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Full-Time vs Part-Time Student: What’s the Difference?

Wondering about the difference between a full-time vs part-time student? If you’re thinking about applying to grad school, don’t miss our analysis!

Applying to grad school is a big decision. You must determine the program, the schools you’re applying to, and whether scholarships and funding options are available. To figure out your work-life balance, you’ll eventually need to decide if you can handle full-time student credits.

There are many factors to consider when considering whether you should be a full-time vs. part-time student. It’s an incredibly overwhelming choice, so if you’re feeling stuck, this guide was designed to help you.

Table of Contents

How Many Credit Hours Are Full-Time for Grad School?

Full-time grad school studies involve more credit hours or semester units than part-time studies.

For students seeking graduate degrees, most educational institutions require a minimum of nine (9) credit hours taken during each fall and spring semester for full-time. If you’re also planning to do a summer term, most schools require a minimum of six credit hours to be considered full-time.

Note : At most grad schools, one class equals three credit hours. Most full-time students should expect to take at least four classes each semester.

What Is a Part-Time Student in Grad School?

For most grad schools, you’ll be considered a part-time student if your credit load is below the minimum number of credit hours per semester. For the fall or spring semesters, part-time usually requires a minimum of 4.5 credit hours. For the summer term, three hours typically count as half-time.

If a student takes any less than the minimum credit hours required per term, they are often considered part-time. For example, if you take eight credit hours per semester for your Master’s in Science, you’re technically a part-time student.

Difference Between Being a Full-Time vs. Part-Time Student in Grad School

The main differences between full-time and part-time grad school programs are:

• Full-time students enroll in more credits per semester.
• Part-time students sometimes pay less tuition per semester.
• Part-time programs take longer to complete.
• Full-time students may have access to more financial aid options.
• Part-time students have more time to work while studying.

Let’s take a closer look at each difference between part-time and full-time student life.

Number of  Credits

The most obvious difference between a part-time and full-time student is the number of credit hours in any given semester. So, how many classes are full-time? This depends on where you go to school, but it’s typically considered nine credit hours (or three classes per semester).

Part-time students take roughly half the number of classes. Furthermore, these students are still considered part-time – even if their credits are slightly below the minimum full-time quota.

Tuition Rates

Your tuition is based on the number of classes you’re enrolled in. Therefore, with fewer credits earned each semester, you’ll likely pay less tuition as a part-time student. Because you’ll need to complete a specific number of credits, you’ll likely pay approximately the same amount in tuition throughout your degree.

Some schools have a flat rate per semester for full-time students, regardless of whether they are enrolled in the minimum number of full-time credits or take extra classes. In this case, by taking more than nine credit hours (or whatever is considered full-time at your school), you might complete your program in fewer semesters and pay less overall.

Academic Progress

Regardless of whether you study full-time or part-time, you’ll need to meet the exact graduation requirements to complete your degree. While part-time students take fewer classes each semester, their progress will be slower. In other words, another key difference between a full-time and a part-time student is that it will take the latter longer to complete their degree.

Say that you’ve chosen a master’s degree that can be completed within two years as a full-time student. As a part-time student, the same program may take three or four years to finish.

Financial Aid Opportunities

Full-time graduate students may be eligible for various financial aid opportunities, including grants, work-study programs, and low-interest loans.

Part-time students can also access financial aid but must be registered for at least six credit hours to qualify for the general eligibility criteria. Part-time students may also receive lower amounts of funding than their full-time classmates.

Both part-time and full-time graduate students can apply for state and federal aid by submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) . Scholarships with individual requirements are also available. For most scholarship eligibility, you’ll need to be enrolled in a minimum number of credit hours to apply, and you may also need to be enrolled full-time.

Are There Opportunities Other Than Financial Aid?

Part-time students have more time to work while studying (and their employer may even help out with tuition fees).

Many graduate programs offer full-time students total or partial funding in exchange for working in roles (e.g., teaching assistants, research students). You will likely need to be a full-time student to qualify for this funding.

Graduate students can often apply for scholarships, fellowships, and grants , depending on the institution and field of study.

Benefits of Being a Full-Time Graduate Student

Note : For this comparison, we’re referring to full-time students with a full credit hour load (without a full-time job).

You’ll Be More Immersed in Your Degree Program

Full-time graduate students have a greater ability to devote more time and energy to their studies. Since a degree can be earned faster, you may find it easier to put other parts of your life on hold (like pressing pause on starting a career or family). This often means you’ll be able to immerse yourself more deeply into your studies and the grad school experience.

You’ll Likely Finish Your Degree Sooner

Taking on a full credit load means it’ll take you less time overall to complete your program or degree requirements. If you add summer terms, you might be able to finish your studies in record time.

Related : How Long It Takes to Earn a Master’s Degree

Increased Opportunities to Network and Build Relationships

Full-time studies allow you to build better relationships with fellow students, mentors, and professors. Since you’ll spend more time on campus, it increases the chances of running into your peers and professors. This also allows you to take advantage of social or community opportunities that may present themselves.

Better Access to Financial Aid

You may be eligible for more financial aid opportunities when you’re enrolled full-time. Many financial aid providers offer aid packages that require full-time enrollment status. Based on their higher credit load (and increased cost of attendance), full-time students are typically eligible for more federal and state financial aid than their part-time counterparts. Additionally, many grants and scholarships are only offered to full-time students.

Challenges of Being a Full-Time Graduate Student

Increased upfront costs.

More credit hours results in higher tuition costs. For graduate courses, schools usually charge tuition based on the number of credit hours. Because of this, enrolling in more credit hours usually (though not always) means you’ll pay more per semester.

Less Earning Potential

Balancing a full-time course load with a part-time job may be difficult. It will likely be even more difficult if you want to attempt working full-time. If you choose to keep working, your academic results may suffer as a result. You may want to focus on finding scholarships or other financial aid opportunities that can help you finance grad school.

Greater Risk of Burnout

Balancing your studies, career, and personal life may add to stress and eventually lead to burnout. To help prevent this issue, remember to take time for yourself and practice self-care.

You May Need to Put Your Career on Hold

If you already have an established career, it may be detrimental to take a break from it so you can focus on your studies. This can slow down or halt your momentum.

Benefits of Being a Part-Time Student

It’s easier to achieve a balance.

Work-study-life balance may be easier with a part-time course load. It’ll be less stressful to juggle priorities with fewer credit hours each term. Realistically consider what you’re able to handle as you study.

You Can Immediately Put Your Education into Practice

Part-time students may be more able to use their learnings and experience in real-time. As you go through your program, you’ll pick up knowledge and experience to apply to your real job (and vice versa). This can prove beneficial in the long run, especially if you have a career in academic research  or another field related to your studies.

Lower Annual Costs

With a part-time course load, you may have fewer costs to worry about with a part-time load. Fewer credit hours mean fewer fees and lower study costs  may make it easier for you to pay for your graduate studies. In some cases , your employer might even pick up the tab!

Challenges of Being a Part-Time Student for Graduate Study

It will likely take longer.

With a part-time course load, you’ll usually need to study longer. You may require an additional year or two to finish a graduate degree.

It Can Be Harder to Connect with Faculty

Part-time students may struggle with setting meetings if they need help with their thesis or dissertation – or want to meet with their professors for advice. This struggle is especially true if classes are taken in the evening (when most advisors and professors are unavailable).

Fewer Networking Opportunities

Part-time studies limit your opportunities to build relationships with peers and mentors. With less time spent on campus – and an increased chance of missing out on extra-curricular activities – you might struggle to find networking opportunities to help you build relationships.

How Enrollment Status Impacts College Tuition

In almost all grad schools, the tuition paid each semester is based on the number of classes or credits taken. As a full-time graduate student, you’ll pay higher tuition fees (after all, you’re taking more classes). As a part-time student, a lower course load means less tuition each semester.

Of course, you’ll end up paying the same amount – or even more – in tuition fees to complete the same number of credits for your degree. However, these costs will be spread across more semesters, reducing your upfront costs.

Although you’ll pay the same tuition, a part-time degree may cost you more once you add up certain fees other than tuition (like annual).

Studying part-time will give you more opportunities to work simultaneously and earn income that you can use to fund your studies. Paying a significant portion of your grad school will help reduce the number of loans you take, saving you significantly on loan interest.

Can You Be Both a Part-Time and a Full-Time Student?

No. You’ll be a full-time or part-time student based on the number of credit hours you enroll in during a semester. Full-time designation depends on the institution, but it’s usually considered nine credits (or three classes) for grad students.

However, just because you start out as a full-time student doesn’t mean you can’t switch to being a part-time student (and vice versa).

Depending on your work or personal commitments, stress levels, financial situation, and various other factors, you can decide the number of courses to enroll in each semester. Just be aware that reducing your enrollment may affect your eligibility for financial aid and other assistance (such as housing grants).

3 Tips to Choose Between Full-Time and Part-Time Grad School

If the pros and cons listed above weren’t enough, here are a few tips to help you choose between being a full-time vs. part-time student.

1. Don’t Rush the Decision

Don’t rush this process. It may be a good idea to take some time for yourself before you decide. Consider taking a vacation or just a few days off work to relax. This time might help you gain the necessary perspective to make the best decision.

2. Talk to Your  Employer

It can be tough to decide when you don’t quite know whether your employer will be understanding. Before you decide between part-time or full-time programs, speak to your boss or employer about your academic goals. Will your boss be able to accommodate your changing schedule? Will your graduate qualifications help you land a higher-paid Ph.D. position  in the future?

3. Get Your Family On Board

Taking even more time away from your family to simultaneously balance studies and work is challenging for anyone. Before you decide, talk to your family and get them on board first. At the very least, explain how things at home may change until you graduate.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it cheaper to be a part-time student.

Generally speaking, as a part-time graduate student, you’ll pay less each semester than studying full-time, but you’ll probably pay more over the length of your degree. While tuition fees are lower, there are certain costs you will need to pay each semester (such as mandatory fees), which add up.

Can You Work and Be a Full-Time Student?

Many students work while pursuing a degree, including those juggling full credit loads. In fact, around 27% of full-time students  work at least 20 hours a week.

However, the more hours you work outside your studies, the likelier your academic success will be impacted. Consult with your academic advisor. They’ll be able to guide you on a realistic work commitment that won’t adversely affect your studies.

How Long Does Graduate School Take for Part-Time Students?

This will depend on how many credit hours you enroll in each semester, but most part-time graduate students complete the program in between three and six years. Some schools require you to complete your degree within a certain timeframe, most commonly between five and seven years.

Do You Need to Be a Full-Time Student for FAFSA?

No. Students enrolled for at least six credit hours per semester are eligible for federal financial aid through the FAFSA. The amount of aid received depends on your credit load and your assessed financial need.

Full-Time  or Part-Time Grad School: What’s Best for You?

Deciding between becoming a full-time vs. part-time student is a massive life step – and it’s only something that only you can do. You’ll need to consider several factors like budget, current commitments, and whether your employer will support your academic career.

Regardless of your choice, get all your ducks in a row before enrolling — and seek financial aid to ease the burden!

Chriselle Sy

Chriselle has been a passionate professional content writer for over 10 years. She writes educational content for The Grad Cafe, Productivity Spot, The College Monk, and other digital publications.  When she isn't busy writing, she spends her time streaming video games and learning new skills.

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Is it possible to work full time and complete a PhD?

Is it achievable to perform a doctorate while working in a private company (not in college) full time (8 hours per day, 5 days per week)? Or is it too much work or stress?

• 16 Is the work in the private company research for the PhD, or completely unrelated? –  gerrit Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 9:57
• 2 completely unrelated. –  Lobo Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 9:58

17 Answers 17

Each situation is different, and it might be hard to generalise, but roughly speaking, you can see a PhD thesis as requiring about 3-4 years working full time. For some people it might be a bit less, for others a bit more, but that's a good average. In addition, a PhD includes of course "technical" work, but also "academic training", such as learning how to write a paper/thesis, presenting papers at conferences, supervising students, etc.

Now, two cases are possible: either you already have some technical material from past work (e.g., you've been working 20 years in industry), in which case you have already completed some of the 3-4 years, and you mostly need to focus on how to output your work; or you don't, in which case, you still need to complete all of the work.

I've known some people in the first case, and they managed to do a PhD while working full-time. They would usually come in half a day per week (in agreement with their company), and work at home in the evening. In the second case, it seems unrealistic to do both a full time job and a full time PhD. In some fields, you might be able to do a PhD over 7, 8 or even more years (I've heard about someone in history who wrote his PhD in 7 years, while working full time as a school teacher in the mean time), but it might not be the case everywhere.

In addition to Daniel's answer, and including Sylvain's comment, I'd add that some French universities forbid starting a PhD without having some source of income, either through some funding or through a full-time job. Most funding forbid to have a full time job on the side, and if your full-time job is completely unrelated to your PhD topic, then you might have the green light from the administration, but not from the academic institution in charge of the PhD programs.

EDIT: I somehow forgot to mention that the indicated amount time in my answer concerns good PhD, and by good, I mean a PhD that will allow you to get a job in academia afterwards, which mean not only getting the degree, but also getting good publications, good collaborations, good reference letters, etc. If you only care about the title, then you might find some universities happy to make you pay tuition fees to deliver you a diploma after a few years. If you want to go to academia later, then you need to be a junior researcher for a few years, in order to demonstrate that you might be worth hiring as a confirmed researched , and then later as a senior researcher .

• 2 In France, a full time job can be considered a PhD funding. What is forbidden is to do a PhD without a funding or being paid. –  Sylvain Peyronnet Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:27
• @SylvainPeyronnet: I meant you can't have a public funding on top of a full time job. At least, that was the rule when I got mine :) –  user102 Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:29
• 1 That's still true, you cannot have a funding if you are paid elsewhere. –  Sylvain Peyronnet Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:31
• @SylvainPeyronnet: If you were to use your full-time job as a source of funding, do you need to justify it? Or could you for instance work in a restaurant and do a PhD in CS at the same time? –  user102 Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:34
• 1 From the administrative point of view, you can : you just have to prove that you will not be without income. But the doctoral school may be difficult to convince. –  Sylvain Peyronnet Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:48

I am doing that right now. I have a full time job and am working on a PhD in Computer Science. It is definitely possible, but has been the hardest experience of my life. I am past the hardest part and am wrapping up my first publication. I've also been at it for 3 years (already had my masters degree), so it's taken me much longer to get to this point than it would be for a full time student.

It has been extremely stressful and you can kiss your life outside of work+school goodbye. You will also need to be very good with time management and be aware that over the course of several years, there will be life events that pull you away from school.

When I was deciding whether or not to do it, I vastly underestimated the amount of time and energy required. I'm very glad I stuck with it so far, but I have to say, if I had an accurate picture of the workload I probably would have opted against it.

You need a huge amount of dedication to the goal in order to pull this off. If you have only a casual interest in the degree, then you will probably fail. I think I remember somewhere that the graduation rate for PhD's is around 50/50. Add a full time job on that and the odds are against you. But it is absolutely possible to overcome that with enough effort.

