, sciences, social sciences, or even pop culture and entertainment, you can browse the Brainscape Knowledge Genome today and find just about anything you're looking for.

Flashcards for serious learners .

237 Western Civilization Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best western civilization topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on western civilization, ⭐ simple & easy western civilization essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about western civilization, 📑 good research topics about western civilization, ✍️ western civilization essay topics for college.

• Mesopotamian Civilization The history of this great land can be traced through looking at the history of different people who occupied it who included the Sumerians, the Akkadians, the Amorites, the Hitites, the Kassites, the Assyrians, and […]
• Ancient Greek Mythical Characters The story of Icarus and Daedalus is told in a Roman source, Ovid’s “Metamorphoses”; the Isle of Crete was blocked by the order of King Minos, but Daedalus wanted to return to his home, Athens.
• Mesopotamia and Egyptian Civilizations Comparison The social structures of Mesopotamia and Egypt were similar in the fact that they both had broad social class systems with many tiers of power.
• Mesopotamian and Ancient Greek Civilizations Comparison Socially, the two civilizations were very different; the Greeks were known for their strong sense of democracy, while the Mesopotamians were ruled by kings and queens. The ancient Mesopotamian and Greek civilizations were two of […]
• Christianity in the Roman Empire and Its Spread Factors Towards the end of the first century, Christianity had spread in the Roman Empire to the extent that the government officials’ attention was drawn by this new religion.
• Ancient Rome: The Birthplace of Modern Sports The popularity of sporting competition in the modern society reflects that of the ancient Roman Empire’s vision for its society. Chariot racing was one of the most popular sports in ancient Rome, it later spread […]
• The Architecture of Ancient Greece Found in Los Angeles This paper is aimed at presenting an exploration of the reinterpretations of the stylistics period of the Ancient Greek epitomized in the architecture of the ancient Greece.
• The River Nile and Its Contribution to Ancient Egyptian Civilization The source of the river remained a mystery to the early inhabitants of ancient Egypt for a considerable amount of time.
• Mathematics in Ancient Greek Architecture One of the pillars of the art of architecture has been mathematics, and the development of this science in Ancient Greece enabled Ancient Greek architects to create beautiful buildings.
• Slavery in the Roman Empire The elite were the rich people, and majority of the population that comprised of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants known as the plebeians occupied the low status.
• Contributions of Mesopotamian Civilizations The former results were possible with the invention of the wheel, the chariot, and the sailboat, which allowed citizens to make the first trips in history.
• Polytheism of Ancient Greek and Babylonians Compared Turning on to the cult and political organization the gods do participate in the political and governance structures of the societies.
• Ancient Greek Philosophers: A Critical Evaluation of Their Impact on Modern Thought However, according to the article, it is imperative to note that neither reason nor the quest for evidence started with the ancient Greeks, but the pre-Socratic philosophers endeavored to identify a single underlying standard that […]
• Women’s Position in Ancient Rome and India Of course, in both of these civilizations, women were oppressed and limited in their rights and freedoms. Both in Ancient Rome and Ancient India, women were considered to be the centers of the household.
• The Eloquent Peasant Story and Ancient Egyptian Law The characters in the story are the peasant Khun-Anup, the vassal of the high steward, Nemtynakht, the high steward Rensi, and King Nebkaure.
• Comparison of Sumerian and Egyptian Civilization The most important similarity, which also explains the prosperity of the Sumerians and Egyptians, is the territory and environment. Some similarities can be traced to the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians and the Sumerians.
• Ancient Egypt: Geography and Environment Thus, the country’s main river occupies a central place in the peculiarities of the culture and development of Egypt. Being a transit region, Egypt also managed to absorb the influence of other areas and enrich […]
• Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Roman Empire As a result of unbearable conditions from the Roman administration, the Visigoths revolted and conquered the Romans and killed their emperor Valens in Adrianople in the late 4th century.
• Comparison Between Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece’s Burial Rituals On the other hand, the burial rituals of the ancient Greeks in the period of 750BCE and 700BCE were affected by the age of geometry.
