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Climatology and Climate Change: Annotated Bibliography

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• How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography: The Annotated Bibliography Creating an annotated bibliography calls for the application of a variety of intellectual skills: concise exposition, succinct analysis, and informed library research. First, locate and record citations to books, periodicals, and documents that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic. Briefly examine and review the actual items. Then choose those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic. Cite the book, article, or document using the appropriate style. Write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. Include one or more sentences that (a) evaluate the authority or background of the author, (b) comment on the intended audience, (c) compare or contrast this work with another you have cited, or (d) explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic. --Olin Library Reference, Research & Learning Services, Cornell University Library, Ithaca, NY, USA more... less... Olin Library Reference Research & Learning Services Cornell University Library Ithaca, NY, USA

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Bibliography by year through 2001

As noted in the bibliography by author , this list despite its length overlooks signficant items (and includes some that are trivial).

1901 F.W. Very and C. Abbe, "Knut Angstrom on Atmospheric Absorption." Monthly Weather Review 29 : 268 [doi:10.1175/1520- 0493(1901)29[268a:kaoaa]2.0.co;2].

1978 B. Saltzman, "A Survey of Statistical Dynamical Models of Terrestrial Climate." Advances in Geophysics 20 : 183-304.

1978 Mary Wilcox Silver, et al., "Marine Snow: Microplankton Habitat and Source of Small-Scale Patchiness in Pelagic Populations." Science 201 : 371-73 [doi:10.1126/science.201.4353.371].

1979 Gordon J. MacDonald, The Long Term Impact of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Climate. See JASON (Gordon Macdonald, Chair).

1989b Richard A. Kerr, "Greenhouse Skeptic out in the Cold." Science 246 : 1118-19.

1989 Alan R Longhurst, and W. Glen Harrison, "The Biological Pump: Profiles of Plankton Production and Consumption in the Upper Ocean." Progress in Oceanography 22 : 47-123 [doi:10.1016/0079-6611(89)90010-4].

1990 A.R. Longhurst, et al., "Vertical Flux of Respiratory Carbon by Oceanic Diel Migrant Biota." Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 37 : 685- 94 [doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90098-G].

1992 William D Nordhaus, "An Optimal Transition Path for Controlling Greenhouse Gases." Science 258 : 1315-19 [doi:10.1126/science.258.5086.1315].

1993 R. D. Cess, et al., "Uncertainties in Carbon Dioxide Radiative Forcing in Atmospheric General Circulation Models." Science 262 : 1252-55 [doi:10.1126/science.262.5137.1252].

Advancing the Science of Climate Change (2010)

Chapter: references.

Ackerman, K. V., and E. T. Sundquist. 2008. Comparison of two U.S. power-plant carbon dioxide emissions data sets. Environmental Science & Technology 42(15):5688-5693.

Adams, P. N., and D. L. Inman. 2009. Climate Change and Potential Hotspots of Coastal Erosion Along the Southern California Coast—Final Report . CEC-500-2009-022-F, Sacramento, California Energy Commission.

Adger, W. N., J. Paavola, S. Huq, and M. J. Mace, eds. 2006. Fairness in Adaptation to Climate Change . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Adger, W. N., S. Agrawala, M. M. Q. Mirza, C. Conde, K. L. O’Brien, J. Pulhin, R. Pulwarty, B. Smit, and K. Takahashi. 2007. Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, C. E. Hanson, and P. J. Van Der Linden, eds. Cambridge:M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, C. E. Hanson, and P. J. Van Der Linden, eds. Cambridge:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Adger, W. N., I. Lorenzoni, and K. O’Brien. 2009a. Adaptation now. In Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance . W. N. Adger, I. Lorenzoni, and K. L. O’Brien, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Adger, W. N., S. Dessai, M. Goulden, M. Hulme, I. Lorenzoni, D. R. Nelson, L. O. Naess, J. Wolf, and A. Wreford. 2009b. Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climatic Change 93(3-4):335-354.

Adler, M. D., and E. A. Posner. 2006. New Foundations of Cost-Benefit Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Agrawala, S. 2004. Adaptation, development assistance and planning: Challenges and opportunities. IDS Bulletin—Institute of Development Studies 35:50-54.

