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Writing an Argumentative Essay

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The Argumentative Essay

Jan 02, 2020

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The Argumentative Essay. Introducing the Counter Argument and Rebuttal. What is an Argumentative Essay?. The purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to accept—or seriously consider--your opinion on a controversial issue Has three parts: Claim, Counter Claim, Rebuttal

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The Argumentative Essay Introducing the Counter Argument and Rebuttal

What is an Argumentative Essay? The purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to accept—or seriously consider--your opinion on a controversial issue Has three parts: Claim, Counter Claim, Rebuttal (plus Introduction and Conclusion)

Consider your Audience Whom are you trying to reach? What do they already know about your topic? What is your relationship with your audience and how does it impact your word choice and tone?

The Organization

Thesis Statement • The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE or sentences in your paper • Expresses your interpretation of the topic and answers the question: “what am I trying to prove” • Not a factual statement, but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper

Thesis Practice: Fact versus Claim Which thesis statement is most effective for an argument about the need for V-chips in television sets? • Parents, often too busy to watch television with their families, can monitor their children’s viewing habits with the aid of the V-chip. • This paper will describe a V-chip and examine the uses of the V-chip in American-made television sets. • To help parents monitor their children’s viewing habits, the V-chip should be required feature for television sets sold in the U.S. Correct

CLAIM Your opinion or position on an issue Must be supported with evidence (quotes, facts, data) Evidence must be explained RACE paragraph = Claim

COUNTER CLAIM Consider the opposite side Argues against your claim Turn against your argument to challenge it Then turn back to reaffirm your position

REBUTTAL Turn back to your original position Responds to and refutes issues presented by the counterclaim

The Opposing Side Ask these questions: 1. Who might disagree with my position? Why? 2. What reasons do people have for disagreeing with me? 3. What evidence would support an opposing argument?

Counter Claim Key phrases to use: One might object that... It might seem that... It's true that... Admittedly... Of course...

REBUTTAL Return to your original argument based upon careful reasoning -Show why counter argument is mistaken -Acknowledge it, but show why it is less important

REBUTTAL Key Phrases to use: but yet however nonetheless still

EXAMPLE CLAIM: “More Americans are choosing low-carb diets because the media promotes low-carb diets as the new way to a skinnier body.” COUNTER CLAIM: “Some Americans don't watch television commercials because they own a DVR or Tivo, but most Americans are exposed to other forms of advertisement in magazines, newspapers, and highway billboards.

Where to put it? Introduction Claim 1 Claim 2 Counter Claim Rebuttal Conclusion Each of these will be one paragraph!

Be Cautious! It is true that counter arguments enrich argumentative writing However adding a weak counterargument or overdoing it cause worse results

Practice: Provide a Claim and Counter Argument for the following topics: 1. To Die or Suffer: The Necessity of Physician-assisted Suicide 2. Are Herbal medicines beneficial to our health?

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The Argumentative Essay

AP Language & Composition Exam

What does the argumentative essay require of you?

• Basically, you must do three things:
• understand the nature of the position taken in the prompt;
• take a specific stand—argue, qualify, or disagree—with the assertion in the prompt; and
• clearly and logically support your claim.

Agree, Disagree, Qualify

• Do I think about this subject in the same way as the writer/speaker? (Agree)
• Do I think the writer/speaker is totally wrong? (Disagree)
• Do I think some of what is said is correct and some incorrect and do I feel lucky? (Qualify)

Plan before you write!

• Brainstorm a list of ideas, construct a chart, or create an outline…whatever it is, give yourself time to THINK about your position!
• The kinds of support you need:
• Facts/statistics - Details - Dialogue
• Quotations - Definitions - Anecdotes
• Contrast and comparison - Cause and Effect
• Appeal to authority - Examples

Does it matter what tone is taken in your argumentative essay?

• You can choose to be informal and personal, formal and objective, or even humorous and irreverent—just be certain your choice is appropriate for your purpose.

Will I be penalized for taking an unpopular, unexpected, irreverent, or bizarre position on the given issue?

