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Police Brutality In the United States

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Presentation on theme: "Police Brutality In the United States"— Presentation transcript:

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AT THE SMITHSONIAN

The long, painful history of police brutality in the u.s..

A 1963 protest placard in the Smithsonian collections could almost be mistaken for any of the Black Lives Matter marches of today

Katie Nodjimbadem

Last month, hours after a jury acquitted former police officer Jeronimo Yanez of manslaughter in the shooting death of 32-year-old Philando Castile , protesters in St. Paul, Minnesota, shutdown Interstate 94. With signs that read: “Black Lives Matter” and “No Justice, No Peace,” the chant of “Philando, Philando” rang out as they marched down the highway in the dark of night.

The scene was familiar. A year earlier, massive protests had erupted when Yanez killed Castile, after pulling him over for a broken taillight. Dashcam footage shows Yanez firing through the open window of Castile’s car, seconds after Castile disclosed that he owned and was licensed to carry a concealed weapon.

A respected school nutritionist , Castile was one of 233 African-Americans shot and killed by police in 2016, a startling number when demographics are considered. African-Americans make up  13 percent of the U.S. population but account for 24 percent of people fatally shot by police. According to the Washington Post , blacks are "2.5 times as likely as white Americans to be shot and killed by police officers."

Today's stories are anything but a recent phenomenon. A cardboard placard in the collections of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture and on view in the new exhibition “ More Than a Picture ,” underscores that reality. 

The yellowing sign is a reminder of the continuous oppression and violence that has disproportionately shaken black communities for generations—“We Demand an End to Police Brutality Now!” is painted in red and white letters.

“The message after 50 years is still unresolved,” remarks Samuel Egerton, a college professor, who donated the poster to the museum. He carried it in protest during the 1963 March on Washington. Five decades later, the poster’s message rings alarmingly timely. Were it not for the yellowed edges, the placard could almost be mistaken for a sign from any of the Black Lives Matter  marches of the past three years.

"There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, ‘When will you be satisfied?" said Martin Luther King, Jr. in his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 march. His words continue to resonate today after a long history of violent confrontations between African-American citizens and the police. "We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality."

"This idea of police brutality was very much on people’s minds in 1963, following on the years, decades really, of police abuse of power and then centuries of oppression of African-Americans," says William Pretzer, senior history curator at the museum.

Modern policing  did not evolve into an organized institution until the 1830s and '40s when northern cities decided they needed better control over quickly growing populations. The first American police department  was established  in Boston in 1838. The communities most targeted by harsh tactics  were  recent European immigrants. But, as African-Americans fled the horrors of the Jim Crow south, they too  became  the victims of brutal and punitive policing in the northern cities where they sought refuge.

In 1929, the Illinois Association for Criminal Justice published the  Illinois Crime Survey . Conducted between 1927 and 1928, the survey sought to analyze causes of high crime rates in Chicago and Cook County, especially among criminals associated with Al Capone. But also the survey provided data on police activity—although African-Americans made up just five percent of the area's population, they constituted 30 percent of the victims of police killings, the survey revealed.

"There was a lot of one-on-one conflict between police and citizens and a lot of it was initiated by the police," says  Malcolm D. Holmes , a sociology professor at the University of Wyoming, who has researched and  written  about the topic of police brutality extensively.

That same year, President Herbert Hoover established the  National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement  to investigate crime related to prohibition in addition to policing tactics. Between 1931 and 1932, the commission published the findings of its investigation in 14 volumes, one of which was titled  “Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement.”  The realities of police brutality came to light, even though the commission did not address racial disparities outright.

During the Civil Rights Era, though many of the movement's leaders advocated for peaceful protests, the 1960s were fraught with violent and destructive riots.

Aggressive dispersion tactics, such as police dogs and fire hoses, against individuals in peaceful protests and sit-ins were the most widely publicized examples of police brutality in that era. But it was the pervasive violent policing in communities of color that built distrust at a local, everyday level.

One of the deadliest riots occurred in Newark in 1967 after police officers severely  beat  black cab driver John Smith during a traffic stop. Twenty-six people died and many others were injured during the four days of unrest. In 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson organized the  National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders  to investigate the causes of these major riots.

The origins of the unrest in Newark weren't unique in a police versus citizen incident. The commission  concluded  "police actions were 'final' incidents before the outbreak of violence in 12 of the 24 surveyed disorders.”

The commission identified  segregation  and poverty as indicators and published recommendations for reducing social inequalities,  recommending  an “expansion and reorientation of the urban renewal program to give priority to projects directly assisting low-income households to obtain adequate housing.” Johnson, however,  rejected  the commission’s recommendations. 

Black newspapers reported incidents of police brutality throughout the early and mid-20th century and the popularization of radio storytelling spread those stories even further. In 1991, following the beating of cab driver Rodney King, video footage vividly  told  the story of police brutality on television to a much wider audience. The police officers, who were acquitted of the crime, had hit King more than 50 times with their batons.