Agrawal, A. 2008. The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. In Social Dimensions of Climate Change Workshop . Washington, DC: Social Development Department, The World Bank.

Agrawal, A., and N. Perrin. 2008. Climate Adaptation, Local Institutions, and Rural Livelihoods . Ann Arbor, MI: International Forestry Resources and Institutions Program, University of Michigan.

AGU (American Geophysical Union). 2009. Geoengineering the Climate System. A Position Statement of the American Geophysical Union (adopted by the AGU Council on December 13, 2009). Washington, DC: AGU.

Airame, S., J. E. Dugan, K. D. Lafferty, H. Leslie, D. A. Mcardle, and R. R. Warner. 2003. Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: A case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13 (1):S170-S184.

Akbari, H., M. Pomerantz, and H. Taha. 2001. Cool surfaces and shade trees to reduce energy use and improve air quality in urban areas. Solar Energy 70(3):295-310.

Akbari, H., S. Menon, and A. Rosenfeld. 2009. Global cooling: Increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO 2 . Climatic Change 94(3-4):275-286.

Albrecht, A., D. Schindler, K. Grebhan, U. Kohnle, and H. Mayer. 2009. Storminess over the North-Atlantic European region under climate change—a review. Allgemeine Forst Und Jagdzeitung 180(5-6):109-118.

Aldy, J. E., and R. N. Stavins. 2007. Architectures for Agreement . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Alheit, J., and E. Hagen. 1997. Long-term climate forcing of European herring and sardine populations.1997. Long-term climate forcing of European herring and sardine populations. Fisheries Oceanography 6:130-139.

Allan, J. D., M. A. Palmer, and N. L. Poff. 2005. Climate change and freshwater ecosystems. Pp. 272-290 in Climate Change and Biodiversity . T. E. Lovejoy and L. Hannah, eds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Alley, R. B., J. Marotzke, W. D. Nordhaus, J. T. Overpeck, D. M. Peteet, R. A. Pielke, Jr., R. T. Pierrehumbert, P. B. Rhines, T. F. Stocker, L. D. Talley, and J. M. Wallace. 2003. Abrupt climate change. Science 299(5615):2005-2010.

Alley, W. M. 1984. The Palmer Drought Severity Index—Limitations and assumptions . Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 23:1100-1109.

Alley, W. M., T. E. Reilly, and F. O. Lehn. 1999. Sustainability of ground-water resources. In U.S. Geological Survey Circular . Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Available at http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS22429 . Accessed December 3, 2009.

AMS (American Meteorological Society). 2009. Geoengineering the Climate System. A Policy Statement of the American Meteorological Society (adopted by the AMS Council on July 20, 2009). Washington, DC: AMS.

Anderies, J. M., M. A. Janssen, and E. Ostrom. 2004. A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecology and Society 9 (1):18. Available at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art18/print.pdf . Accessed May 10, 2010.

Anderson, P. J., and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 189:117-123.

Andersson, K., and E. Ostrom. 2008. Analyzing decentralized resource regimes from a polycentric perspective. Policy Sciences 41(1):71-93.

Andreadis, K. M., and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2006. Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States. Geophysical Research Letters 33(10).

Andreae, M. O., and P. Merlet. 2001. Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(4):955-966.

Angel, S., S. Sheppard, and D. Civco. 2005. The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion. Washington, DC: Department of Transport and Urban Development, The World Bank.

Angert, A., S. Biraud, C. Bonfils, C. C. Henning, W. Buermann, J. Pinzon, C. J. Tucker, and I. Fung. 2005. Drier summers cancel out the CO 2 uptake enhancement induced by warmer springs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:10823-10827.

Annan, J. D., J. C. Hargreaves, R. Ohgaito, A. Abe-Ouchi, and S. Emori. 2005. Efficiently constraining climate sensitivity with paleoclimate simulations. Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere 1:181-184.

Ansolabehere, S., and D. M. Koninsky. 2009. Public attitudes toward construction of new power plants. Public Opinion Quarterly 73(3):566-577.

