what is more important taste or nutrition essay

Linda, from Italy, Scored Band 7.5

All 4 Writing eBooks for just  $25.86 30% Discount Find out more >>

IELTS Modules:

Other resources:.

• All Lessons
• Band Score Calculator
• Writing Feedback
• Speaking Feedback
• Teacher Resources
• Free Downloads
• Recent Essay Exam Questions
• Books for IELTS Prep
• Useful Links

Recent Articles

IELTS Bundle Writing eBooks: 30% Off

Jun 01, 24 09:55 AM

House Sitting

May 31, 24 03:59 AM

Key Phrases for IELTS Speaking: Fluency and Coherence

May 26, 24 06:52 AM

Important pages

IELTS Writing IELTS Speaking IELTS Listening   IELTS Reading All Lessons Vocabulary Academic Task 1 Academic Task 2 Practice Tests

Connect with us

Before you go...

Check out the ielts buddy band 7+ ebooks & courses.

Copyright © 2022- IELTSbuddy All Rights Reserved

IELTS is a registered trademark of University of Cambridge, the British Council, and IDP Education Australia. This site and its owners are not affiliated, approved or endorsed by the University of Cambridge ESOL, the British Council, and IDP Education Australia.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Yale J Biol Med
• v.91(2); 2018 Jun

Focus: Nutrition and Food Science

Importance of nutrients and nutrient metabolism on human health, yiheng chen.

a School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada

Marek Michalak

b Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Luis B. Agellon

Nutrition transition, which includes a change from consumption of traditional to modern diets that feature high-energy density and low nutrient diversity, is associated with acquired metabolic syndromes. The human diet is comprised of diverse components which include both nutrients, supplying the raw materials that drive multiple metabolic processes in every cell of the body, and non-nutrients. These components and their metabolites can also regulate gene expression and cellular function via a variety of mechanisms. Some of these components are beneficial while others have toxic effects. Studies have found that persistent disturbance of nutrient metabolism and/or energy homeostasis, caused by either nutrient deficiency or excess, induces cellular stress leading to metabolic dysregulation and tissue damage, and eventually to development of acquired metabolic syndromes. It is now evident that metabolism is influenced by extrinsic factors ( e.g. , food, xenobiotics, environment), intrinsic factors ( e.g. , sex, age, gene variations) as well as host/microbiota interaction, that together modify the risk for developing various acquired metabolic diseases. It is also becoming apparent that intake of diets with low-energy density but high in nutrient diversity may be the key to promoting and maintaining optimal health.

Introduction

Over the last several decades, many jurisdictions around the world have witnessed the increasing prevalence of acquired metabolic syndromes, in particular obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases [ 1 - 4 ]. In recent years, the upward trend is especially striking in developing countries where changes in diets and lifestyle accompany modernization [ 1 , 5 ]. To counter the increasing public health complications caused by changing nutrition practices, health organizations have provided dietary recommendations [ 6 ]. Whereas past interventions designed to address cases of single nutrient deficiencies have achieved clear indicators of success [ 7 ], intervention trials that target a single class of nutrients to manage the emergence of metabolic diseases in the general population have not produced definitive results [ 8 , 9 ]. It is increasingly being realized that comprehensive analysis of what is being consumed together with the eating pattern, rather than focusing on single nutrients, may be more informative in formulating effective dietary recommendations.

Recent advances in high-throughput analysis have assisted in a better understanding of metabolism and revealed the active role of nutrients and their metabolites in regulating gene expression and cellular function. Nutrients and their metabolites not only serve as building blocks of cellular structures and as fuel sources, but also serve as direct modifiers of protein function, potent signaling molecules as well as inducers and repressors of gene expression. Many of them participate in regulating gene expression by directly modulating the activities of transcription factors and by moderating the changes in epigenetic markings in the genome. One view that is emerging is that optimal cellular homeostasis is crucial for maintaining health and avoiding diseases caused by nutrient deficiency or excess. In addition, intrinsic factors ( e.g. , sex, age, gene variations), extrinsic factors ( e.g. , food, xenobiotics, environment) as well as host/microbiota interaction can influence the assimilation, transformation, and action of both nutrients and non-nutrient components of food. This review considers the importance of nutrient diversity and energy density on cellular metabolism in health and disease ( Figure 1 ).

Factors that influence human health . A . Relationship of nutrient diversity (ND) and energy density (ED) in equivalent portion sizes, and their impact on cellular metabolism. B . Extrinsic factors ( e.g. , food, xenobiotics, environment), intrinsic factors ( e.g. , sex, gene variations, age), and host-microbiota interaction work together to modulate gene expression program, biological processes, and nutrient and energy metabolism.