• 16 I would +1 what Nick said. A full time PhD and a full time job is like having two full time jobs. It's very probable to say goodbye to your social life for years. If you live in a relationship, I'd strongly advise to reconsider it as there is a danger to emotionally lose more than what actual benefit it may bring you. –  András Hummer Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 16:30
• :) I'm at the same point as you are, and to make things works my graduation (Law) is very different from the PhD (Computer Science)... –  woliveirajr Commented Mar 21, 2013 at 13:22
• 3 Similar to Nick I am finishing up a Ph.D. in Computer Science. 7 years in and ABD and I've finally admitted I can't be the parent I want to be, the student I want to be, and the worker I want to be all at the same time. It's a sacrifice and I am fortunate enough that at this time I am able to sacrifice the full time work. A full time Ph.D. takes a toll on your health, social life, relationships, family, etc. Compound that with full time work especially in a salaried field. I've seen some people be more successful with paid summer internships. Depends on the industry. –  cs_alumnus Commented Mar 13, 2017 at 18:47
• If you have done job+phd together, does it plays a negative role if you want to stay in Academia as a postdoc? –  Gautam Shahi Commented Mar 11, 2020 at 0:29
• I'm working on a Ph.D. in Technology as well, working full-time. Challenging but possible. Time management is critical to success. You must be willing to sacrifice your daily desires in favor of the long-term goal. –  Thomas Commented Sep 22, 2023 at 11:59

Virtually Impossible .

Doing a PhD is a full-time job that requires vast amounts of commitment in terms of mental effort and time. If the PhD research comes in number two position, then the results will never be very good. Also, not being available in the department to interact with your colleagues and supervisor will severely reduce the benefits you gain from the experience. Even if you finished the PhD, it may not be really worth anything, because you won't have been able to fully commit to doing it well.

On the other hand, you may have staggering genius and be ridiculously productive and have a fountain of energy, and then it should be doable.

• 13 IMHO, if one has staggering genius and is ridiculously productive, then one can probably find a better use of one's time. –  emory Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 12:00
• 7 I love the last sentence... "staggering genius and ..." :) –  paul garrett Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 13:32
• 2 You seem to be implying that German politicians are either staggering geniuses or they are huge frauds . –  Konrad Rudolph Commented Mar 21, 2013 at 12:57
• 6 @KonradRudolph: Indeed, there is another path to a PhD my answer did not consider. –  Dave Clarke Commented Mar 21, 2013 at 13:01
• I know people who have done it. Software engineers working full-time while working towards their Ph.D. on the subject. It helps tremendously when one's line of work aligns with a particular line of research. That most software engineering gigs are quite flexible in scheduling, it also helps. YMMV in other fields, though. –  luis.espinal Commented Jan 14, 2020 at 20:34

The big question here is what you mean by "completing a PhD". At one extreme, there's completing a minimal PhD: choosing the least demanding school that offers a PhD in your field, finding a flexible advisor, and doing only what is absolutely required to get the degree. This could be worth doing in certain circumstances: to develop greater expertise in a personal interest, or for certain sorts of career benefits. (For example, in the U.S. high school teachers with doctorates often receive extra pay, but they are not expected to do any research or really make use of the degree, so there is no need to write an outstanding dissertation.) Completing a minimal PhD can certainly be done while working full time in an unrelated job, if you are very diligent. That's a big if, though. The danger of working full time is that you won't make progress without constant effort. If you slack off or become distracted from your dissertation, nobody will complain since it's not your real job, and you can easily let months or years go by with very little progress. This is a common pattern, with an enthusiastic start that gradually trails off and never actually leads to a completed dissertation.

At the other extreme, you might aim to become a well-known researcher and have an academic career at a top university or industrial research lab. This requires doing far more than the minimal requirements, which is almost impossible while spending 40 hours per week on something else, since you'll be competing against people who are similarly talented and hard working but have an extra 2000 hours per year. It's possible in principle, if you are really exceptional, but most people will just find it too difficult to catch up. For example, imagine a competitor who spends 60 hours per week for 5 years on a PhD. If you can spend only 20 hours after work, it will take you 15 years to put in the same number of hours. Even if you do this, you won't really be in as good a position, since many of your hours will have been spent 10-15 years ago and won't reflect recent research trends. The only way to catch up is to work harder or more efficiently than your competition, and that's difficult if you are competing against the smartest, most diligent people in your field.

Most paths lie somewhere between these extremes, but generally closer to the second case (since all academic or research jobs are very competitive). I would not recommend holding a full-time job while working on a PhD unless you have very modest goals for what you intend to do with the PhD.

The universities that I am familiar with in the US and UK have regulations about the number of hours that can be worked for full time students. These rules would prevent you from being both a full time PhD student and having a full time job.

For example, the UPenn Psychology policy states:

The Department expects full time effort in return for its support during the five years of the program. Thus, students may not engage in outside employment while on departmental support.

and the MIT policy states:

The student interested in working part time off campus, and who is a US citizen or permanent resident, should first speak to his or her research advisor about the nature of the proposed work. The advisor must be assured that the work will not compromise the time that the student is expected to devote to research at MIT, and that the outside work does not compromise or infringe upon patent or intellectual property rights related to the student’s MIT research. The student also must ensure that the outside work does not violate any departmental policy.

There are many universities that take part time PhD students and expect them to be working full time. So yes, one can get a PhD while working full time, but as for the second part of the question

It can be too much work, stress, etc.?

Not only can it be, it likely will be. This is equally true for both full time students without family commitments and part time students with other work and family commitments.

• Along the lines of number of hours, many scholarships, RA-ships, and other sources of funding for students are conditional that the student works a maximum number of hours at a job per week (often 10 or 20). In other words, if you work more than 20 hours a week, you become ineligible for many scholarships and fellowships and therefore will need to start paying for school from your pocket. –  Irwin Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:02
• 1 Really? I don't know any university in the US that restricts outside employment for domestic PhD students as a matter of policy. Mine doesn't. (International students are restricted by US law per the terms of the student visa.) –  ff524 Commented Dec 31, 2014 at 5:20
• 1 @ff524 I edited the answer to include links to the two universities I am most familiar with. –  StrongBad Commented Dec 31, 2014 at 9:14
• @ff524 All of the programs I applied to did not allow you to work outside of your graduate work position (e.g. teaching assistant, research) and it is in contract and the handbook. I am sure there are nuances between each school, but the general idea is that the hours expected from you between coursework and your graduate work position put you at full time, and to do any more work than this would overload the student. If you are not taking on funding via your work position, you can work. This might have to do with the fact that each school had a union that negotiated these terms. –  theoreticool Commented Oct 8, 2018 at 5:08

I have done it and do not recommend it. While I did not require an extension of the time required, working a full-time job will generally prevent you from travelling to conferences and from establishing contacts essential for success. You are more likely to end up in a backwater than a vital research area. You become less identified with your research than with your work, which in my case is involves specializations often considered necessary within academia and which are remunerated well outside of academia, but which have low academic value themselves. It has been a struggle changing this perceived identification--I might as well attempt to retrain Pavlov's dogs.

Consider yourself fortunate to have access to academia.stackexchange.com. My relatives were unaware of the commitments involved and provided well-meaning but uninformed advice ("you're smart enough"), not recognizing that scheduling has to be considered independently of ability, effort and experience [see Decio Coviello, Andrea Ichino and Nicola Persico. Don't Spread Yourself Too Thin: The Impact of Task Juggling on Workers' Speed of Job Completion NBER Working Paper No. 16502]. Employers often don't recognize or choose not to recognize the independence of these factors either, so I cannot blame my relatives for bad advice. Most of all I blame myself. I am not proud of the outcome. I had published a paper in the beginning in graduate school, but left the field. It was a mistake not to build on early successes, but the distractions of full-time work made it difficult to absorb the right lessons at the right time.

I was able to complete my PhD while working full time as a consultant. Based on that experience ...

Have a mentor that's done it, preferably one at the school you're thinking about attending. A lot of the 'for profits' have very interesting models for keeping students on track. For me, it was someone who remains an important mentor in my life. Prior to applying, I spoke with her and she mentioned she earned her PhD while working full time as a consultant and then provided some sound advice and encouragement.

Some programs do a better job then others at scheduling graduate level courses so they don't conflict with normal working hours. You might have better luck with a metropolitan university or one that accommodates non-traditional learners.

There is a trade off related to there only being 24 hours in a day. The university experience includes many talks and presentations that enrich all scholars, whether or not the scholarship being presented relates to your area of expertise. The more flexibility you can find in your work schedule to take advantage of these unique opportunities the better you'll be for it.

Plan 2-3 hours out of class for every hour in class except during final project time. Then, plan lots more. Also, the academic calendar and many industry calendars are tied in subtle manners. The client wanting a project completed before everyone goes on varying summer breaks means extra work during final project time for classes.

Have a fairly good idea of what you want to study and/or who you would like to study with sooner rather then later. Find out which professors are able to graduate their students in a timely manner. A lot of time can be spent trying to figure out what you want to write about, and that is time that could be spent either writing or working towards the end goal of graduation with PhD and job still intact.

Have a detailed plan/schedule for your day once you transition from classwork to dissertation work. Practice the plan the last semester you're taking classes. Stick to the plan, even when the alarm goes off at 4am and you were up until 2 taking care of something else.

Some might be luckier, but for me, for both my master's thesis and my PhD dissertation, I had to scale my work hours way back - 6 months for Masters and 12 months for PhD - to be able to produce work at the level I was demanding of myself. This is something that needs to be planned for re material needs.

If you have responsibilities to others (spouse, parents, significant others, kids, some combination of) make sure they're on board as well. I am grateful for the 2 am bottles fed to children as I read through thousands of lines of code because I was up anyway. I'm also forever grateful to my teachers and committee members who understood the work-school-life balance issues and worked with me to be as helpful as was fair.

Finally, know there are a lot of us that viewed earning a PhD as an important milestone in the senior part of our careers. For me, it led to a teaching position in a regional public university that was more rewarding and fun then I had imagined. Hang in there, take it a day at a time, and enjoy what you're learning. Best of luck!

I'm doing it now. The big issue for me was learning how to balance school work with the rest of my life. That's something that needs some thought prior to beginning your program.

Make sure your significant other is TRULY onboard. School takes a lot of time, and resentment can build, if otherwise.

Know how much you can take. I was taking two courses a semester in order to satisfy a university requirement. It was killing me. I'm only taking one course a semester now, but I'm much happier than I was.

Understand how long your coursework stays valid. Coursework only lasts for several years, so plan accordingly.

Make sure your faculty will give you the attention that a full-time student receives. In some programs, part-timers are second-class citizens. Not good.

Try and graduate prior to the fall semester. Appointments usually begin at the beginning of the fall (winter) term. Don't want to wait too long for a position to show up.

That's possible in some fields, impossible in others

I am in TCS, and I know of several high school teachers who obtained a PhD in TCS after a few years. Basically, they were able to work 1 full day on week-end for their research + a few hours during the week. Of course they needed more than 3 years to graduate, but this is possible.

My wife is in history/archeology, and many (more than half of them) PhD students work full-time in library or other places since there are very few fundings. We have friends who graduated after 10 years. In this field it is difficult for those who work full-time in a place unrelated to their studies since access to old sources is needed for doing research. Most of these students took their holidays to go to libraries/museums/field archeology places in foreign countries.

I have relatives in plant biology and in animal biology. It is impossible to complete a PhD in these fields without working full time in a lab. Indeed, most of the time is spent in doing heavy experiments, with living things, which means being available when needed.

During the first year of my doctoral studies I had no departmental support and kept myself indoors and fed by working about 2.5 part-time jobs.

Put bluntly that situation was not sustainable: it was physically wearing me down notwithstanding that I did nothing but work, study, eat and sleep.

Moreover, later in my studies I needed to devote more time to school than I did that first year. Perhaps there are exceptional individuals that could manage it, but if you are merely smart and productive you should not count on managing.

• 1 Your story is very enlightening. –  Lobo Commented Mar 20, 2013 at 17:01

Possible: yes - I personally know two persons who did it. The question is if YOU can do it, not if its possible. If you want to finish your PhD, I'm sure you will somehow get the time to finish. But if you are doing your PhD just to get the title, then you will probably not finish it.

Edit: After 7 years, the last 4.5 of them working full a full time job and raising 4 kids, I managed to finish my PhD. So yes, it's possible :-)

Definitely possible, with a bit of planning and scheduling.

I am in the field of atmospheric physics - my research involved a considerable amount of experimental work and field studies, my timetable and deadlines have been and still is (as I am just completing the research) largely based on a full time equivalent . My full time job is, for the most part, unrelated (high school teaching). I know it has worked, because I am finishing my PhD and have been published multiple times before schedule (2.5 years).

What I have found is that I had to have an 'adaptable' schedule, as things changed week by week. My tasks were broken into

• long term, or semester goals, these were decided at the beginning of each semester.
• weekly goals, the smaller steps that make up the long term goals.

Making contingency plans for the weekly goals is beneficial, for if something goes wrong, there is always a backup.

Make absolutely certain your supervisors/advisors fully understand what your duties are in your paid job and what time requirements are needed. Also, what I found worked was making my workplace aware of the study commitments.

What may sound counterintuitive is to give yourself regular study-breaks - once again, be adaptable in this.

It is possible, as this is how I did my PhD - but it really depends on what subject area you do.

I had a fulltime job (and a part time one as well) - so was working for a combined 44 hours a week. I can say, looking back, it is very hard work, but can be very rewarding .

I would do my work and set aside 3 nights per week (when I wasn't working the 2nd job) for about 3-6 hours in the evening. Also, by the nature of my PhD, I worked on it over the weekend (usually between 25-40 hours a week).

A few things I found helped - A genuine and in-depth love for the subject is extremely important.

Other things that workd for me were:

• Making weekly goals
• Making both my workplace and university adviser aware of what I was doing (I was fortunate that both were supportive).
• Giving myself some time off (every 4th weekend, I did something else).
• Communication when things started to get on top of me.
• Maintaining adequate sleeping, eating and exercise patterns.
• Making time for friends and family - even had a regular poker and chess night.

Also, I coincided some of my leave requests with conferences and meetings with the advisor at the lab (not all the leave time though).

An added bonus are transferable skills gained from the research that can benefit your job, and vice versa - examples can include: time and resource management, research skills etc

My stress levels weren't particularly high at all - but that, of course, won't be the case with everyone.

• 1 I have a high school peer who is preparing for finishing his PhD in Computer Science, while working in a full time job as a manager at Oracle, so it is possible for some fields. –  Nikey Mike Commented Apr 27, 2017 at 10:49

That heavily depends on your PhD mode, if you have to attend classes it would almost impossible, if your PhD just a research then that will be between you and your supervisor unless the university is hiring you as a full-time researcher, I am working on my M.Sc. the first year I had to attend classes and it was impossible to find job, even my part-time job at the time was hard to handle, however, once I've started my research phase recently, I could find a full-time job which I'm starting tomorrow.

Yes it is possible. Just passed my Viva in the last week after submitting at the end of September. I found that in the lead into submitting that I was almost full-time working on the thesis. This may just the way it is or down to my poor time management in the build up. If possible store up your holiday days to use for this final write up period. In the last month I was probably working a day and a half and doing my thesis write up ever other waking hour.