Anthoff, D., R. S. J. Tol, and G.W. Yohe. 2009. Risk aversion, time preference, and the social cost of carbon. Environmental Research Letters 4(2):024002.

Anthoff, D., R. Nicholls, and R. Tol. 2010. The economic impact of substantial sea-level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 15(4):321-335.

Antle, J. M. 2009. Agriculture and the Food System . Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.

Archer, C. L., and M. Z. Jacobson. 2005. Evaluation of global wind power. Journal of Geophysical Research 110:D12110.

Archer, D., and B. Buffett. 2005. Time-dependent response of the global ocean clathrate reservoir to climatic and anthropogenic forcing. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 6.

Armitage, D., F. Berkes, and N. Doubleday, eds. 2007. Adaptive Co-Management: Collaboration, Learning, and Multi-Level Governance . Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

Arneth, A., N. Unger, M. Kulmala, and M. O. Andreae. 2009. Clean the air, heat the planet? Science 326(5953):672-673.

Arriaga, L., A. E. Castellanos, E. Moreno, and J. Alarcon. 2004. Potential ecological distribution of alien invasive species and risk assessment: A case study of buffel grass in arid regions of Mexico. Conservation Biology 18(6):1504-1514.

Arrigo, K. R., G. Van Dijken, and S. Pabi. 2008. Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production. Geophysical Research Letters 35 (19).

Arrow, K., R. Solow, P. R. Portney, E. E. Leamer, R. Radner, and H. Schuman. 1993. Report of the NOAA Panel on Contingent Valuation. Federal Register 58(1993):4601-4614.

Arrow, K., P. Dasgupta, L. Goulder, G. Daily, P. Ehrlich, G. Heal, S. Levin, K.-G. Maler, S. Schneider, D. Starrett, and B. Walker. 2004. Are we consuming too much? Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(3):147-172.

Arunachalam, V. S., and E. L. Fleischer. 2008. The global energy landscape and materials innovation.2008. The global energy landscape and materials innovation. MRS Bulletin 33(4):264-276.

Arvai, J., G Bridge, N. Dolsak, R. Franzese, T. Koontz, A. Luginbuhl, P. Robbins, K. Richards, K. Smith Korfmacher, B. Sohngen, J. Tansey, and A. Thompson. 2006. Adaptive management of the global climate problem: Bridging the gap between climate research and climate policy. Climatic Change 78:217-225.

ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers). 2009. Report Card for America’s Infastructure . Available at http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/ . Accessed April 29, 2010.

Asilomar Scientific Organizing Committee. 2010. Statement from the Asilomare International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies, March 26, 2010. Climate Response Fund, www.climateresponsefund.org .

Asner, G. P. 2009. Tropical forest carbon assessment: Integrating satellite and airborne mapping approaches. Environmental Research Letters 4(3).

Atkinson, G., and S. Mourato. 2008. Environmental cost-benefit analysis. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33(1):317-344.

Auffhammer, M., V. Ramanathan, and J. R. Vincent. 2006. Integrated model shows that atmospheric brown clouds and greenhouse gases have reduced rice harvests in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(52):19668-19672.

Auld, G., L. H. Gulbrandsen, and C. L. McDermott. 2008. Certification schemes and the impacts on forests and forestry.Certification schemes and the impacts on forests and forestry. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33:187-211.

Backlund, P., A. Janetos, and D. Schimel. 2008. Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources and Biodiversity in the United States. Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3. Washington, DC: U.S. Climate Change Science Program.

Bäckstrand, K. 2006. Democratizing global environmental governance? Stakeholder democracy after the World Summit on Sustainable Development. European Journal of International Relations 12(4):467-498.

Baer, P., J. Harte, B. Haya, A. V. Herzog, J. Holdren, N. E. Hultman, D. M. Kammen, R. B. Norgaard, and L. Raymond. 2000. Climate change: Equity and greenhouse gas responsibility. Science 289:2287.

Baker, D. J., R. W. Schmitt, and C. Wunsch. 2007. Endowments and new institutions for long-term observations. Oceanography 20(4):10-14.

