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Python Program to Find the Factorial of a Number

To understand this example, you should have the knowledge of the following Python programming topics:

Python if...else Statement
Python for Loop

The factorial of a number is the product of all the integers from 1 to that number.

For example, the factorial of 6 is 1*2*3*4*5*6 = 720 . Factorial is not defined for negative numbers, and the factorial of zero is one, 0! = 1 .

Factorial of a Number using Loop

Note: To test the program for a different number, change the value of num .

Here, the number whose factorial is to be found is stored in num , and we check if the number is negative, zero or positive using if...elif...else statement. If the number is positive, we use for loop and range() function to calculate the factorial.

Factorial of a Number using Recursion

In the above example, factorial() is a recursive function that calls itself. Here, the function will recursively call itself by decreasing the value of the x .

Python Program to Find Factorial of Number Using Recursion

Write a function to calculate the factorial of a number.

The factorial of a non-negative integer n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n.
For example, for input 5 , the output should be 120

Sorry about that.

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Factorial of a non-negative integer, is multiplication of all integers smaller than or equal to n.

For example factorial of 6 is 6*5*4*3*2*1 which is 720.

Find the Factorial of a Number Using Recursive approach

This Python program uses a recursive function to calculate the factorial of a given number. The factorial is computed by multiplying the number with the factorial of its preceding number.

Time Complexity: O(n) Auxiliary Space: O(n)

Find the Factorial of a Number Using Iterative approach

Time Complexity: O(n) Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Example 2:

Find the Factorial of a Number Using One line Solution (Using Ternary operator):

Find the factorial of a number using using in-built function .

In Python, math module contains a number of mathematical operations, which can be performed with ease using the module. math.factorial() function returns the factorial of desired number.

Syntax: math.factorial(x) Parameter: x: This is a numeric expression. Returns: factorial of desired number.

Time complexity: O(N)

Auxiliary space: O(1)

Find the Factorial of a Number Using numpy.prod

Output , prime factorization method to find factorial.

Initialize the factorial variable to 1.
For each number i from 2 to n, do the following: a. Find the prime factorization of i. b. For each prime factor p and its corresponding power k in the factorization of i, multiply the factorial variable by p raised to the power of k.
Return the factorial variable.

Time Complexity: O(sqrt(n))

Auxiliary Space: O(sqrt(n))

Please refer complete article on Program for factorial of a number for more details!

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Python Factorial Function: Find Factorials in Python

April 25, 2022 April 25, 2022

In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to calculate factorials in Python . Factorials can be incredibly helpful when determining combinations of values. In this tutorial, you’ll learn three different ways to calculate factorials in Python. We’ll start off with using the math library, build a function using recursion to calculate factorials, then use a for loop.

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have learned:

What factorials are and why they’re important
How to use for loops to calculate factorials
How to build a recursive function to calculate factorials

Table of Contents

What are Factorials and Why Do They Matter?

The factorial of a number is calculated as the product of all the integers from 1 to that number. Factorials are displayed as the number followed by an exclamation mark. For example, the factorial for the number 7 is 7! .

Let’s see what this means and how we can calculate the factorial for 7! :

There are some important things to note about factorials:

The factorial of 0, 0! , is 1
The factorial of any negative number is undefined

At this point, you may be wondering what the point of factorials is. Factorials allow us to calculate how many combinations or orderings of different items are . Given a list of, say, three items such as [1,2,3] , there are 3! different combinations of the data.

Similarly, factorials allow us to find permutations of subsets . Say we wanted to find the number of combinations that a group of 10 people could come into first, second, and third place. With this, we could use the formula 10! / (10-3)! , which reduces down to 10! / 7! , which further reduces to 10 * 9 * 8 = 720 combinations.

How to Calculate Factorials with Python’s Math Module

One of the simplest ways to calculate factorials in Python is to use the math library, which comes with a function called factorial() . The function returns a single integer and handles the special case of 0! . Similarly, the function error handles when attempting to find the factorial of a negative number.

Let’s try finding the factorial of 7 using the math library:

Similarly, let’s try getting the factorial of a negative number:

In the next section, you’ll learn how to create a function to calculate factorials in Python.

How To Create a Function To Calculate Factorials with Recursion

In this section, you’ll learn how to create a function that calculates factorials with recursion. Building this function recursively allows you to define a function that is simple and elegant. Let’s see how this function looks and then explore how it works:

If you’re not familiar with recursion (or just want a refresher on how it works), let’s break down the steps that the function takes:

The function takes a single argument, number
If the number is less than 2 (meaning: 1), it returns 1. This is the closing case which doesn’t call itself.
If the number is 2 or higher, then the function returns that number multiplied by the value returned when the function is called again for that number minus 1.

If this is a bit mind-bending, don’t worry – you’re not alone! Let’s break this down a little further. Let’s imagine we call the function with the number of 3:

The function returns 3 * factorial(2)
This, in turn, returns 2 * factorial(1)
This, then returns 1

We can then move back up our chain where we now get: 1 * 2 * 3 , which equals 6! In the next section, you’ll learn how to use a for loop to calculate factorials in Python.

Using a For Loop to Calculate Factorials in Python

In this final section, we’ll use a for loop to calculate a factorial of a number in Python. This can be a more readable and approachable approach to calculating factorials than recursion. It also doesn’t require any additional libraries, which can be helpful in programming interviews!

We’ll use the augmented assignment operator to make our code a little slimmer. Let’s see what this looks like:

In this section, you learned how to use for loops to calculate factorials in Python.

In this tutorial, you learned about factorials in Python. You learned what factorials are and why they’re important. You then learned three different ways of calculating factorials. First, you learned how to calculate factorials with the Python math library. Then, you learned how to calculate factorials using a recursive function. Finally, you learned how to use for loops to calculate factorials.

Additional Resources

To learn more about related topics, check out the tutorials below:

Python e: Python Euler’s Constant with Math
Round Number to the Nearest Multiple in Python (2, 5, 10, etc.)
Calculate Hamming Distance in Python (with Examples)
Official Documentation: math.factorial

Nik Piepenbreier

Nik is the author of datagy.io and has over a decade of experience working with data analytics, data science, and Python. He specializes in teaching developers how to use Python for data science using hands-on tutorials. View Author posts

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❮ Math Methods

Find the factorial of a number:

Definition and Usage

The math.factorial() method returns the factorial of a number.

Note: This method only accepts positive integers.

The factorial of a number is the sum of the multiplication, of all the whole numbers, from our specified number down to 1. For example, the factorial of 6 would be 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720

Parameter Values

Technical details.

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Python Program For Factorial (3 Methods With Code)

In this tutorial, you will learn about python program for factorial.

We will explore various methods to calculate the factorial of a number using Python.

Whether you are a beginner or an experienced programmer, this guide will provide you with a detailed explanation of each method, allowing you to choose the most suitable approach for your needs.

So, let’s dive in and explore the world of factorials in Python!

Python Program for Factorial

Here is the Python program for calculating the factorial of a number:

You can run this code on our free Online Python Compiler .

In the above program, we define a function called factorial() that takes an integer n as an argument.

The function uses recursion to calculate the factorial by multiplying the number n with the factorial of n-1 .

The base case is when n is 0, in which case the function returns 1.

Recursive Approach: Python Program for Factorial

The recursive approach is one of the simplest and most intuitive methods to calculate the factorial of a number.

It leverages the concept of recursion, where a function calls itself until it reaches a base case.

In this case, the base case is when the number is 0, as the factorial of 0 is defined as 1.

To calculate the factorial, we multiply the number n with the factorial of n-1 .

This process continues until we reach the base case.

The recursion ends when n becomes 0, and the function returns 1.

The intermediate results are stored on the call stack, allowing the function to backtrack and calculate the final result.

Example: Python Program for Factorial

Let’s calculate the factorial of 5 using the recursive approach.

In this example, the function factorial(5) calls itself with n as 4.

Then, it multiplies 5 with the factorial of 4, which calls itself with n as 3.

This process continues until n becomes 0.

And at the end the final result is 120.

Pros and Cons

Simple and intuitive approach
Easy to understand and implement
Works well for small numbers
Can be inefficient for large numbers due to the overhead of function calls and stack usage
May cause stack overflow if the recursion depth exceeds the system limit

Iterative Approach: Python Program for Factorial

The iterative approach offers an alternative method to calculate the factorial of a number.

Instead of relying on recursion, we use a loop to multiply the numbers from 1 to n iteratively.

By keeping track of the product in a variable, we can efficiently calculate the factorial without the need for function calls and stack usage.

Let’s calculate the factorial of 5 using the iterative approach:

In this example, we initialize the result variable to 1.

Then, we iterate from 1 to n using a for loop and multiply each number with the result .

Finally, we return the calculated factorial.

Efficient for calculating factorials of large numbers
Does not rely on function calls and recursion
Less prone to stack overflow errors compared to the recursive approach
Requires more lines of code compared to the recursive approach
May be slightly less intuitive for beginners

Math Module: Python Program for Factorial

Python provides a built-in math module that offers a convenient way to calculate factorials.

The math.factorial() function in the math module directly returns the factorial of a given number.

This approach is highly efficient and suitable for most scenarios.

Let’s calculate the factorial of 5 using the math module:

In this example, we import the math module and use the math.factorial() function to calculate the factorial of 5.

The function returns the result directly.

Efficient and accurate factorial calculation
Convenient and easy to use
Suitable for most scenarios
Requires importing the math module
May not be available in all programming environments

FAQs About Python Program for Factorial

Q1: what is a factorial.

A factorial of a non-negative integer n is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to n .

It is denoted by n! .

For example, the factorial of 5 is calculated as 5! = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120.

Q2: What are the possible methods to calculate factorials in Python?

There are several methods to calculate factorials in Python, including:

Recursive approach
Iterative approach
Math module

Each method has its own advantages and suitability depending on the requirements.

Q3: Can factorials be calculated for negative numbers?

No, factorials are defined only for non-negative integers.

Negative numbers and non-integer values do not have factorial representations.

Q4: Is there a limit to the value of n for calculating factorials?

Yes, there is a limit. In Python, the math.factorial() function can calculate factorials up to a certain limit determined by the system’s integer size.

Q5: Can I calculate factorials for large numbers?

Yes, you can calculate factorials for large numbers using the iterative approach or external libraries that support arbitrary precision arithmetic, such as the decimal module.

Q6: Which method should I choose to calculate factorials?

The choice of method depends on the specific requirements of your program.

If efficiency is a concern, the iterative approach or the math module can be good choices.

If simplicity and readability are more important, the recursive approach can be suitable.

Q7: How do you write a factorial program in Python?

To write a factorial program in Python, you can define a function that uses recursion or iteration to calculate the factorial of a number.

Here is an example using recursion:

Q8: What is factorial() in Python?

factorial() is a function available in Python’s math module.

It directly calculates the factorial of a given number.

To use it, you need to import the math module and call the factorial() function, passing the number as an argument.

Q9: What is a factorial program in Python with recursion?

A factorial program in Python with recursion is a program that calculates the factorial of a number using a recursive approach.

It calls itself repeatedly until it reaches a base case (typically when the number is 0), and then returns the factorial.

Here’s an example:

Q10: How do you code a factorial?

To code a factorial in Python, you can define a function that uses recursion or iteration.

In the recursive approach, the function calls itself with a smaller number until it reaches the base case.

In the iterative approach, a loop is used to multiply the numbers from 1 to n .

Both methods yield the factorial of the given number.

Wrapping Up

Conclusions: Python Program for Factorial

In this article, we explored various methods to calculate factorials in Python.

We discussed the recursive approach, which leverages recursion to calculate the factorial of a number.

We also explored the iterative approach, which uses a loop to iteratively multiply the numbers.

Additionally, we introduced the math module, which provides a convenient function for factorial calculation.

By understanding these different methods, you can choose the most appropriate approach for your factorial calculation needs.

Whether you prefer simplicity, efficiency, or convenience, Python offers versatile options to calculate factorials efficiently.

Happy Coding!

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5 Effective Ways to Calculate Factorials in Python Without Recursion

💡 Problem Formulation: Computing the factorial of a number is a common mathematical problem in computer science that can be posed simply: given a non-negative integer, return the product of all positive integers less than or equal to that number. For example, the factorial of 5 ( 5! ) is 120 (i.e., 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 ).

Method 1: Iterative Approach Using a For Loop

This method uses a simple iterative approach. Starting at 1, the function iteratively multiplies the running total by each integer up to the input number. This is a self-contained loop structure that is fast and easy to understand, ideal for small to medium-sized integers.

Here’s an example:

Output: 120

This code defines a function factorial(num) that takes an integer num and iteratively calculates its factorial. It starts with result set to 1 and multiplies result by each number from 1 up to num . The final result is the factorial of num .

Method 2: Iterative Approach Using a While Loop

In this approach, a while loop is used to create the factorial. It’s quite similar to the for loop method but uses a while loop instead, decrementing the number each time until it reaches 1.

This function, factorial(num) , also computes the factorial of the given number. It begins with result as 1 and multiplies it by num , then decrements num by 1 until num becomes less than 2. The loop exits, and the result is returned.

Method 3: Using the math Library

Python’s math library has a factorial function that’s optimized and ready to use. This method is very straightforward and involves just a single function call. It is highly recommended for applications requiring high performance.

This is the simplest method where Python’s math.factorial() function is used to calculate the factorial of number 5. It abstracts away the logic of factorial calculation and provides a ready-to-use, efficient solution.

Method 4: Using the reduce Function

This method leverages the functools library’s reduce function to successively apply a given operation (in this case, multiplication) across a sequence of values (1 through n).

This code snippet uses the reduce() function from the functools module to calculate the factorial. It multiplies all the numbers in the range from 1 to num inclusive by using mul from the operator module as the function for reduction with a starting value of 1.

Bonus One-Liner Method 5: Using a List Comprehension and the Built-in Function prod()

From Python 3.8 onwards, there’s a built-in function called prod() that can compute the product of all elements in an iterable. This can be elegantly combined with a list comprehension for a concise one-liner factorial function.

This one-liner uses a lambda function alongside prod() from the math module to calculate the factorial. It directly multiplies all the numbers created by the list comprehension from 1 up to the input number in a single line of code.

Summary/Discussion

Method 1: Iterative Approach with For Loop. Strengths: Intuitive for beginners; grants visibility into each iterative step. Weaknesses: Verbosity compared to other methods; speed can be slower for very large numbers due to unoptimized looping.
Method 2: Iterative Approach with While Loop. Strengths: Offers a clear breakdown of the decremental process; good for understanding control flow. Weaknesses: Similar to the for loop in terms of verbosity and speed drawbacks.
Method 3: Using the math Library. Strengths: Extremely fast and reliable; highly optimized C backend. Weaknesses: Indirect; does not teach the algorithmic understanding of the process.
Method 4: Using the reduce Function. Strengths: Elegant and functional approach; good for applications that prefer functional programming paradigms. Weaknesses: Requires understanding of the reduce function and higher-order functions.
Method 5: List Comprehension with prod() . Strengths: Clean and concise one-liner; modern Python syntax. Weaknesses: Less readability for those unfamiliar with list comprehensions; requires Python 3.8 or newer.

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What is factorial.

The factorial of a number is the multiplication of all the numbers between 1 and the number itself. It is a mathematical operation written like this: n!. It's a positive integer. Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.

For example, the factorial of 3 is 3! (= 1 × 2 x 3).

In this Python tutorial , we'll learn the various methods to calculate the factorial of a number in Python.

How to calculate the factorial of a number in Python?

1. using while loop/iterative approach.

In the above code, we check if the number is negative, zero, or positive using the if...elif...else statement. If the number is positive, we use the while loop in python to calculate the factorial.

2. Using Recursion

In the above code, factorial() is a recursive function that calls itself. Here, the function will recursively call itself by decreasing the value of the num.

3. Using One line Solution (Using Ternary operator)

4. using built-in function.

In the above code, we've used the math module that contains the math.factorial() function to calculate the factorial of any given number.

5. Using numpy.prod

In the above code, we've used the numpy module that contains the numpy.prod() function to calculate the factorial of any given number.

6. Using the Prime Factorization Method

In the above code,

First, initialize the factorial variable to 1.
Find the prime factorization of i.
For each prime factor p and its corresponding power k in the factorization of i, multiply the factorial variable by p raised to the power of k.
Return the factorial variable.

In the above tutorial, we learned various methods to calculate the factorial of a number in Python. Before trying these methods, you must be clear with the fundamental concepts of loops, recursion, modules, functions, etc. Just refer to these tutorials and come back to learn factorial calculation in Python.

Q1. How do you code a factorial in Python?

Q2. what is the logic of factorial, q3. what is the factorial formula in programming, q4. what is an example of a factorial, live classes schedule.

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Python Factorial: A Guide

How to calculate a python factorial.

You may remember the word “factorial” from your high school math class. They’re not very easy to calculate without a calculator. Who wants to calculate the factorial of 10 by manually multiplying 1x2x3x4 and so on?

There are a few ways you can calculate a factorial in Python . In this guide, we’re going to talk about how to calculate a factorial using three approaches: the math.factorial method, a recursive function, and an iterative method.

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Without further ado, let’s begin!

What is a Factorial?

A factorial is the product of all the whole numbers between one and another number.

Expressed as a mathematical formula, a factorial is:

The exclamation mark indicates that we are calculating a factorial. “n” is the number whose factorial we are calculating. Our calculation stops when we have multiplied all integers less than or equal to “n” are multiplied together.

Factorials cannot be calculated on negative numbers.

Python Factorial: math.factorial()

You can calculate a factorial using the Python math module. This library offers a range of methods that you can use to perform mathematical functions. For instance, you can use the math library to generate a random number.

The math.factorial() method accepts a number and calculates its factorial. Before we can use this method, we need to import the math library into our code:

Now, let’s write a Python program to find the factorial of 17:

Our code returns: The factorial of 17 is 355687428096000.

The factorial() method returns the factorial of a number.

We print that number to the console with the message: “The factorial of 17 is ”. We use a format() statement so that we can add our number inside our string.

Python Factorial: Iterative Approach

Factorials can be calculated without the use of an external Python library. You can calculate a factorial using a simple for statement that calculates the product of all numbers in a range multiplied together.

Let’s start by declaring two variables :

The first variable corresponds with the number whose factorial we want to calculate. The second variable will track the total of the factorial.

Next, we need to create a for loop which loops through every number in the range of one and our number:

The for loop calculates the factorial of a number. The print statement shows us the total factorial that has been calculated in our for loop.

This method is slightly less efficient than the math.factorial() method. This is because the math.factorial() method is implemented using the C-type implementation method. This offers a number of performance benefits.

If you want to calculate the factorial of a number without using an external library, the iterative approach is a useful method to use.

Python Factorial: Recursive Approach

A factorial can be calculated using a recursive function. A recursive function is one which calls upon itself to solve a particular problem.

Recursive functions are often used to calculate mathematical sequences or to solve mathematical problems. This is because there is usually a defined formula that is used to calculate the answer to a problem.

Open up a Python file and paste in the following function :

This function recursively calculates the factorial of a number. Next, we need to write a main program that uses this function:

We have declared two variables: number and fact. Number is the number whose factorial we want to calculate. “fact” is assigned the result of the calculate_factorial() function which calculates our factorial. Next, we print the answer to the console.

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Factorials are commonly used in mathematics. They are the product of all the whole numbers from one to another number when multiplied together.

You can calculate a factorial in Python using math.factorial() , an iterative method, or a recursive function. The iterative and recursive approaches can be written in so-called “vanilla Python.” This means that you don’t need to import any libraries to calculate a factorial with these approaches.

Now you’re ready to calculate factorials in Python like an expert!

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Exercise: The Factorial!

Let's create a function that calculates the factorial of a number.

Sample Input
Sample Output
Coding Challenge

Problem Statement #

In this challenge, you must implement the factorial() function. It takes an integer as a parameter and calculates its factorial. Python does have a built-in factorial function but you’ll be creating your own for practice.

The factorial of a number, n , is its product with all the integers between 0 and n .

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Wipro Python Interview Questions for Freshers (Updated 2024)

Table of Contents

An international company based in India, Wipro Limited offers business process outsourcing, consulting, and information technology services. It is one of the leading suppliers of business process outsourcing (BPO) and IT services worldwide.

The organisation provides all-inclusive IT services and solutions, including information systems outsourcing and systems integration. Research and development services, application development and maintenance, and the implementation of IT-enabled service packages for global corporations.

Experience the power of our python programming course with a free demo – enroll now!

Introduction

Wipro Limited (NYSE: WIT, BSE: 507685, NSE: WIPRO) is a well-known international provider of business process services, consulting, and information technology. To help its clients effectively transition to the digital world, Wipro leverages emerging technologies, robotics, cloud computing, hyper-automation, cognitive computing, and analytics.

With more than 200,000 committed workers serving customers on six continents, it is well-known throughout the world for its broad range of services, steadfast dedication to sustainability, and superior corporate responsibility. To build a brighter, bolder future, we uncover novel concepts and make the necessary connections.

The third-biggest IT firm in India is called Wipro. Being employed by this company is the realisation of a dream. Here, your qualities will be respected. The organisation operates across multiple disciplines and countries, and it possesses strong policies and competencies. Depending on your skills, you’ll have a few alternatives once inside. Without a doubt, Wipro has excellent team management and infrastructure. Additionally, Wipro has an excellent work-life balance.

The company is the world’s first PCMM Level 5 and an IT services provider accredited to SEI CMM Level 5. They lead the Indian market in offering software solutions, network integration, system integration, and IT services to the country’s corporate sector. They provide IT solutions and services to global organisations in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions.

Career Options for Python in Wipro

A career at Wipro offers the chance to reach your full potential, advance steadily, and collaborate with some of the most intelligent people in the business while working on cutting edge technologies. The stimulating combination of development potential, continuous innovation, fair play, and excellent work culture makes Wipro an attractive place to work.

One of the things that sets Wipro apart as a boundary-less organisation is its capacity to grant each employee the autonomy to develop professionally. According to Wipro, individuals and their creative know-how are the only ways to increase organisational efficiency. If you are passionate about working with cutting-edge technology and possess the necessary talent, Wipro is the right place for you. Please refer to the list of qualifying conditions below.

Eligibility Requirement:

Applicants with a five-year integrated degree or a B.E./B.Tech
M.Tech holders are qualified.
Every branch, with the exception of agriculture, food technology, textile engineering, and fashion technology, is allowed to participate in the hiring process.
The offer is only valid if all backlogs are resolved.
A student may take a maximum of three years off from school (10th to graduation).
In the tenth and twelfth grades, 60% or more.
60% or 6.0 CGPA, or the equivalent, depending on what your university requires for graduation.

Wipro Interview Process

1. interview process.

Online assessment
Technical interview
HR interview

2. Interview Rounds

Online test.

Quantitative Aptitude: During this stage, the candidate’s aptitude for mathematics will be evaluated. The Quantitative Aptitude subject covers Time, Speed & Distance, Number Series, Simple & Compound Interest, Probability, Permutation & Combination, Ratios & Proportions, and Percentages.
Logical Reasoning: This section will evaluate the applicant’s capacity for critical and logical thought. Coding, decoding, series, analogy and visual reasoning, data sufficiency, data interpretation, data arrangements, logical word sequence, statements and inferences, and inequality are among the subjects covered in this section of the test.
Verbal Ability: The candidates’ English proficiency will be evaluated in this portion. The questions in this part will centre on the following topics: error-spotting, sentence completion, improvement, and parajumbles.

Essay writing: The writing component includes an essay writing test that can be based on any subject or situation. Applicants are required to prepare a 200–400 word essay on the given subject. It is a computer-based test as well. An excellent Wipro essay should include the following: The essay is well-structured, has appropriate vocabulary, and is well phrased with proper language, punctuation, and spelling.

Coding: The following programming languages are available for candidates to take the coding assessment in: Python, Java, C, C++, and C. A minimum of one programming language of the student’s choosing must be learned in Fundamentals of Programming. In this round, there are typically two or three code questions asked. The subjects that need to be learned are as follows: Looping, Strings, Arrays, Functions, and Decision Making.

Technical Interview

Those that make it through the online assessment phase will be invited to in-person technical interviews.
In a technical interview, your technical skills are assessed in relation to the technical knowledge that is often needed for the position that you have applied for. Your ability to solve problems and use numerical reasoning will be put to the test by these questions.
In addition to technical knowledge (which is essential), interviewers are also interested in how candidates approach challenges, formulate their thought processes, and exhibit interpersonal skills like communication.
The most important part of the procedure is the technical in-person interview. The interviewer should be able to explain computer concepts like OOPS, DBMS, CN, OS, etc. to you if you are not familiar with them.
Knowledge of a programming language is required. Make sure you are familiar with a minimum of one programming language.
While mastery of every programming language is not required, you should at least be conversant in one, such as Python, Java, or C++. You might also be required to write code.
The interviewer will also assess your ability to solve problems. You’ll be questioned regarding your prior work and experiences in the workplace, including what you accomplished, how you used technology, and how effective it was.
The number of technical interviews that will take place will depend on your past performance in rounds one through three, your job profile, and the needs of the firm.

HR Interview

Every company has an HR interview round to evaluate your character, abilities, weaknesses, and suitability for the job. It also looks at your background to see if you’re the right person for the job.
Those who pass the technical interview will move on to the HR phase. Inquiries concerning Wipro’s background, including its founding date, objectives, guiding principles, and organisational structure, are also welcome.
Check your resume to make sure all the information you have supplied about yourself is correct to the best of your knowledge and that you have included all relevant information.

Wipro Interview Questions for Freshers in Python

Q1. what distinguishes a deep copy from a shallow copy.

The child objects of the original object are created by Deepcopy and then added to a new object. As such, modifications made to the original item do not appear in the duplicate.

A Deep Copy is produced via copy.deepcopy().

By creating a new object and populating it with references to the child objects inside the old object, shallow copy creates an alternative object. As such, modifications made to the original item are mirrored in the duplicate.

A Shallow Copy is produced by copy.copy.

Q2. Why Wipro?

Answer: If a query like this is posed, an answer like Wipro is the best IT company in India will be returned. It offers a fantastic workplace. Your attributes will be respected here. The company has operated in several nations and domains. Depending on your professional abilities, you will have a number of options once you are inside. In addition, Wipro offers a strong team environment and a great work-life balance.

Q3. What makes working with Wipro your choice?

Answer: A strong track record of innovation and achievement is why I want to work with Wipro. Since Wipro has been in operation since 1940, I have been impressed with the company. Whenever I consider how technology has evolved from the 1940s to the present, I know that Wipro could not have succeeded unless it welcomed the change.

Q4. What does Python’s docstring mean?

Answer: The first statement in the definition of a function, class, module, or method is called docstring. Additionally, docString offers an improved method for associating the documentation.

Q5. In Python, what are functions?

Answer: Code snippets known as functions are only run when they are invoked. The def keyword in Python is used to define a function.

Q6. How Does Python Achieve Multithreading?

Answer: Generally speaking, multithreading means that several threads are running simultaneously. The Python interpreter can never be held by more than one thread at once thanks to the Python Global Interpreter Lock. Thus, context switching is the method used in Python to accomplish multithreading. Compared to multiprocessing, which essentially opens up many processes across multiple threads, it is very different.

Q7. What is Django Architecture.

Answer: The web service Django is used to create webpages. This is how its architecture looks:

Template: the page’s main content
Model: data storage system on the back end
View: It communicates with the template and model, mapping them to the URL
Django: provides the user with the page

Q8. How Can the Content of a Text File Be Shown in Reverse Order?

Answer: The steps below can be used to view a text file’s contents in reverse order:

Use the open() function to open the file.
Put the file’s contents into a list.
Turn the list’s contents around.
To iterate through the list, run a for loop.

Q9. What is functional or object-oriented programming in Python?

The language Python is regarded as multi-paradigm.

Python is an object-oriented programming language.

Python enables the construction of objects and the application of certain methods to manipulate them.
It supports the majority of OOPS capabilities, including polymorphism and inheritance.

The functional programming paradigm is used in Python.

Python supports Lambda functions, which are a feature of the functional paradigm, and functions can be utilised as first-class objects.

Q10. Which are the main characteristics of Python 3.9.0.0?

Two new modules are graphlib and zoneinfo.
Enhanced modules, including ast and asyncio.
Improved idiom for signal handling, assignment, and Python built-ins are among the optimisations.
Elimination of incorrect procedures and features.
A new parser based on PEG is used in place of LL1.
Prefixes and suffixes can be eliminated using new string methods.
Type-hinted generics in standard collections.

Q11. How is memory managed in Python?

Python manages memory through its private heap space.
All Python objects and data structures are stored in a private heap.
The programmer cannot access this private heap. Rather, the Python interpreter handles that.
Additionally, Python has an integrated garbage collector that recycles all leftover memory and releases it into the heap.
It is the responsibility of Python’s memory management to allocate heap space for Python objects. Programmers can access certain programming tools using the core API.

Q12. What advantages do NumPy arrays have over Python lists, even nested ones?

Python lists are practical general-purpose containers. They are easy to generate and use thanks to Python’s list comprehensions, and they enable (relatively) fast insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation.
Their restrictions include the inability to perform “vectorized” operations like as elementwise addition and multiplication, and the need for Python to keep type information for each element and run type dispatching code while working on it due to their ability to include objects of multiple types.
In addition to having many features including histograms, algebra, linear, basic statistics, quick searching, convolutions, FFTs, and more, NumPy arrays are faster.

Q13. What are the differences between Pyramid, Django, and Flask.

Pyramid was made with larger apps in mind. It provides developers with flexibility and lets them use the right tools for the jobs at hand. The developer has access to the database, URL structure, templating style, and other settings. Pyramid is easily adaptable.
A “microframework” for small apps with few requirements is called Flask. In a flask, external libraries are necessary. You can now utilise the flask.
Pyramid and Django can both be utilised for larger applications. It contains an ORM.

Q14. Which kinds of literals are there in Python?

Answer: In Python source code, a literal denotes a fixed value for primitive data types. The five categories of literals in Python are as follows:

String Literal: When you assign text enclosed in single or double quotes to a variable, you create a string literal. To create multiline literals, assign the multiline text enclosed in triple quotes.
Numerical Literal: They could include complex numbers, integers, or floating-point data.Literal
Character: A single character is created by enclosing it in double quotes.
Literal Boolean: True or False
Literal Collections: List collections, tuple literals, dictionary literals, and set literals are the four different categories of literals.

Q15. Tell the difference between xrange and range.

Answer: Range and xrange are nearly identical in terms of functionality. The ability to generate a list of numbers for any purpose is something they both offer. Range creates a Python list object, whereas x range returns an xrange object. This is the only distinction between range and xrange. Range will use all available memory to build your array of numbers, which could result in a memory problem and crash your programme. This is particularly true if you are working with a system that needs a lot of memory, like a phone. It is a beast that suffers from memory loss.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many rounds are there in a wipro interview for freshers, what are the 5 habits at wipro, is the wipro interview easy, how to apply for wipro off campus.

Additionally, you can apply to Wipro by visiting recruitment drives, submitting an application on the firm website, utilising the employee referral system, or seeking advice from placement experts or organisations.

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Vehicle routing with multiple UAVs for the last-mile logistics distribution problem: hybrid distributed optimization

Original Research
Published: 24 May 2024

Cite this article

Abdeljawed Sadok 1 ,
Jalel Euchi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6873-5060 2 , 3 &
Patrick Siarry 4

The logistics market stands to benefit from the accessibility and increased use of new technologies. As technology continues to advance, drones have emerged as a notable innovation. Within the logistics field, there is growing interest in leveraging drones, particularly for handling small and medium-sized orders such as mobile phones. The appeal of drones lies in their economic and environmental advantages, attributed to their reduced energy consumption. These unmanned aerial vehicles are considered a valuable component of the ongoing technological revolution in transportation, with the potential to enhance the efficiency of last-mile deliveries. To explore their applicability, mixed vehicle-drone distribution models have surfaced as a promising alternative to traditional delivery methods. These models enable companies to minimize transportation costs by leveraging the strengths of both vehicles and drones. In this study, we present a solution to the vehicle routing model with multiple drones (VRPm-D). Our objective is to efficiently transport a specified quantity of products from a central depot to customers by devising optimal routes for both trucks and drones. The study focuses on employing a VRPm-D model to facilitate the transportation process, involving a predetermined fleet of vehicles and drones. The vehicles start and end their routes at a central depot. The primary goal is to minimize the time taken by trucks utilizing drones to cater to the needs of every customer effectively while considering the payload capacity and energy endurance constraints of the drones. To address these objectives, we propose a hybrid vehicle-drone routing problem formulated using the genetic clustering algorithm (HVDRP-GCA). This approach aims to optimize the routes and schedules for both vehicles and drones, taking into account the aforementioned constraints. Our results demonstrate that the processing time exponentially increases as the number of customers grows, particularly noticeable in routes with five or more customers. Importantly, the HVDRP-GCA model outperforms existing methods in the literature, providing favorable outcomes. The results highlight the dominance of our proposed model compared to previous approaches found in the literature.

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Sadok, A., Euchi, J. & Siarry, P. Vehicle routing with multiple UAVs for the last-mile logistics distribution problem: hybrid distributed optimization. Ann Oper Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-024-06019-z

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Answer to Question #283431 in Python for Rishu Pandey. write a program to print the factorial of N .Factorial is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to N. for i in range ( 1 ,N+ 1 ): factorial = factorial * i. print ( f"Factorail of {N} is: {factorial}" )
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The easiest way is to use math.factorial (available in Python 2.6 and above): import math. math.factorial(1000) If you want/have to write it yourself, you can use an iterative approach: def factorial(n): fact = 1. for num in range(2, n + 1): fact *= num. return fact.
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Vehicle routing with multiple UAVs for the last-mile logistics
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Q1. How do you code a factorial in Python?