• Ancient Egypt’s Geographical Features and Development Thanks to the flooding of the river, the Egyptians received irrigation of the land, and it was also used for fishing and hunting. The specific situation of the country was the key to the highest […]
• The Role of Poets and the Place of Poetry in Ancient Greece The Muse is the giver of gifts and in this case it is the gift to create words that are melodious to the ear but at the same time the power to move the hearts […]
• Christianity in the Roman Empire The subjects of the Empire enjoyed a high standard of living due to the accumulated wealth and the expansionary success of the Empire.
• The Concept of Deduction in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Mathematics The work of the famous and great Ancient Greek mathematicians has played a vital role in permeating every aspect, section, and part of life, especially from the sector of sending the rockets into space, accounting, […]
• Why Ancient Egypt’s Old and Middle Kingdoms Collapsed? The fact that the construction of the famous Egyptian pyramids began approximately at that time shows the capabilities of the civilization.
• History: Ancient Greek Olympics Hence, the myth concerning the emergence of the Olympic Games involves Zeus. The Olympic Games owed their integrity and significance to religion.
• Socrates’ Impact on Western Civilization Socrates defined the concepts of evil and good, assuming the achievement of the goals of self-knowledge as the highest virtue. In disputes, Socrates sought to prove the practicality and reasonableness of the world and a […]
• Decline of the Roman Empire The decline of the Roman Empire in the West that began in the 5th century had multiple interconnected factors. However, the economic and military rise of Constantinople led to the crisis in Rome.
• Urbanization Process in Mesopotamia History of the involvement of the cities in the world has different reasons that lead to the development and establishment of the towns.
• Suffering in the Ancient, Roman and Greek Periods It can be noted that in all cases suffering was seen as evil in some quarters of the ancient world as is seen today.
• Mesopotamia vs. Mexica (Aztec) Civilizations The society was located in the Valley of Mexico, and its capital was Tenochtitlan, now the site of modern Mexico City. The Mexica religion was a major part of their culture and played a significant […]
• History of Ancient Greek It was the accuracy and correctness of the prediction that daunted astronomers for years to come. This event hailed a new set of astronomers who tried to figure out the means to predict such future […]
• Alexander the Great: Western Civilization The spread of the Greek language to other parts of the world was due to the introduction of the Macedonian culture to the Persian Empire.
• Ancient Greek Culture, Philosophy and Science A few early Greek philosophers of the 6th century BCE began forming theories about the natural formations of the cosmos that went beyond the commonly held beliefs of the divine beings in the sky2.
• Alexander the Great: A Pioneer of Western Civilization Alexander the Great used the Roman Empire to spread Greek civilization to Europe and the rest of the world. The Greek Macedonian Empire that was established by Alexander the Great extended to many parts of […]
• BBC Ancient Greece: The Greatest Show on Earth The presenter of this video talks about the importance of theater culture to the people of ancient Athens. In the days of the ancient Greeks, the people of Athens learned the latest news from theatrical […]
• Western Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Rome,Greece The history of Mesopotamia traces back to the emergence of the urban centers in the Middle East in the 4th millennium.
• The Roman Empire and the Roman Republic Among the similarities is the use of the same language, Latin, and the worshipping of Gods. As for the fundamental distinction between the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire is that the republic was a […]
• World History: The Roman Empire Understanding the document first requires one to understand the historical background of the Roman Empire: the formation of the Republic and its collapse.
• Art History: Female Figures in Ancient Greek Sculpture The development of female figures in ancient Greek sculpture was noticeable during those times; each period added something new; the influence of other countries and their cultures was reflected in almost each piece of work, […]
• The Ancient Greek Society: Role of Religion In the cultural sense, the phrase ‘ancient Greece’ refers to the way of life of the ancient Greek people as depicted in their mode of worship, language, governance, entertainment and their understanding of the physical […]
• Environmental Factors in the Emergence of the Egyptian Civilization Importantly, the physical composition of the land and natural resources alongside artifacts of ancient Egypt had a substantial impact on the country’s growth and development.