Quality of Nutrition

Single nutrient interventions such as fortification of milk with vitamin D, cereal with iron, and table salt with iodine were effective in treating the corresponding nutrient deficiencies [ 10 ]. However, when applied to acquired metabolic syndromes that prevail in modern societies, the same approach has yielded inconclusive results [ 11 , 12 ]. For example, decreasing dietary intakes of saturated fatty acid or cholesterol, and increasing the intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do not appear to be effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. The importance of the entire diet that is consumed as a regular practice is being recognized, and an increasing number of studies are analyzing dietary pattern to identify possible causes of under- and over-nutrition. By definition, dietary pattern characterizes the overall diet by the quantities, the proportion, and the variety of foods and beverage as well as the frequency of consumption [ 15 ]. The Mediterranean pattern and Western-style pattern are two commonly practiced dietary patterns. The Mediterranean diet contains a high proportion of fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry with an emphasis on monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, whereas the Western-style diet is generally characterized by energy-dense foods like butter, high-fat dairy products, refined grains, as well as processed and red meat, leaving less space for other nutrients especially those coming from fruits and vegetables. Epidemiological studies have found that the Mediterranean dietary pattern has preventive and protective effects against cardiovascular diseases [ 16 , 17 ], whereas the Western-style dietary pattern is positively associated with dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes [ 18 , 19 ].

Nutrition transition refers to the shift of diet from traditional to modern along with an increase in sedentary behavior, that occur in conjunction with modernization. The concept of nutrition transition was initially proposed by Popkin [ 20 , 21 ] to demonstrate how economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes interact with shifts in dietary consumption and energy expenditure. Interestingly, some countries in East Asia have lower prevalence of certain acquired metabolic syndromes compared to other societies at comparable stages of nutrition transition [ 2 , 5 , 22 ]. This might be partially due to retention of traditional dietary patterns, which promote consumption of foods with a wider array of nutrients and lower energy density [ 23 - 25 ]. However, the reasons underlying the discrepancy are complex, and extend beyond the chemical composition of food to include social and economic issues. Nevertheless, there is evidence supporting the idea that calorie restriction is beneficial for longevity [ 26 - 28 ], providing support for the potential benefit of low-energy density diets ( Figure 1 A).

The prevailing global increase in the development of acquired metabolic syndromes is associated with nutrition transition [ 29 , 30 ]. One proposed concept that potentially explains the pathogenesis of these syndromes stems from persistent modification of cellular function in response to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and other organelles that make up the cellular reticular network [ 31 ]. Both nutrient deficiency (undernutrition) and nutrient excess (over-nutrition) cause the loss of nutrient/energy homeostasis and thus trigger cellular stress. Coping response mechanisms, such as the unfolded protein response mechanism [ 31 - 33 ], are activated to resolve stress. In the case of a maladaptive response, programmed cell death is activated to remove malfunctioning cells. On the other hand, persistent adjustment of cellular functions enables cells to cope even with continued exposure to stress inducers. Stress coping response mechanisms initially promote adaptive strategies to recover homeostasis in the short term but become pathogenic in the long term due to long-term modification of cellular functions.

Food Components

Food is a complex combination of numerous components which can be classified into nutrients and non-nutrients. Nutrients have been traditionally classified as macronutrients and micronutrients. Plants and animals do not have identical nutrient requirements and produce nutrient metabolites that may not be common to each other. Micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals, are needed in only small amounts, and are required for the proper function of important proteins and enzymes. Macronutrients, which include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are typically needed in large amounts. The benefits of consuming macronutrients are self-evident since their subunits serve as building blocks of cellular structures and as energy substrates in all organisms. Some species are unable to synthesize key metabolites needed for survival, and thus must obtain these from other species. These essential metabolites, along with minerals, make up a class of substances referred to as essential nutrients. Non-nutrient components of food are those that cannot be categorized as either macronutrients or micronutrients. These substances include both natural and synthetic compounds. They can be beneficial ( e.g. fiber, and some polyphenolic compounds produced by plants), non-beneficial ( e.g. many food additives, and preservatives) or even toxic ( e.g. xenobiotics, and antibiotics, also some plant-derived polyphenolic compounds) [ 34 , 35 ]. It has become evident that both nutrients and non-nutrients, as well as their metabolites, have the capacity to modulate gene expression, protein function and epigenome [ 36 - 38 ].

The potential of macronutrients and their metabolites to regulate metabolic function is typically taken for granted. For example, the monosaccharide fructose is commonly used as a sweetener in commercially prepared foods and is present in these foods at exceedingly high amounts compared to natural foods [ 39 ]. Fructose is known to stimulate de novo lipid synthesis in the liver and to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in many cell types [ 40 , 41 ]. In general, excess glucose and fructose induce cellular stress which leads to the development of insulin resistance and fatty liver disease [ 40 , 42 , 43 ]. Certain amino acids have been shown to act as signaling molecules to regulate cellular growth and proliferation via mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) [ 44 , 45 ], whose function has been implicated in many human diseases [ 46 ]. Some fatty acids from fats and oils serve as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors as well as for transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors [ 47 , 48 ], and therefore regulate cellular processes and gene expression [ 49 ]. Saturated fatty acids have long been the focus of investigation as high intake of saturated fats was considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [ 50 ], however subsequent studies have not provided strong evidence for causality [ 9 ]. This may be partly attributable to the wide range of biological activities associated with different fatty acids species [ 51 ]. Palmitic acid, a fatty acid species that is enriched in the Western-style diet, is a potent inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress whereas oleic acid, a fatty acid prominent in the Mediterranean diet, has been shown to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress [ 52 , 53 ]. Importantly, the surplus of nutrients and energy induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammatory responses that lead to systemic metabolic dysregulation [ 31 , 32 ].