Bakun, A. 1990. Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling Science 247 (4939):198-201.

Bakun, A., and S. J. Weeks. 2004. Greenhouse gas buildup, sardines, submarine eruptions and the possibility of abrupt degradation of intense marine upwelling ecosystems. Ecology Letters 7 (11):1015-1023.

Bala, G., K. Caldeira, M. Wickett, T. J. Phillips, D. B. Lobell, C. Delire, and A. Mirin. 2007. Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(16):6550-6555.

Baldocchi, D., and S. Wong. 2008. Accumulated winter chill is decreasing in the fruit growing regions of California. Climatic Change 87:S153-S166.

Bamber, J. L., R. L. Layberry, and S. P. Gogineni. 2001. A new ice thickness and bedrock data set for the Greenland ice sheet, measurement, data reduction, and errors. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(D24):33773-33733, 33780.

Bamber, J. L., R. E. M. Riva, B. L. A. Vermeersen, and A. M. Lebrocq. 2009.Reassessment of the potential sea-level rise from a2009. Reassessment of the potential sea-level rise from a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 324(5929):901-903.

Barbier, E. B., E. W. Koch, B. R. Silliman, S. D. Hacker, E. Wolanski, J. Primavera, E. F. Granek, S. Polasky, S. Aswani, L. A. Cramer, D. M. Stoms, C. J. Kennedy, D. Bael, C. V. Kappel, G. M. E. Perillo, and D. J. Reed. 2008. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values. Science 319(5861):321-323.

Barker, T., I. Bashmakov, A. Alharthi, M. Amann, L. Cifuentes, J. Drexhage, M. Duan, O. Edenhofer, B. Flannery, M. Grubb, M. Hoogwijk, F. I. Ibitoye, C. J. Jepma, W. A. Pizer, and K. Yamaji. 2007a. Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L. A. Meyer, eds. Cambridge, U.K. and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Barnett, J. 2001. The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era . London: Zed Books.

Barnett, J. 2003. Security and climate change. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 13(1):7-17.

Barnett, J. 2009. The prize of peace (is eternal vigilance): A cautionary editorial essay on climate geopolitics. Climatic Change 96(1-2):1-6.

Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, K. M. Achuta Rao, P. J. Gleckler, B. D. Santer, J. M. Gregory, and W. M. Washington. 2005a. Penetration of a warming signal in the world’s oceans: Human impacts. Science 309:284-287.

Barnett, T. P., J. C. Adam, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2005b. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438(7066):303-309.

Barnett, T. P., D. W. Pierce, H. G. Hidalgo, C. Bonfils, B. D. Santer, T. Das, G. Bala, A. W. Wood, T. Nozawa, A. A. Mirin, D. R. Cayan, and M. D. Dettinger. 2008. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the western United States. Science 319(5866):1080-1083.

Bartlett, S. 2008. Climate change and urban children: Impacts and implications for adaptation in low- and middle-income countries. Environment and Urbanization 20(2):501-519.

Baskett, M. L., S. A. Levin, S. D. Gaines, and J. Dushoff. 2005. Marine reserve design and the evolution of size at maturation in harvested fish. Ecological Applications 15 (3):882-901.

Bates, B., and Z. Kundzewicz. 2008. Climate Change and Water , IPCC Technical Paper 6 . Geneva: IPCC Secretariat.

Battin, J., M. Wiley, M. Ruckelshaus, R. Palmer, E. Korb, K. Bartz, and H. Imaki. 2007. Projected impacts of climate change on salmon habitat restoration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(16):6720-6725.

Batty, M. 2008. The size, scale, and shape of cities. Science 319(5864):769-771.

Bayley, P. B. 1981. Fish yield from the Amazon in Brazil—comparison with African river yields and management possibilities. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 110(3):351-359.

Becker, G. S. 2010 (March 17). U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues (RL34198). CRS (Congressional Research Service). Text available at LexisNexis Congressional Research Digital Collection. http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/RS22734.pdf . Accessed July 13, 2010.