• Religion and Society in Ancient Egypt The king sought to control the flow of resources which were collected from the provinces and peasants and channeled upward. The class division was strongly present in the mythology of Ancient Egypt and was accepted […]
• Civilization in Ancient Egypt The civilization of ancient Egypt happened at the same time Mesopotamian civilization was taking place in other areas in the nations of the Akkadians, Babylonians and the Sumerians. Indeed, religion in ancient Egypt led to […]
• Multicultural Roman Empire History Furthermore, the Romans were influenced by the Etruscans, a neighboring tribe to the northwest of Rome, who were allied with and then conquering the newly formed city-state.
• The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Ancient Egyptian Culture The Epic of Gilgamesh and the culture of the ancient Egypt have their own similarities and differences based on the historical events that took place in this cultures and the religious beliefs of the two […]
• Civilization in Mesopotamia and Egypt The people of Mesopotamia used calendars in order to determine when the floods could occur along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. The Egyptians had a lot of developments in the field of architecture and art […]
• Ancient Egypt vs. Ancient Greece In this paper, the researcher seeks to investigate the extent to which Ancient Egypt became Greek and the extent to which it remained the same during and after the rule by Ancient Greece.
• The Impact of Ancient Greek Civilization and Architecture on Modern Culture The connection between ancient Greek architecture and modern culture in the United States is evident because of the presence of similar constructions and continuous use of terms that originated from that civilization.
• Art History: Art and Medicine of the Ancient Egypt According to the Egyptian historian Manetho, Imhotep was the first architect who invented the technique of building with the use of a dressed stone. In ancient Egypt, the falcon represented the god Horus who was […]
• The Ancient Greek Play Antigone by Sophocle In the play, it is evident that pride is used by people to create laws that challenge the divine law from gods.
• Comparing and Contrasting the Confucius Ideas With Ancient Greek Thinkers As far as the body and the soul interacted, Plato also commented on the things that the soul could be influenced by the work or the actions of the body.
• Visual Arts: Ancient Art of the Greeks Ancient art plays a significant role in helping the individuals of the current generation explain the civilizations of the ancient past. Fresco painted the Bull-leaping fresco from Knossos art to depict the civilizations of the […]
• Cats in Ancient Egyptian Culture: Religious, Social, and Cultural Significance The Egyptians faced lions, panthers, and jungle cats in the woods. In Ancient Egypt, cats were an embodiment of the sun god.
• Ancient History of Mesopotamia and Egypt Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian rulers employed art as one of the methods to reinforce their ideology and remain in the cultural memory.
• Captive’s Statuettes of Ancient Egypt In particular, they were used in the rituals of protection of the land and the king, which were conducted in temples to eliminate the enemies of the king of Egypt.
• City States in Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy Similarities According to Spencer the invasion by the Dorians was one reason that strengthened the growth of the city states. In Italy, the city-states authority belonged to rich and the gentries.
• Ancient Greek Civilization: Culture and Arts To begin with, the earliest period of Greek history was the Bronze, and it is characterized by the usage and production of essential tools and the formation of two civilizations, which further contributed to the […]
• Herodian’s “History of the Roman Empire” Since the Death of Marcus Aurelius After that, two senators, Pupienus and Balbinus, were elected as the rulers of the Roman Empire. Hence, the fall of the Roman Empire was caused by several factors that influenced both the economy and the […]
• The Role of Kingship in Ancient Egypt Moreover, the king was considered the incarnation of the god Horus and “the central figure in the world view of the ancient Egyptians”.
• Ancient Egyptian and Greece Literature The history of literature began in the Bronze Age with the invention of writing in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. In Egypt, hieroglyphs and the similarity of drawings were used for writing.
• Stylistic Features: Ancient Middle East and Roman There are several peculiarities of design indicating that the contemporary dress can be viewed as the adaption of the ancient stola. In Ancient Rome, this type of clothing was used to conceal the sexuality of […]
• The Fall of Roman Empire and the Rise of Feudalism Therefore, to German, the fall of the Roman Empire is significant for some of the aspects of feudalism are still present in German societies.
