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Introduction to Ecosystems

Nov 13, 2014

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Introduction to Ecosystems. Ecology. Ecology is the study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors. What is an ecosystem?. An ecosystem is composed of all the factors (both biotic and abiotic) and interactions in an environment. Biotic vs. abiotic.

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• biotic factors
• living things
• omnivores eat plants
• animal matter undergoing decomposition

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Ecology • Ecology is the study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors

What is an ecosystem? • An ecosystem is composed of all the factors (both biotic and abiotic) and interactions in an environment.

Biotic vs. abiotic • Abiotic factors of an ecosystem are non-living. • Biotic factors of an ecosystem are living. rocks water air temperature plants birds bugs animals

Biotic parts of an Ecosystem • Living things are either consumers or producers. • Producers make (or produce) their own food. Example: plants • Consumers need to eat (or consume) their food. Example: animals

Consumers • There are several different kinds of consumers: • Herbivores: eat plants only Example: deer • Carnivores: eat animals only Example: wolf • Omnivores: eat plants and animals Example: raccoon • Decomposers: break down dead things Example: bacteria and fungus

Decomposers • Scavengers: • eat dead animal and plant matter • Detritivores : • Eat detritus (decomposing matter) • Ex. crabs, earth worms, insects that eat decaying wood • Saprotrophs : • break down dead or decaying organisms outside of their body and consume what they need. * Humus: Soil material made of plant and animal matter undergoing decomposition.

Food Chain • A food chainis a single chain of organisms (living things) that eat each other. The chain ALWAYS starts with a producer.

Food Web • A food webis made out of many food chains in an ecosystem.

Questions to think about… • What does “bio” mean? • Are people herbivores, omnivores, or carnivores? • What is more realistic – a food chain or a food web? • Why does a food chain always start with a producer?

Vocabulary Add these words to your vocabulary list! • Ecosystem • Abiotic • Biotic • Producer • Consumer • Herbivore • Carnivore • Omnivore • Decomposer • Food chain • Food web

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Section 1: Ecological Interactions

Unit 8: Diversity of Life

• Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem.
• Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances.
• Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction.
• Based on the food web, which organisms are primary consumers?
• Which organisms are tertiary consumers?
• What is the relationship between a fox and a mouse?
• Ecology: the study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment.
• Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and reproducing.
• Community: Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment.
• Ecosystem: a system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment.
• Biotic: describes a living, or once-living, factor in an ecosystem
• Abiotic: describes a nonliving factor in an ecosystem

Check for Understanding

Which description is the best example of a population?

A. all of the red foxes in a forest

B. all of the red foxes in every forest

C. all of the organisms in a forest

D. all of the organisms in every forest

• Organisms will interact with and be affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment.
• Niche: the way an organism utilizes the resources of its environment, including the space it requires, the food it consumes, timing of reproduction, and temperature and moisture requirements.

Niche Videos

https://youtu.be/6-aGxYTUPu0

https://youtu.be/z3eDLQym9qo

• When organisms share parts of their niche, they end up competing with each other for resources.
• Competition: When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as territory, mates, water, and food in the same environment.

Sneaky Squirrels

https://youtu.be/YcdSmFXdbMo

Population Dynamics

• Organisms must also use resources within their environment in order to survive. The amount of individuals that can live in one area is dependent on the amount of resources available.
• Population Dynamics: The study of short- and long-term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.
• Carrying Capacity: the number of individuals in a population that can be supported in an ecosystem given the resources available and other environmental pressures.
• Carrying capacity is affected by interactions and the amount of resources present.
• Limiting Factor: chemical, physical, or biological factor that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an individual organism or a population.

A farmer observed that an increase in a field’s soil nitrogen content was followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this observation most likely indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the field?

A. Nitrogen was a biotic factor.

B. Nitrogen was a limiting factor.

C. Nitrogen became a surplus resource.

D. Nitrogen became a selection pressure.

Coevolution and Symbiosis

• Organisms within an ecosystem can interact with each other in different ways, and many are influenced by the changes in other species.
• Coevolution: occurs when the changes in at least two species’ genetic compositions affect each other's evolution.
• Predation: an interaction between two species where one species consumes the other.
• Both predators and prey have evolved traits that help them stay alive.
• Symbiotic Relationship: interaction between two different organisms
• Symbiosis can be separated into three categories based on how harmful or beneficial the interactions are.

Nature’s Cutest Symbiosis: The Bobtail Squid | I Contain Multitudes

• Mutualism: both organisms benefit from the relationship.
• Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
• Parasitism: one organism benefits while the other is harmed

A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fish. Which best describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle?

A. predation

B. symbiosis

C. parasitism

D. competition

Which example describes a mutualistic relationship between organisms?

A. Young wasps prey on caterpillars.

B. Crabs eat the remains of dead fish.

C. Ants protect a tree on which they feed.

D. Tapeworms feed on food in the intestines of cats.

Nonnative Species

• Interactions within an ecosystem may change when a new, exotic species is introduced.
• Endemic Species: a species that is found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographic area.
• Nonnative Species: a species typically living outside a distribution range that has been introduced through either deliberate or accidental human activity
• also known as introduced, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic species
• Examples: zebra mussels, stink bugs, kudzu

https://youtu.be/8krJFrM4ZwA

Nonnative Species in Pa

• Examples: Spotted Lanternfly, Emerald Ash Borer, Northern Snakehead fish, kudzu

Spotted Lanternfly

Emerald Ash Borer

Northern Snakehead

Fish And Boat Commission Warns Anglers To Kill Northern Snakeheads If Caught In Pa. Rivers

Guardians Of The Glades - Discovery Channel (3 min. clip)

Guardians Of The Glades - Discovery Channel (8 min. clip)

Why are nonnative species often considered a disturbance in an ecosystem?

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Chapter 3 - Ecosystems.

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