I would hope that it is not impossible as currently I am in the third year of my part-time PhD and hope to complete it.

Some background info:

• I work full-time 5 days a week (9 to 5)
• PhD is in History (completely unrelated to my work)
• PhD is self funded

A number of factors need to be considered for what I think you'll need to be sucessful in obtaining a PhD.

• Time Management. You will need to have a fairly regimented time plan that you can stick to so as to ensure a steady workflow. Just to sum up my weekly time spent on my PhD (and this can always vary depending on other commitments.) About 4 nights a week 6pm to about 10.30pm, Saturday 11am to about 10pm and Sunday about 1pm to 7.30pm.
• Regular meeting with your supervisor. In my own experience about once every 4-5 weeks is enough. A good hour meeting can really refocus your work and every 4-5 weeks means you don't go to long procrastinating or mulling over an idea. Also in this time frame would also have sent a couple of emails. Also I work in a family business so this also gives me the flexibility to be able to arrange meetings with my Supervisor at working hours times.
• Get writing as early as possible. In my first year I had got down about 15,000 words of a draft thesis. Now at the end of the day I may half of that in the final thesis it is a good habit to get into. Set yourself weekly, monthly targets. Sometimes you might get sidetracked, like if you have to prepare a conference paper etc but writing early and often can keep you motivated.
• Be prepared to make sacrifices. For example my last 4 holidays were either solely for research or a mix of holidays and research. (I shouldn't complain too much as I was able to go abroad for these trips.) Also though you are probable going to see less of family etc.
• But also be prepared to take some time off. Don't feel guilty if you go for a night out with friends or take a weekend away from it all. Sometimes you will come back to your PhD work rejuvenated from the time off.
• Don't underestimate the support of your family, friends and colleagues. Most people will want you to succeed and will give you much moral and practical support along the way.

Is it too much work and stress?

It is definably a lot of work, but I would like to think so far it is not to much work. Be aware that your university will possibly have many support structures in place for PhD students. Every year my university run workshops on time management, dealing with stress, how to write a thesis etc. Personally I don't think the stress would be any more than say working 2 jobs but that said I think everyone deals with stress differently.

• Usually we refrain from putting editing comments like “edited” or “update” into an Answer, since StackExchange’s software tracks the changes you make with edits anyway. –  nick012000 Commented Dec 17, 2019 at 21:37
• @nick012000 Good point. Have updated (pun intented!) answer. –  gman Commented Dec 18, 2019 at 14:08

It is possible. But the actual benefit you get from your PhD program is correlated with time spent.

A PhD is not only a title. In the process of obtaining a PhD, you get opportunities for studying a particular topic in-depth, establishing yourself as a member of a particular community of scholars (e.g. by publishing in certain journals or going to certain conferences), acquiring ancillary know-how relevant for an academic professional, etc.

You might complete a PhD program and earn the title, without gaining these other qualifications. And that may be good for you. But when it comes to, for example, landing an academic job, you may be competing with people who have invested more in their development as academic professionals.

This will depend on your program and the policies associated with it. At least where I go for undergraduate studies, it is not allowed because being a PhD student is a full time job and having two full time jobs concurrently would make your life a living hell.

But , there are exceptions. There is this one student who was literally the smartest human being I've seen, who came for undergrad, finishing a double major in only two years, then went straight to being a Computer Engineering PhD student at the same school. He's so madman smart to the point that the department granted him an extension, allowing him to work a full-time job at a local software company in addition to pursuing his PhD because he's so bright even for a PhD student.

Unless you are that type of madman smart, I would take the peanuts style of living for the sake of preserving sanity. But maybe you might be that type of exceptional.

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Land your dream job, the pros and cons of going to grad school full time.

Angel Eduardo

There are many benefits to going to grad school full time. Above all else, dedicating all of your focus to your studies can help you avoid distraction and excel, but the decision does come with some compromises.

Here are some common pros and cons to going to grad school full time, which we hope will help you decide how to best structure your experience.

The pros of going to grad school full time

• The ability to immerse yourself in your studies and the graduate school experience . Not having job-related distractions can be a real benefit to both your coursework and your peace of mind. Going to grad school full time allows you to put all your attention on your education, and helps prevent feeling stressed from juggling multiple responsibilities.
• Potentially finishing your degree earlier. A full-time graduate degree can be completed in 18 to 24 months, whereas a part-time degree can take 36 months or more.
• The opportunity to take on research and teaching assistantships. Depending on the school or program, an assistantship may also be available to part-time students, but they often require a scheduling commitment those students can’t make. Going to grad school full time opens you up to many of these options, which not only help cover tuition costs but also offer experience in the field.
• More time to spend with professors and peers. The flexibility you’re afforded by focusing on grad school full time allows you to develop closer relationships , which can serve as a support system ( and networking opportunity! ) during your studies.

The cons of going to grad school full time

• Reduced income. Unless you opt to pursue grad school full time and work full time , you will likely not be earning a salary while getting your graduate degree. Depending on your financial situation, this may result in taking out additional loans .
• Grad school can become the only thing you have time to do. While full-time enrollment can allow you to move through your program quickly, there’s also the risk of it preventing you from engaging with other aspects of your life. If you have important responsibilities, concerns, or interests outside of school that may make full-time coursework difficult to commit to, it may be a good idea to defer graduate school until there’s less on your plate.
• Graduate studies can keep you from direct-service work. If your area of focus is in the social-impact space, grad school courses may make you feel a bit detached from your regular, active community engagement. If this sounds like something you might feel, then other options such as individual college or university courses or pursuing a service program before applying might be a better fit.
• It could be difficult or disadvantageous to take time away from your career. While graduate studies can help you move forward in your field , it may not be the most opportune time for you to take a break from work. Depending on your goals and where you are in your career, the scales might be tipped toward waiting until you’re more financially or professionally secure before pursuing graduate school.

There’s a lot to think about as you determine whether going to grad school full time will be right for you. This includes additional considerations that may be specific to your desired school or program, so be sure to keep in close contact with the admissions offices to assess all the available options.

More Grad Resources

How to Get Into Grad School | Tips for Undergrads

The Importance of Sharing Your Story with the Grad School Admissions Team

Tips for Finishing a Grad School Application

Your Guide to...Financial Aid for Graduate School

Angel uses his skills as a storyteller to support and inspire job seekers and aspiring social-impact professionals.

Full-Time Status

Full-Time status may be important to you to be eligible for loans, scholarships, etc.

Enrollment Status (Full-time, Half-time etc.):

• To be considered full-time for tuition purposes, students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents must register for at least 8.5 credit hours in both fall and winter semesters or at least 4.5 credit hours in a term.
• International students are required to be registered as full-time students. To be considered full-time for tuition and immigration purposes, international students must register for at least 9.0 credit hours in both fall and winter semesters or at least 4.5 credit hours in a term.
• A student enrolled in between 4.5 hours and 8.0 hours fall or winter semester or between 2.5 hours and 4.0 credit hours a term is considered a half-time student.

Petition for Graduate Full-Time Status:

• Part-time graduate students who are enrolled for at least 2.0 hours of acceptable credit per semester or one hour per term can be certified by their department as being engaged full-time in pursuit of their degree and can petition for graduate full-time status using ADV Form 2a . Acceptable credit may include thesis, dissertation, project, research, or internship hours.
• The student is not working at a full-time job.
• The department limits the student’s enrollment to less than full time because of a required TA/RA assignment. The combination of TA/RA assignment and registration must be equivalent to a full-time load.
• The student has completed all the required course work for the degree and is working full-time on the dissertation, thesis, project, or internship.

• Office of Graduate Studies
• Current Students

Full Time Status of Ph.D. Students

For academic purposes, at least nine credits (not counting any audit credits) of course registration in the Fall and Spring semesters are required to maintain full-time (FT) status. However, students may be certified FT with less than nine credits of registration in the following cases ( note : the minimum number of credits is shown in each case since the academic program may have additional requirements) :

• Students who enrolled for the first time in the Ph.D. program after August 2015 :      → May be certified FT with three credits of pre-doctoral research if they have completed all required courses and have passed the qualifying exam.      → May be certified FT with 3 credits in the second, third, or fourth semester if they have not passed the qualifying exam but have successfully completed the required courses with a CGPA greater than or equal to 3.5.      → May be certified FT with six credits (including three credits of pre-doctoral research with GSO approval) if they have successfully completed all required courses, have not passed the qualifying exam, and have a CGPA below 3.5.      → May be certified FT with one credit of dissertation research if they have completed all required courses, have passed the qualifying exam and have defended successfully the dissertation proposal.

PhD students registered for less than 9 credits who are either domestic students receiving financial support or are international students (F1/J1) must apply online for full-time certification for that semester here  

A course registration hold is automatically placed after approval.

Any further course registration changes will require permission from the Graduate Studies Office.   

For Ph.D. credit requirements for students entering a Ph.D. program after August 2015, go here

• Career Advice

8 Tips for Balancing Grad School and Full-Time Work

By  Liz Wasden

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Every February, my graduate program welcomes newly admitted students to an open house event to sit in on classes, meet faculty and current students, network with other prospective students, and preview what life in the program will look like come the fall semester. This past February in particular, prospective part-time master’s and doctoral students asked me questions about balancing a full-time job on campus with graduate school.

Although I ponder this issue often as an academic adviser and doctoral student at the University of Maryland, College Park, my answer is never as thorough or comprehensive as I would like it to be. “How do you balance full-time work and graduate school?” is a hard question. The answer is subjective, personal and dynamic. Yet while I strongly believe that there is no one-size-fits-all, formulaic approach to succeeding at both work and grad school, I’d like to share eight strategies -- which I’ve discovered by trial and error, picked up from other students, or read about in op-ed pieces like this -- that have made my balancing act a bit steadier.

No. 1: Know the ebbs and flows of your work environment. Wherever you are working, analyze when you are busiest, both over the long haul and on a daily or weekly basis. If you don’t have a strong sense of the rhythm of your workload or are starting a new job, don’t hesitate to ask colleagues or your supervisor.

In advising, for example, my busiest times are those in the middle of the fall and spring semesters -- March through early May and October through early December. Thus, when I review the syllabus of each class, I set arbitrary deadlines for myself and carve out time to work on assignments during periods when I know I will have less hubbub at work. I have a document that maps out a yearly schedule of times when I am typically busy with tasks at work and times when I can focus more on assignments and readings.

No. 2: Work smarter, not harder. By that I mean: take advantage of the tools and resources that are available to you, approach assignments strategically, and work throughout the semester rather than a few weeks before the assignment is due.

For instance, in my Google Drive, I have a “Graduate School” folder, in which I create a subfolder for each class I take. Within those subfolders, I create a separate document titled for each forthcoming assignment I will have that semester and its due date -- for example, “Sept. 24 Policy Brief” or “Dec. 10 Literature Review” or “May 11 Research Paper.” To each document, I add the assignment’s prompt and any initial thoughts I have as to what topic I may want to explore for the assignment, and what theories, conceptual frameworks, researchers or literature could be relevant. Throughout the semester, I add quotes, sources and ideas to these assignment documents. By the time my draft deadline begins creeping up, I have a significant amount of content to work with -- sometimes even a complete draft.

Another helpful tool is a citation manager . You can upload and organize articles by class, topic area or assignment and within each one, highlight relevant quotes and take notes. In addition, my calendar and my to-do list have been my constant companions throughout graduate school. I have a Google calendar associated with my work email where I keep track of meetings and student appointments (this calendar is shared with my coworkers) and a calendar attached to my personal email, where I keep track of class deadlines and block off chunks of time to complete readings and assignments.

Similarly, Evernote is an online to-do list that allows you to create “notebooks” within which you can create notes using different templates (weekly schedule, to-do list and so forth). I have a notebook called “Work,” with reminders and training notes to be turned into training documents; one for “Travel,” with a note for each trip and vacation; and one for “Grad School,” with a note for each month of the semester with a separate section for each class. One of the most helpful functions of Evernote is that you can attach photos or files and link URLs to your notes. I like to link my Google assignment documents next to each to-do item for easier access.

No. 3: Work your classwork into your professional work, and vice versa. One of the most rewarding aspects of working full-time while completing graduate school is being able to put theory into practice and bringing real-world examples and issues to class discussions. Take advantage of your anecdotal evidence and professional experience to guide your writing and research. Use assignments to develop projects or policies you may actually be interested in addressing at work, to learn about a job you might be working toward in the future, or to explore a topic you are passionate about.

In my class on student leadership development, for example, we were asked to design a program to teach students about leadership development theories. I used the opportunity to create a class with an emphasis on building leadership skills and efficacy in underrepresented minority students. While the class itself never actually took place, I communicated several of the student development frameworks and ideas to our program’s faculty members, who then implemented them into their existing courses.

You can also incorporate themes and ideas you learn in class into your work. In every class, I try to think critically and intentionally about how class content is represented in my everyday tasks. The perspectives I gained from my class on college access and choice have made me a better adviser -- one who is more empathetic to the barriers students face when beginning or transferring to college and trying to complete it. Allow the barriers between your practice and learning to become more fluid. Your experience will not only help you in your graduate studies but also make you a more well-rounded professional.

No. 4: Reflect deeply after each class. What about this class did you enjoy? What aspects challenged you? What do you want to know more about? Such reflection can help guide your curriculum (if you have more flexibility as a doc student) as well as tell you more about what kind of worker you are and help you set goals based on what you like.

After each semester wraps up, take some time to think about what you learned and how the course content contributed to your growth as a student and as a professional. This has been especially helpful for me as I think about my intended dissertation topic and methods. At the end of each semester, once the dust has settled, I write down which aspects of the class were challenging for me or came more easily to me, which topics I found really interesting and engaging, and which topics left me somewhat uninspired. Not only has the amalgamation of these reflections helped me assess where I need to improve or where there may be holes in my coursework, it has also given me a default skeleton cover letter and teaching philosophy statement.

As you reflect on course content, think also about the research methods in the articles you read throughout the semester. I read an article in my Leadership in Higher Education course and was so struck by the textual analysis the researchers conducted that I decided to take a class on the topic the following semester.

No. 5: Create small wins or achievements to help motivate you. Midsemester is prime time for a slump in motivation. I usually hit a wall around week nine, and one of the best ways to motivate myself to keep going has been to plan things to look forward to or to reward myself after small achievements. Organizational theory tells us that small goals or achievements are effective tools for motivating employees, and the same goes for overscheduled students.

For instance, I might plan an “out of office” day, or arrange a weekend getaway to a nearby city, or make reservations at a restaurant with actual metal cutlery and a friendly, calming ambience. It can be incredibly difficult to balance work, grad school and time with family and friends, but using planned downtime or outings with loved ones as a way to motivate myself has been extremely helpful for completing assignments when I’m feeling overwhelmed or burned out. I also have weekly reserved time for relaxing. Every Friday evening after I’ve finished work for the day, I stay away from my computer and assignments and take time to recuperate.

No. 6: Collaborate with different people. In your professional life and on future research projects, you will have to work in concert with a multitude of people. The best place to start adapting to different work styles and learning to collaborate efficiently with others -- while the stakes are low and mistakes are encouraged -- is in graduate school.