• Pride in Ancient Greek This paper discusses the character and behavior of two Heroes in the Iliad with the aim of explaining the Geeks’ concept of pride.
• How “African” Was Ancient Egypt? Some argue that the Ancient Egyptians must have been Black Africans, while others state that cannot be true, at least in terms of physical appearance, Combined with the peculiarity of Egyptian culture, from this emerges […]
• The Significance of the Colosseum to Ancient Rome: Image Commentary The image shows only what survived of the arena after the collapse of the Roman empire and the end of the games.
• Venus de Milo, Sculpture of Ancient Greece Art The statue also depicts the story of the Judgment of Paris. The findspot of the figure of the goddess is still unknown, and it cannot be said where exactly it was found.
• Scientific Approach to Magic in Ancient Greece 2 The dual attitude towards magic in Ancient Greece is deeply rooted in those people’s focus on knowledge and the use of the scientific method that was born during that period.
• Family Structure and Women Status in Ancient Egypt The family structure was also changed in an attempt to match with the wishes of the pharaohs. Many people in this country believed that the practice was important and helped to support the integrity of […]
• Ancient India and Greece Sculptures Comparison As far as the key differences between the Ancient Indian and the Ancient Greek sculptures are concerned, the concept of aesthetics deserves to be mentioned.
• The Kings of Ancient Egypt They were empowered by a divine appointment and therefore it is for the best interest of everyone to sustiain the line of succession and preserve the kingdom. The origin of the people, the land mass […]
• Music in the Ancient Greece The history of music in ancient Greece dates back to the 6th century BCE when the first music lessons were introduced in the learning institutions. The ‘clappers’ were the other category of music instruments that […]
• Ancient Greek History: Athens The works of these historians give an opportunity to state that in spite of the fighting and dying in wars, the Athenians contributed to the good of their polis.
• Inventions of the Ancient Romans The Romans built some of the most impressive buildings in the world, including the Pantheon and the Colosseum. Thus, the Romans were ahead of their time, and their legacy continues to shape modern engineering and […]
• Deduction in Ancient Greece and Egypt Mathematics and the use of formulas have played an important role in the development of the modern world. The Golden Ratio concept was used in this part of the world.
• The Roman Empire and Its Fall in 476 A.D. The Byzantine Empire, which emerged in the East, claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Roman Empire, and its rulers continued to use the title of ‘Emperor.’ The Byzantine Empire maintained much of the […]
• The Ancient Roman Aqueducts and Their Structure This work focuses on the principles of building aqueducts, the materials utilized in the process, the key uses, and the specifics of the repair.
• The Democracies of Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic Any democracy which, at least formally, is based on the power of the majority, equality of citizens, protection of their rights and freedoms, a system of separation of powers, and electability of authorities implies a […]
• Ancient Egyptians’ Origins and Ethnicity For the longest time in the period from the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, the Caucasian theory of the origin of the ancient Egyptians dominated.
• Herbal Medicine and Remedies in Ancient Egypt Additionally, the water lily, a plant belonging to the genus Nymphaea, was utilized for religious purposes and as a kind of medicine in ancient Egypt. 2005 The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt.
• Culture of Ancient Greece in The Odyssey by Homer The Odyssey is one of the oldest and most well-known epics in the world. This can be attributed to Homer’s ability to describe the culture and life of the people of the ancient era with […]
• Western Civilization: Philosophies and Sciences Western civilization is the body of art, literature, culture, and timeless concepts that originated in the eastern Mediterranean in the pre-Common Era during the 17 to 19th centuries.
• Tigris and Euphrates’ Significance for Mesopotamia Now, Mesopotamia is understood mainly as a valley in the lower reaches of these rivers, and lands are added to it east of the Tigris and west of the Euphrates.
• Ethnic Minorities in Ancient Egypt The main topic of the article is the study of the characteristics of various ethnic groups and social organizations in the Ancient Egyptian civilization.
• Ancient Greek vs. Roman Sculpture in the Late Classical Period The left-hand drops her clothes onto the jar of water, the head is turned to the left, and the right hand is extended in front of the pudenda.
