woodlands homework help ancient egypt

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ancient Egypt

Introduction.

Life in Ancient Egypt

The Egyptians preserved the dead as mummies by removing the internal organs and preserving the body with salt or other chemicals. In addition to those of people, thousands of mummies of sacred animals such as cats, ibises , and crocodiles have been found. Mummies of important people were placed in elaborate coffins called sarcophagi, often bearing a portrait of the deceased. The coffin of Tutankhamen was made of solid gold.

In order to preserve the dead, the Egyptians needed to know a great deal about the human body. Their study of the body produced skillful doctors. Some of the earliest medical and surgical records have been found in Egypt. One of the earliest is the Ebers Papyrus, written about 1550 bce , which lists 700 cures for common sicknesses and problems.

They remained in use even after a form of cursive writing developed in about 2900 bce . It was written in ink with a pen made of reeds. This script was mainly written on papyrus, a form of paper made from papyrus plants. Another script began to appear in about 700 bce . The new form, called demotic, was used for ordinary writing. The earlier form, called hieratic, was then used mostly for sacred writings.

The key to understanding Egyptian writing was the Rosetta Stone, a stone tablet dating from about 200 bce that was found in Egypt in 1799. The stone shows words in Greek with translations in hieroglyphics and demotic script. By comparing the Egyptian text with the Greek text, a scholar who knew Greek was able to uncover the meaning of the hieroglyphics and the demotic words.

Everyday Life

Wall paintings are an especially rich source of information about how the common people lived with their children, hunted and farmed, raised animals, and performed daily tasks. The clothing, jewelery, and hair styles of all classes of people can be clearly seen. Egyptians were fond of perfumes and cosmetics. Both men and women wore a kind of green eyeshadow and outlined their eyes with a black substance called kohl. Women also applied color to their lips and nails. Vessels to hold cosmetics and the tools needed to grind them were included in tombs for use in the afterlife.

Clothing was simple because of the hot climate of Egypt. Small children, servants, and laborers often wore little clothing. White linen was the most commonly used fabric, with wool for cloaks when warmth was needed. In early garments the cloth was simply draped and tied around the body or held in place with pins and belts. Men typically wore a skirt of linen and sometimes a vest, while women wore a straight, simple ankle-length dress with shoulder straps. Necklaces and wide collars decorated with gems were often worn. Clothing became more elaborate over time. