essay on indian history

Essay on History of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on History of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on History of India

Early civilizations.

India’s history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE. Among the world’s oldest, it was known for its advanced urban planning.

Vedic Period

The Vedic Period followed, from 1500 to 500 BCE. This era saw the composition of the sacred Vedas, the foundation of Hinduism.

Empires and Kingdoms

Next came the Maurya and Gupta Empires, marking India’s ‘Golden Age’, with advancements in science, technology, art, religion, and philosophy.

Colonial Period

The British East India Company started ruling India from 1757, leading to the Colonial Period. This ended with India’s independence in 1947.

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250 Words Essay on History of India

The ancient period.

India’s history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to around 2500 BC. This civilization, renowned for its urban planning, sanitation systems, and trade networks, laid the foundation for future Indian societies.

The Vedic Age

The Vedic Age (1500-500 BC) marked the advent of the Indo-Aryans. The period is significant for the composition of the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, which greatly influenced Indian philosophy, religion, and social structure.

The Maurya and Gupta Empires

The Maurya Empire (322-185 BC) was India’s first great unified empire. Its most famous ruler, Ashoka, embraced Buddhism and propagated its teachings. The Gupta Empire (320-550 AD), often referred to as the “Golden Age” of India, saw significant advancements in arts, science, and literature.

The Medieval Period

The Medieval Period witnessed the rise of Islamic empires, including the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. This era was characterized by architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, and a syncretic culture blending Hindu and Islamic traditions.

The Colonial Era and Independence

The 17th century marked the beginning of European colonialism, with the British East India Company gaining control by the mid-18th century. The struggle for independence, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi, culminated in India gaining independence in 1947.

Modern India

Post-independence, India adopted a democratic system and embarked on a journey of economic and social development. Today, India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a rich history that continues to shape its present and future.

500 Words Essay on History of India

Introduction.

India, a country rich in culture and heritage, has a history that spans more than 4500 years. This history is marked by a series of invasions, migrations, and trade relations that have significantly shaped its current identity. The history of India is a fascinating tale of cultural synthesis and evolution, marked by the rise and fall of empires, the development of art and science, and the intermingling of various religious and philosophical thoughts.

The ancient history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which thrived around 2500 BCE. Known for its urban planning, sanitation systems, and a written script, this civilization laid the foundation for future Indian societies. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1500 BCE marked the beginning of the Vedic Age. This period saw the rise of the Aryan tribes, the composition of the Vedas, and the development of the caste system.

The Classical Age

The Classical Age of India began with the Mauryan Empire in the 4th century BCE. Emperor Ashoka, the most renowned Mauryan ruler, left a profound impact on Indian history through his advocacy of Buddhism and his edicts promoting moral and social values. The Gupta Empire, often referred to as the “Golden Age of India,” succeeded the Mauryas. This period saw significant advancements in science, mathematics, literature, and art.

Medieval India

The medieval period in Indian history was marked by the advent of Islam, brought by various invasions and the establishment of Sultanates. The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire were the most prominent Islamic empires. The Mughal period, particularly under Emperor Akbar, was known for its cultural syncretism, architectural marvels, and administrative reforms.

Colonial Era and Independence

The arrival of Europeans, specifically the British, in the 17th century marked the beginning of the colonial era. The British East India Company gradually gained control over large parts of India, leading to direct rule by the British Crown after the Revolt of 1857. This period witnessed economic exploitation, social reforms, and the rise of a national consciousness leading to the independence movement. The struggle culminated in India gaining independence in 1947, followed by the traumatic partition into India and Pakistan.

Post-Independence Era

Post-independence, India adopted a democratic system of governance and embarked on a path of social, economic, and political development. It faced challenges such as integrating princely states, linguistic reorganization, and socio-economic disparities. Today, India is recognized as a significant global player, maintaining a delicate balance between its rich historical legacy and the demands of modernity.

The history of India is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. It is a narrative of cultural amalgamation, political transformations, and intellectual advancements. Understanding this history allows us to appreciate India’s diversity, its challenges, and its continuous quest for progress and harmony. While the country continues to grapple with numerous contemporary issues, its history provides valuable lessons and insights for the path ahead.

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Essay on India

Here we have shared the Essay on India in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

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Essay on India in 150 words

Essay on india in 200-300 words, essay on india in 500-1000 words.

India, a diverse and culturally rich country located in South Asia, is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular nation that upholds democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy. Despite challenges, it has achieved progress in various fields, including technology and economic growth. As the world’s largest democracy, India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract tourists from around the world. With a young and dynamic workforce, India is emerging as a global player in innovation and entrepreneurship. India’s resilience, cultural heritage, and growing influence continue to captivate the world, making it an important player on the global stage.

India, known as the land of diversity, is a country of rich culture, history, and traditions. It is located in South Asia and is the seventh-largest country by land area. India is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes, ranging from the majestic Himalayas to the serene backwaters of Kerala.

With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of different religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular country that upholds the principles of democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy throughout history.

Despite its challenges, India has achieved notable progress in various fields, including technology, space exploration, and economic growth. It is the world’s largest democracy and has a parliamentary system of government. India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract millions of tourists from around the world each year.

In recent years, India has emerged as a global player, contributing to the world economy, science, and technology. It is home to a young and dynamic workforce that is driving innovation and entrepreneurship.

In conclusion, India is a country that embraces diversity, celebrates its rich cultural heritage, and strives for progress. With its vast landscapes, ancient history, and vibrant culture, India continues to captivate the world. The resilience and spirit of its people, coupled with its growing influence, make India a significant player on the global stage.

Title: India – A Tapestry of Diversity, Heritage, and Progress

Introduction :

India, a nation located in South Asia, is a land of rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and breathtaking landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is known for its vibrant festivals, ancient history, and varied cuisines. This essay explores the multifaceted aspects of India, including its rich cultural tapestry, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world. From the majestic Himalayas in the north to the serene backwaters of Kerala in the south, India’s beauty and diversity captivate the hearts of millions. Let us embark on a journey through the vibrant and enchanting land of India.

Cultural Heritage

India’s cultural heritage is as vast and diverse as its geographical expanse. It is a melting pot of religions, languages, and customs. The country is home to numerous religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Each religion has its own unique rituals, traditions, and festivals, contributing to the colorful tapestry of Indian culture. Festivals like Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, and Durga Puja are celebrated with great enthusiasm and are a reflection of India’s religious diversity.

Historical Significance

India boasts a rich history that spans thousands of years. It has been the birthplace of several ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization and the Maurya and Gupta Empires. The country has been the center of learning and trade for centuries, attracting scholars, explorers, and traders from around the world. The Mughal Empire, known for its architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, left a lasting legacy on India’s history. The British colonial rule in India and the subsequent struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi shaped the modern history of the nation.

Economic Growth

India has experienced significant economic growth in recent years. It is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies and has become a prominent player on the global stage. The country has embraced economic liberalization, attracting foreign investments and fostering entrepreneurship. India’s information technology industry, pharmaceutical sector, and service industries have flourished, contributing to its economic prosperity. However, challenges such as poverty, income inequality, and unemployment persist, highlighting the need for inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Contributions to the World

India has made remarkable contributions to various fields, including science, literature, arts, and spirituality. Ancient Indian scholars made significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Indian literature, such as the Vedas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata, continues to inspire and influence people worldwide. Indian art forms like classical music, dance, and cinema have gained international recognition for their richness and beauty. Spiritual traditions like yoga and meditation have transcended borders, offering tools for holistic well-being.

Unity in Diversity

India’s strength lies in its unity amidst diversity. Despite its linguistic, religious, and cultural differences, the people of India have come together as a nation. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, upholds the principles of democracy, secularism, and unity. The diverse fabric of Indian society is reflected in its official languages, Hindi and English, and the recognition of regional languages. India’s unity in diversity is celebrated through cultural exchange, interfaith dialogue, and the promotion of national integration.

Future Challenges and Opportunities

India faces a range of challenges, including poverty, environmental degradation, healthcare disparities, and social inequality. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts in education, healthcare, sustainable development, and social welfare. However, India also presents immense opportunities for progress. With a young and dynamic workforce, a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit, and a growing middle class, India has the potential to achieve inclusive growth, technological advancements, and social transformation.

Conclusion :

India, with its diverse cultures, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world, stands as a shining example of unity in diversity. The nation’s cultural heritage, ancient history, and rapid development reflect its resilience and potential. As India continues its journey toward progress and prosperity, it must embrace sustainable development, address societal challenges, and build an inclusive and equitable society. India’s beauty, traditions, and people leave an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of those who explore its captivating tapestry.

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Essay on Indian History

History is agreed upon as an uninterrupted process in time and space.

Yet knowledge of the period is essential to understand and appreciate the nature of the historical changes that take place in time and space.

Periodization of Indian history is a tricky and controversial concept. There is no unanimity among the historians about the periodization of Indian history.

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Broadly, there are two types of periodization in vogue, one on the religious and ethnic nature of rulers which divides it as Hindu, Muslim and the British periods and the other, borrowed from European historiography – Ancient, Medieval and Modern.

Initially, the British historian, James Mill proposed the tripartite division of Indian history on religious and ethnic nature of rulers as Hindu, Muslim and British. Even this division is not precise as all the rulers in the Hindu period were not Hindus and we have a number of rulers who migrated to India from other countries and ruled side by side with the Hindu rulers and the Hindus were not culturally a homogenous entity either.

Further, this division is not acceptable to modem historians as it has communal tinge which is not desirable for a pluralistic country like India. But there are still some historians who believe in that division. The second type of division – Ancient, Medieval and Modern – is also regarded as inadequate as the terms are imprecise and vague and fail to explain the nature of changes that took place from time to time.

In the last few decades, there is a revisiting of periodization by the histo­rians because new questions are asked and new sources are consulted and collated to arrive at conclusions regarding the factors of change that necessitated new socio-economic formations that led to new cultural and political patterns that shaped the course of our historical process.

Keeping the latest trends in periodization in mind an attempt ismade to give primacy to the nature of change propelled by factors of change – technology, material milieu and ideology – in the creation of new socio-economic formation linking it to political and cultural formation in time and space. As there is so far no new nomenclature acceptable to all, I followed the broad periodization of ancient, medieval and modem as that format is still popular.

The ancient period begins with prehistory and ends with the Gupta age. The medieval period begins with the post-Gupta age and ends with the advent of Europeans. The medieval period witnessed the emergence and assertion of regional polities and cultures and the arrival of two separate nationalities, the Muslims with belief in Islam and the westerners believing in Christianity who played a crucial role in integrating politically and creating a crucible of culturally diverse India.

The modern period begins with colonialism introduced by the new political masters, the British. The modern period witnessed the growth and spread of new ideas and ideals of democracy, equality, social justice, consequent to the introduction of western model of educational system.

The introduction of colonial power structure which led to ruination of Indian populace led to non-violent and sometimes to violent mass upsurge that resulted in the declaration of Indian independence and division of India on the principle of separate nationalities in 1947.

Generally, the historian with the help of available primary and secondary sources reconstructs the history of any country. As history is not a simple narration of events in a chronological and spatial order, the historian has to choose the sources that are authentic and can be corroborated by other sources before arriving at a historical generalization.

As the contemporary approach to history is to understand the historical process and attempt to explain it in the present times, a historian should be knowledgeable about theories of historical method as well as of other social sciences. It is essential to develop the needed analytical skills of source materials objectively before the historical process is constructed.

Primary sources are those, which are contemporaneous with an event or happening, and secondary sources are those, which belong to a later time. For instance, the Asokan edicts are the primary sources to understand Asoka’s Dhamma.

The Allahabad Pillar Prasasthi and the Aihole epigraph of Samudragupta and Pulakesin II are respectively the primary sources for under­standing the conquests of Samudragupta and Pulakesin II. Romila Thapar’s Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas belongs to the category of secondary sources as she wrote that book after a thorough examination of the entire published and original sources.

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History Essay Sample: Indian History and Culture

16 February, 2020

12 minutes read

Author:  Richard Pircher

This Essay Sample was written by Handmade Writing Team.

Culture is basically defined as the totality of arts and other various manifestations of human intellectual achievements regarded in a collective manner. Culture is an idea, a value, a belief any particular civilization holds closely to its roots or foundation at any given period in time. It is generalized as a “State of Mind”.

It is the way we interact with one another, the way we behave and react to our environment and certain other things. Culture interprets the manner in which a society perceives abstract entities and by which such a society is perceived. It is established as the diverse manifestations resulting from the basic principles, behaviors and ethics of a specific group of individuals.

To limit the definition of the word “Culture” to the above stated few lines would be doing great injustice to a concept that is a system which encompasses the totality of everything we have come to know today. It is a systematic emancipation, which continuously and consistently absorbs and passes back to society, all that is initiated by different religions, beliefs and races, who are in extremely close proximity with one another, giving the cultural concept a new dimension and meaning as time proceeds.

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Culture is an integration of diverse entities, music, family, social norms, fashion, food and attitude. It is an existing, vibrant and ever-changing activity which completely takes over and absorbs our way of life in any certain period of time. This is what generates the whole visual perception, or picture of the social and psychological fabric of society.

The Indian culture, a majority of historians would confirm is one of the richest, most dynamic and intriguing cultural heritages ever to be known by man. India is blessed with such a rich cultural tradition. There is such a delightful and balanced blend of philosophy, art and religion within the context of Indian culture and history. Each entity is so aesthetically interwoven in the values and fabric of the Indian way of life, customs, thought and values that they are inseparable.

The Indian culture is fundamentally a result of a never-ending synthesis that has taken in a variety of numerous superficial influences in the advancement of its journey through time and history (Aurobindo, 20). The first evidence of civilization took place among the Indian people some four thousand years prior to the birth of Christ.

Unarguably, one of, if not the oldest of traditions, the Indians have been exposed to a series of never-ending, uninterrupted and unbroken sequences of civilizations. Yet, the flexibility and dynamism of the Indian cultural heritage has enabled its people survive these alien invasions and still significantly hold on to the traditions and originality even after it had inculcated the most beneficial of these outside influences.

The Indians by nature possess a submissive mental attitude towards culture or tradition, born out of a philosophical doctrine that all events are predetermined in advance for all time and human beings are powerless to its inevitability. Thus, the Indian mind has assimilated, to a rather large extent, the context of the diverse cultures, hence the wealthy heritage and uniqueness. Today, it is that buoyant uniqueness that attracts the western world to the Indian culture. Disenchanted from their worldly and bourgeois way of life, westerners turn to India to find peace and solace.

The Indian culture and history can certainly boast of the stimulating and mind-opening wisdom found in the ancient epics such as the likes of Ramayana and Mahabharata that serve as beacons of enlightenment and awareness to the seekers of truth and spiritual bliss. Lord Krishna speaks, in the Bhargava Gita of how each and every individual can come to abide in the subtle philosophical principles embedded in the scriptures in ones day to day activities. Lord Buddha equally teaches the principles of followership of the “Middle Path” by exercising and exerting authority over passions. It should be clearly admitted that Indian sages or mentors in spiritual and philosophical issues renowned for their profound wisdom hard started analyzing and deducing hypothesis on life’s issues for more than decades of centuries, the west only recently began pondering on such issues.

Influenced and induced by the philosophical trends of history, as well as religious and moral beliefs, Indian art from the caves of Ajanta, Khajuraho, Ellora and the temples of the south are living witnesses and testimonies to the satisfying aesthetic standards and sensibility of perfection achieved by Indian sculptors, architects and artists in the ancient times. Westerners have claim of intense spiritual enlightenment and awakening on visitations to such temples.

In music as well as dance, are two other significant entities that characterize the rich and dynamic culture of the Indians. The Indian cultural music is strikingly extraordinary due to its continuity in development and growth. Prior to the Christian historic period, Indian music had propagated not only definite rules of practical theory, but an even depth of insight and understanding of appreciative measure. Having been built on the foundations and concept of ragas and fast, Indian music and dance are established as appropriate in depicting diverse emotions and moods.

Hindustani and Karnataka, two significant schools of classical music, whose rules are derived from the Sangeet Ratnakar by Sarangdeva and Natya Shastra of Bharata are well established in Indian history. These forms of classical music have had a great impact as well as having influenced to a large account, western music. Zakir Hussain, Pandit Ravi Shankar and a host of other notable Maestros have made tremendous contributions to the growth and development of Indian classical music to the western world.

The backdrop and foundations of Indian dance, comes with a diverse and wealthy essence. Historians lay claim to the notion that Indian dance is as diverse as the culture and the land itself. Undoubtedly, it still holds onto the implicit bond that binds the Indian people together. From a range of classical, to folk, the dances of India are an articulate and eloquent blend of expressions of an ancient civilization, whose erudition continuously evokes the desired search of humans for a conscious identity and self-discovery within one’s self and with his creator.

The beauty of Indian dance is in its ability to convey the people’s sense of rhythm and abandon as well as their jocularity. Often said, the origins of these dances can be linked to Hindu temples, where they were first birthed and nurtured until they attained maturity and their full stature, hence the impulse of such dances to have or exhibit some religious context to it. Four systems of classical dance are accounted for in Indian culture, though other prominent ones exist. But as in all performing arts within the context of the Indian history and traditions, the concept of “rasa” advocates a central position. This essence of the rasa is conveyed via the “Bhava” or the “expression”, through the emulation of Abhinaya.

Hinduism is said to be the earliest form of religion in Indian history and dates back to several millenniums. Hinduism’s earliest records can be found in the Indus valley civilization. Owing its core values to Vedas and the Hindu culture, it lays its focus and reference from the Holy Scriptures in the sacred language of the Sanskrit. Laying its projection on the belief in god in a variety of forms and on the emphasis on rituals, which are said to be practical in the unity of spiritual togetherness and kinship, other essentially notable features are the belief in the Guru Shishya tradition of learning and a divided structured caste system.

Apart from the Hindu Religion, Indian culture and history boast of the Jains, who claim, and have presented scholarly reports and documentation to prove that their religion is the most ancient of religions.

Another very critical and historically famous religion notable in the Indian history is Buddhism. Based on the teachings and practises of Gautama Buddha. Many say Buddhism, rather than a religion is more of a system of morality and ethics.

Through forceful coercion and conversions, Islam was introduced into India by invaders, who set up religion and rule in the country. Today it is one of the largest religions amongst the Indian community. The Greeks and Indian civilizations came into close proximity and thus the influences of such civilizations rubbed off on each culture, this was as a result of Alexander’s prominent invasion on India, which opened up a land route from Europe to the India. The impact of civilization was further felt, as the French, Portuguese and to a larger extent the Brits, whose influences of Christianity played a minimal but enduring role on Indian civilization and cultural heritage as well as its religious beliefs.

In recent times, Indians have demonstrated a deep interest in further encouraging and promoting its cultural and unique historical values and heritage. This revivification of India’s national identity has been greeted with a boost of larger awareness in the sectors of Indian classical music and dance and the realm of indigenous folk arts the world over

Educational institutions are beginning to ensure that future generations are inculcated and imbibed with the values of the buoyant cultural and historical heritage of its people for the world to see. Cultural Festivals of India had a huge success in the west in recent times, so has the government’s effort in promoting Indian heritage and cultural values domestically been met with a huge and enthusiastic response.

The Indian culture is one of philosophical dynamism. Throughout history and time, no other civilization nor cultural heritage has been known to produce deduced hypothetical philosophy that has transcended into the future from the past. Be it in the sciences, medicine, astronomy as well as astrology, the Indian culture has bordered it all. Ancient and modern India has produced some of the world’s greatest minds and thinkers, this phenomenon can be easily associated with the vast knowledge that lies within the underlying layers of the Indian heritage. As William Durant, the great American historian put it, “India is the motherland of our race.”

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Works Cited

• Aurobindo, Sri. The Renaissance in India: On Indian Culture and Other Essays.  Arya: Aug 1918. Print.
• Amartya, Sen. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. Picador 1st Edition: 2006. Print.
• “Arts and Culture.” National Portal of India. n.d. Web 10 June 2013. Retrieved from http://india.gov.in/india-glance/culture-heritage
• Elwin, V. The Religion of an Indian Tribe . Bombay: Oxford University Press. 1943. Print.
• Muller, Max. F. Sacred Books of the East: The Zend Avesta, Vol 1: The Vendidad. 1910. Web. 10 June 2013. Retrieved from http://www.holybooks.com/the-sacred-books-of-the-east-all-50-volumes/

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Essays in indian history.

Towards a Marxist Perception

Irfan Habib

Tulika Books

Pub Date: November 2015

ISBN: 9789382381693

Format: Paperback

List Price: $28.00 £22.00

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Irfan Habib's stature as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of modern Indian historians, stands secure. The essays gathered together in this volume show why this judgement is correct. Indian Review of Books

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• Asian Studies
• Asian Studies: South Asian History
• History: South Asian History
• World History

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Indian History Chronology: Ancient India to Modern India – Learn faster!

Last updated on September 7, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Indian History Chronology: Indian History is a topic of interest to many including foreigners because of the cultures and civilizations existed in this sub-continent. History of India can be studied under political, cultural, religious or economic heads.

Table of Contents

Indian History Chronology

Chronologically, Indian History can be classified into three periods – Ancient India, Medieval India and Modern India.

Ancient India (Pre-historic to AD 700)

The first inhabitants of Indian subcontinent might have been tribals like Nagas (North-East), Santhals (East-India), Bhils (Central India), Gonds (Central India), Todas (South India) etc. Most of them are speakers of the Austric, pre-Dravidian languages, such as Munda and Gondvi. Dravidians and Aryans are believed to be immigrants who came later to the sub-continent.

Ancient India can be studied under other heads like Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic period – based on the type of stone/ metal tools people used.

Paleolithic Period (2 million BC – 10,000 BC)

• Tools made up of lime stone
• Ostrich Eggs
• Important Paleolithic sites: Bhimbetka (M.P), Hunsgi, Kurnool Caves, Narmada Valley (Hathnora, M.P), Kaladgi Basin

Mesolithic Period (10,000 BC – 8,000 BC)

• Major Climatic Change happened
• Domestication of animals ie Cattle rearing started
• Microliths found at Brahmagiri (Mysore), Narmada, Vindya, Gujarat

Neolithic Period (8000 BC – 4,000 BC)

• Agriculture Started
• Wheel discovered
• Inamgaon = An early village
• Important Neolithic Sites : Burzahom(Kashmir), Gufkral(Kashmir), Mehrgarh(Pakistan), Chirand(Bihar), Daojali Hading(Tripura/Assam), Koldihwa(UP), Mahagara(UP), Hallur(AP), Paiyampalli(AP), Maski, Kodekal, Sangana Kaller, Utnur, Takkala Kota.
• NB: Megalithic Sites: Brahmagiri, Adichanallur

Chalcolithic Period (4000 BC – 1,500 BC)

• Copper Age. Can be considered part of Bronze Age. (Bronze = Copper + Tin)
• Indus Valley Civilization (BC 2700 – BC 1900).
• Also cultures at Brahmagiri, Navada Toli (Narmada region), Mahishadal (W.Bengal), Chirand (Ganga region)

Iron Age (BC 1500 – BC 200)

• Vedic Period (Arrival of Aryans ie. BC 1600 – BC 600) – Nearly 1000 years (Basic books of Hinduism, i.e. Vedas were composed, might have written down later.)
• Jainism and Buddhism
• Mahajanapadas – Major Civilization after Indus Valley- On banks of river Ganga
• Magadha empire – Bimbisara of Haryanka Kula
• Sisunga dynasty – Kalasoka (Kakavarnin)
• Nanda empire – Mahapadma-nanda, Dhana-nanda
• Persian- Greek: Alexander 327 BC

Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)

Important rulers of Mauryan Empire : Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, Asoka

Post-Mauryan Kingdoms (Middle Kingdoms):

• Sunga (181-71 BC), Kanva (71-27BC), Satavahanas (235-100BC), I ndo-Greeks , Parthians (19-45AD), Sakas (90BC-150AD), Kushanas (78AD)
• South Indian Kingdoms – Chola , Chera , Pandyas (BC 300)

Gupta Kingdom (300AD – 800AD): Classical Period

Important ruler of Gupta Period : Samudra Gupta (Indian Napoleon)

Post Guptas or Contemporary Guptas

• Harshvardana,  Vakatakas, Pallavas , Chalukyas . Also, Hunas, Maitrakas, Rajputs, Senas and Chauhans.

Medieval India (AD 700 – AD 1857)

• AD: 800-1200:  Tripartite struggle – Prathiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas
• Attack of Muhammed Bin Kassim (AD 712)
• Rise of Islam and Sufism
• Mohammed Ghazni (AD 1000-27)
• Mohammed Ghori (AD 1175-1206)

Delhi Sultanate (1206 AD – 1526 AD)

The following dynasties flourished one after the other during the Delhi Sultanate period .

• Slave Dynasty
• Kilji Dynasty
• Tuglaq Dynasty
• Sayyid Dynasty
• Lodi Dynasty

Mughals (AD 1526 – AD 1857)

• Great Mughals
• Later Mughals

Mughals from Babar (1526) to Aurangazeb (1707) were more powerful and hence known as Great Mughals. Mughals who ruled from 1707 to 1857 were known as Later Mughals.

• Arrival of Europeans
• Other Kingdoms of North India – Marathas, Sikhs

Modern India (AD 1857 +)

• First War of Indian Independence (1857)
• Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)
• Formation of Muslim League (1906)
• Non-Co-operation Movement (1920)
• Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
• Quit India Movement (1942)
• Partition of India (1947)
• Constitutional Development of India (1946 – 1950)
• Economic Development of India
• Wars – India-Pak – Formation of Bangladesh; India- China
• New Economic Policy of 1991
• Nuclear, Space and Defense Development

History Schools

• Orientalist School – West Patronizing the East Culture – Not active now
• Cambridge School – Downplays ideology
• Nationalist School – Importance to Congress and Gandhi; Hindu Nationalists for Hindutva version
• Marxists School – Class conflict
• Subaltern School – Caste conflict

Aim IAS, IPS, or IFS?

About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

August 29, 2014 at 1:53 am

Sir I have just begun my preparation for civil services with Histiry.I am confused whether to make notes in the first reading of the subject or in subsequent readings. Kindly guide me. Thank you

September 8, 2018 at 11:53 pm

First study throughly . In 2nd reading make notes by understanding.

March 18, 2019 at 10:01 am

I did the same, and yeah it’s working!

October 7, 2021 at 9:53 pm

Sab janna h iss Bh@*£e ko 😅

September 23, 2014 at 8:48 pm

Kindly, advice how one make notes for optional such vast as History itself. Any help would be appreciated! Thank you.

March 31, 2023 at 4:47 pm

Make as per syllabus and current affairs.

November 13, 2014 at 9:02 pm

hi can anyone suggest for world history and culture baliyan notes better or vaji 2. vaji printed or vaji handwritten which one is better

April 14, 2015 at 12:56 pm

u read world history by jain and mathur, which is very useful for ias

November 22, 2017 at 11:53 pm

December 29, 2014 at 6:35 pm

I am preparing myself for 2015 and wanted to know the process of joining your test series or answer writing challenges for mains as well as prelims.

Regards Romila

September 9, 2021 at 9:18 am

Behen ka loda

December 8, 2015 at 10:19 am

sir i want to have geography optional, will i have different books for prelims and main

July 22, 2016 at 9:39 am

Maps are correct, but at many places chronology is bit incorrect..e.g Gupta empire was from 315 to 550 and medival history was from early medival 750 to 1200 and medival from 1200 to 1757, commonly accepted…not hard and fast rule..but ur figures are bit stretched…

December 19, 2021 at 12:48 am

Hlo can you give your number

December 19, 2021 at 12:49 am

I am handicapped if you have notes then gives me

August 16, 2016 at 7:27 am

sir i am in class 11 and i want to become an ias officer. How can i prepare for it. Plzz i need a guideline plzz help me.

May 11, 2021 at 1:15 pm

Pehle zindagi air explore karlo.

May 11, 2021 at 1:16 pm

Maa ki choot

November 22, 2016 at 1:34 pm

Sir i am studying economics start with through ncert books but it is difficult to analyses economics questions in mains question papers and analyses of news papers economics reports.i am trying different ways but it is very confused.sir please suggest the material regarding this and way of approach..

December 31, 2016 at 7:02 am

I just started to read History NCERT – class VI… got confused and found hard to get an idea.. went on searching online & luckily found this post.

It makes my job easier.. I hope it’ll serve as a roadmap for History preparation.

thanks a lot ClearIAS… 🙂 🙂 🙂 🙂

January 16, 2017 at 4:53 pm

NB:Print Pdf

January 27, 2017 at 12:06 pm

It’s good but u can add about rise of regional powers like awadh,hyderabad,Bengal,Sikhs ,maratha etc under topic mughal

February 9, 2017 at 10:19 pm

NB: Print Pdf

March 19, 2017 at 9:53 am

Sir how to download this article PDF,I am not able to get pdf

April 8, 2017 at 8:15 pm

ClearIAS study materials are available for download as PDF for FREE on the ClearIAS Telegram Channel (https://t.me/clearias). Join us now!

September 7, 2017 at 12:09 pm

SEME HERE…. ONLY PRINT OPTION AVLIABLE

April 10, 2017 at 12:11 pm

sir I want to prepare SSC CGL examination, l am science graduate so l need help to prepare Indian history pls guide me

April 4, 2021 at 4:01 pm

How many articles are thir in india constitution

May 18, 2017 at 1:40 pm

Sir i am in BA ist sem and my sub is pol sci and history,now i am confusing in choiseing the additional sub for IAS so what i can do? which sub is better for IAS.

March 2, 2021 at 9:11 am

What we call the reign of pre mouryan period?

June 20, 2017 at 1:33 pm

Sorry Sir/Madam, but I think you missed Harappan civilisation in this chronology.

April 9, 2019 at 5:30 am

Indusvalley civilisation is also known as harappan civilisation

July 6, 2017 at 9:08 pm

Did we have ostrich in India during palaeolithic period ?

October 11, 2017 at 10:44 pm

Great information about history of India. Your article is an evergreen compilation of data. Thanks a lot.

November 4, 2017 at 9:08 am

For all parts of prachin bharat https://youtu.be/IIzDbgQEAUw

December 19, 2017 at 4:09 pm

how to download notes

January 22, 2018 at 5:27 pm

India also has a wide political as well as social history. It is a very rich country in terms of history.

April 17, 2018 at 4:27 pm

thanks for your article, i have referred your article for writting old history of india blog. thanks again, it helped me alot

May 22, 2018 at 9:22 pm

Beautifully, summerized.

May 29, 2018 at 2:43 pm

There are arguments about Buddha.Some say Buddha was born in India.Great historian A.L.Bhasham says no buddha was born in India. How can I find the truth.What is the history book I should buy.Could you please help me.Thanks

June 14, 2018 at 1:21 pm

How to download these notes kindly tell me

August 3, 2018 at 12:15 am

Kindly tell me quick gs study capsule to go through jkpsc cc pre exam 2 018

August 12, 2018 at 10:54 pm

You should have to clear 12 the exam now.After 12th u have to choose any one subject prescribed by recognised university of India for B.A(Hns)/ B.Sc(Hns)/ B.Tech(Hns)/ B.Com(Hns).At begining u should be conscious on two subjects for mains exam eg; Geography/Economics/ Mathematics/ Anthropology/History/Physics/Chemistry/psychology…etc. First of all u should have to download upsc ( IAS) syllabus.After doing this u will be prepare for IAS by serially.

December 10, 2018 at 10:46 pm

Sir i did my graduation parallel to i.t.i in similar session by regular based still I’m working in SAIL Bt now I want to prepare for upsc nd I’m thinking that if I got selected then would I got any problem in further process.

December 31, 2018 at 12:11 pm

How to read history.iam very confused pls guide me

January 23, 2019 at 12:42 am

Nice materials

February 5, 2019 at 10:24 am

Good morning sir Thank you sir for this effort Sir I have a question, sir what is your motivation for doing this great work

February 5, 2019 at 1:09 pm

Good question 🙂 You are right. Without enough motivation, we cannot keep coming up with quality articles/mock exams on a daily basis. The following are the major motivating factors for me and ClearIAS Team as a whole.