For both class and work projects, try not to select the same co-worker or friend in your cohort for every project. Instead, branch out! You are cheating yourself if you work with the same people project after project. While it is important to build rapport with other students who may share similar research interests, and a strong support system is vital for surviving graduate school, you can learn so much from working with different colleagues. As an added benefit, others in your classes and cohort are probably working in multiple departments on the campus, giving you the opportunity to expand your network for future work-related needs.

No. 7: Be strategic about what and how you read. It took me years to accept that it simply would not be possible to read all the weekly required readings for my classes and work 40-plus hours a week. The advice I’ll share here is the same I give to the freshman students I teach in a one-credit “introduction to the university” course: read selectively and strategically. When reading for understanding or to participate in class discussions, the most informative pieces of a research study are usually the abstract, the first paragraph of the introduction, the first paragraph of the literature review, the first sentences of the methodology section, the discussion section and the conclusion. For crafting a discussion post, I read those same sections but pay particular attention to the introduction, discussion and conclusion, and I note several quotes that either boil down the main points of the study or contribute distinctly to the topic at hand. When taking down quotes, I always add an in-text citation in my notes to save time later when I post a discussion thread or write a paper.

For an annotated bibliography or a literature review, I typically spend more time reading and taking notes from an article than I do when reading for understanding alone. This is where tools like Google documents and citation managers are helpful. You can highlight and take notes within citation managers, and start adding to your future assignments in Google documents as you read, giving you a jumping-off point when you sit down to complete the presentation or paper.

No. 8: Ask your coworkers and professors about their grad school experiences. Many of the tips I’ve picked up and the strategies I’ve learned have originated from conversations with my professors and co-workers. Not only have I learned good ways to balance graduate school and work life, but I’ve also heard stories of tactics to avoid. For example, a co-worker told me that to finish their dissertation, they lived off protein bars for several months, writing from noon to midnight and sleeping from 2 a.m. to 11 a.m. -- a schedule I’m not sure I would ever recover from.

In my experience, professors and co-workers are happy to share their wisdom and to reminisce about their graduate school days. In addition to breaking the ice, if you are in a new position or program, or creating an opportunity for bonding, discussing grad school is also an opportunity to share some context about your professional development and continuing education. That may open opportunities to get involved in new creative projects at work.

In conclusion, what does balancing work and grad school look like to you? Does it mean completing all stipulated tasks and assignments, earning a 4.0 GPA, conducting original research, publishing at regular intervals in top periodicals, and being promoted within your organization during your time in your graduate program? My goal each semester has been (as advisery as this may sound) to do my best. Sometimes that has meant that I didn’t get the grade I had hoped for or didn’t attend the University Senate meeting I had wanted to attend. Other times, it has meant earning a promotion at work, serving as a teaching assistant for a favorite former class and presenting at conferences. I have tried to give myself grace throughout my graduate program to alleviate some of the pressure that comes with trying to do it all. Do not compare yourself to other graduate students -- this is your journey.

As you prepare to enter a graduate program this fall or to continue your graduate studies, start thinking about what strategies you will adapt from your undergraduate experience or the office to graduate school. Of all the tips listed above, the key to balancing academics and work has been planning ahead and staying organized. But always be sure to keep a pulse on your mental and physical health. Even the most effective strategies will not be successful if you don’t take care of yourself first.

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What is a PhD? Advice for PhD students

How long does it take to get a doctorate degree how do you get into grad school are you qualified to do a phd answers to these questions and more.

What is a PhD?

A PhD, which stands for “doctor of philosophy”, is the most advanced academic degree. It’s earned through extensive research on a specific topic, demonstrating expertise and contributing new knowledge to the field.

What does “PhD” mean?

The term “PhD” is often used as a synonym for any doctoral-level qualification. Doctorate degrees can often be split into two categories: MPhil and PhD.

An MPhil is similar to a PhD as it includes a research element (which is usually shorter and less in-depth than a PhD thesis, and often more akin to a dissertation undertaken at undergraduate or master’s level). 

MPhil students focus more on interpreting existing knowledge and theory and critically evaluating other people’s work rather than producing their own research. The precise nature and definition of an MPhil can vary among institutions and countries. 

A PhD, meanwhile, follows a more widely known and traditional route and requires students, often referred to as “candidates”, to produce their own work and research on a new area or topic to a high academic standard.

PhD requirements vary significantly among countries and institutions. The PhD, once completed, grants the successful candidate the title of “doctor of philosophy”, also called PhD or DPhil.

What is a professional doctorate?

A professional doctorate is a kind of degree that helps people become experts in their fields. Instead of focusing mainly on theory and research like a regular PhD, a professional doctorate is all about practical skills and knowledge.

This kind of doctorate is great for students who want to get better at their jobs in areas like teaching, healthcare, business, law or psychology. The courses and projects in these programmes are designed to tackle real problems you might face at work.

For example, you might have heard of the doctor of education (EdD), doctor of business administration (DBA), doctor of psychology (PsyD) or doctor of nursing practice (DNP). These programmes combine learning, hands-on projects and sometimes a thesis paper or essay to show you’re skilled at solving on-the-job challenges.

How long does it take to study a PhD?

The time required to complete a PhD can vary significantly based on several factors. Generally, a full-time PhD programme takes around three to six years to finish. However, it’s important to take into account individual circumstances and the nature of the research involved.

1. Full-time vs. part-time: If you’re studying full-time, dedicating most of your time to your studies, it usually takes about three to four years to complete a PhD. However, studying part-time while managing other commitments might extend the duration. Part-time PhDs can take around six to eight years, and sometimes even longer.

2. Nature of research: The complexity of your research proposal can influence the time required. Certain research questions may involve intricate experiments, extensive data collection or in-depth analysis, potentially leading to a longer completion timeline.

3. Field of study: The subject area you’re researching can also affect the necessary time. Some fields, such as sciences or engineering, might involve more hands-on work, while theoretical subjects might require more time for literature review and analysis.

4. Supervision and support: The guidance and availability of your academic supervisor can affect the pace of your research progress. Regular meetings and effective communication can help keep your studies on track.

5. Thesis writing: While the research phase is crucial, the stage of writing your thesis is equally significant. Organising and presenting your research findings in a clear and cohesive manner can take several months.

6. External commitments: Personal commitments, such as work, family or health-related factors, can influence your study time. Some students need to balance these alongside their PhD studies, potentially extending the duration.

7. External Funding: The availability of funding can also affect your study duration. Some funding might be linked to specific project timelines or research objectives.

So, although a PhD usually takes between three and six years of full-time study, with potential variations based on research complexity, enrolment as part-time or full-time, field of study and personal circumstances. It’s vital to have a realistic understanding of these factors when planning your PhD journey.

How long is a PhD in the UK?

In the UK, the length of a PhD programme typically ranges from three to four years of full-time study. As explained above, there are many factors to consider.

How long is a PhD in the US?

Similarly to the UK, in the United States, the duration of a PhD programme can vary widely depending on the field of study, research topic and individual circumstances. On average, a full-time PhD programme in the US typically takes between five and six years to complete.

Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US?

PhD programmes generally take longer to complete in the US than in the UK due to various factors in the education systems and programme structures of each country:

1. Programme structure: UK PhD programmes often emphasise early, focused research from the first year, leading to shorter completion times. In contrast, US programmes commonly include more initial coursework in your first and second year and broader foundational training, which can extend the overall duration.

2. Course work requirements: Many US PhD programmes require a lot of course work, which can lengthen the time needed to finish. UK programmes tend to have fewer or no course work demands, allowing students to concentrate primarily on research skills.

3. Research funding: In the UK, PhD funding is often awarded with specific timeframes in mind, motivating completion of the research degree in the agreed duration. In the US, funding approaches can vary, requiring students to secure funding from multiple sources, potentially affecting their progress and completion time.

4. Teaching responsibilities: Some US PhD students take on teaching roles as part of their funding, dividing their time and potentially prolonging their studies.

5. Research approach: Differences in research methodologies and project scopes can affect the time needed for data collection, experimentation and analysis.

6. Academic culture: The US education system values a well-rounded education, including coursework and comprehensive exams. This can extend the time before full-time research begins. UK PhD programmes often prioritise independent research early on.

7. Part-time and work commitments: US PhD candidates might have more flexibility for part-time work or other commitments, which can affect research progress.

8. Dissertation requirements: US PhD programmes generally include a longer and more comprehensive dissertation, involving more chapters and a broader exploration of the research topic.

These variations in programme structures, funding models and academic cultures contribute to the differing completion times between the two countries.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

To be eligible for a PhD programme, certain educational qualifications are generally expected by universities. These qualifications serve as indicators of your readiness to engage in advanced research and contribute to the academic community.

First, an undergraduate or bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is typically the most common requirement. This degree provides you with a foundational understanding of the subject and introduces you to basic research methodologies. It serves as a starting point for your academic journey.

Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme?

In addition to an undergraduate degree, many PhD programmes also require candidates to hold postgraduate or master’s degrees, often in fields related to the intended PhD research. A master’s degree offers a deeper exploration of the subject matter and enhances your research skills. Possessing a master’s degree signifies a higher level of expertise and specialisation.

The combination of both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees demonstrates a solid academic background. This background is crucial before you engage in doctoral study because pursuing a PhD involves more than just knowledge; it requires advanced research abilities, critical thinking and the capacity to provide an original contribution and new insights into the chosen field of study.

While these qualifications are usually requested, there are exceptions. Some institutions offer direct-entry programmes that encompass bachelor’s, master’s and PhD degrees in a streamlined structure. This approach is often seen in scientific and engineering disciplines rather than humanities.

In exceptional cases, outstanding performance during undergraduate studies, coupled with a well-defined research proposal, might lead to direct entry into a PhD programme without requiring a master’s degree.

Admission requirements can vary between universities and programmes. Some institutions might have more flexible prerequisites, while others could have more stringent criteria. Make sure that you thoroughly research all admission requirements of the PhD programmes you’re interested in to ensure you provide the right information.

Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries?

PhD entry requirements in Canada and Australia can be somewhat similar to those in the UK and the US, but there are also some differences. Just like in the UK and the US, having a bachelor’s degree followed by a master’s degree is a common way to qualify for a PhD in Canada and Australia. However, the exact rules can vary, such as how much research experience you need or the grades you should have.

In Canada and Australia, as in the UK and the US, international students usually need to show their English language skills through tests like IELTS or TOEFL. And, like in other places, you might need to give a research proposal to explain what you want to study for your PhD.

But remember, even though there are some similarities, each country has its own rules.

PhD diary: Preparing for a PhD Nine things to know before doing a PhD Women in STEM: undertaking PhD research in cancer Studying for a part-time PhD: the challenges and the benefits Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student? Looking for PhD tips? Why not check Twitter PhD diary: Where do I begin? How to do a PhD on a budget

How much does it cost to study a PhD?

The cost of pursuing a PhD can vary significantly between international and home (domestic) students, and it depends on the country, university and programme you choose.

United Kingdom (UK)

Home students in the UK often pay lower tuition fees compared with international students. Home students might also have access to government funding or subsidised tuition rates.

International students typically pay higher tuition fees, which can vary widely depending on the university and programme. Fees can range from around £10,000 to £25,000 or more per year.

United States (US)

PhD programme costs in the US can be quite high, especially for international students. Public universities often have lower tuition rates for in-state residents compared with out-of-state residents and international students.

Private universities in the US generally have higher tuition fees, and international students might be charged higher rates than domestic students.

Canadian universities often charge higher tuition fees for international students compared with domestic students.

Some universities offer funding packages that include tuition waivers and stipends for both domestic and international doctoral students.

In Australia, domestic students (Australian citizens and permanent residents) usually pay lower tuition fees than international students.

International students in Australia might have higher tuition fees, and costs can vary based on the university and programme.

Apart from tuition fees, other aspects play a role in the overall financial consideration:

PhD studentship: Many universities offer PhD studentships that provide financial support to research students, covering both tuition fees and a stipend for living expenses.

Stipend and housing: Stipends are designed to cover living expenses. Stipend amounts can vary depending on the university and location. If you’re studying in London in the UK, stipends might be higher to account for the higher living costs in the city. Some universities also offer subsidised or affordable housing options for doctoral students.

Tuition and stipend packages: Some PhD programmes provide funding packages that include both tuition waivers and stipends. These packages are to help relieve the financial burden on students during their doctoral studies.

Research the financial support options provided by the universities you’re interested in to make an informed decision about the cost of your PhD journey.

What funding options are available for PhD candidates?

PhD candidates have various funding options available to support their studies and research journeys. Some of these options include:

PhD scholarships: Scholarships are a common form of financial aid for PhD candidates. They are awarded based on academic merit, research potential or other specific criteria. Scholarships can cover tuition fees and provide a stipend for living expenses.

Bursaries: Bursaries are another form of financial assistance offered to students, including PhD candidates, based on financial need. They can help cover tuition fees or provide additional financial support.

In the UK, specific funding options are available:

Regional consortium: Some regions have research consortiums that offer funding opportunities for doctoral candidates. These collaborations can provide financial support for research projects aligned with specific regional needs.

UK research institute: Research councils in the UK often offer stipends to PhD candidates. These stipends cover living expenses and support research work.

University-based studentship: Many UK universities offer studentships. You can read more about these above.

In the USA, there are also funding options available:

Research assistantships (RAs): Many universities offer research assistantships where PhD candidates work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members. In exchange, they receive stipends and often have their tuition waived.

Teaching assistantships (TA): Teaching assistantships involve assisting professors in teaching undergraduate courses. In return, PhD candidates receive stipends and sometimes tuition remission.

Fellowships: Fellowships are competitive awards that provide financial support for PhD candidates. They can come from universities, government agencies, private foundations and other institutions. Fellowships can cover tuition, provide stipends and offer research or travel funds.

Graduate assistantships: Graduate assistantships include a range of roles, from research and teaching to administrative support. These positions often come with stipends and sometimes include tuition benefits.

External grants and fellowships: PhD candidates can apply for grants and fellowships from external organisations and foundations that support research careers in specific fields. Examples include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Fulbright Programme.

Employer sponsorship: In some cases, employers might sponsor employees to pursue PhDs, especially if the research aligns with the company’s interests.

You can read about the current available scholarships for international students of all education levels on our website .

What does a PhD Involve?

How does a PhD work?

A PhD includes thorough academic research and significant contributions to your chosen field of study. The timeline for completing a PhD can significantly vary based on the country, college or university you attend and the specific subject you study.

The duration of a PhD programme can vary based on factors such as the institution’s requirements and the academic discipline you’re pursuing. For instance, the timeline for a PhD in a science-related field might differ from that of a humanities discipline.

UK PhD timeline example

Looking at a typical PhD degree in a London higher education institution, we can consider this example timeline.

In the initial year of your PhD, you’ll collaborate closely with your designated academic supervisor. This collaboration involves refining and solidifying your research proposal, which lays the foundation for your entire doctoral journey.

This is also the time to establish a comprehensive plan, complete with well-defined milestones and deadlines. A crucial aspect of this year is conducting an extensive literature review, immersing yourself in existing academic works to understand the landscape of your chosen research area. It’s important to make sure that your research idea is original and distinct from prior studies.