Beckley, B. D., F. G. Lemoine, S. B. Luthcke, R. D. Ray, and N. P. Zelensky. 2007. A reassessment of global and regional mean sea level trends from TOPEX and Jason-1 altimetry based on revised reference frame and orbits. Geophysical Research Letters 34(14).

Behrenfeld, M. J., R. T. O’malley, D. A. Siegel, C. R. Mcclain, J. L. Sarmiento, G. C. Feldman, A. J. Milligan, P. G. Falkowski, R. M. Letelier, and E. S. Boss. 2006. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature 444 (7120):752-755.

Bell, M. L., F. Dominici, and J. M. Samet. 2005. A meta-analysis of time-series studies of ozone and mortality with comparison to the national morbidity, mortality, and air pollution study. Epidemiology 16(4):436-445.

Bell, M. L., R. D. Peng, and F. Dominici. 2006. The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(4):532-536.

Bell, M. L., R. Goldberg, C. Hogrefe, P. L. Kinney, K. Knowlton, B. Lynn, J. Rosenthal, C. Rosenzweig, and J. A. Patz. 2007. Climate change, ambient ozone, and health in 50 US cities. Climatic Change 82(1-2):61-76.

Beller-Simms, N., H. Ingram, D. Feldman, N. Mantua, K. Jacobs, and A. Waples, eds. 2008. Decision-Support Experiments and Evaluations Using Seasonal to Interannual Forecasts and Observational Data—A Focus on Water Resources . Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.3. Washington, DC: U.S. Climate Change Science Program, 192 pp.

Bender, M. A., T. R. Knutson, R. E. Tuleya, J. J. Sirutis, G. A. Vecchi, S. T. Garner, and I. M. Held. 2010. Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes. Science 327(5964):454-458.

Benestad, R. E. 2005. A review of the solar cycle length estimates. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L15714, doi:10.1029/2005GL023621.

Beniston, M. 2004. The 2003 heat wave in Europe: A shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations. Geophysical Research Letters 31(2).

Bernstein, P. L. 1998. Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk . New York: John Wiley.

Betsill, M. M. 2001. Mitigating climate change in US cities: Opportunities and obstacles. Local Environment 6:393-406.

Betsill, M. M., and H. Bulkeley. 2006. Cities and the multilevel governance of global climate change. Global Governance 12(2):141-159.

Betsill, M. M., and B. G. Rabe. 2009. Climate change and multi-level governance: The emerging state and local roles. In Towards Sustainable Communities , 2nd edition. D. A. Mazmanian and M. E. Kraft, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Betts, R. A., O. Boucher, M. Collins, P. M. Cox, P. D. Falloon, N. Gedney, D. L. Hemming, C. Huntingford, C. D. Jones, D. M. H. Sexton, and M. J. Webb. 2007. Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide. Nature 448(7157):1037-1041.

Biermann, F., M. M. Bestill, J. Gupta, N. Kanie, L. Lebel, D. Liverman, H. Schroeder, and B. Siebenhüner. 2009a. Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project . Bonn: Earth Systems Governance Project.

Biermann, F., P. Pattberg, H. van Asselt, and F. Zelli. 2009b. The fragmentation of global governance architectures: A framework for analysis. Global Environmental Politics 9(4):14-40.

Biermann, F., M. M. Betsill, S. C. Vieira, J. Gupta, N. Kanie, L. Lebel, D. Liverman, H. Schroeder, B. Siebenhüner, P. Z. Yanda, and R. Zondervan. 2010. Navigating the anthropocene: The Earth System Governance Project strategy paper. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(3): 202-208.

Bishr, M., and L. Mantelas. 2008. A trust and reputation model for filtering and classifying knowledge about urban growth. GeoJournal 72(3):229-237.

Bindoff, N. L., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C. K. Shum, L. D. Talley, and A. Unnikrishnan. 2007. Observations: Oceanic climate change and sea level. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M.Tignor, and H. L. Miller, eds. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Bingen, J., and L. Busch, eds. 2006. Agricultural Standards: The Shape of the Global Food and Fiber System . Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.

Black, J. S., P. C. Stern, and J. T. Elworth. 1985. Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations. Journal of Applied Psychology 70(1):3-21.