(1) The realisation that we are solving the big problems students faced or facing – in terms of accessibility, affordability, and quality – of education. (2) The feeling that about 1 million students depend on ClearIAS for learning each month. That adds a lot of responsibility too. (3) As a person, I love teaching and creative writing. Most of the team members of ClearIAS too. It’s highly satisfying. We love to make things simple. ClearIAS gives maximum space to creativity and innovation. Our focus is to create easy-to-learn study materials, saving valuable time of aspirants. (4) As a social startup, with a sustainable business model, we do realise the value of our work. (5) Users like you who encourage and support us. (6) Toppers who sent us thank-you letters appreciating the crucial role played by ClearIAS.com in helping them clear UPSC Civil Services Exam. (7) My own past experiences, mistakes, failures, and lessons learned. (8) The vision and mission of ClearIAS. (9) The urge to make the lives of others better.

PS: There is a 10th point as well – the conviction that what we have done so far is just nothing, but only a beginning.

We have just started.

There are plenty of things to be done in the days ahead.

February 5, 2019 at 2:16 pm

NCERT Cl 6 History textbook, Chapter 2- evidence of ostrich shells used for making beads and decorative items was found in Patne, Maharashtra.

February 22, 2019 at 7:24 pm

sir,i m currently studying in 12 icse science class….will these only notes would be sufficient for me to study….???? Kindly help pls

March 2, 2019 at 3:04 pm

I have been searching for this chronology for a while now, and then I got it here. Thanks from the secluded place of my heart. regards

March 2, 2019 at 6:29 pm

Very nice for prepration for upsc.

March 6, 2019 at 5:03 pm

Hindi language hai sir

March 16, 2019 at 1:09 am

Hi Sir can this material be used for preparing for the CDSE by UPSC?

April 30, 2019 at 6:23 pm

Hello Sir, I am Geethika …. and I am going study in class 9th . My dream is to be the IAS officer and I want to start my preparation from my 9th . Now I am 13 years old and I want your guidance . Can you please guide me in the best way to serve my nation as an IAS officer ?

Thanks in advance, Your lovingly child, Geethika . V . Sastry

May 5, 2019 at 7:13 pm

Ancient period is prehistoric to AD 700,but how can the paleolithic,Mesolithic,chalcolithic and neolithic are in BC…….plz I have a confusion…anyone solve this

August 6, 2022 at 1:06 am

Pre history, Proto history till Sakas in BC, Sakas and afterwards in CE or AD

June 16, 2019 at 1:37 pm

Sir I just start my preparation for civil services so can u please tell me what I do first and from where I can start I totally confused what I study what not…. Plzz reply

July 15, 2019 at 8:37 am

hi sir, I’m Sibiya from Erode, Tamil nadu. I would like to start my UPSC exam preparation. Where should i start now? As there are many institutes here though I dont feel good with them only focusing on money. As I’m from financially down family I need some support and guidance to prepare my exams from the team like yours who only want people to get benefit of. There lies a real support I hope!!!

February 1, 2022 at 10:45 pm

Download telegram and get free video

August 2, 2019 at 8:34 pm

Hi, Can I get the pdf notes?

August 7, 2019 at 10:50 am

What does the NB abbreviation mean?

Thanks, Sweta

September 25, 2019 at 4:12 pm

I have seen different timelines for stone & metal age on different sites, & in different books, so just want to confirm if this timeline is correct?

November 24, 2019 at 5:56 pm

i think the period mention for homo-erectus and homo-sapiens in indian sub-continent is not correct look into this matter

December 21, 2019 at 3:15 pm

Is the notes are only cover ncerts or reference also

January 4, 2020 at 12:32 am

It’s really helpful for the upsc and as well history portion thanks a lot sir

June 3, 2020 at 8:24 am

I was searching this article. Very helpful for me.

June 26, 2020 at 8:07 pm

Hi sir I am sneha Singh and I read class 9th. I want to became an IPS officer. Sir please guide me Thank you

July 17, 2020 at 12:43 pm

Thanks you soo much.. for this notes.

If similar kind of notes for Politics is available , Request to share. Thanks in advance.

July 22, 2020 at 9:08 am

It’s not a research work. Just copied from Indian history books written by foreign historians like Romilla thaper. May be he is not studied Vedic literature to calculate Vedic time period and using prossesion of equinoxes calculations.

February 20, 2024 at 3:23 pm

Stop murmuring Instead you make a detailed chart as per vedas. Let us all know what our vedas say… As far as I know, This exam is not taking vedas as a reference .

January 2, 2021 at 8:12 pm

A Very Big THANK YOU To CLEAR IAS For Making Our UPSC Preparation More Easier😊😊 💝💝

September 29, 2021 at 10:33 am

August 14, 2021 at 10:39 pm

i want pdf files Is there is all pdf files of all subjects ?

September 14, 2021 at 1:28 pm

These notes are enough for IAS preparation. Tell me plzzzzz

September 29, 2021 at 10:37 am

Hii this is Nahida akhter I’m from jammu and kashmir My hobby is ias officer And my dream is civil services May Allah bless me for All examination Give me a one chance please

October 3, 2021 at 3:02 pm

Really very very thanks a lot sir Sir I am doing self-study have little confusion how to connect with you because I will take exam in 2022 so please suggest me

October 10, 2021 at 10:39 pm

Nice article post !!! For various historical Indian events Click Here For Visit this Site thanks ….

January 19, 2023 at 7:06 pm

Not enough for upsc

December 24, 2023 at 3:36 am

Sir please hame Gs 1mains ka complete notes uplabdh karaye

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Indian Culture Essay

India is renowned throughout the world for its tradition and culture. It is a country with many different cultures and traditions. The world's ancient civilisations can be found in this country. Good manners, etiquette, civilised dialogue, customs, beliefs, values, etc., are essential elements of Indian culture . India is a special country because of the ability of its citizens from many cultures and traditions to live together in harmony. Here are a few sample essays on ‘Indian culture’.

100 Words Essay on Indian Culture

India's culture is the oldest in the world and dates back over 5,000 years. The first and greatest cultures in the world are regarded as being those of India. The phrase "Unity in Diversity" refers to India as a diverse nation where people of many religions coexist while maintaining their distinct customs. People of different religions have different languages, culinary customs, ceremonies, etc and yet they all live in harmony.

Hindi is India's official language. However, there are 400 other languages regularly spoken in India's many states and territories, in addition to the country's nearly 22 recognised languages. History has established India as the country where religions like Buddhism and Hinduism first emerged.