• As long as you are addressing the PROMPT and appropriately supporting your position, there is no danger of losing points on your essay.
• Your essay is graded for process and mastery and manipulation of language, not for how close you come to the viewpoint of your reader.

Suggested time distribution for the argumentative essay:

• 1-3 minutes reading and working the PROMPT
• 3 minutes deciding on a position
• 10-12 minutes planning the support of your position
• 20 minutes writing the essay
• 3 minutes proofreading!

The argumentative essay prompt

In his famous “Vast Wasteland” address to the National Association of Broadcaster in May of 1961, Newton Minow, the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, spoke about the power of television to influence the taste, knowledge, and opinions of its viewers around the world. Carefully read the following, paying close attention to how timely it is today, especially in light of the worldwide Internet.

Minow ended his speech warning that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is without precedent in mankind’s history. This is an awesome power. It has limitless capabilities for good—and for evil. And it carries with it awesome responsibilities—responsibilities which you and [the government] cannot escape…”

Using your own knowledge and your own experiences or reading, write a carefully constructed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Minow’s ideas.

Mark your copy of the prompt…take about 3 minutes.

In his famous “Vast Wasteland” address to the National Association of Broadcasters in May of 1961 , Newton Minow , the Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , spoke about the power of television to influence the taste, knowledge, and opinions of its viewers around the world . Carefully read the following, paying close attention to how timely it is today, especially in light of the worldwide Internet.

Minow ended his speech warning that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is without precedent in mankind’s history . This is an awesome power . It has limitless capabilities for good—and for evil . And it carries with it awesome responsibilities —responsibilities which you and [the government] cannot escape …”

Using your own knowledge and your own experiences or reading , write a carefully constructed essay that defends, challenges, or qualifies Minow’s ideas.

Developing the opening paragraph

• Refer specifically to the prompt
• Clearly state your position on the given issue

Newton Minow’s assertion to the national Association of Broadcasters that “The power of instantaneous sight and sound is . . . An awesome power . . . With capabilities for good—and for evil” is valid and true. However, placing the responsibility for this power squarely in the hands of the broadcasters and the government is in error.

Qualifies the assertion

The writer agrees with the potential of the power, but disagrees about who should take responsibility.

Imagine being gifted the limitless capability for good and evil—the ability to control the world with one’s super powers. And, what are these powers? X-ray vision? Morphability? Immortality? NO, it is the most awesome power ever devised—the instantaneous influence over the taste, knowledge and opinions of mankind around the world. Even Superman would get a headache from this kind of power! This is not a great gift, it is an “awesome responsibility” according to the Newton Minow’s 1961 warning to the National Association of Broadcasters.

Agrees with the assertion

The writer agrees with Minow’s position but treats the assertion in a lighthearted fashion. The reader can expect a humorous and possibly irreverent tone in the essay.

Nowhere is the awesome power for good and evil of modern technology more clearly seen than in the Internet’s pervasiveness and influence. Newton Minow was right on target in 1961 when he warned the National Association of Broadcasters that the power of TV has “limitless capabilities for good—and for evil.”

The writer agrees with Minow’s position, BUT has LIMITED the area of the argument to that of the Internet.

Developing the body of the essay

• After carefully reading and deconstructing the prompt, choose a way to organize your argument
• One way (for this prompt) would be to use Minow’s own three-part warning and brainstorm ideas based on those categories

Planning the essay (focus on Internet)

• Warning of dangers
• Recognition of heroes
• Involvement in humankind’s achievements
• Instant communications with family & friends
• Medical care
• Links to the world
• Entertainment
• Promote hate
• Distort reality
• Help terrorists
• Invasion of privacy
• Threats to nat’l security
• Create mass hysteria
• Exploit children
• Subvert elections
• Brainwashing
• Responsibility
• Self-censorship
• Prior restraint
• 1 st Amendment
• Financial gain
• Parental control
• Personal checks and balances

Choose those specific items you will best be able to support and develop

A sample body paragraph based on the first list:

One of the most rewarding applications of the Internet is its ability to provide instant communication between friends and family. A grandmother-to-be in New York is able to share in the moment by moment experience of her daughter’s pregnancy and her granddaughter’s birth in California through e-mail, scanned photos and quick videos . Likewise, the ability to instantly communicate with others may have saved the life of a doctor stranded at the South Pole. Her contact with medical resources and experts via the Internet enabled her to undergo surgery and treatment for breast cancer. Research and innovations in medical treatment are now available to those around the world via the “net.” Similarly, the ability for instance communication enables millions to enjoy concerts, sports events, theatrical presentations and other cultural activities without every having to leave home. These wonderful benefits are all because of the fabulous and awesome technological creation—the Internet.