Many metabolic diseases caused by micronutrient deficiencies can be corrected by restoring the missing micronutrients in the diet [ 54 , 55 ]. One critical aspect of micronutrient supplementation applied to the general population is overdose. Some of these compounds are potent modulators of nuclear receptors and have serious impacts on the activities of multiple metabolic pathways. For example, deficiency of vitamin A can lead to blindness while its excess is teratogenic. Vitamin D also modulates the expression of many genes that participate in many pathways [ 56 ], and its deficiency causes rickets. However, it is not yet known if it is possible to overdose with this micronutrient. Excessive dietary intake of minerals can be equally deleterious, as exemplified by diet-induced hypertension due to high intake of sodium [ 57 ].

Other metabolites produced by the mammalian metabolic machinery also play critical roles in metabolism. For example, cholesterol serves as a membrane component, signaling molecule, and precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile acids [ 58 ]. Bile acids aid in the absorption of dietary fats and lipid-soluble compounds, and also act as signaling molecules modulating macronutrient and energy metabolism, inflammatory responses, and detoxification through intracellular ligand-activated nuclear receptors [ 59 ]. Gut bacteria are capable of metabolizing bile acids and one of the products is a secondary bile acid referred to as ursodeoxycholic acid. It is of interest to note that this bile acid and its taurine-conjugated derivative can alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting proteostasis [ 60 ], and has been shown to be effective in preventing cardiac fibrosis [ 61 , 62 ].

The non-nutrient components of food can be beneficial or non-beneficial. Beneficial ones include fiber and certain types of plant polyphenolic compounds. Dietary fiber, derived from plant-based foods, is not an effective nutrient for humans, but serves as a nutrient for gut microflora. Some of the products generated from dietary fiber include short chain fatty acids ( e.g. , butyric and propionic acids) that are absorbed in the lower gut and serve as both energy substrates and regulators of host metabolism [ 63 , 64 ]. Plant polyphenolic compounds have been popularized as anti-oxidants. However, there are numerous polyphenolic compounds present in plants, and these compounds likely have a wide range of biological activities and effects on human metabolism [ 65 , 66 ]. A polyphenolic-rich extract prepared from potatoes exhibits beneficial activity by attenuating weight gain in mice fed with obesity-inducing high fat diet [ 67 ]. There is also emerging evidence for the modulating effect of polyphenols on the composition and metabolic activity of gut microbiota that provides potential benefits to the host [ 68 ]. Not all polyphenolic compounds are beneficial, as some compounds such as caffeic acid and genistein may be carcinogenic or genotoxic at high dosage [ 34 , 69 , 70 ]. It is commonly assumed that synthetic food additives (colorants, preservatives, sweeteners) do not have effects on metabolism, but this assumption should be tested regularly to ensure food safety. Other xenobiotics ( e.g. pollutants, drugs, and agricultural chemicals) that find their way into the food supply can influence human health directly, by disrupting normal metabolic processes, or indirectly, by influencing the composition of the gut microbiota [ 71 ]. All food components likely work together to drive metabolic processes in every cell of the body.

Factors that Influence Human Nutrition

It is now evident that both extrinsic factors (such as food, xenobiotics, environment) and intrinsic factors (such as sex, age, gene variations), separately and cooperatively, influence nutrient metabolism and the risk for developing various metabolic diseases ( Figure 1 B). Extrinsic factors are important in dictating the efficiency of nutrient metabolism and health outcomes, including physical cues such as photoperiod and temperature. For example, the alternating light/dark photoperiod of the day-night cycles is important in setting endogenous circadian rhythms, which in turn are intimately linked to the regulation of metabolic activity [ 72 ]. Detrimental environments, which include situations that induce the release of stress hormones, can impair the ability of the body to sense and respond to metabolic challenges [ 73 - 75 ]. Extrinsic factors also promote alterations of the epigenome which can have long-lasting impacts on nutrient and energy metabolism and contribute to the development of metabolic disorders in organs like the heart ( e.g. coronary heart disease) and the brain ( e.g. , Alzheimer’s disease) [ 76 - 78 ].

Similarly, intrinsic factors such as gene variations, sex, and age, influence the efficiency of nutrient metabolism ( Figure 1 B). Genetic variations impact on the efficacy of metabolic pathways by affecting the function and specific activities of membrane transporters, receptors, signaling proteins, enzymes, carrier proteins, transcription factors, and other proteins involved in the transport, sensing and processing of specific nutrients [ 79 ]. For example, single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding taste receptors influence food preferences [ 80 ]. Variations in NPC1L1 cholesterol transporter influence dietary cholesterol absorption [ 81 , 82 ]. Sex and aging determine the biological context and represent important modifiers of metabolic efficiency. Males and females have distinct features in terms of metabolic profiles, gene expression programs, and susceptibility to diseases [ 83 - 87 ]. Aging is associated with the loss of metabolic efficiency caused by deterioration of cellular and genetic components resulting from chemical damage accumulated through life stages. At the cellular level, aging is associated with gradual changes in cellular processes designed to maintain homeostasis. However, these adaptive changes that alter cellular metabolism may contribute towards the loss of metabolic efficiency at the organismal level [ 31 ]. Remodeling of the epigenome through life stages may also influence disease susceptibility in elderly individuals [ 37 ].