As you begin the second year, you’ll actively collect data and gather information related to your research topic. Simultaneously, you’ll initiate the process of crafting your thesis. This involves combining your research findings and analysis into sections of your thesis document.

This is also the phase where you might have opportunities to share your research insights at academic meetings, conferences or workshops. Depending on the programme, you might even engage in teaching activities. Some PhD candidates also begin contributing to academic journals or books, showcasing their findings to a broader audience.

The third year of a PhD programme often marks the final stage of your research efforts. This is when you dedicate substantial time to writing and finalising your complete thesis. Once your thesis is completed to the highest standard, you’ll submit it for thorough evaluation.

A significant milestone in the third year is the viva voce, an oral examination where you’ll defend your thesis before a panel of experts in your field. The viva voce is an opportunity to showcase your deep understanding of your research and defend your findings.

Why should you do a PhD?

For many people, acquiring a doctorate degree is the pinnacle of academic achievement, the culmination of years of commitment to higher education.

However, the act of pursuing a PhD can be a complex, frustrating, expensive and time-consuming exercise. But with the right preparation, some sound advice and a thorough understanding of the task at hand, your years as a doctoral student can be some of the most rewarding of your life. 

People choose to work towards a doctorate for many reasons. If you are looking to pursue an academic position, such as university lecturer or researcher, then a PhD is usually required.

Many people obtain a PhD as part of a partnership with an employer, particularly in scientific fields such as engineering, where their research can prove useful for companies.

In some cases, however, PhDs are simply down to an individual’s love of a subject and their desire to learn more about their field.

What are some benefits of studying a PhD?

Pursuing a PhD can have many benefits that extend beyond academic achievement, encompassing personal growth, professional advancement and meaningful contributions to knowledge.

One of the most notable benefits of a PhD is the potential for tenure in academia. Attaining tenure provides a level of job security that allows you to delve into long-term research projects and make enduring contributions to your field. It signifies a stage where you can explore innovative ideas and pursue in-depth research, fostering your academic legacy.

While not obligatory, the opportunity to collaborate on research projects with your supervisor is another valuable aspect of a PhD pursuit. These collaborations might even come with financial compensation, offering real-world experience, skill development and practical applications of your research. Engaging in such collaborations can enrich your research portfolio and refine your research methodologies.

A pivotal aspect of a PhD journey is the chance to publish your original research findings. By disseminating your work in academic journals or presenting it at conferences, you contribute to the expansion of knowledge within your field. These publications establish your expertise and reputation among peers and researchers worldwide, leaving a lasting impact.

The pursuit of a PhD can provide a unique platform to build a diverse network of colleagues, mentors and collaborators. Engaging with fellow researchers, attending conferences and participating in academic events offer opportunities to make valuable connections. This network can lead to collaborations, expose you to a spectrum of perspectives and pave the way for future research endeavours.

What is a PhD thesis? And what is a PhD viva?

A PhD thesis will be produced with help from an academic supervisor, usually one with expertise in your particular field of study. This thesis is the backbone of a PhD, and is the candidate’s opportunity to communicate their original research to others in their field (and a wider audience).  PhD students also have to explain their research project and defend their thesis in front of a panel of academics. This part of the process is often the most challenging, since writing a thesis is a major part of many undergraduate or master’s degrees, but having to defend it from criticism in real time is arguably more daunting.  This questioning is known as a “viva”, and examiners will pay particular attention to a PhD’s weaknesses either in terms of methodology or findings. Candidates will be expected to have a strong understanding of their subject areas and be able to justify specific elements of their research quickly and succinctly.

In rare cases, students going for a PhD may instead be awarded an MPhil if the academic standard of their work is not considered fully up to par but still strong enough to be deserving of a qualification.

Can you do a PhD part time? 

Many PhD and MPhil candidates choose to pursue their qualification part time, in order to allow time to work and earn while studying. This is especially true of older students, who might be returning to academia after working for a few years. 

When applying, you should always speak to the admissions team at your university to ensure this is possible and then continue to work with your supervisor to balance all your commitments. 

Can I do a PhD through distance learning?

This is something else that you will need to check with your university. Some institutions offer this option, depending on the nature of your research. 

You will need to be clear how many times you will need to travel to your university to meet with your supervisor throughout your PhD. 

Your PhD supervisor

Choosing the right PhD supervisor is essential if you want to get the most out of your PhD. Do your research into the faculty at the institution and ensure that you meet with your proposed supervisor (either virtually or in person) before fully committing. 

You need to know that not only do they have the right expertise and understanding of your research but also that your personalities won’t clash throughout your PhD. 

Remember, to complete your PhD, you will need a strong support network in place, and your supervisor is a key part of that network. 

Coping with PhD stress

If you do decide to embark on a doctorate, you may well encounter stress and anxiety. The work involved is often carried out alone, the hours can be long and many students can suffer from the pressure they feel is on their shoulders.

Ensuring that you check in regularly with your emotions and your workload is crucial to avoid burnout. If you have other commitments, such as a job or a family, then learning to balance these can feel overwhelming at times. 

Give yourself regular breaks, speak to your supervisor and ensure that you know what university resources and support systems are available to you in case you need to access them. 

Post-doctorate: what happens after you finish your PhD?

Many PhD graduates pursue a career in academia, while others will work in industry. Some might take time out, if they can afford to, to recover from the efforts of PhD study.

Whatever you choose to do, undertaking a PhD is a huge task that can open up a range of doors professionally. Just remember to take some time out to celebrate your achievement. 

How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential?

How much does a professor with a PhD make a year?

Professors with PhDs can earn different amounts depending on where they work and their experience. In the UK, a professor might make around £50,000 to £100,000 or more each year. In the US, it's between about $60,000 and $200,000 or even higher. The exact salary depends on things like the place they work, if they have tenure, and what they teach.

How much does a PhD add to salary?

Having a PhD can make your salary higher than if you had a lower degree. But exactly how much more you earn can change. On average, people with PhDs earn more than those with bachelor’s or master’s degrees. The increase in salary is influenced by many things, such as the job you do, where you work and what field you’re in.

In fields such as research, healthcare, technology and finance, your knowledge and skills from your PhD can potentially help you secure a higher salary position.

In the end, having a PhD can boost your earning potential and open doors to well-paying jobs, including professorships and special roles in different areas. But the exact effect on your salary is influenced by many things, so ensure you weigh the cost against the benefit.

How to choose a PhD programme?

Choosing a PhD programme involves defining your research interest, researching supervisors and programme reputation, evaluating funding options, reviewing programme structure, considering available resources, assessing networking opportunities, factoring in location and career outcomes, visiting the campus if possible and trusting your instincts.

How can I find available PhD programmes?

You can find available PhD programmes by visiting university websites, using online directories such as “FindAPhD”, checking professional associations, networking with professors and students, following universities on social media, attending career fairs and conferences, contacting universities directly and exploring research institutes’ websites.

How to apply for a PhD programme?

To apply for a PhD programme:

Research and select universities aligned with your interests.

Contact potential supervisors, sharing your proposal, CV and references.

Prepare application materials: research proposal, CV, recommendation letters and a writing sample.

Ensure you meet academic and language-proficiency requirements.

Complete an online application through the university’s portal.

Pay any required application fees.

Write a statement of purpose explaining your motivations.

Provide official transcripts of your academic records.

Submit standardised test scores if needed.

Some programmes may require an interview.

The admissions committee reviews applications and decides.

Apply for scholarships or assistantships.

Upon acceptance, review and respond to the offer letter.

Plan travel, accommodation and logistics accordingly.

Remember to research and follow each university’s specific application guidelines and deadlines.

How to apply for a PhD as an international student?

Many stages of the PhD application process are the same for international students as domestic students. However, there are sometimes some additional steps:

International students should apply for a student visa.

Take language proficiency tests such as TOEFL or IELTS if required.

Provide certificates if needed to validate your previous degrees.

Show evidence of sufficient funds for tuition and living expenses.

Check if you need health insurance for your chosen destination.

Translate and authenticate academic transcripts if necessary.

Attend orientation sessions for cultural adaptation.

Apply for university housing or explore off-campus options.

Familiarise yourself with international student support services.

Ben Osborne, the postgraduate student recruitment manager at the University of Sussex explains in detail how to apply for a PhD in the UK .

Giulia Evolvi, a lecturer in media and communication at Erasmus University, Rotterdam explains how to apply for a PhD in the US .

Finally, Samiul Hossain explores the question Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

Q. What is a PhD? A. A PhD is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, involving in-depth research and a substantial thesis.

Q. What does “PhD” mean? A. “PhD” stands for doctor of philosophy, recognising expertise in a field.

Q. What is a professional doctorate? A. A professional doctorate emphasises practical application in fields such as education or healthcare.

Q. How long does it take to study a PhD? A. It takes between three and six years to study a full-time PhD programme.

Q. How long is a PhD in the UK? A. It takes around three to four years to study a full-time UK PhD.

Q. How long is a PhD in the US? A. It takes approximately five to six years to complete a full-time US PhD.

Q. Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US? A. US programmes often include more course work and broader training.

Q. What qualifications do you need for a PhD? A. You usually need an undergraduate degree as a minimum requirement, although a master’s might be preferred.

Q. Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme? A. Master’s degrees are preferred but not always required.

Q. Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries? A. Entry requirements are similar in many countries, but there may be additional requirements. Make sure to check the university website for specific details.

Q. How much does it cost to study a PhD? A. The cost of PhD programmes vary by country and university.

Q. What funding options are available for PhD candidates? A. Scholarships, assistantships, fellowships, grants, stipends are all funding options for PhD candidates.

Q. What does a PhD involve? A. PhDs involve research, seminars, thesis, literature review, data analysis and a PhD viva.

Q. Why should you do a PhD? A. There are many reasons to study a PhD including personal growth, research skills, contributions to academia and professional development.

Q. What are some benefits of studying a PhD? A. Benefits of graduating with a PhD include achieving tenure, collaborations with colleagues, publication of your work, and networking opportunities.

Q. What is a PhD thesis? A. A PhD thesis is a comprehensive document that showcases the original research conducted by a PhD candidate.

Q. What is a PhD viva? A. A PhD viva, also known as a viva voce or oral examination, is the final evaluation of a PhD candidate’s research and thesis where the panel asks questions, engages in discussions and assesses the depth of the candidate’s understanding and expertise.

Q. Can you do a PhD part-time? A. Yes, part-time options are available for PhDs.

Q. Can I do a PhD through distance learning? A. Some universities offer online PhDs; you can find out more on their websites.

Q. How to choose a PhD programme? A. You can find PhD programmes through research, by contacting faculty, checking resources and considering location.

Q. How can I find available PhD programme? A. You can find available PhD programmes on university sites, through directories and by networking.

Q. How to apply for a PhD programme A. To apply for a PhD programme, research suitable universities and programmes, get in touch with potential supervisors, gather required documents like transcripts and reference letters, complete the online application, pay any necessary fees and submit a statement of purpose and research proposal. If needed, meet language-proficiency criteria and attend interviews. After acceptance, explore funding choices, confirm your spot and get ready for the programme’s start.

Q. How to apply for a PhD as an international student A. To apply for a PhD as an international student, follow similar steps to domestic students, but you need to include securing a student visa and passing language requirements.

Q. What is a PhD dropout rate? A. The dropout rate from PhDs varies but is approximately 30-40 per cent.

Q. How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential? A. A PhD can boost earning potential, especially in research, technology, healthcare and academia. Impact varies by job, industry and location. Experience, skills and demand also influence salary.

Q. How to address a person with a PhD? A. When addressing someone with a PhD, it’s respectful to use “Dr”, followed by their last name, whether they have a PhD in an academic field or a professional doctorate. For instance, “Dr. Smith”.

Q. Is there a difference between a PhD and a doctorate? A. The terms “PhD” and “doctorate” are often used interchangeably, though a PhD is a specific type of doctorate focused on original research. A doctorate can refer more broadly to any doctoral-level degree, including professional doctorates with practical applications.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and an MD? A. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy, awarded for academic research, while an MD is a doctor of medicine, focusing on medical practice. They lead to different career paths and involve distinct areas of study.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate? A. A PhD is an academic research-focused degree, while a professional doctorate emphasises applying research to practical fields such as education or business. PhDs often involve original research, while professional doctorates focus on real-world application.

Q. What is the difference between UK and US PhDs? A. The difference between UK and US PhDs lies mainly in structure and duration. UK PhDs often have shorter durations and a stronger emphasis on independent research from an early stage. US PhDs typically include more initial coursework and broader foundational training before full-time research begins.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD student and a candidate? A. A PhD student is actively studying and researching in a doctoral programme, while a PhD candidate has completed programme requirements except for the dissertation and is close to completion.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an EdD? A. A PhD and an EdD (doctor of education) differ in focus. A PhD emphasises research and academic contributions, while an EdD focuses on applying research to practical educational issues.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a DBA? A. A PhD and a DBA (doctor of business administration) differ in purpose. A PhD emphasises theoretical research and academia, while a DBA is practice-oriented, aimed at solving real business problems.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a PsyD? A. A PhD and a PsyD (doctor of psychology) differ in emphasis. A PhD focuses on research and academia, while a PsyD emphasises clinical practice and applying psychological knowledge.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an LLD? A. A PhD and an LLD (doctor of laws or Legum doctor) are distinct. A PhD is awarded in various disciplines, while an LLD is usually an honorary degree for significant contributions to law.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an MD-PhD? A. A PhD and an MD-PhD differ. An MD-PhD is a dual degree combining medical training (MD) with research training (PhD).

Q. What is the Cambridge PhD? A. A Cambridge PhD involves original research guided by a supervisor, resulting in a thesis. It’s offered at the University of Cambridge .

Q. What is the Oxford DPhil? A. An Oxford DPhil is equivalent to a PhD and involves independent research leading to a thesis. The term “DPhil” is unique to the University of Oxford .

Q. What is the PhD programme acceptance rate? A. PhD acceptance rates vary by university, field and competition. Prestigious universities and competitive fields often have lower acceptance rates.

Q. What is a PhD supervisor? A. A PhD supervisor guides and supports a student’s research journey, providing expertise and feedback.

Q. What is a PhD panel? A. A PhD panel evaluates a candidate’s research, thesis and oral defence. It consists of experts in the field.

Q. What is a PhD stipend? A. A PhD stipend is a regular payment supporting living expenses during research, often tied to teaching or research assistant roles.

Q. What is a PhD progression assessment? A. A PhD progression assessment evaluates a student’s progress, often confirming their continuation in the programme.

Q. What is a PhD defence? A. A PhD defence, or viva, is the final oral examination where a candidate presents and defends their research findings and thesis before experts.

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Spring and fall term: 15 hours, 12 week summer term: 12 hours.

Students who wish to exceed the maximum course load must submit a petition letter from their graduate adviser to the graduate dean for approval.

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Full-time equivalency for phd students taking preliminary or qualifying exams.

If a graduate international student will not be enrolled full time during an academic term yet the academic department considers him/her to be full time, while the student prepares for or take preliminary or qualifying exams, the U-M International Center (IC) may authorize a Full Time Equivalency (FTE) for this student. This FTE allows the U-M International Center (IC) to report full-time enrollment to SEVIS to maintain the student's F1 status.