• The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire The purpose of this essay is to examine the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, including the influence of the Catholic Church and Kings in the secular and religious activities of the Europeans.
• The Ancient Greek Culture Impact on Western Civilization The most significant public structures in the city were gathered around the temple in the city’s center, which served as the power headquarters.
• Alexander the Great: The First Superhero of Western Civilization Thus, despite the irrefutable victories of Alexander the Great, it is difficult to call him the first true superhero of Western civilization because of the methods to which he resorted.
• The Roman Empire’s Sources of Knowledge Among the sources of ancient Rome stand out the civil conflict between Catilina and Cicero; the depiction of everyday life and cultural values in the poems of Catullus; Caesar’s work Gallic wars; Virgil’s poem Aeneid.
• History of Perpetua and the Roman Empire Successes in the military operations facilitated the development of the African province and fortified the influence of the Roman Empire’s culture and religion.
• Silk in Ancient Rome: Annotated Bibliography In addition to the tunica, ladies wore a loose piece of clothing known as a stola to cover the remainder of their bodies. The book covers all of these women’s costumes in detail for each […]
• The Dark Ages Concept in Western Civilization The meaning of the concept of the Dark Ages has long been a subject of widespread misunderstanding among people that mistakenly attribute the title to a presumed atmosphere of overwhelming darkness and social collapse.
• History Aspects of the Roman Empire The Colosseum was a symbol of victory for Christians over pagans, and the reason behind it preserving it is because of the martyrs who died in it.
• The Knitting Relic: Women, Art, and Western Civilization The lady’s actions show knitting’s role and centrality in delivering Normandy and granting success and a sense of accomplishment to the western world.
• Art of Ancient Greece: The Diadoumenos Statue The marble statue of the Diadoumenos depicts an athlete with a victory armband and is a reconstruction of the original based on Roman marble spears. Polykleitos’ sculpture is a typical example of the classical period […]
• Ancient History of Greek Civilization In ancient Greece, the body was the material means of constructing and transmitting social values; the body’s visual representation exemplified the moral codes of the time.
• Greco-Roman Culture in Western Civilization One of such elements was Roman names, the dissemination of which may be explained by the existence of networks of exchange and the sense of identity of name bearers.
• The Nefertiti Bust: Women’s Roles in Ancient Western Civilizations One of the cultural artifacts that denote the life of women in Ancient Egypt is the sculpture under the title Nefertiti Bust.
• The Art of Ancient Greece: The Marble Head of Athena The art of Ancient Greece played an essential role in the development of the culture and art of humankind. In Greece, the first principles of democracy in history were formed within the framework of a […]
• Democracy in Ancient Greece and Today From the lecture, I discovered that the word democracy partly originates from the word demes which means the small division of the bigger sections that Athens was divided into during the ancient time.
• Ancient Egyptians’ Ethics of War The initial religion of ancient Egypt was to realize the Gods in the form of birds and beasts. With the beginning of agriculture, the Egyptians became more dependent on nature, so they started to revere […]
• Mastaba of Mereruka in Ancient Egypt The Matsaba of Mereruka is a great example of the Old Kingdom tomb and its purpose of ensuring a prosperous afterlife for the buried one. The first mention of the king of the afterlife was […]
• Ancient Egyptian Tomb of Mereruka at Saqqara The tomb of Mereruka at Saqqara is one of the most famous monuments, which is the tomb of the non-royal person.
• The Catholic Church in the Roman Empire In its ethical concepts, the Roman Catholic Church developed from Stoicism, which was in great harmony with the public mood of the Roman Empire.
• Christianity During the Roman Empire By leveraging the western idea of piety through the prism of equality and freedom of thought, the Christian church was able to outlive the Roman Empire and succeed as a culture-maker of the Middle Ages.
• Boats and Ships in National Museum of Egyptian Civilization The visit to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization was a great addition to the themes learned in class. The observed artifacts demonstrate the peculiarities of life and culture of the Egyptian people.
• The Ancient Greek Tragedy “Antigone” The theme raised by Sophocles in the play is the theme of duty and family, which is still relevant to this day.
• The Roman Empire: Globalization and Religious Power The Roman Empire is the first-ever experience of world globalization, the creation of a universal multinational society, in which the main directions of historical development with its ups and downs, unprecedented progress, and wild barbarism […]
• Methods of Prediction in Egyptian Medicine and Mesopotamian Omen Divination Mesopotamian divination, including extispicy, planetary, and weather-based predictions, made forecasts based on the nature of the deviations from the norm, such as the color of the rising moon or the direction in which lightning struck […]
• Art History: The Prehistoric Aegean, Ancient Greece The relationship between curvilinear forms in Minoan art and the primary role of nature is that nature provided the curvilinear shapes and forms that formed the basis for the artwork.
• Art Before History, the Ancient Near East, Egypt Under the Pharaohs 5 million years ago and was marked by the development and use of chipped stone tools Mesolithic- This is a cultural period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras that began around 10,000 years ago and […]
• The Mindset and Ancient Greek Philosophy Metaphysics studies the nature of reality, the structure of the world, the origin of man, God, truth, matter, mind, the connection between mind, body, and free will, and the correlation between events.
• Ancient Greek History: The Most Important Events of the Period Ancient Greece was home for most of the famous personalities of the ancient world. The introduction of Olympic Games was one of the most significant events in Ancient Greek History.
• The Fall of the Roman Empire in the 15th Century The most significant one is the fusion of the Germanic mercenaries and fighters into the Roman troops. Leadership challenges emerged, leading to instability and the eventual fall of the empire.
• Roman Republic to Roman Empire Despite existing laws, the politics of Rome were at the time dominated by a few Roman leaders. This unstable alliance gave rise to a series of civil wars.
• Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire With this insight into the fall of the Roman empire, we realize that there’s still a cultural line between ancient Rome and the contemporary world.
• Ancient Civilizations in Western Europe The Celts have been reported to have been diverse. Their empire has been reported to have spanned the European continent.
• Women in Ancient Greek and Roman Art The ancient Greek and Roman art, both textual and visual, are a rich source of information on the social history of women in these cultures.
• The Roman Empire and Its Fall Soon after the death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of five good emperors in Rome, the empire began to crumble. According to Longo, some of the measures that Diocletian implemented included the division of the […]
• The Ancient Greek and Republican Roman Architects The ancient Greek and Roman architects sought to express cultural and aesthetic perspectives guided by the adoration of classical qualities such as maturity, moderation, order, balance, and harmony.
• Roman Empire Entertainment Venues The theaters were free to the public and as a result the audiences were huge in numbers and noisy at times.
• Ancient Greek Mythology: Deities of the Universe Hades is the eldest son of Kronos and Rhea, the god and the guardian of the Underworld, the realm of the dead.
• Black Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt That was the home to the earliest culture of the black people in Africa. It is claimed in the article that the first rulers of Egypt were black.
• Law and Society in Ancient Rome In the Roman law, the man is recognized as the head of the household owning the entire property under the family’s name.
• Democracy Emergence in Ancient Greece and Why Plato Was Opposed to It The result of this war was the defeat of Athens by Sparta at the end of the fifth century which led to the overthrow of many democratic regimes.
• The Impact of Geography on Agriculture: Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Due to the fact that the river overrode the Ethiopian lowland, the inclined gradient of the River Nile sent the water torrent which overflowed the river banks resulting in over flooding of the river.
• Medieval Europe History: Western Roman Empire The effect of this was the mobilization of tens of thousands of Europeans citizens which led to the capture of Jerusalem and the surrounding regions.
• The Role of Women in Ancient Egypt Right to the property for married women and their right to private inheritance and inheritance of the community property belonging to the husband was an essential nature of the status of women in Ancient Egyptian […]
• The Hetaerae Women of Ancient Greece In the Greek society, the hetaerae women consisted of women who were liberal and commanded great influence in the society. The hetaerae women were noble in one aspect of the other.
• Oedipus the King and Ancient Greek Culture Oedipus consults the servant who was sent to abandon him as a child and it is revealed that he was the child of Laius and Jocasta.