The gut microbiota represents an important interaction nexus for extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the metabolism of nutrients ( Figure 1 ). This enormous ecosystem has gained increased attention in recent years for its role in health and disease. Due to its location, the gut microbiota is exposed not only to the same extrinsic factors experienced by the host but also the metabolites and products produced by the host, such as bile acids, digestive enzymes, and other substances excreted into the gut. Males and females have distinct microbiomes, as do young and old individuals [ 62 , 88 , 89 ]. Recent studies show that the composition of the gut microbiota can have dramatic effects on the phenotype of the host. For example, transplantation of fecal microbiota from a twin pair discordant for obesity into germ-free mice reproduces the obese/lean phenotypes of the donors in their respective recipients [ 90 ]. Gut microbiota taken from children suffering from kwashiorkor can induce significant weight loss when transplanted into germ-free recipient mice [ 91 ]. Moreover, the gut microbiota may be capable of altering the susceptibility of its host to metabolic diseases, by transforming non-nutrient components of food into useful nutrients for the host. Short-chain fatty acids produced from breakdown of dietary fibers can influence the expression of genes involved in proliferation and differentiation of mammalian colonic epithelial cells. They also serve as energy substrate elsewhere in the host [ 63 , 92 ]. Other non-nutrient components of food, such as artificial sweeteners which are deemed safe for human consumption, have been shown to induce dysbiosis in gut microbiota, transforming it into a pathogenic profile [ 35 ]. It was recently suggested that even the use of natural substances, such as trehalose, as routine food additives could have deadly consequences for public health [ 93 ]. The emergence of a highly infectious strain of Clostridium difficile is coincident with the introduction of trehalose into prepared foods, and it is suggested that this compound had permitted the selection and expansion of pathogenic strains by providing a carbon source and energy substrate not normally used by the non-pathogenic strain of this bacterium [ 35 ]. These examples illustrate the importance and interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic factors in modulating and integrating nutrient metabolism, and in determining the nutritional status of the organism.

Technologies Used in the Study of Metabolism and Nutrition

Over the last few decades, the study of metabolism and nutrition has gradually increased in scope in its mission to find ways of alleviating hunger and improving nutrition and health status. With better understanding of cellular and whole-body metabolism, it has become apparent that optimal nutrition is not simply a case of energy adequacy but also that of nutrient diversity ( Figure 1 A). To address the complicated metabolic disorders that stem from over-nutrition and sub-optimal nutrition, it is necessary to apply multipronged approaches using a variety of experimental systems targeted at various levels of biological organization ( Figure 2 ).

Modern approaches used in the study of nutrition . Descriptive data obtained by Omics technologies from both human studies and animal models to guide mechanistic studies in in vitro and cell models. These approaches collectively provide information for the design of interventions for promoting optimal nutrition.

Animals and humans do not share identical nutrient requirements, but animal models have nonetheless been indispensable in elucidating the processes involved in the metabolism of nutrients. Transgenic and targeted gene disruption technologies applied to mice have greatly contributed to understanding the role of specific genes and their associated polymorphisms in dictating the efficiency of nutrient metabolism. It has been possible to recapitulate human metabolic diseases in these models, as well as to allow the study of human genes in vivo [ 94 - 97 ]. The recent advent of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing will further simplify the creation of new animal models [ 98 ]. With better awareness of the impact of sex differences [ 85 ], future studies can be designed to collect information from both sexes in regard to responses to specific nutritional interventions. Cell culture models have served as useful platforms for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that underlie nutrient metabolism. The use of cells from both experimental animals and human donors can also highlight species-specific differences that impact on nutrition. These models can help to provide insights into descriptive data generated by human intervention trials. It will be important to rigorously design these intervention trials so that these studies generate high quality data that are needed for reliable interpretations.

Omics technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) provide a diverse and rich source of descriptive information needed for the detailed surveillance of nutrient metabolism in humans and experimental models [ 99 ]. Fortunately, suites of mature bioinformatics tools and the necessary computing power are now available to decipher these data and infer relationships among genomes, metabolic processes, and cellular functions that are relevant to health and disease [ 88 , 100 - 102 ]. A coordinated strategy may be useful in integrating the mechanistic and descriptive information drawn from various sources to generate the knowledge that can ultimately be used to formulate useful recommendations for optimal human nutrition and health.

Nutrients have been commonly regarded as nourishment, providing raw materials needed for cells growth and proliferation, and fuel for powering cellular metabolism. However, in addition to these roles, it is evident that nutrients and their metabolites are also active in the facilitation, regulation, and coordination of the vast number of cellular processes that operate to maintain cellular homeostasis. Effective cellular function depends on context, such as sex and age, as well as ideal supply of necessary nutrients. The processed foods that are prominent in the Western-style dietary pattern may be the important factor responsible for the rise of acquired metabolic syndromes as seen in developed societies. The long-term consumption of these foods, which typically have poor nutrient diversity and excessive energy content, lead to deficiencies in key nutrients and excess fuel substrates that likely trigger the loss of cellular nutrient/energy homeostasis. Due to the continued exposure of cells to stressors, the metabolic changes at the cellular level intended initially as adaptive strategies, persist and ultimately become the driver of metabolic dysfunction at the organismal level. Recent advances in high-throughput analyses, creation of animal models of human metabolic diseases and bioinformatic tools hold promise for accelerating the process of formulating more effective nutritional recommendations. In the meantime, consumption of foods with low-energy density and high nutrient diversity seems to be a prudent approach for minimizing cellular stress and the promotion of optimal cellular function and health.