200 Words Essay on Indian Culture

India is a land of diverse cultures, religions, languages, and traditions. The rich cultural heritage of India is a result of its long history and the various invasions and settlements that have occurred in the country. Indian culture is a melting pot of various customs and traditions, which have been passed down from generation to generation.

Religion | Religion plays a significant role in Indian culture. The major religions practiced in India are Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism. Each religion has its own set of beliefs, customs, and practices. Hinduism, the oldest religion in India, is the dominant religion and has a vast array of gods and goddesses. Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism are also widely practiced and have a significant number of followers in the country.

Food | Indian cuisine is known for its diverse range of flavors and spices. Each region in India has its own unique style of cooking and distinct dishes. Indian cuisine is known for its use of spices, herbs, and a variety of cooking techniques. Some of the most famous Indian dishes include biryani, curry, tandoori chicken, and dal makhani. Indian cuisine is also famous for its street food, which is a popular and affordable way to experience the diverse range of flavors that Indian food has to offer.

500 Words Essay on Indian Culture

Indian culture is known for its rich art and architecture. The ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which existed around 2500 BCE, had a sophisticated system of town planning and impressive architectural structures. Indian art is diverse and includes painting, sculpture, and architecture. The most famous form of Indian art is the cave paintings of Ajanta and Ellora, which date back to the 2nd century BCE. Indian architecture is also famous for its temples, palaces, and forts, which are a reflection of the rich cultural heritage of the country.

Music and dance are an integral part of Indian culture . Indian music is diverse and ranges from classical to folk to modern. The classical music of India is known for its use of ragas, which are a set of musical notes that are used to create a melody. The traditional Indian dance forms include Kathak, Bharatanatyam, and Kathakali. These dance forms are known for their elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and intricate footwork.

My Experience

I had always been fascinated by the rich culture and history of India. So, when I finally got the opportunity to visit the country, I was beyond excited. I had heard so much about the diverse customs and traditions of India, and I couldn't wait to experience them firsthand. The moment I stepped off the plane and hit the streets, I was greeted by the overwhelming smell of spices and the hustle and bustle of the streets. I knew right away that I was in for an unforgettable journey.

My first stop was the ancient city of Varanasi, also known as Banaras. As I walked through the streets, I was struck by the vibrant colors and the sound of temple bells and chants. I visited the famous Kashi Vishwanath Temple and was amazed by the intricate architecture and the devotion of the devotees.

From Varanasi, I traveled to Jaipur, also known as the Pink City . Here, I visited the famous Amber Fort, which was built in the 16th century. The fort was a perfect example of the rich architecture of India and the level of craftsmanship that existed in ancient India.

As I continued my journey, I also had the opportunity to experience the food of India. From the spicy curries of the south to the tandoori dishes of the north, I was blown away by the range of flavors and the use of spices.

I also had the chance to experience the music and dance of India. I attended a Kathak dance performance and was mesmerized by the intricate footwork and the expressiveness of the dancers. I also had the opportunity to attend a classical music concert and was struck by the beauty of the ragas and the skill of the musicians.

My journey through India was truly an unforgettable experience. I had the chance to experience the diverse customs and traditions of India and was struck by the richness of the culture. From the ancient temples to the vibrant street markets, India is a treasure trove of history and culture. I knew that this would not be my last trip to India, as there is so much more to explore and experience.

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Essay on Independence Day (15 August) for Students and Children

500+ words essay on independence day.

One of the most memorable days in Indian history is 15th August. It’s the day on which the Indian sub-continent got independence after a long struggle. India only has three national festivals that are celebrated by the whole nation as one. One being the Independence Day (15th August) and the other two being Republic Day (26th January) and Gandhi Jayanti (2nd October). After independence, India became the largest democracy in the world. We fought very hard to get our independence from the Britishers. In this essay on Independence Day, we are going to discuss the history and importance of Independence Day.

History of Our Independence Day

For almost two centuries the Britishers ruled over us. And the citizen of the country suffered a lot due to these oppressors. British officials treat us like slaves until we manage to fight back against them.

We struggled for our independence but work tirelessly and selflessly under the guidance of our leaders Jawahar Lal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Mahatma Gandhi , Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Bhagat Singh. Some of these leaders choose the path of violence while some choose non-violence. But the ultimate aim of these was to drive out the Britishers from the country. And on 15th August 1947, the long-awaited dream come true.

Why We Celebrate Independence Day?

To relive the moment and to enjoy the spirit of freedom and independence we celebrate Independence Day. Another reason is to remember the sacrifices and lives we have lost in this struggle. Besides, we celebrated it to remind us that this freedom that we enjoy is earned the hard way.

Apart from that, the celebration wakes up the patriot inside us. Along with celebration, the young generation is acquainted with the struggles of the people who lived at that time.

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Activities on Independence Day

Although it’s a national holiday the people of the country celebrate it with great enthusiasm. Schools, offices, societies, and colleges celebrate this day by organizing various small and big events.

Every year at Red Fort the Prime Minister of India host the national flag. In the honor of the occasion, 21 gunshots are fired. This is the begging of the main event. This event is later on followed by an army parade.

The school and colleges organize cultural events, fancy dress competitions, speech, debate, and quiz competition.

Importance of Independence Day

Every Indian holds a different viewpoint about Indian Independence. For some, it’s a reminder of the long struggle while for youngsters it stands for the glory and honor of the country. Above all, we can see the feeling of patriotism across the country.

The Indian’s celebrate Independence Day with a feeling of nationalism and patriotism across the country. On this day every citizen echoes with festive feeling and pride in the diversity and unity of the people. It’s not only a celebration of Independence but also of the unity in diversity of the country.

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Understanding why Alexander the Great was Truly Great

This essay about Alexander the Great explores his life and achievements, highlighting his ambition, military brilliance, strategic foresight, and thirst for knowledge. From his early education under Aristotle to his impressive battlefield successes, Alexander’s unique qualities and adaptability are examined. The essay also addresses his flaws and the lasting impact of his conquests, which spread Greek culture and civilization across vast territories. Despite his early death, Alexander’s legacy as a visionary leader endures, influencing countless rulers and shaping historical ideals and values.

How it works

In the chronicles of history, few figures echo with the same resounding significance as Alexander the Great. Born in 356 BCE in the ancient kingdom of Macedon, Alexander would rise to forge an empire that extended from Greece to Egypt and from Persia to the frontiers of India. His conquests were the stuff of legends, his ambition unparalleled, and his legacy enduring. But what truly made Alexander the Great live up to his name?

At the core of Alexander’s greatness was an extraordinary blend of ambition, military brilliance, strategic foresight, and an insatiable curiosity for knowledge and exploration.