Remember IDEAL ?

Analysis (explain)

One of the most rewarding applications of the Internet is its ability to provide instant communication between friends and family. A grandmother-to-be in New York is able to share in the moment by moment experience of her daughter’s pregnancy and her granddaughter’s birth in California through e-mail, scanned photos and quick videos. Likewise, the ability to instantly communicate with others may have saved the life of a doctor stranded at the South Pole. Her contact with medical resources and experts via the Internet enabled her to undergo surgery and treatment for breast cancer . Research and innovations in medical treatment are now available to those around the world via the “net.” Similarly, the ability for instance communication enables millions to enjoy concerts, sports events, theatrical presentations and other cultural activities without every having to leave home. These wonderful benefits are all because of the fabulous and awesome technological creation—the Internet.

A sample body paragraph based on the second list:

The other side of the mass communication coin has the face of evil on it. The Internet offers hate mongers unlimited access to anyone with a connection to the World Wide Web. Groups like the Neo-Nazis can spread their hate messages to susceptible minds via bright, entertaining and engaging websites. What looks like a simple, fun game can easily reinforce the group’s hate-filled philosophy to unsuspecting browsers. With the potential for millions of “hits” each week, it does not take a rocket scientist to perceive the danger here. This danger is also present with the minds and bodies of curious and vulnerable

young people. Because of its easy access and easy production, “kiddie porn” is both possible and available via the Internet and the films any number of porn sites offer for downloading with the mere click of a keyboard key. Through contacts made through e-mail and/or chat rooms on the Net, children can be easily fooled and led to contact those who would abuse their bodies and minds for a quick profit or cheap thrill. With instantaneous messaging, whether real or imagined, positive or negative, a single person or group can set into motion mass hysteria just by warning of an impending disaster, such as a flood, fire, bomb, poison, and son on. There are obviously many more possibilities floating out there in the ethernet. These are just three of the evil ones.

A sample body paragraph based on the THIRD list:

Just as there is the potential for both good and evil with regard to mass communication, so too is there the potential for both beneficial and destructive strategies related to reponsibilities. The most powerful regulator of our responsibility as individuals is our finger and its power to press a button or double click on a key and to “just say no.” With this slight pressure, we are able to exert monumental pressure on those who produce programs, websites, photos, documents, etc., which we find unacceptable. Who better to tell us what to watch, what to do, and what to think? All too

Often many people prefer to abdicate their personal responsibility and give that power to either the government or the communication industry. We must never forget that dictators target the control and censorship of mass media as the first step in the total control of the minds and hearts of the populace. The laws, which we as citizens of a democracy look to, must never impinge upon our First and Fourth Amendment rights. Each of us has the right of free speech, and each of us has the right to privacy. None of us has the right to harm others or to limit the rights of others; why, then, would we give that right to the communication industry or to the government?

The concluding paragraph

• Spend your time in planning and writing the body of your essay
• In a brief essay, you can be certain your reader can remember what you’ve already said, so there is no need to summarize your major points or to repeat the prompt.
• If you feel you MUST have a concluding statement/remark, make certain it is a FINAL remark that is of interest and is appropriate to your purpose
• You may use the last sentence of your last body paragraph as your concluding comment.

Yes, this concluding sentence IS a little on the giddy side…

Argumentative Practice Essay

• Refer to your notes
• Don’t take shortcuts
• I’ll put times up on the board
• You’ll get the whole 40 minutes to go through the entire process

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Organizing Your Argument Presentation

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This presentation is designed to introduce your students to the elements of an organized essay, including the introduction, the thesis, body paragraphs, topic sentences, counterarguments, and the conclusion.