Acknowledgments

Research in our laboratories is funded by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

Author Contributions

Yiheng Chen, BSc, prepared a draft of the manuscript; Marek Michalak, PhD, and Luis Agellon, PhD, provided guidance on topic selection, manuscript outline construction, discussions during the writing process, and editing of the manuscript.

• GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 . Lancet . 2017; 390 ( 10100 ):1345–422. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data . Lancet . 2005; 365 ( 9455 ):217–23. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, Reynolds K, He J. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030 . Int J Obes . 2008; 32 ( 9 ):1431–7. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030 . Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2010; 87 ( 1 ):4–14. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2008; 93 ( 11 Suppl 1):S9–30. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• World Health Organization Healthy diet 2015. [cited 2018 30 Jan]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/
• Boy E, Mannar V, Pandav C, de Benoist B, Viteri F, Fontaine O, et al. Achievements, challenges, and promising new approaches in vitamin and mineral deficiency control . Nutr Rev . 2009; 67 Suppl 1 :S24–30. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: an updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . Ann Intern Med . 2013; 159 ( 12 ):824–34. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease . Am J Clin Nutr . 2010; 91 ( 3 ):535–46. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Miller DD, Welch RM. Food system strategies for preventing micronutrient malnutrition . Food Policy . 2013; 42 :115–28. [ Google Scholar ]
• Desai CK, Huang J, Lokhandwala A, Fernandez A, Riaz IB, Alpert JS. The role of vitamin supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease events . Clin Cardiol . 2014; 37 ( 9 ):576–81. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Martini LA, Catania AS, Ferreira SR. Role of vitamins and minerals in prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Nutr Rev . 2010; 68 ( 6 ):341–54. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Berger S, Raman G, Vishwanathan R, Jacques PF, Johnson EJ. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Am J Clin Nutr . 2015; 102 ( 2 ):276–94. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Siscovick DS, Barringer TA, Fretts AM, Wu JH, Lichtenstein AH, Costello RB, et al. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association . Circulation . 2017; 135 ( 15 ):e867–84. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hu FB. Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology . Curr Opin Lipidol . 2002; 13 ( 1 ):3–9. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• de Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease . Lancet . 1994; 343 ( 8911 ):1454–9. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shen J, Wilmot KA, Ghasemzadeh N, Molloy DL, Burkman G, Mekonnen G, et al. Mediterranean Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Health . Annu Rev Nutr . 2015; 35 :425–49. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study . Circulation . 2008; 117 ( 6 ):754–61. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• McEvoy CT, Cardwell CR, Woodside JV, Young IS, Hunter SJ, McKinley MC. A posteriori dietary patterns are related to risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis . J Acad Nutr Diet . 2014; 114 ( 11 ):1759-75 e4. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Popkin BM. Nutritional patterns and transitions . Popul Dev Rev . 1993:138–57. [ Google Scholar ]
• Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world . J Nutr . 2001; 131 ( 3 ):871S–3S. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol . 2008; 28 ( 4 ):629–36. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Niu K, Momma H, Kobayashi Y, Guan L, Chujo M, Otomo A, et al. The traditional Japanese dietary pattern and longitudinal changes in cardiovascular disease risk factors in apparently healthy Japanese adults . Eur J Nutr . 2016; 55 ( 1 ):267–79. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Song Y, Joung H. A traditional Korean dietary pattern and metabolic syndrome abnormalities . Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis . 2012; 22 ( 5 ):456–62. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Tada N, Maruyama C, Koba S, Tanaka H, Birou S, Teramoto T, et al. Japanese dietary lifestyle and cardiovascular disease . J Atheroscler Thromb . 2011; 18 ( 9 ):723–34. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Bishop NA, Guarente L. Genetic links between diet and lifespan: shared mechanisms from yeast to humans . Nat Rev Genet . 2007; 8 ( 11 ):835–44. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cohen HY, Miller C, Bitterman KJ, Wall NR, Hekking B, Kessler B, et al. Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase . Science . 2004; 305 ( 5682 ):390–2. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rogina B, Helfand SL. Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2004; 101 ( 45 ):15998–6003. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Selleck M, Stender S. Nutrition transition and its relationship to the development of obesity and related chronic diseases . Obes Rev . 2008; 9 Suppl 1 :48–52. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Reddy KS, Yusuf S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries . Circulation . 1998; 97 ( 6 ):596–601. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Groenendyk J, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Coping with endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cardiovascular system . Annu Rev Physiol . 2013; 75 :49–67. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cao SS, Kaufman RJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in cell fate decision and human disease . Antioxid Redox Signal . 2014; 21 ( 3 ):396–413. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hotamisligil GS, Davis RJ. Cell Signaling and Stress Responses . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol . 2016; 8 ( 10 ). [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Mennen LI, Walker R, Bennetau-Pelissero C, Scalbert A. Risks and safety of polyphenol consumption . Am J Clin Nutr . 2005; 81 ( 1 Suppl):326S–9S. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Suez J, Korem T, Zeevi D, Zilberman-Schapira G, Thaiss CA, Maza O, et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota . Nature . 2014; 514 ( 7521 ):181–6. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Choi SW, Friso S. Epigenetics: A New Bridge between Nutrition and Health . Adv Nutr . 2010; 1 ( 1 ):8–16. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic linkage of aging, cancer and nutrition . J Exp Biol . 