From a young age, Alexander was primed for greatness by his father, King Philip II of Macedon, who ensured he received the best education, tutored by none other than Aristotle, one of the most profound thinkers of ancient Greece. Under Aristotle’s mentorship, Alexander cultivated a deep appreciation for learning, philosophy, and the arts, shaping his reign and his conquests.

However, it was on the battlefield where Alexander truly set himself apart. From his initial combat experience at the age of 16, when he led Macedonian forces to triumph over the Thracian tribe of Maedi, Alexander exhibited a natural prowess for warfare that was almost preternatural. He had an innate ability to inspire unwavering loyalty and dedication among his troops, leading them to repeated victories against formidable odds.

A defining feature of Alexander’s success was his strategic vision. Unlike many conquerors of his era, who aimed solely to expand their territories and accumulate wealth and power, Alexander envisioned something grander. He aspired to create a global empire that would unite the diverse peoples of the known world under a single banner. To achieve this, Alexander used a combination of military might, diplomatic skill, and cultural integration.

One of the keys to Alexander’s success was his adaptability to the unique challenges of each conquest. Whether confronting the heavily armored phalanxes of the Persian Empire or the war elephants of India, Alexander never shied away from a challenge. Instead, he embraced it, leveraging his sharp intellect and tactical brilliance to outmaneuver and outsmart his adversaries time and again.

Yet, perhaps Alexander’s most enduring legacy lies not in the empires he conquered or the battles he won, but in the lasting influence he had on the world. Through his conquests, Alexander disseminated Greek culture and civilization to the farthest reaches of the known world. He founded numerous cities, many of which bore his name, and promoted the fusion of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian traditions and customs.

Despite his greatness, Alexander was not without his flaws. He could be ruthless and despotic, quick to anger, and prone to paranoia. His relentless pursuit of conquest often came at great cost to his men and the peoples he sought to dominate. Ultimately, his own ambition led to his downfall. After a decade of nearly continuous warfare, Alexander’s body succumbed to the toll of his exertions, and he died in Babylon in 323 BCE at the age of just 32.

Though Alexander was mortal, his legacy endures. In the centuries following his death, numerous rulers and conquerors have looked to him as a paragon of greatness and ambition. While his empire disintegrated after his passing, the ideals and values he championed continue to inspire and captivate us. Thus, we remember Alexander not merely as a conqueror, but as a visionary, a pioneer, and above all, one of the greatest leaders the world has ever known.

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Understanding Why Alexander the Great Was Truly Great. (2024, May 28). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/understanding-why-alexander-the-great-was-truly-great/

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). Understanding Why Alexander the Great Was Truly Great . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/understanding-why-alexander-the-great-was-truly-great/ [Accessed: 29-May-2024]

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Nina Sharma’s Essays Are A Riot Of Race And Romance

A love-story exposé of race, immigration, and more.

W hile many a story about America’s race history is wrapped in pain, some stories come wrapped in love. Nina Sharma delivers her brush with race as a love story in her debut non-fiction essay collection, The Way You Make Me Feel: Love In Black And Brown , named after the Michael Jackson classic . Written in a romcom-meets-chick-flick-meets-personal-diary style, the book unlocks a bigger story about immigration, colonialism, Afro-Asian connection, class, caste, white supremacy, colorism in India, and racism in America. Besides herself and her husband Quincy, mental health and sexuality are equally conspicuous protagonists all through the collection.

The book is personal, political, and hilarious. Sharma teaches English at Barnard College , Columbia University, and is also the co-founder of a South Asian women’s improv group called “ Not Your Biwi .”

Edited excerpts from a Zoom interview with Sharma

India Currents : The book is extremely personal. To bare your interiority for mass consumption is gutsy. Are you cringing now?

Nina Sharma: (laughs) I try to think of myself as a character. That creates a dissociative distance. This is the first time I’ve done this on such a massive scale. So I’m really experiencing it in real-time… the cringing, blushing, all of it. When I was writing, my husband and I kept calling each other Harry and Sally; that was a way I kept a placeholder for this character. That let me let it all hang out, let myself be naked… that’s one of the things I worked on editorially — really getting this relationship with all its colors on the page and going from Harry and Sally to finding Nina and Quincy.

That’s also my training; I’ve written memoirs for many years, I’ve studied non-fiction writing, I read a lot of non-fiction. It’s kind of just the way I am in the world. I think I am a chronic oversharer!

IC: Even so, did you create boundaries for yourself while writing?

NS: I think as a non-fiction writer you’re constantly negotiating that internal boundary. Sometimes it makes sense to honor that boundary and sometimes it makes sense to challenge it. It really depends on where you’re at and on a lot of things.

IC: Like what?

NS: Like — Are you ready to tell that story? Is that story a whole book unto itself? Am I holding back? Am I self-censoring? Is it because I’m protecting myself or for some other reason, like feeling ashamed or thinking ‘what will people say’? Is there anything that’s making me hesitate?

IC: What’s the backstory here? Why did you write this book?

NS: I’ve been working on this book for 10 years. At the heart of this book is a love story — my husband’s and my love story — that’s where it began for me. It came from me moving from New York to Philly. I left my community, my ecosystem; we were barely dating, we were in that lusty stage and I just was like “I need to hop in bed with this guy!” It was such a move of passion.

From a very busy New York life I found a lot of stillness. Right at the same time I started taking a local community writing workshop called ‘Life Writing’. I didn’t even consider myself an essayist, I was just taking the class. My community in Philly was just me and him. So I began to write about us — stories of us becoming closer, of what happens when you settle in and really get to know each other, warts and all.

I began to crack into talking about all different parts of my identity through our love story.

I love watching romcoms and I realized I’d never seen us portrayed in a love story that way — never seen a Black or brown person in a white American love story. The Black or brown person is a helpful sidekick.

IC: It seems like being the child of immigrants informed the blueprint of the book…

NS: My parents came in the 1970s and I was born in Edison, New Jersey, in a large Indian community in the 1980s, and that really did inform the lens with which I understood the world. I come from a particular time and place in my parents’ immigration.

I’ve been thinking a lot about telling the story of assimilation — and how assimilation can feel like a capitulation or erasure of your identity. I think a lot of how anti-Blackness is baked into assimilation.

Broadly speaking, the idea of being a “quiet,” model minority is a stereotype of Asian Americans, which is set against the idea of the “angry Black Americans” being the “problem” minority. Those two lies are narratives that grew out of white America trying to problematize the Civil Rights Movement to uphold the ultimate lie of white supremacy. For me it’s that journey of thinking about how much we as immigrants adhere to stereotypes out of a false notion of safety. But that just keeps us in pain.