Gas Chromatography (GC)
Understanding gas chromatography (gc).
- Gas Chromatography (GC) is a common technique used in analytical chemistry for separating and analysing compounds that can be vaporised without decomposition.
- It is used to test the purity of substances, to separate and identify different components in a mixture, or to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.
- It’s a crucial part of practical chemical analysis , as it enables chemists to identify the amounts and types of compounds in a mixture.
The Process of Gas Chromatography
- GC is performed in a gas chromatograph that uses a variety of gases to carry a sample through the chromatograph.
- The sample is vaporised, often by heat, and carried through a column by the carrier gas .
- Different compounds in the sample will interact differently with the walls of the column and take different lengths of time to pass through, this is known as the retention time .
- The gaseous compounds exiting the GC column go through a detector that transmits data to a computer for analysis and output.
- The column is the part of the gas chromatograph where the separation of compounds occurs.
- There are two types of columns, packed and capillary .
- The inside of the column is coated with a stationary phase , which can be a liquid or a polymer on a solid support.
- The properties of the stationary phase and its interaction with the sample components significantly affect the separation efficiency of the GC process.
The Detector
- The detector generates a signal representing the amount of sample component reaching it.
- The two commonly used detectors in GC are the Flame Ionisation Detector (FID) and the Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) .
- The choice of detector depends on the specific requirements of the analysis - such as the nature of the compounds to be detected or the detection sensitivity required.
Interpreting GC Results
- Each compound in a sample will produce a peak on the GC chromatogram, the position and size of which can provide useful information.
- The retention time can provide information about the identity of a compound, based on comparison with known standards.
- The size of the peak, usually measured as the area under the peak, can indicate the quantity of a particular compound in the sample.
- Correct interpretation of GC results requires understanding of basic principles of chromatography and experience with the specific type of analysis being conducted.
Limitations and Challenges of Gas Chromatography
- While highly useful, GC cannot separate all types of compounds and not all can be vaporised for analysis.
- Certain samples may require pre-treatment or derivatisation to make them suitable for GC analysis.
- The choice of column, temperature and detector types can all greatly affect the analysis results, requiring careful consideration for each sample type.
- Overlapping peaks in the chromatogram can make interpretation of results challenging.
- Like any analytical technique, GC also requires ensuring proper calibration, maintenance and optimisation of equipment for accurate results.
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Chromatography Evaluation
Subject: Chemistry
Age range: 16+
Resource type: Lesson (complete)
Last updated
3 October 2023
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A resource used for BTEC Applied science Nationals level 3 - Unit 2 assignment D.
By the end of the lesson learners will be able to:
Identify areas for development when preparing their stationary phase. Describe correct set up of the mobile phase. Explain why chromatography is useful.
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BTEC Applied science Assignment 2D
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