2015; 218 ( Pt 1 ):59–70. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic diet: impact on the epigenome and cancer . Epigenomics . 2011; 3 ( 4 ):503–18. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. High-fructose corn syrup: is this what’s for dinner? Am J Clin Nutr . 2008; 88 ( 6 ):1722S–32S. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lee AH, Scapa EF, Cohen DE, Glimcher LH. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by the transcription factor XBP1 . Science . 2008; 320 ( 5882 ):1492–6. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Softic S, Cohen DE, Kahn CR. Role of Dietary Fructose and Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis in Fatty Liver Disease . Dig Dis Sci . 2016; 61 ( 5 ):1282–93. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Robertson RP. Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicity in pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes . J Biol Chem . 2004; 279 ( 41 ):42351–4. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Stanhope KL. Role of fructose-containing sugars in the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome . Annu Rev Med . 2012; 63 :329–43. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nicklin P, Bergman P, Zhang B, Triantafellow E, Wang H, Nyfeler B, et al. Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTOR and autophagy . Cell . 2009; 136 ( 3 ):521–34. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wang S, Tsun ZY, Wolfson RL, Shen K, Wyant GA, Plovanich ME, et al. Metabolism. Lysosomal amino acid transporter SLC38A9 signals arginine sufficiency to mTORC1 . Science . 2015; 347 ( 6218 ):188–94. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sabatini DM. Twenty-five years of mTOR: uncovering the link from nutrients to growth . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2017; 114 ( 45 ):11818–25. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology and therapeutics . Annu Rev Physiol . 2010; 72 :247–72. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Husted AS, Trauelsen M, Rudenko O, Hjorth SA, Schwartz TW. GPCR-Mediated Signaling of Metabolites . Cell Metab . 2017; 25 ( 4 ):777–96. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Georgiadi A, Kersten S. Mechanisms of gene regulation by fatty acids . Adv Nutr . 2012; 3 ( 2 ):127–34. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Posner BM, Cobb JL, Belanger AJ, Cupples LA, D’Agostino RB, Stokes J., 3rd Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. The Framingham Study . Arch Intern Med . 1991; 151 ( 6 ):1181–7. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Calder PC. Functional Roles of Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Human Health . JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr . 2015; 39 ( 1 Suppl):18S–32S. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Pardo V, Gonzalez-Rodriguez A, Muntane J, Kozma SC, Valverde AM. Role of hepatocyte S6K1 in palmitic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipotoxicity, insulin resistance and in oleic acid-induced protection . Food Chem Toxicol . 2015; 80 :298–309. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ricchi M, Odoardi MR, Carulli L, Anzivino C, Ballestri S, Pinetti A, et al. Differential effect of oleic and palmitic acid on lipid accumulation and apoptosis in cultured hepatocytes . J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2009; 24 ( 5 ):830–40. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications . Endocr Rev . 2001; 22 ( 4 ):477–501. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Stoltzfus RJ, Dreyfuss ML. Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia : Ilsi Press; Washington, DC; 1998. [ Google Scholar ]
• Berridge MJ. Vitamin D cell signalling in health and disease . Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2015; 460 ( 1 ):53–71. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Karppanen H, Mervaala E. Sodium intake and hypertension . Prog Cardiovasc Dis . 2006; 49 ( 2 ):59–75. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Lecerf JM, de Lorgeril M. Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk . Br J Nutr . 2011; 106 ( 1 ):6–14. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Zwicker BL, Agellon LB. Transport and biological activities of bile acids . Int J Biochem Cell Biol . 2013; 45 ( 7 ):1389–98. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Vega H, Agellon LB, Michalak M. The rise of proteostasis promoters . IUBMB Life . 2016; 68 ( 12 ):943–54. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Groenendyk J, Lee D, Jung J, Dyck JR, Lopaschuk GD, Agellon LB, et al. Inhibition of the Unfolded Protein Response Mechanism Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis . PLoS One . 2016; 11 ( 7 ):e0159682. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rani S, Sreenivasaiah PK, Kim JO, Lee MY, Kang WS, Kim YS, et al. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) attenuates pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress . PLoS One . 2017; 12 ( 4 ):e0176071. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• den Besten G, van Eunen K, Groen AK, Venema K, Reijngoud DJ, Bakker BM. The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism . J Lipid Res . 2013; 54 ( 9 ):2325–40. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, Rey FE, Backhed F, Manchester JK, et al. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2008; 105 ( 43 ):16767–72. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships . J Nutr Biochem . 2002; 13 ( 10 ):572–84. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Shay J, Elbaz HA, Lee I, Zielske SP, Malek MH, Huttemann M. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration . Oxid Med Cell Longev . 2015; 2015 :181260. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kubow S, Hobson L, Iskandar MM, Sabally K, Donnelly DJ, Agellon LB. Extract of Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) decreases body weight gain and adiposity and improves glucose control in the mouse model of diet-induced obesity . Mol Nutr Food Res . 2014; 58 ( 11 ):2235–8. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Cardona F, Andres-Lacueva C, Tulipani S, Tinahones FJ, Queipo-Ortuno MI. Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health . J Nutr Biochem . 2013; 24 ( 8 ):1415–22. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Klein CB, King AA. Genistein genotoxicity: critical considerations of in vitro exposure dose . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol . 2007; 224 ( 1 ):1–11. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Rietjens IM, Boersma MG, Haan L, Spenkelink B, Awad HM, Cnubben NH, et al. The pro-oxidant chemistry of the natural antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and flavonoids . Environ Toxicol Pharmacol . 