• Full Time Equivalency is for the purpose of maintaining immigration status only. You may not be considered an active student for other purposes, such as loans, for example.
• Rackham requires that all students register for at least one credit.

Who Can Qualify

An FTE may be granted in the following circumstances:

• A graduate student completing all formal course work during the current term. Upon completion of formal course work, the student will prepare for or take the preliminary exam or qualifying exam.
• A graduate student has already completed all formal course work but is currently preparing for preliminary exam or qualifying exam.

Requirements

A signed letter from the academic advisor or department is required. The letter must be on letterhead and must state the following information:

• That the student is considered to be full time by the department.
• What the student will be doing during the term of FTE authorization.
• The number of credits for which the student will register during the term of FTE authorization.

Please log in to the M-Passport portal , click on Requests > Full-time Equivalency , and follow the instructions from there.

The FTE must be received by the U-M International Center (IC) by the end of the  drop/add period of EACH TERM . A student who drops below a full course of study without prior approval of a Designated School Official (DSO) is considered out of status.

Academic Catalog 2023-2024

Full-time status.

A graduate (nondoctoral) student is considered a full-time student if they are enrolled in 9 quarter hours of graduate credit for the quarter. An exception is made for students matriculated in master’s degree programs that only require 4 credit courses, in which case full-time student status is attained with enrollment in 8 quarter hours of graduate credit for the quarter.

A doctoral student’s full-time status is determined by the structure of the program.

Note that full-time status may be defined differently for federal loan purposes. International students have other considerations/requirements to maintain their visa eligibility.

Course Load

Federal financial aid recipients must be enrolled in and successfully complete a minimum number of credits each term to maintain eligibility. For more information, contact your financial aid counselor.

Course Overload

A maximum course load (different from full-time status) for a graduate (nondoctoral) student is 16 credits taken across a 12-week term, with no more than 8 credits per 6-week session.

To be eligible for a course overload (greater than 16 credits per 12-week term or greater than 8 credits per 6-week session), a graduate (nondoctoral) student must:

• Have a record of successful study with 12 or more credits a term at Northeastern University
• Have a minimum cumulative grade-point average of 3.500
• Provide a rationale to support the request

Students need to complete the appropriate form and return it to their career and academic advisor. Course overload is approved per term.

Each doctoral program has its own enrollment and course load requirements. Doctoral students who wish to seek a course overload must consult with the program director or designee.

International Student Enrollment Requirements

Importance of maintaining f-1 status.

International students studying at Northeastern are responsible for maintaining compliance with U.S. federal regulations. Failure to maintain full-time enrollment, in accordance with these regulations, can result in consequences.  Regular consultation with college academic advisors, as well as Office of Global Services international student advisors, is required before taking any action that may impact immigration status and educational endeavors in the United States.

Achieving Full-Time Enrollment Status

Full-time enrollment status must be maintained by F-1 students throughout the academic year. To achieve full-time status, graduate students must be enrolled in 8–9 credits throughout each academic term. Students can consult with their college academic advisor prior to each term to develop a course schedule to maintain full-time status. F-1 students are expected to study on-ground and cannot enroll in an online course without first speaking to a college academic advisor to confirm eligibility .  If approved , F-1 students who need to withdraw/drop from a course must withdraw/drop from the additional online course first and not from any of the on-ground core courses in order to maintain full-time status.

College of Professional Studies Academic Term

In CPS, each academic term in fall, winter, and spring is defined as a quarter term consisting of 12 weeks. Some courses are scheduled for the entire 12 weeks, while others are scheduled for either the first 6 weeks or the last 6 weeks (parts of a term). A full summer term consists of 8 weeks. Some courses are scheduled for the entire 8 weeks of a term, while others are scheduled for parts of a term.

F-1 students are required to maintain full-time enrollment status, except in the final academic term of degree completion. If the course requirements for degree completion are less than 8–9 credits, they must be completed on-ground throughout the entire final term.

Eligibility for Summer Term Off

All students, regardless of the term in which they begin studies, (e.g., CPS winter or spring quarter terms) are eligible to take the summer term off as their standard vacation term, as long as they confirm enrollment in the following fall term and they are not starting or ending their program of study in that same summer term.

Directed Study

Directed studies are offered when a course is required for a student’s program of study but said course is not available in a given academic term and there is immediacy for a student to complete said course. Academic deans/directors will make the decision if there is a compelling need to run a course as a directed study.

Independent Study

Independent study is an opportunity for a degree student to work independently under the supervision of an instructor to undertake special research, literature review, or experimental study projects in areas related to their program of study that they cannot accomplish as part of a standard course in the curriculum. A degree student may take up to two independent studies. The work to be done for an independent study is usually crafted by the student, with faculty input. Independent studies are entirely optional and not needed to graduate. A completed Request for Independent Study form, signed by both the student and the faculty member, must be submitted to the academic program for review and approval.

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Pros & Cons: Full Time vs. Part Time PhD

Part-time vs. full-time phd: which one is right for you.

Returning to school can be a huge decision, especially if you’re a working adult. There are many factors to consider, including how you’ll find the time to do the required work. Because of this, many people may struggle to decide between a full-time and part-time PhD program.

The good news is that the only true difference between the two types of programs is the length of time it’ll take you to complete your work. The coursework and other components are typically the same.

This guide will help you weigh the pros and cons of committing to a full or part-time PhD program so that you can decide which option is best for your goals and lifestyle.

What’s the Difference Between a Part-Time and Full-Time PhD?

The only notable difference between a part-time and full-time PhD is the amount of time it takes you to complete your degree. You’ll still be responsible for completing the required research and coursework. 

That being said, the experience of a part-time PhD program may feel significantly different from that of a full-time student because:

• Full-time PhD candidates have more time to spend on their research and coursework
• Part-time candidates may have other commitments competing with schoolwork
• Financial assistance opportunities may vary depending on your program choice
• Research for a full-time student might be more immersive 

The best choice for you is going to be the option that allows you to balance your educational commitments with the rest of your life. To give you a better understanding of what these educational obligations might be, let’s take a deep dive into full and part-time PhD programs.

The Ins and Outs of Full-Time PhD Programs

A full-time PhD program is similar to a full-time job. It’s typically an immersive experience with two main goals:

• Grow a student’s knowledge about an important topic
• Provide training to improve skills through research and collaboration 

The path to these outcomes can be quite lengthy. Although your specific road might look a little different based on the institution and field of study you choose, the typical PhD program includes: 1

• Coursework – You’ll likely begin your program by taking graduate courses in your field to expand your knowledge base. Courses in research methods and scholarly writing will also be part of your curriculum. These are important preparation for the writing you’ll be expected to do as you progress through your program.
• Research – The time you spend outside of the classroom will mainly be used to research for your dissertation. The skills you acquire through your coursework will help you unearth sources, conduct experiments, or perform other research tasks.
• Meetings – You’ll also have regularly scheduled meetings with your PhD supervisor. The frequency and length of these meetings will depend on your institution and program. Here, you’ll discuss your progress, review your research, and get advice about your work.
• Teaching or fieldwork – Some PhD candidates are required to teach a certain number of classes during their time with an institution. Others must complete an internship, fieldwork, or another project. Your requirements will depend on the program you’re enrolled in and the institution you attend.
• Writing the dissertation – The pinnacle of your PhD program is, of course, the dissertation. This can take years to complete and is often the factor that extends the length of time it takes someone to finish their studies. It’s the compilation of all of your hard work, research, analysis, and writing.
• Defending your dissertation – Once you make that final edit to your dissertation, you’re almost finished. However, there’s one crucial step remaining: your dissertation defense. This is an oral exam where you present and answer questions about your research to a committee. The committee then decides if you have passed or if corrections are needed.

After the defense and committee approval, you’ll submit the final copy of your manuscript and be awarded your coveted degree. 

Required Coursework

Every PhD program is going to look a little different depending on your field of study and institution. A very general example of required coursework for a full-time student might look something like this:

• Year 1 – Two full semesters of coursework, including some specialized courses in your areas of study. More generalized research design and research methods courses may take up a significant portion of your classroom time.
• Year 2 – The second year will also contain two full semesters of classes. You’ll take more courses focused specifically on researching and developing a proposal. This will prepare you to begin working on your dissertation.
• Year 3 – Your course load will be smaller as your dissertation research and writing begins. If teaching, clinical work, or lab work is required in your program, you’ll work on these tasks while also working on your dissertation.
• Year 4 and beyond – You might have a few remaining courses to take, but your time after year three is primarily dedicated to your research and writing until your dissertation is complete.

Weekly Commitment

A full-time PhD program can be an intense endeavor. It requires approximately the same amount of time as a full-time job each week—about 35 to 40 hours. The way those hours are distributed depends on where you are in your program. For the first two years, the bulk of your time will likely be spent in the classroom.

After that, you’ll likely be researching, writing, and completing other required duties. 

Completion Timeframe

According to the National Science Foundation’s “Survey of Earned Doctorates”, there were 55,283 completed doctorate degrees in the United States in 2020. 2 The median length of time from beginning to completion was 5.8 years. At a minimum, most PhD programs take about 4 years, but even full-time students can take longer.

The time it takes you to complete your PhD as a full-time student is heavily dependent on how quickly and effectively you complete your dissertation. Factors that can delay completion include:

• You struggle with your research
• Writing takes longer than expected
• Your dissertation requires significant edits
• Life circumstances interfere with your studies

It’s important to remember that taking longer to finish your degree doesn’t diminish the accomplishment. Don’t get discouraged if you need to make revisions or if your research isn’t finished as quickly as you’d hoped.

A Full-Time PhD Program Might be Right for You If…

Students who successfully enroll in full-time PhD programs do so with the understanding that it’s a significant time commitment. Full-time programs might be best suited for students who:

• Don’t hold a full-time job
• Have the financial support needed
• Can commit as many as 40 hours per week to their school work
• Have significant schedule flexibility to accommodate classes, research, and other obligations

You might also begin as a full-time student and later make the switch to part-time if your circumstances change.

The Ins and Outs of Part-Time PhD Programs

Part-time PhD programs can offer students a little more flexibility. In fact, no two part-time PhD students are likely to have a program that looks the same. However, there are a few common traits among part-time PhD programs, such as:

• More flexibility in coursework
• Less of a financial burden all at once since costs are spread out over a longer period
• Less disruptive of your other life commitments
• More time to research

In a part-time program, you’ll likely have more time to attend to your other obligations. The trade-off is that you’ll be a student for far longer than you would if you attend school full-time. The work you must do is the same as if you attend full-time, it’s just spread out over more years.

Some key differences in the time commitment include:

• Classroom time  – You’ll take the same classes as a full-time student but instead of finishing most of the core work in the first year or two, it might take you three or four years.
• Weekly hours – If you’re a part-time student, you’ll likely spend half the hours working. This equates to about 15 to 20 hours per week that you’ll need to dedicate to school. Of course, this time might change depending on how your program and institution define part-time.
• Years to complete – The timeframe for part-time students to complete a PhD varies. The “Survey of Earned Doctorates” doesn’t differentiate between part and full-time students in its completion data. Anecdotally, a part-time PhD student might take anywhere from 5 to 10 years or more to complete their degree. 3

The biggest takeaway about part-time PhD programs is that they’re highly variable, especially when it comes to completion times.

A Part-Time PhD Program Might be Right for You If…

Many students can benefit from the flexibility offered by a part-time PhD program. You might be the perfect candidate if you:

• Have a family
• Need time for other obligations
• Prefer to work more slowly

Keep in mind that you might be able to start slowly and increase your workload as you go through your programs and life changes.

Find Your Perfect PhD Match

A PhD program can be a challenging and time-consuming commitment, whether you’re a full-time or part-time student. In fact, there isn’t a significant difference between the two, other than the time it takes to finish your degree. A part-time option can allow working adults or those with other life obligations to work toward a doctoral degree at a slower pace that’s more conducive to their needs.

If you’re considering a full or part-time PhD program, Alliant International University might be the right choice for you. Check out our offerings today to see if we’re a perfect match for your educational goals.

Sources: 

•  “The PhD Experience: A Review of the Factors Influencing Doctoral Students’ Completion, Achievement, and Well-Being.” International Journal of Doctoral Studies. 2018. http://ijds.org/Volume13/IJDSv13p361-388Sverdlik4134.pdf . Accessed January 27, 2022.
•  “Survey of Earned Doctorates.” National Science Foundation. November 30, 2021. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf22300/data-tables . Accessed January 27, 2022.
•  “How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD Degree?” U.S. News and World Report. August 12, 2019. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/2019-08… . Accessed January 27, 2022.

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Student Manual

Registration for students in phd programs.

To record the progress of students toward the Ph.D., the University requires full-time continuous registration. Students complete Ph.D. program requirements as established by individual academic units, and program requirements vary by department or school, but the requirement for continuous registration applies across the University.

PhD students must be enrolled for at least 300 units, including the option of research or advanced study. The choice to enroll in specific courses is made in accordance with program requirements and students' scholarly needs, and PhD tuition associated with registration is a fixed sum that is not altered by enrollment in specific courses.

While registered, students may have access to student housing, library privileges, use of athletic facilities, eligibility for student health insurance and access to the services of UChicago Student Wellness. If otherwise eligible to participate in federal student loan programs, registered students have the ability to borrow under federal student loan programs and to defer repayment of past federal student loans.

The University's PhD programs have time limits on registration, and students should consult with their deans of students or field-specific student manuals for information about time limits on their degree programs.

• Leaves of absence may extend a student's eligibility to register beyond the time limits for students who matriculated in summer 2016 or beyond (see  Leaves of Absence ). Students should consult their deans of students to understand the impacts of leaves of absence on registration time limits.
• To meet the full-time continuous registration requirement, students are required to be registered annually for at least three academic quarters (normally autumn, winter, and spring), and some programs require registration during the summer quarter as well.
• Students may still be allowed to graduate after reaching their divisional or school registration limit with departmental and divisional permission (see Time Limit Administrative Withdrawal ). Satisfactory academic progress toward the doctorate, as determined by the specific programs, is required for continued registration. Academic programs may set a time limit on degree completion.                

Doctoral candidates who submit their approved dissertation by Friday of the first week of a quarter and apply to graduate in that quarter are not required to register as students in that quarter. If not registered, students would not be required to pay tuition or fees associated with registration and would therefore not have access to the privileges associated with student status. All students should consult with their area dean of students and, as applicable, advisors in the Office of International Affairs, before making the decision of whether to register in this case. Some divisions and schools may have earlier deadlines or other requirements, and students are required to follow divisional/school guidelines in those cases.

Students with questions about continuous registration requirements, time limits on registration eligibility, dissertation deposit timelines, and the impact of leaves of absence on registration time limits should consult with their area dean of students.

• The Daily Life of a PhD Student

Written by Hannah Slack

The daily life of a PhD student can be quite a departure from what you’ve experienced as an undergraduate or Masters student. You’ll have much more independence and little to no ‘taught’ elements. Your average week will likely involve a similar amount of PhD study hours to a full-time job. This will include some teaching and administrative responsibilities.