• Roman Civilization, Christianity, and Judaism The growth and success of Christianity came from the conversion and patronage of Constantine. The early Christians of Rome were received with contempt and suspicion.
• Ancient Civilization of Rome and Athens The city of Rome and the city of Athens had great influence and authority over their neighbors and allies. The city of Athens had great influence throughout the Aegean and the influence lasted for about […]
• Roman Civilization and Its Military Power The Roman Empire used the first systems of the republic to conquer a lot but for the interest of a few who included those living within the cities as well as those who were close […]
• Economic Situation of the Later Roman Empire It signifies that the problem of inflation and pricing crisis were the major economic problems that were the most significant signs of economic decay of the Empire at the beginning of the fourth century.
• Americas, Egypt, and Mesopotamia Between 3500-500 BCE Bentley and Ziegler examine the world as a whole and focus on the development and formation of the world’s major societies, ‘traditions’, and also interactions and connections that have always been established among societies, ‘encounters’.”Traditions […]
• Ancient Rome: Augustus Caesar The main measures that he employed in the endeavor to restore religion include; regulation of private behavior, reconstruction of public monuments and public religion and creating awareness by the use of literature that discussed the […]
• “The Fall of the Roman Empire” by Anthony Mann The plot of the film depicts the historical personalities, events and trends during the period 180 to 192 AD which is taken as the period during which the Roman Empire stopped growing and witnessed a […]
• Western Civilization: Term Definition In the development of art and literature the period of Middle Ages is closely connected with the formation and promotion of European literature.
• Rise of the Roman Empire Romulus Augustulus who was the last emperor of the Western empire was deposed in the year 476 and this marked the end of the empire.
• Origin of the Olympics in the Ancient Greek Society It exhaustively explains the importance of the Olympic Games to the Greek society in the ancient times and the significance they played in shaping the locals lives.
• The Control of Women’s Sexuality in the Roman Empire They were mostly confined to their homes, were under the authority of a male member of the family, could not work outside the house, and could not be as educated as the men.
• Ideas of Love: Western Civilizations One could hypotheses that this is an Eastern view of love, as the situation described here resembles events leading to the attainment of nirvana, a state of being that is the ultimate goal in such […]
• Images of Women in Western Civilization Although it is true that the primary and predominant role of women have been to look after the children and the household, it is also necessary that they also need to indulge in primarily creative […]
• The History of Roman Empire We know that the closeness of buildings and unawareness of people in the question of how to prevent people’s houses from fire is the basic reason, I think, in cases of every fire hazard in […]
• Western Civilization in Which the Greeks Contributed The Greek civilization impresses by its originality and incontestability in the manners of people and in a number of philosophers who made a great impact on the further flow of scientific thought.
• Western Civilization: The Opium Wars The affinity of millions of Chinese for opium directly affected the security of foreign interests in China. At the end of the second opium war, China was forced to ratify the Treaty of Tientsin in […]
• Western Civilization to 1648: Historical Analysis The Marxists claimed that only material production made a human out of a monkey and connected all the stages of the historical development with the levels of the development of economy.
• Western Humanities: Early Roman Empire and Christianity The Latin language was one of the features of the Roman culture that the church adopted. Even after the collapse of the Roman Empire, Christianity was still widely spread and the church still insisted on […]
• Western Civilization: Ancient Greek Theater However, the modern theater has become more commercialized and has become a potential arena of political, social, and cultural discourses, increasingly involving the masses.”Theatre, which had been dominated by the Church for centuries, and then […]
• Western Civilization: The Olympic Games’ History Ancient Greeks held strict moral and ethical codes while conducting the Olympics because it was not just a competition for them; it was a glorification of the true ideals, valor, and gallantry of an athlete. […]
• Ancient Rome: Historical Era This has led to widespread abuse of his power to the detriment of his country and its people as a whole.
• Life as a Soldier During the Roman Civilization The following paragraphs describe the characteristics of the Roman Civilization. This was the main entertainment of the Roman Civilization.