Blackford, J. C., and F. J. Gilbert. 2007. pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems 64 (1-4):229-241.

Blasing, T. J. 2008. Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Available at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.html . Accessed December 3, 2009.

Boden, T. A., G. Marland, and R. J. Andres. 2009.2009. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO 2 Emissions . Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, doi:10.3334/CDIAC/00001.

Boesch. D., J. C. Field, and D. Scavia. 2000. The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change on Coastal Areas and Marine Resources. Report of the Coastal Areas and Marine Resources Sector Team . U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Washintgon, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.

Bonan, G. B. 1999. Frost followed the plow: Impacts of deforestation on the climate of the United States. Ecological Applications 9(4):1305-1315.

Bonan, G. B. 2008. Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science 320(5882):1444-1449.

Borgerson, S. G. 2008. Arctic meltdown—The economic and security implications of global warming. Foreign Affairs 87(2):63-77.

Borlaug, N. 2007. Feeding a hungry world. Science 318:359-359.

Bosello, F., R. Roson, and R. S. J. Tol. 2007. Economy-wide estimates of the implications of climate change: Sea level rise. Environmental & Resource Economics 37(3):549-571.

Bostrom, A., and D. Lashof. 2007. Weather it’s climate change? Pp. 31-43 in Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change . S. C. Moser and L. Dilling, eds. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Bostrom, A., M. G. Morgan, B. Fischhoff, and D. Read. 1994. What do people know about global climate change? 1. Mental models. Risk Analysis 14(6):959-970.

Bounoua, L., R. Defries, G. J. Collatz, P. Sellers, and H. Khan. 2002. Effects of land cover conversion on surface climate. Climatic Change 52(1-2):29-64.

Bower, K., T. Choularton, J. Latham, J. Sahraei, and S. Salter. 2006. Computational assessment of a proposed technique for global warming mitigation via albedo-enhancement of marine stratocumulus clouds. Atmospheric Research 82(1-2):328-336.

Boyer, T. P., S. Levitus, J. I. Antonov, R. A. Locarnini, and H. E. Garcia. 2005. Linear trends in salinity for the World Ocean, 1955-1998. Geophysical Research Letters 32:L01604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021791.

Boyle, E. A., and L. Keigwin. 1987. North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the past 20,000 years linked to high-latitude surface temperature. Nature 330:35-40.

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Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for—and in many cases is already affecting—a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change , part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.

As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change.

Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

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Global Warming: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edn)

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Global warming is arguably the most critical and controversial issue facing the world in the twenty-first century. Global Warming: A Very Short Introduction provides a concise and accessible explanation of the key topics in the debate: how and why changes are occurring, setting these changes in the context of past global climate change, looking at the predicted impact of climate change, exploring the political controversies of recent years, and explaining the proposed solutions. Recent developments from US policy to the UK Climate Change Bill, and where we now stand with the Kyoto Protocol are described.

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Climate Change

Bibliography.

Shaftel, Holly. “Climate Change: How Do We Know?” Global Climate Change Vital Signs of the Planet . NASA, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

Shaftel, Holly. “Climate Change Causes: A Blanket around the Earth.” Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet . NASA, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.

Howardlee. “What Does past Climate Change Tell Us about Global Warming?” Skeptical Science . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Whitehouse, David, Dr. “Sunspot Reaching 1,000-year High.” BBC News . BBC News, 6 July 2004. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“The 97% Consensus on Global Warming.” Skeptical Science . N.p., 16 May 2013. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“Sun & Climate: Moving in opposite Directions.” Skeptical Science . N.p., 6 Aug. 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Avery, Dennis. “500 SCIENTISTS REFUTE GLOBAL WARMING DANGERS.” WND . N.p., 12 Sept. 2007. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Pattimer. “Positives and Negatives of Global Warming.” Skeptical Science . N.p., 5 July 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“National Green Bank.” US Climate Plan . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Public Transportation Reduces Greenhouse Gases and Conserves Energy (n.d.): n. pag. APTA.com . APTA. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“SUPPLY-SIDE FOSSIL FUEL REGULATIONS.” US Climate Plan . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“ENERGY INCENTIVES RESTRUCTURING.” US Climate Plan . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