This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student. We’ll also explain how your daily life will look as you progress through a doctoral degree.

What does the daily life of a PhD student look like?

It might seem like a cliché, but the reality is that isn’t really a typical day for a PhD student. Your daily routine will depend on several different factors, from your research area and the stage of your PhD to what you’ve agreed with your supervisor and your own learning style. We’ve covered the main aspects that will affect how you spend your PhD below.

Subject area

If you’re doing a PhD in the Arts and Humanities , you probably won’t be surprised to learn that you’ll spend a fair chunk of your time reading texts or in the library. This is where you’ll do the bulk of your research. However, depending on the nature of your topic you may visit special collections and archives to view rare books and papers elsewhere.

In the Social Sciences , you’re also likely to spend plenty of time reading. However, you might also find yourself conducting research via surveys or interviews, as well as handling large amounts of data.

STEM PhDs usually involve lots of time in the laboratory, performing experiments and testing out hypotheses. You’ll probably also help supervise undergraduate and Masters students while they conduct work in the laboratory, making sure they’re using the right techniques.

Learning style

Your learning style will also have an effect on your daily routine as a PhD student. The independence afforded by a PhD means that you’ll have plenty of freedom to choose your own ‘working’ hours – as well as where they take place.

Some people value the regularity of a 9-5 schedule, while others may find that they’re more productive early in the morning or later in the evening (or a mixture of all three!). Similarly, you may have the freedom to choose where you want to study. This could be at home, in the library, a local café or a shared workspace with other PhD students.

The stage of your PhD

How far you are into your PhD is another big factor in your daily routine. Your first year will largely involve you getting to grips with your research area. You’ll familiarise yourself with the literature and beginning to lay the groundwork for what will become your PhD thesis .

Second year will see you taking on extra responsibilities, such as teaching or laboratory supervision, as well as undertaking the bulk of your research.

Your third and fourth years will usually be dedicating to writing up your research and producing your thesis, culminating in your PhD viva . This is typically the busiest – and most important! – period of a PhD.

Supervisor meetings

Meetings with your PhD supervisor will take place on a regular basis and are an excellent opportunity to provide updates, ask for advice and get their opinion on drafts. The frequency of these meeting will largely be up to you and your supervisor to agree on, but you can expect them to form an important part of your routine as and when they happen.

How many hours of study is a PhD?

As a general rule, you should expect a full-time PhD to account for 35 hours of work a week – the equivalent of a full-time, 9-5 job. It’s likely that during especially busy periods – such as when you’re writing up – you may work considerably longer hours.

If you’re studying a part-time PhD , your workload will be halved, at around 17 and a half hours per week. Depending on your schedule, this might be across a full week or a few days.

Universities rarely impose a number or pattern of work hours on PhD students, so it’ll be up to you to manage your time effectively. Most of the time, attendance is to do with regular meetings, set departmental deadlines and timely submission of written work.

Whatever your mode of study, it’s important to strike a healthy work-life balance. Peer pressure, demanding supervisors and extreme expectations may make you feel like you have to put in lots of hours. But you should remember that over-exerting yourself won’t necessarily lead to gains in productivity.

This is why some universities prescribe a maximum number of academic-related work, as low as six hours a week (you’ll often see 12-16 hours max) and why off-campus work sometimes require special permission (fairly rare but it happens).

PhD student workloads and holidays

The coursework requirement is likely to be higher at the beginning of your PhD and, while not really measured in hours, this will dictate how often you are on campus. In the UK, you will have some requirements in terms of transferrable skills training (in teaching, professional development and academic skills, for example) and your university may have a minimum number of hours of such courses you must take.

As you progress in your PhD, your workload will become progressively heavier, culminating in the period where you write up your research.

PhD annual leave

Funded PhD students at UK universities are usually entitled to annual leave during their studies, as stipulated in the conditions for their studentship.

The exact amount differs from institution to institution (and according to how you’re funded), but generally speaking you can expect between 25 and 30 days of annual leave if you’re a full-time PhD student, in addition to public holidays.

Part-time funded students will receive half of this allocation. If you’re a self-funded PhD student, you won’t have annual leave per se. But you also won’t be beholden to the same conditions attached to a studentship.

You’ll need to give an appropriate amount of notice to your supervisor and / or colleagues, as well as using the university’s booking system for annual leave.

Do PhD students get summers off?

No, you’ll be expected to continue working on your research throughout the summer – there’s no dedicated summer holiday period in addition to the annual leave you’re entitled to as a PhD student.

PhD responsibilities

The ultimate responsibility for good academic conduct and for successful completion of the PhD lies with you.

However, it’s a slightly different situation if you’re studying a PhD in a country where students are usually treated as a member of research staff (common in the Netherlands , France , Sweden and Norway , to give a few examples).

In these cases, you’ll have an employment contract and will be subject to the same regulations as a member of staff. Similarly, if you are doing an ‘industrial’ PhD, or if your funder has specific rules, you should make sure that you find out whether there is a strict pattern of work you should adhere to.

Think a PhD is for you?

Find the perfect PhD opportunity for you with our regularly updated course listings .

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What happens during a typical PhD, and when? We've summarised the main milestones of a doctoral research journey.

The PhD thesis is the most important part of a doctoral degree. This page will introduce you to what you need to know about the PhD dissertation.

Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.

Is your supervisor moving universities? Or have you discovered another doctoral programme that better suits your goals? In this guide we take a look at how you can transfer a PhD to another university.

Ever wondered how hard is a PhD? Our guide can help you learn the level of a PhD compared to Masters study, what hurdles make a PhD hard, and why they occur.

This guide covers the different types of research misconduct, their possible consequences and how you can avoid them!

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Funding Packages for Full-Time PhD Students

If you are accepted as a full-time NYU Steinhardt PhD student, you are eligible for our generous funding package, which includes a stipend, scholarship, and healthcare coverage. Information is below and on our doctoral funding website. 

Funding Opportunities

The Steinhardt Fellowship Program

The standard Steinhardt Fellowship package includes an annual stipend, tuition remission for required course work, and student health insurance through your fifth year. The fellowship is reserved for full-time doctoral students. The 2024-2025 stipend is $33,867. Complete details are provided with each offer of admission.

Research Assistantships

Some doctoral students may be appointed to a Research Assistantship. Research Assistants are funded by external grants and work with a principal investigator on a funded research project. Unlike Steinhardt Fellows, Research Assistants agree to work 20 hours per week on an ongoing research project, typically with a team of faculty and other students. Research Assistants may not perform additional work assignments such as teaching or grading.

For the duration of the assistantship, Research Assistants receive funding that includes a stipend, tuition remission for required course work, and student health insurance.

Other Expenses to Consider

Beyond what is covered by your Steinhardt Fellowship or Research Assistantship, you may have additional expenses that you should keep in mind as you plan your budget. These may include, but are not limited to:

• Late registration fees
• Tuition for undergraduate courses
• Tuition for graduate courses not applicable to your degree
• Tuition for courses in excess of the total point requirement for your degree
• Tuition for courses completed after the end of the fifth year
• Tuition for courses and fees used to maintain official enrollment for study leading to a degree after the end of the fifth year; see doctoral student policies for more information
• Student health insurance for students beyond the fifth year (note that students who are employed by NYU, such as Research Assistants or Adjunct Instructors, may receive health insurance as an employee benefit)

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Personal Finance for PhDs

Live a financially balanced life - no Real Job required

How to Prepare Your Grad Student Tax Return (Tax Year 2023)

January 24, 2019 by Emily

It’s common for funded graduate students to be a bit intimidated by preparing their own tax returns, particularly if they are inexperienced in doing so. The sources of PhD student funding, namely fellowship stipends and the scholarships or waivers that pay tuition and fees, are rather unusual , so most people and even most professional tax preparers don’t have any experience with them. The strategies that apply for undergraduate-level taxes are pretty different from those that apply for graduate-level taxes. But learning how to prepare your grad student tax return isn’t actually difficult, nor are the resulting steps complicated. There’s no reason to be intimidated! This post covers the essential points you need to know to prepare your grad student tax return , whether you do it manually, with tax software, or with the help of another person.

This post is for tax year 2023. This post only covers federal tax due for graduate students in the United States who are citizens, permanent residents, or residents for tax purposes; you may have additional state and local tax due. I am detailing only the aspects of preparing your grad student tax return that are specific to higher education; I am not covering more general tax information that applies to the population at large.

This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice advice. It was last updated on 2/12/2024. For more tax content, visit the Personal Finance for PhDs Tax Center .

Table of Contents (Links)

Preliminary remarks, collect all your income sources, categorize your income, decide which education tax benefit(s) to use on your grad student tax return, fill out your grad student tax return, other education tax benefits, if you were under age 24.

This post is a step-by-step guide on how to prepare your grad student tax return. I want to clear up some confusion right up front so that you can work your way through the guide without becoming sidetracked.

All of your income is potentially taxable. The purpose of your tax return is to show that you don’t have to pay tax on all of it. What graduate students don’t often realize is that they have income sources aside from the one(s) that hits their bank accounts or is reported on an official tax document, and they need to deal with those incomes on their tax returns.

You have your stipend/salary that serves as your take-home pay; this is potentially taxable, even if you don’t receive an official tax form about it and you didn’t have any taxes withheld. In fact, I’ll say you’re very likely to end up owing tax on it unless it’s quite low and/or you have a lot of tax deductions and/or credits.

You also have another kind of potentially taxable income if you are funded: the money that pays your tuition, fees, and other education expenses.  Your university might refer to this as scholarships, waivers, remissions, etc. Even if this money never passes through your personal bank account, it does pass through your name via your student account, which makes it potentially taxable to you as an individual. There is a very high chance you can use an education tax benefit to reduce your taxable income and/or reduce your tax due, but you have to sit down and do the arithmetic on it, not just assume that you won’t owe any tax on it. (In fact, doing the arithmetic may very well help you pay even less tax than if you ignored it!) This guide shows you exactly how to do that.

Further reading:

• Do I Owe Income Tax on My Fellowship?
• Weird Tax Situations for Fully Funded Graduate Students
• Weird Tax Situations for Fellowship Recipients
• Five Ways the Tax Code Disadvantages Fellowship Income
• What to Do at the Start of the Academic Year to Make Next Tax Season Easier

This article includes publicly available information on taxes for students and fellowship recipients, largely derived from IRS Publication 970 and my examinations of the tax policies of many universities across the US.

If you want a more in-depth and intuitive presentation of this material , designed for you to prepare your tax return as you go through it , that includes my interpretations of the tricky IRS language and the insight I gained from hiring a CPA to research grad student taxes …

Please consider joining my tax workshop. It comprises pre-recorded videos, worksheets, and live Q&A calls with me.

Click here to learn more about the grad student tax return workshop.

The first step to prepare your grad student tax return, and any tax return, is to collect all your income sources. These income sources include wages as well as non-wage income such as interest and investment income and self-employment income, but does not include loan disbursements.

With respect to your grad student status, you have income sources that are unusual and may be officially reported to you or not (so check for all of them) :

• Your employee income for your stipend or salary will be reported to you on a Form W-2 . This typically comes from a teaching assistantship, research assistantship, or graduate assistantship.
• Your awarded income that pays your stipend or salary may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5 , on a 1099-MISC in Box 3 , on a Form 1099-NEC in Box 1 , on a 1099-G in Box 6 , on a courtesy letter , or not at all . Awarded income typically comes from fellowships, training grants, and awards. If your university does not send you any documentation of your fellowship income for 2023, you have to sum all the payments you received to figure out what it was.
• Your awarded income that pays your education expenses may be reported to you on a 1098-T in Box 5 or not at all . Awarded income typically comes from scholarships, waivers, remissions, and awards. If you did not receive a 1098-T from your university, you should look at the transactions in your student account (e.g., Bursar’s account, Cashier’s account) to see the money posted there on your behalf.

Your university may not use the exact terminology that I did, but the tax forms and documentation (or lack thereof) will help you differentiate among the three types.

• The Five Numbers Required for a Complete Grad Student Tax Return
• What Is a 1098-T?
• What Is a 1099-MISC?
• What Is a Courtesy Letter?

At this stage, you may be thinking that the total of all this income is way too high. There’s no way you want to pay tax on all this income! Stick with me: We are going to reduce either your taxable income or your tax due in a subsequent step . But for now, work with all of your incomes.

Would you like the opportunity to ask me a question about your tax situation? I hold monthly live Q&A calls throughout tax season for my workshop participants!

Click here to learn more about the tax return workshop.

Your grad student income (assistantship pay, fellowships, scholarships, etc.) falls into two broad categories: employee income and awarded income.

Employee income is easy to define, as you will receive a Form W-2 for it.

Awarded income is best defined as any grad student-related income that is reported somewhere other than a W-2 or not reported. According to the IRS, it is “various types of educational assistance you may receive if you are studying, teaching, or researching in the United States… includ[ing] scholarships, fellowship grants, need-based education grants, qualified tuition reductions” ( Publication 970 p. 5), but the way the IRS uses those terms doesn’t completely match how we use the terms in academia.

For tax year 2023, there are two* relevant education tax benefits that you can access to reduce your tax burden: making awarded income tax-free and the Lifetime Learning Credit.

You use your qualified education expenses (QEEs) to take a deduction (by making your awarded income tax-free) or take a credit (by taking the Lifetime Learning Credit).  A tax deduction reduces your taxable income, while a tax credit reduces your tax due directly. You can apply either one or both of these benefits, but you have to use different QEE dollars.

(* There is one more education tax benefit, the American Opportunity Tax Credit, which is each beneficial for a very small percentage of graduate students. See the section at the end of the article for more details on this benefit and whether it might apply to you.)

Generally speaking, graduate students should make their awarded income tax-free to the greatest extent possible before applying any remaining QEEs to the Lifetime Learning Credit; this is how tax software will prepare your return. However, some graduate students may be eligible to prioritize the Lifetime Learning Credit (or the American Opportunity Tax Credit) over making awarded income tax-free to further reduce their tax liability (could be worth hundreds of dollars); this scenario is discussed in detail inside my tax workshop .

Qualified Education Expenses

The definition of a QEE changes slightly for each tax benefit. From Publication 970 p. 4:

“Even though the same term, such as qualified education expenses, is used to label a basic component of many of the education benefits, the same expenses aren’t necessarily allowed for each benefit.”

Tuition at an eligible education institution is a QEE for both tax benefits (although to make awarded income tax-free you have to be a degree candidate). “Required fees” are QEEs for making awarded income tax-free. The Lifetime Learning Credit uses the wording “the fees and expenses [that] must be paid to the institution for enrollment or attendance” to define a QEE. Other fees and expenses beyond tuition may be QEEs; you should refer to the definition of a QEE with respect to each benefit.

If you received a 1098-T from your university, Box 1 will contain the sum of the payments for your the “qualified tuition and related expenses” that were processed by the office at your university that prepared the form. You may have additional QEEs not reported on the Form 1098-T , because the qualified tuition and related expenses on Form 1098-T do not include “charges and fees for room, board, insurance, medical expenses (including student health fees), transportation, and similar personal, living, or family expenses” ( Form 1098-T Instructions , p. 2)

Further reading:  What Is a 1098-T?