• Western Civilizations and Near East This paper is going to consider all the major aspects of their development in order to find out the reasons for the success of some of them and the failure of others in their attempt […]
• The Culture of Ancient Egypt To the advantage of Egyptians in the ancient times, the floods carried with them silt, fertile soils, and minerals which when the flood receded lift rich thick mud that the people grew crops during October […]
• Ubaid and Uruk: Emergence of Mesopotamian Cities These characteristics of the environment, in turn, dictated the manner of city-state emergence and structure in Ubaid and Uruk. According to Mieroop, the emergence of the city-state in Mesopotamia was due to the diversity of […]
• Democracy and Dictatorship in Ancient Greece and Today Recalling the speech of Thucydides, democracy is when the power is in the hands of not a minority but of the whole people when all are equal before the law when political life is free […]
• From the Fall of the Holy Roman Empire to Feudalism
• Western Civilization in the Middle Ages
• Ancient Civilization of Rome
• Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Rome
• Modern Moral Conditions of Western Civilization Review
• The Changes of the Ancient Greeks’ Conceptions of Heroism Through the Times
• Modern Western Civilization: The Renaissance
• The Culture of Ancient Greece
• The Ancient Near East: Civilization of Mesopotamia and Great Flood
• Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead
• Architectural Marvels of Ancient Mesopotamia
• Ancient Egypt’s Socioeconomic & Cultural Relations
• Roman Civilization’ Analysis
• Ancient History: Polybius on the Roman Republic
• Ancient Egyptian Culture: Religion, Art, Sports
• History of Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Stoicism Employed in Ancient Rome
• Ancient Greek Sports: Boxing, Wrestling, Running
• Ancient History: Periclean Athens and Augustan Rome
• Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman Empire Historian
• Ancient Roman Myth and Historical Facts
• Persecution of Christianity in the Roman Empire Life
• Public Speaking in Ancient Greece and Roman Empire
• Egyptian vs. Mesopotamian Civilizations Development
• The River Nile’s Importance to the Ancient Egyptians
• Ancient Rome: Visigoths’ and Rome’s Conflict
• Ancient Indian and Roman Civilizations
• Egyptian Civilization’s History
• Ancient Greek Temples Architecture
• The Great Leap Forward: Societies in Early Mesopotamia
• Ancient Greece Heroes: The Iliad and The Knight’s Tale
• Ancient Greek Philosophy: Socrates and Plato Comparison
• Ancient Greek Art and Sculpture
• Mummification in Ancient Egypt
• Documentary “The Decline of Western Civilization”
• Mesopotamian Influence on the Oman Peninsula
• Bernard Lewis Views on Shaping Western Civilization
• Technology and Innovation: Western Civilization History
• The Philosophy of Ancient Greece
• Western Civilization Development
• “Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation” by Arthur Ferill
• History of Western Civilizations Through the Works of Einhard in His Famous Book Titled “The Life of Charlemagne”
• The Euthyphro, the Apology, and the Crito Issues Impact on the Western Civilization
• Ancient Societies in Mesopotamia and Ancient Societies in Africa
• Dissolution of the Roman Empire
• Ancient Greek Civilization History
• Infanticide in Ancient Greece
• Ancient Greek Democracy That Still Makes People Strive for Perfection
• The Significance of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation in History of Western Civilization
• Religion in Ancient Rome, the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire
• How Did the Age of Enlightenment Influence Western Civilization
• Transformation of the Ancient Greece Art
• Ancient Art of Rome and Greece
• Medicine in Ancient Rome
• Welcome to Ancient Egypt: When Legends Were Born
• Concepts of Ancient Greek Culture
• Greek City State and the Roman Empire
• The Evolution of the Division of Labor Theory Starting From Ancient Greek Economists to the Present
• Race in Ancient Egypt
• The Western Roman Empire: The Significance of Its Collapse
• Mythology’s Role in the Ancient Greece – God Poseidon
• Gods and Humans: Myths of Ancient Rome and Greece
• What Factors Contributed to the Dissolution of the Roman Empire?
• Ancient Egypt History
• Roman Civilization: Senate and Augustan Regime
• Italian Renaissance Essay Ideas
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• Ancient Civilizations Research Topics
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