“What You Can Do: At Home.” EPA.gov . Environmental Protection Agency, 4 Nov. 2015. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

and what the United States needs to do about it

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• Last Updated: May 16, 2024 1:42 PM
• URL: https://slulibrary.saintleo.edu/global_warming

The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Change: Global vs. Local Temperature

This paper estimates that the macroeconomic damages from climate change are six times larger than previously thought. We exploit natural variability in global temperature and rely on time-series variation. A 1°C increase in global temperature leads to a 12% decline in world GDP. Global temperature shocks correlate much more strongly with extreme climatic events than the country-level temperature shocks commonly used in the panel literature, explaining why our estimate is substantially larger. We use our reduced-form evidence to estimate structural damage functions in a standard neoclassical growth model. Our results imply a Social Cost of Carbon of $1,056 per ton of carbon dioxide. A business-as-usual warming scenario leads to a present value welfare loss of 31%. Both are multiple orders of magnitude above previous estimates and imply that unilateral decarbonization policy is cost-effective for large countries such as the United States.

Adrien Bilal gratefully acknowledges support from the Chae Family Economics Research Fund at Harvard University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Threatened species have declined 2% a year since 2000: Nature positive? Far from it.

by Megan C Evans, Brendan Wintle and Hugh Possingham, The Conversation

The government has great aspirations. It has committed to end extinctions and expand our protected areas to cover 30% of every Australian ecosystem by 2030. This is part of its Nature Positive Plan , aligned with the 2022 Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity pact . The goal is not just to conserve nature but to restore what is being lost.

But how can these goals be reconciled with a budget that allocated more public money to carbon capture and storage than biodiversity?

This week's federal budget was a new low point for investment in nature. Environmental groups roundly criticized the " bad budget for nature ", which delivered next-to-no money to protect and recover Australia's unique and threatened biodiversity.

Research has shown Australians want at least 2% of the federal budget spent on nature. Instead, less than 0.1% of the budget spend will support biodiversity in some way. Over the past decade, biodiversity funding has gone down 25% relative to GDP.

Let's say the government decided it was finally time to roll up the sleeves and do something. How would they go about it? What would it take to actually reverse the decline, as the government says it wants to in its Nature Positive approach?

Our threatened species populations have been declining by about 2–3% a year over the past 20 years. The first step is to stop the fall. Then the challenge is to restore dwindling species and ecosystems.

The Dow Jones for threatened species goes down, down, down

Australia now has a Threatened Species Index . Think of it like the Dow Jones for wildlife. It uses trend data from bird, mammal and plant species collected from over 10,000 sites to measure progress for nature in Australia.

Last year, Treasurer Jim Chalmers talked up the index as part of the first national "well-being budget" , which aimed to measure Australia's progress across a range of social, health and sustainability indicators.

What does the index tell us? You can see for yourself. The health of our threatened species has fallen by about 2–3% a year since the turn of the century.

If, as is likely, the trend continues, it will lead to the extinction of many more of our unique native animals and plant species. It will signal the failure of the government's Nature Positive policy and a global biodiversity tragedy.

Given we have had decades of successive decline, what would be needed to reach the goal of nature positive?

Nature positive actually has a very specific meaning. It would: "halt and reverse nature loss measured from a baseline of 2020, through increasing the health, abundance, diversity and resilience of species, populations and ecosystems so that by 2030 nature is visibly and measurably on the path of recovery."

This definition gives us a clear, measurable timeline for action, often described as nature's answer to net zero .

To reach nature positive means halting biodiversity loss by 2030 so that in the future there is much more biodiversity, relative to a 2020 baseline.

What would that look like using the Threatened Species Index? To get on track with nature positive, we would have to stop the index declining, stabilize, and then increase from 2030 onward.

Of course, strong environmental laws and aligned policies are needed to effectively prevent further loss of habitat.

But we also need to invest in restoring what has been lost. Scientists think this is possible with $2 billion a year to recover our most threatened native plants and animals, and another $2 billion annually to drive ecosystem restoration across Australia.