Whether you received a 1098-T or not, you should examine the transactions in your student account to make the final determination about the qualified education expenses that were processed by that office.

You may have additional QEEs not reported on your 1098-T or in your student account , such as required course-related expenses (keep your receipts!).

It’s very worthwhile to examine the definition of a QEE because uncovering additional QEEs almost always translates to a lower tax liability.

Make Awarded Income Tax-Free

The awarded income that you receive can directly cancel against your QEEs to become tax-free. For example, if the tuition that you are charged and the scholarship or tuition reduction that pays it are exactly the same amount, they net to zero and you won’t be taxed on that portion of your awarded income. In fact, you don’t even have to show the IRS this calculation; you only have to report the portion of your awarded income that exceeds your QEEs.

The definition of a QEE to make awarded income tax-free is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 1 p. 6):

Qualified education expenses. For purposes of tax-free scholarships and fellowship grants, these are expenses for:

• Tuition and fees required to enroll at or attend an eligible educational institution; and
• Course-related expenses, such as fees, books, supplies, and equipment that are required for the courses at the eligible educational institution. These items must be required of all students in your course of instruction.

Expenses that don’t qualify. Qualified education expenses don’t include the cost of:

• Room and board,
• Clerical help, or
• Equipment and other expenses that aren’t required for enrollment in or attendance at an eligible educational institution. “

Are you unsure whether one of your expenses is a “qualified education expense” to net against awarded income? In my tax workshop, I present the common higher education-related expenses that graduate students incur and tell you whether or not they are QEEs under each of the education tax benefits.

Lifetime Learning Credit

The Lifetime Learning Credit reduces your tax burden and may be beneficial to apply if 1) your QEEs exceed your awarded income and/or 2) a 20% credit is more valuable to you than a deduction.

The Lifetime Learning Credit is a 20% credit ; that means that if you use $1,000 in QEE expenses for the Lifetime Learning Credit, your tax due will be reduced by $200. There is a $10,000 limit on QEEs that can be used for the Lifetime Learning Credit , so the maximum benefit is $2,000 even if you have additional QEEs.

The modified adjust gross income phase-out for this deduction begins at $80,000 for a single person and $160,000 for a married couple filing jointly.

The definition of a QEE for the Lifetime Learning Credit is (excerpted from Publication 970 Chapter 3 p. 24, 28):

“Qualified Education Expenses

For purposes of the lifetime learning credit, qualified education expenses are tuition and certain related expenses required for enrollment in a course at an eligible educational institution. The course must be either part of a postsecondary degree program or taken by the student to acquire or improve job skills.

Related expenses. Student activity fees and expenses for course-related books, supplies, and equipment are included in qualified education expenses only if the fees and expenses must be paid to the institution for enrollment or attendance.

Expenses That Don’t Qualify

Qualified education expenses don’t include amounts paid for:

• Medical expenses (including student health fees);
• Room and board;
• Transportation; or
• Similar personal, living, or family expenses.

This is true even if the amount must be paid to the institution as a condition of enrollment or attendance. “

If you take the Lifetime Learning Credit, you must fill out and file Form 8863.

The Numbers You Need for Your Tax Return

Once you have decided how you would like to use your QEEs, you should bring a few numbers with you to enter into your federal tax return:

• Your total amount of employee income (W-2 pay with respect to your grad student income),
• Your net awarded income (after applying your QEEs to reduce it),
• The amount of your Lifetime Learning Credit (maximum $2,000) from Form 8863, and
• The amount of income tax you already paid, whether through withholding or estimated tax.

You now have an idea of the actions to take and decisions to make regarding your grad student tax return. I know it can seem overwhelming! I don’t want you to spend hours and hours feeling frustrated paging through IRS documentation or wrestling with tax software.

Commit a couple hours to taking my tax return workshop, feel confident and supported, and emerge with an accurate and minimized tax return!

With respect to your taxable grad student income, Lifetime Learning Credit, and tax already paid, how to report them on your tax return is very straightforward. Of course, you will fill out the rest of your tax return by following the form instructions; this section only relates to the grad student aspects of your return.

Report Your Income

Write your employee income (reported on your Form W-2) on Form 1040 Line 1a.

Write your taxable awarded income on Form 1040 Schedule 1 Line 8r. (This dedicated line is new as of 2022!)

Further reading: Where to Report Your PhD Trainee Income on Your Tax Return

Report Your Lifetime Learning Credit

Report your Lifetime Learning Credit on Line 3 of Form 1040 Schedule 3 ; you will also file Form 8863. The amount of this credit will directly reduce your tax due.

Report Your Tax Already Paid

If you received a Form W-2 and/or Form 1099 for part or all of your grad student income, you will enter the amount of federal tax that was withheld from your income in Line 25 of Form 1040 . There are different parts of the line depending on which form was used.

Further reading: The Complete Guide to Quarterly Estimated Tax for Fellowship Recipients

If you paid quarterly estimated tax on your fellowship income, report the total of the estimated tax payments you made in Line 26 of Form 1040 .

I have omitted from detailed discussion two education tax benefits that you may be familiar with from past experiences preparing your tax return.

American Opportunity Tax Credit

The American Opportunity Tax Credit is typically used during the undergraduate years only. It can be claimed in only 4 tax years and not in any tax year after the one in which you finish your first four years of postsecondary education. Therefore, if you graduated from college in 2023 (in four years) and you (or your parents) claimed the American Opportunity Tax Credit in no more than 3 previous tax years (e.g., freshman spring/sophomore fall, sophomore spring/junior fall, and junior spring/senior fall but not freshman fall), you may be eligible to claim it in 2023.

The American Opportunity Tax Credit is the most valuable education tax benefit available, so if you are eligible for it, you will almost certainly want to use it to the greatest degree you can. It is a 100% credit on up to $2,000 of QEEs and a 25% credit on up to $2,000 of QEEs.

The definition of a QEE for the American Opportunity Tax Credit is distinct from the definition for other education tax benefits.

If you claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit, you cannot use the Lifetime Learning Credit or the Tuition and Fees Deduction. If you are considered a dependent on your parents’ tax return in 2023, you cannot claim the credit (your parents would).

To claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit, you need to fill out and file Form 8863.

Tuition and Fees Deduction

The Tuition and Fees Deduction expired at the end of 2020.

If you were age 23 or younger on December 31, 2023 and a full-time student for at least five months of the year, you may be subject to an alternative, higher tax known as the Kiddie Tax. This could be the case if your income was primary awarded income.

Further reading: Fellowship Income Can Trigger the Kiddie Tax

As a full-time student (for at least part of 5 calendar months) and under age 24, your parents (or another relative) might also be able to claim you as a dependent, though you will have to pass the ‘residency test’ and ‘support test.’

One entire module of my tax return workshop is devoted to the special tax considerations of graduate students under the age of 24. Please consider joining the workshop for much more details about the Kiddie Tax and dependency.

The most challenging aspect of this process is simply knowing the various aspects that you have to consider. The most complicated aspect is collecting and categorizing all of your income sources and education expenses.

Best of luck to you as you prepare your grad student tax return this year! If you need additional support:

• Download my tax “cheat sheet”
• Register for my workshop (includes live Q&As!) for only $34

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Reader Interactions

March 13, 2020 at 9:42 am

A tax situation I have seen goes like this: Graduate student applies for external funding award/grant and receives it. The amount of this award/grant is paid by check directly to the student. The conditions of the award/grant are that the student must use the money to cover research expenses – say, cost of laboratory supplies, equipment, etc. Per the fund-granting organization, the student is not to use the money to pay their own cost of living expenses or wages. How would you deal with this tax situation?

March 31, 2020 at 2:05 pm

Thanks for following up over email!

April 8, 2020 at 5:42 pm

Thank you so much for posting this. I got a number of scholarships and grants this year that showed up on my 1098 and my initial H&R block estimate for taxes owed nearly gave me a heart attack, so I’ve trying to figure out how I can change that. I am in the same situation as Emily, with a scholarship that was awarded directly to me but can only be used for research allowances. Could you share the feedback you sent Emily in an email? Thanks!

April 17, 2020 at 2:35 pm

Same situation as posted by Jessica and Emily as far as award can only be used for funding research, in shock at the amount owe in taxes. Could you also share feedback you sent on how to deal with this situation?

May 13, 2020 at 11:40 pm

I have a similar situation regarding scholarships/grant money that can only be used towards research. Could you share the response you sent to the above inquiries?

Thanks, Dorian

May 24, 2020 at 3:51 pm

I’m sorry to say I don’t have a great answer! Worst case scenario is that it’s fully taxable within your personal income.

April 20, 2020 at 3:41 pm

So I am confused about how to collect My Income. My Pay stubs totaled 39K My 1098T Box5-Box1 was 7K and my W2 was 3k. Do I report the 29k difference as income as well? Or is that already reported in Box5?

April 20, 2020 at 10:45 pm

For an in-depth exploration of definitions and methods, I suggest joining my tax workshop: https://gum.co/tax2019gradstudent

March 5, 2021 at 7:55 am

Has your stance changed on whether health insurance premiums paid directly by a fellowship are considered as qualified education expenses? Insurance is required at my university, although we do have the option to have an outside insurer. In my case, I have the university plan which is covered by a ~$3,300 fellowship. This amount is paid directly by the university. Based purely on my 1098T, this increases my tax burden by ~$600. It seems unfair I should be taxed on this. Thanks!

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Quick links, uw-stevens point graduate making student voting more accessible.

Whether it has been a mock trial, or an internship taken on a whim, Roy Thorson has made the most of every opportunity he’s been given.

As an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, he found his purpose in promoting civic engagement and increasing student voter turnout while earning a bachelor’s degree in business administration with triple minors in political science, law and policy and music.

That work didn’t stop as he continued his education and earned a master’s degree in business administration (MBA) from UW-Stevens Point in May, and it will continue this fall as he begins to earn his juris doctorate degree at the Florida State University College of Law.

Thorson found his passion in politics and law in high school after a friend convinced him to join mock trial club. Enjoying and excelling in his first year as a lawyer for the club, he continued to win multiple awards throughout the state the following year. Thorson knew  then he wanted to pursue being an attorney as a career.

Despite living close by in Wausau, his first year at UW-Stevens Point took place online due to COVID-19. That turned into an advantage for him, however, as the flexibility of being remote through COVID allowed him to take a higher course load as a commuting student and graduate in three years.

Due to the limited involvement opportunities at the time, when he received an email from Professor Jennifer Collins in 2020 about an internship through Campus Vote Project involving promotion of student voting on campus, he applied on a whim.

Stemming from the internship, Thorson and a small group of students founded Pointers Vote Coalition with guidance from Collins. The nonpartisan student group works to spread awareness and participation of student voices within local, state and national politics.

“The main goal is to increase student voting at UWSP,” said Thorson. “Figuring out how we go about doing that’s a lot more difficult, so I started this work with just that goal and that drove it.”

In addition to serving as president since the club’s inception, he has participated in tabling events aimed at registering students to vote and providing them with information about candidates and what is on the ballot. Since then, Thorson has pushed the organization to tackle bigger issues, such as passing legislation through UWSP’s Student Government Association to have access to a free campus-wide education course on civic engagement.

His work of going above and beyond saw him recognized in the 2024 ALL IN Student Voting Honor Roll. Thorson’s most recent and largest win, however, was passing legislation and receiving the necessary approvals to create voter-compliant student IDs across campus.

“That’s been the next huge step that we’ve taken towards institutional policy of removing these barriers that don’t need to be there,” he said.

The change did not come quickly though. Thorson says while it was a lengthy two-and-half-year process involving stakeholder analysis, business negotiations and fundraising, he is proud of how much progress has been made.

“I could not have asked for a better student leader to take the reins of civic engagement work on campus,” said Collins. “Roy is an outstanding leader who has made his mark on our campus in ways that will endure.”

Although Thorson is someone who jumps headfirst into most opportunities in life, he was hesitant at first to join UWSP’s MBA program. Meeting with Associate Professor Lyna Matesi during an event, he was impacted by how she explained the value he would receive from it and how drastically different the experience is from undergraduate work.

Thorson’s MBA fellowship entailed working as the Student Advisory Board Chair and Wisconsin Representative within Campus Vote Project. He came to the table wanting to put in more than expected of him and bringing fresh, practical ideas to life, all while gaining the experience he needed for his fellowship and undergraduate capstone.

“The MBA program is there for you,” said Thorson. “It’s applied learning, and you come out better on the other end. You get out of it what you want to and what you put into it.”

Thorson shared that the biggest benefit he has seen within his personal growth and experiences has come from feeling confident in his abilities to hire an effective team and coach the next generation of students to be set up for success within the Pointers Vote Coalition.

“It is cool to know that I’m now sitting in a spot where maybe none of my peers are in law school,” he said.

Reflecting on his overall college experience at UWSP, Thorson said, “That level of feedback with an education made me feel like I was like the most important student, even though every student feels that way. For undergrad, I enjoyed that I got a solid education at a good price that got me where I needed to be.

“It got me to my MBA program. It got me to law school. And it allowed me to still have the time and flexibility to do fun things. I have a minor in music that doesn’t relate to my career in the slightest, but I did it because it’s fun.

“To have the flexibility to be able to do that without breaking the bank terribly and without suffering grades and understanding and knowledge of my core classes in political science and business. I don’t know that you get that everywhere.”

Not one to miss another opportunity, Thorson’s career aspirations include starting his own law firm.

AIP student spends free time cleaning up Ohio's Buckeye Lake

Advanced Inquiry Program (AIP) graduate student Mike Curtis of Millersport, Ohio (pictured with his daughter, Tegan), published an opinion piece in his hometown newspaper, The Columbus Dispatch.

Advanced Inquiry Program (AIP) graduate student Mike Curtis of Millersport, Ohio (pictured here with his daughter, Tegan), published an opinion piece in his hometown newspaper, The Columbus Dispatch. "Nobody wants to have a fun day [at the lake] end in an emergency room when a pet or child cuts themselves on a broken piece of glass," he writes. Since 2022, Curtis has been spending his free time leading community litter clean-up efforts at Buckeye Lake and collecting 71 pounds of trash.

As a student in Miami's biology department, Curtis is earning a Master of Arts (M.A.) in Biology through Project Dragonfly's AIP while working as a desktop services technician at Park National Bank.

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Discussion forum for current, past, and future students of any discipline completing post-graduate studies - taught or research.

Does anyone actually know of any part-time PhD students that work full-time?

I ask this because my job in applied research will pay for employees to get their PhD while working full-time. They also have a more selective program where they offer tuition reimbursement as well as paid time off (8 hours per week) to dedicate to academic work.

Personally, the reason I want to do this is to deepen my statistical, methodological, and research skills in order to built a more robust arsenal of skills to conduct research in the field. If it matters, I’d be doing a PhD in the social sciences (Psych, EdPsych, maybe Behavioral Economics).

When I look up most reputable programs, they don’t seem to allow half-time students. Would it be worth it to reach out to a professor (with similar research interests) to discuss the unique circumstance?

I’d love to know your thoughts!