2002; 11 ( 3-4 ):321–33. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Taguer M, Maurice CF. The complex interplay of diet, xenobiotics, and microbial metabolism in the gut: implications for clinical outcomes . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 2016; 99 ( 6 ):588–99. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Johnston JD, Ordovas JM, Scheer FA, Turek FW. Circadian Rhythms, Metabolism, and Chrononutrition in Rodents and Humans . Adv Nutr . 2016; 7 ( 2 ):399–406. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dallman MF. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system . Trends Endocrinol Metab . 2010; 21 ( 3 ):159–65. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Feil R, Fraga MF. Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications . Nat Rev Genet . 2012; 13 ( 2 ):97–109. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress hormones: physiological stress and regulation of metabolism . Curr Opin Pharmacol . 2009; 9 ( 6 ):787–93. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jaenisch R, Bird A. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals . Nat Genet . 2003; 33 Suppl :245–54. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Nicolia V, Lucarelli M, Fuso A. Environment, epigenetics and neurodegeneration: focus on nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease . Exp Gerontol . 2015; 68 :8–12. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ordovas JM, Smith CE. Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease . Nat Rev Cardiol . 2010; 7 ( 9 ):510–9. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids . Nature . 2010; 466 ( 7307 ):707–13. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Chamoun E, Mutch DM, Allen-Vercoe E, Buchholz AC, Duncan AM, Spriet LL, et al. A review of the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in taste receptors, eating behaviors, and health . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr . 2018; 58 ( 2 ):194–207. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Wang LJ, Wang J, Li N, Ge L, Li BL, Song BL. Molecular characterization of the NPC1L1 variants identified from cholesterol low absorbers . J Biol Chem . 2011; 286 ( 9 ):7397–408. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Muendlein A, Leiherer A, Saely CH, Rein P, Zanolin D, Kinz E, et al. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms at the NPC1L1 gene locus significantly predict cardiovascular risk in coronary patients . Atherosclerosis . 2015; 242 ( 1 ):340–5. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Link JC, Reue K. Genetic Basis for Sex Differences in Obesity and Lipid Metabolism . Annu Rev Nutr . 2017; 37 :225–45. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kararigas G. Mechanistic Pathways of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease . Physiol Rev . 2017; 97 ( 1 ):1–37. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Sugiyama MG, Agellon LB. Sex differences in lipid metabolism and metabolic disease risk . Biochem Cell Biol . 2012; 90 ( 2 ):124–41. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Varlamov O, Bethea CL, Roberts CT., Jr Sex-specific differences in lipid and glucose metabolism . Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2014; 5 :241. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Freire AC, Basit AW, Choudhary R, Piong CW, Merchant HA. Does sex matter? The influence of gender on gastrointestinal physiology and drug delivery . Int J Pharm . 2011; 415 ( 1-2 ):15–28. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Dhariwal A, Chong J, Habib S, King IL, Agellon LB, Xia J. MicrobiomeAnalyst: a web-based tool for comprehensive statistical, visual and meta-analysis of microbiome data. Nucleic Acids Res . 2017;45 W1:W180–8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• O’Toole PW, Jeffery IB. Gut microbiota and aging . Science . 2015; 350 ( 6265 ):1214–5. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice . Science . 2013; 341 ( 6150 ):1241214. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Mkakosya R, Cheng J, et al. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor . Science . 2013; 339 ( 6119 ):548–54. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Davie JR. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate . J Nutr . 2003; 133 ( 7 Suppl):2485S–93S. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Collins J, Robinson C, Danhof H, Knetsch CW, van Leeuwen HC, Lawley TD, et al. Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile . Nature . 2018; 553 ( 7688 ):291–4. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Drover VA, Agellon LB. Regulation of the human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) by thyroid hormone in transgenic mice . Endocrinology . 2004; 145 ( 2 ):574–81. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Agellon LB, Drover VA, Cheema SK, Gbaguidi GF, Walsh A. Dietary cholesterol fails to stimulate the human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) in transgenic mice . J Biol Chem . 2002; 277 ( 23 ):20131–4. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Jiang XC, Agellon LB, Walsh A, Breslow JL, Tall A. Dietary cholesterol increases transcription of the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in transgenic mice. Dependence on natural flanking sequences . J Clin Invest . 1992; 90 ( 4 ):1290–5. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Walsh A, Azrolan N, Wang K, Marcigliano A, O’Connell A, Breslow JL. Intestinal expression of the human apoA-I gene in transgenic mice is controlled by a DNA region 3′ to the gene in the promoter of the adjacent convergently transcribed apoC-III gene . J Lipid Res . 1993; 34 ( 4 ):617–23. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering . Cell . 2014; 157 ( 6 ):1262–78. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Piening BD, Zhou W, Contrepois K, Rost H, Gu Urban GJ, Mishra T, et al. Integrative Personal Omics Profiles during Periods of Weight Gain and Loss. Cell Syst . 2018; 6 ( 2 ):157-70 e8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Huang da W. Sherman BT Lempicki RA. Bioinformatics enrichment tools: paths toward the comprehensive functional analysis of large gene lists . Nucleic Acids Res . 2009; 37 ( 1 ):1–13. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Kanehisa M, Araki M, Goto S, Hattori M, Hirakawa M, Itoh M, et al. KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment . Nucleic Acids Res . 2008; 36 ( Database issue ):D480–4. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
• Xia J, Benner MJ, Hancock RE. NetworkAnalyst--integrative approaches for protein-protein interaction network analysis and visual exploration . Nucleic Acids Res . 2014; 42 (Web Server issue):W167-74. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]