The budget is not nature positive

In the budget papers , the government uses the Threatened Species Index as a performance measure for its nature positive goal. It expects the trajectory of the index to be "maintained or improved" out to 2027–28.

But given our species and ecosystems are steadily declining, year after year, to maintain a trajectory is simply to embrace the decline. It's not nature positive at all. The government could make minor improvements, slowing the collapse, and claim it was improving the lot of nature.

Imagine if our GDP growth was negative and the government's goal was merely to slow its decline over the next five years—there would be national uproar.

If the government is serious about nature positive—which is an excellent goal—it would be setting more ambitious targets. For instance, the goal could be for the index to climb back up to 2020 levels by the end of the decade.

Instead, Labor is planning for biodiversity decline to continue, while describing it as "nature positive."

Watching over the steady decline of our species and calling it nature positive makes about as much sense as opening up new gas fields and calling it net zero.

Greenwashing nature positive

Unfortunately, this is not the first time the government has engaged in nature positive greenwash.

In coming weeks, the government will introduce bills to parliament to establish two new agencies, Environment Information Australia and Environmental Protection Australia. But there will be one bill missing—the reformed federal environment laws , intended to give teeth to the nature positive push.

The laws were pushed back indefinitely , to the shock of scientists and environmental groups .

But let's be generous and say these laws finally make it to parliament after the next election. Would they be enough to stop our species losses and put the Threatened Species Index onto a nature positive trajectory?

It's unlikely .

The consultation documents show the government is aiming to deliver "net positive outcomes," whereby development impacts to threatened species and ecosystems are more than compensated for.

But we don't know the detail. How much improvement is the government aiming for? In the draft laws, this figure is listed simply as "at least X%".

Time to aim higher

It is hard not to feel dispirited over the government's backtracking on its promise to "not shy away from difficult problems or accept environmental decline and extinction as inevitable."

But we cannot give up. As the plight of nature worsens, even iconic species such as the koala and platypus are now at risk. As ecosystems collapse, our food security, health and well-being, communities and businesses will suffer.

Perhaps one day we will have a government able to grasp the nettle and actually tackle the nature crisis —for the sake of all of us.

Provided by The Conversation

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How likely is it that the US reaches 50% Global Warming Gas Reduction by 2030?

Zoom id: 969 4285 6374; password: 108789.

ABSTRACT: In this seminar I will discuss at least six pathways that have been proposed to reach the stated goal of GWG reduction by 2030. But the question is: How accurate are these predictions? The models developed by NREL, and other energy modeling organizations aim to predict both the generation and demand side of the energy system, and the technologies needed to achieve a balance between them. These modes typically require super computers to optimize over several days of runtimes. Policy makers usually rely on others to generate and interpret the results for them. What these models don’t take into account is social input. "Not in my backyard” is a social phenomenon that seriously hampers the implementation of new and existing energy technologies. To overcome some of the limitations of these heavy models, we have developed a simple-to-use tool targeted for policy makers and energy customers to run what-if scenarios on a laptop computer. I will describe the design and implementation of the Energy System Trade-off Estimator (ESTE) and the (unexpected) results of a case study in South Africa.

Biography: Dr. Lambertus Hesselink is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, by courtesy. He has presented over 270 keynote and invited presentations at scientific meetings, he has organized over 80 scientific meetings, published over 500 papers in scientific journals, over 15 book chapters, and was an editor of Applied Optics, Applied Scientific Research, and IEEE Transaction on Visualization. He has over 100 issued and pending patent applications worldwide. He pioneered 3-D optical data storage technology, demonstrating world-record performance in 2000. He built the first Internet controlled laboratory in 1998. His group pioneered the field of topological matrix and tensor visualization in the middle 1990’s. He founded three startup companies, consulted for Fortune 100 corporations worldwide, co-designed the Astronaut Memorial, was a member of the Hubble Space Telescope Committee, and a member of the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. Among other honors, he is a Member of the National Academy of Inventors, the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the OSA and SPIE, and he studied at Caltech as a Fulbright scholar.