Today, live streaming, tweets and Facebook posts have blasted the incidents of police brutality, beyond the black community and into the mainstream media. Philando Castile’s fiancée, Diamond Reynolds, who was in the car with her daughter when he was shot, streamed the immediate aftermath of the shooting on her phone using Facebook live.

"Modern technology allows, indeed insists, that the white community take notice of these kinds of situations and incidents," says Pretzer.

And as technology has evolved, so has the equipment of law enforcement. Police departments with military-grade equipment  have become  the norm in American cities.  Images  of police officers in helmets and body armor riding through neighborhoods in tanks accompany stories of protests whenever one of these incidents occurs.

"What we see is a continuation of an unequal relationship that has been exacerbated, made worse if you will, by the militarization and the increase in fire power of police forces around the country," says Pretzer.

The resolution to the problem, according to Pretzer, lies not only in improving these unbalanced police-community relationships, but, more importantly, in eradicating the social inequalities that perpetuate these relationships that sustain distrust and frustration on both sides.

'There’s a tendency to stereotype people as being more or less dangerous. There’s a reliance upon force that goes beyond what is necessary to accomplish police duty," says Holmes. "There’s a lot of this embedded in the police departments that helps foster this problem."

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Katie Nodjimbadem | | READ MORE

Katie was formerly the staff reporter for Smithsonian magazine.

Systemic Racism, Police Brutality, and the Killing of George Floyd

• Markkula Center for Applied Ethics
• Ethics Resources
• Ethics Spotlight

The recent deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor are igniting fiery unrest around the world. Ethics Center staff and other SCU scholars address some of the key ethical dilemmas surrounding these tragedies.

protester in crowd holding sign that says Racism is a Pandemic

Photo credit: Lynne Sladky/Associated Press

*Replay Event*  No Going Back: The Killing of George Floyd :  A panel discussion addressing a long history of oppression, brutality, and white supremacy and the laws and reforms that are needed to drive cultural change in the U.S.. Panelists  LaDoris Cordell , retired superior court judge, former independent police auditor, and advocate for improving transparency into charges of police misconduct, and  Tony Williams  '15,   community engagement specialist, Science Museum of Minnesota, rapper, writer, SCU alumni and Markkula Prize Winner join moderator David DeCosse , director, Religious and Catholic Ethics and Campus Ethics Programs, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics. 

Articles  

Ethics is the Act of Seeing   by  Don Heider , e xecutive director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics

The #GeorgeFloyd Reckoning: America's Narratives Finally Collide   by   Subbu Vincent ,  the director of journalism & media ethics at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

What Must be Spoken   by   Margalynne Armstrong ,  associate professor at the Santa Clara University School of Law and a Faculty Scholar with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

Smart Phone Video Shows the Facts about America’s Police   by  Brian Patrick Green , director of Technology Ethics at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University.

I Am Tired:  Reflections from a Santa Clara University Alumna   by  Zipporah Ridley  ’17, a Santa Clara University alumna, former Hackworth Fellow with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, and pro bono case manager at Philadelphia VIP, a provider of free legal services.

Answers and Action: Confronting Structural Racism   by   Anthony Hazard ,   associate professor in the Ethnic Studies Department at Santa Clara University.

Justice & Equity Require Leadership from All of Us  by  Ann Skeet ,  senior director of Leadership Ethics at the  Markkula Center for Applied Ethics  at Santa Clara University. 

A (Morality) Tale of Two Protests   by   Peter Minowitz  is a professor of political science at Santa Clara University and a Faculty Scholar with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.

Killed by the Police: The Illegitimacy of the United States and the Legitimacy of Protests   by  Jonathan Kwan ,   Inclusive Excellence Postdoctoral fellow in Immigration Ethics with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and the College of Arts and Sciences at Santa Clara University.

Related Resources

Are online dating companies swiping left on Black Lives Matter?   co-authored   by  Vikram R. Bhargava , faculty scholar with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and assistant professor of management & entrepreneurship at the Leavey School of Business and Suneal Bedi, assistant professor of business law and ethics at the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University, (as published on Reuters).

Should Employees Be Fired in Response to Mass Social Media Outrage?   by  Vikram R. Bhargava , faculty scholar with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics and assistant professor of management & entrepreneurship at the Leavey School of Business (as published on Newsweek).

The Template for Using White Privilege to Fight Racism   b y  Nancy C. Unger , professor of history at Santa Clara University, Faculty Scholar with the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, and author of the prize-winning biographies "Belle La Follette: Progressive Era Reformer," and "Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer."   (as published in the Washington Post) 

Thoughts on Moving Forward from the Ethics Center

We acknowledge the history of systemic racism and white supremacy in the United States. Statements are important, but actions are critical. How we move forward will indicate our true intent and the sincerity of our respect and love for others. Recent events have provided this opportunity for growth, appreciating and embracing those in the Black community and other People of Color. The Markkula Center for Applied Ethics recognizes how privilege has been used in creating unfair and unjust systems. We can’t achieve the Common Good and Justice for all without being intentional in our actions. We understand our own limitations and need for improvement. We join all those who have committed to solidarity and to act to improve the lives of current and future generations of the Black community.