• Listening Tests
• Academic Tests
• General Tests
• IELTS Writing Checker
• IELTS Writing Samples
• Speaking Club
• Free IELTS Speaking Test Online
• Latest Topics
• Vocabularying
• 2024 © IELTS 69

What is more important nutrition or taste

IELTS academic What is more important nutrition or taste

• Structure your answers in logical paragraphs
• ? One main idea per paragraph
• ? Include an introduction and conclusion
• ? Support main points with an explanation and then an example
• Use cohesive linking words accurately and appropriately
• ? Vary your linking phrases using synonyms
• Try to vary your vocabulary using accurate synonyms
• Use less common question specific words that accurately convey meaning
• Check your work for spelling and word formation mistakes
• Use a variety of complex and simple sentences
• Check your writing for errors
• Answer all parts of the question
• ? Present relevant ideas
• Fully explain these ideas
• ? Support ideas with relevant, specific examples
• ? Currently is not available
• Meet the criteria
• Doesn't meet the criteria
• 5 band university subject chosen by males/females This chart shows the number of subjects in thousands chosen by students in 2005. The chart groups the volunteers according to majors and divides these major groups into males and females. There are clear differences between males and females. According to the chart, the sciences, mathematics, liter ...
• 6 band the percentage of households in different accommodation The chart give information on proportion of households owning and renting accommodation in England and Wales from 1918 to 2011. Overall, the percentage of house owner increased, households lived in owned accommodation gradually took place of rent house and became majority. The ratio of households i ...
• He who knows no foreign languages know nothing of his own. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
• 6 band The pie chart illustrates the causes of farmland degradation, whereas the table depicts the three affected regions' cause of land degradation in 1990. The pie chart illustrates the causes of farmland degradation, whereas the table depicts the three affected regions' cause of land degradation in 1990. Overall, for the pie chart, most of the agricultural lands were degraded by animal grazing, while the table shows that the percentage of soil degrad ...
• 6 band what is most important to you? The friends I have associated with have changed me for the better, with their varying personalities, each impacting me. Some of my friends are expressive and uninhibited, which helped break down my shyness and introverted behaviour. This made me become a confident person and helped my sociability im ...
• A special kind of beauty exists which is born in language, of language, and for language. Gaston Bachelard
• 6 band The Chart below shows the types of film preferred by different age groups at one cinemaI The given bar chart elucidates and compares preferences of movie viewers as per age group, in terms of five genres of movie. Overall, the youngest age group, 10-15, like animation most; viewers in 16-20 and 21-35; prefer to watch every genre of movies; viewers aged between 36 and 55 love documentar ...
• 6.5 band The line graph demonstrates how many visitors per month went to three museums which are the British Museum, the Science Museum, and the Natural History Museum in summer 2013. The line graph demonstrates how many visitors per month went to three museums which are the British Museum, the Science Museum, and the Natural History Museum in summer 2013. Overall, the number of people who visited the British Museum was always the highest although there were fluctuations in the ...
• A man who knows two languages is worth two men. French Proverb

Which is more important in the food you choose flavour cost or nutrition

Which is more important in the food you choose: flavour, cost, or nutrition?

I, myself, believe that nutrition plays an important role in building up our health. The choices we make when we eat don’t affect just one part of the body—like our stomach, but they also affect our skin, heart, brain. We have to consider the importance of food nutrition because of some following reasons.

A nutritious diet may prevent the chance of developing various diseases. It helps to prevent non-communicable diseases including diabetes, some cancers and other conditions linked to obesity. For instance, pregnant women and adults over 50, vitamins such as vitamin D and minerals such as calcium and iron are important to consider when choosing foods to eat instead of just satisfying our hunger by a tasty but unhealthy dish. For certain diseases, choosing to eat certain foods and take certain supplements may help us maintain our health.

Secondly, a prudent diet can enhance our skin health. By increasing our skin's collagen production, our skin will be smoother and suppler, which will help prevent early wrinkles and skin sagging. Moreover, when we drink lots of water throughout the day, we are providing our inner organs and our skin with moisture that has been lost through sweat and other natural processes.

Finally, by practising good nutrition, we can improve our immune system. Good nutrition is vital to a strong immune system, which may contribute protection from seasonal illness and other health problems. No food or supplement can prevent illness but by including Protein, VitA, E, B6, B12, ZinC, copper, and iron in our eating plan may support immune response and play a role in a clean eating style.

To sum up, it is true to say that "we are what we eat", so the status of our body and how well it works rely a large extent on how appropriately it is supplied.

• Log in or register to post comments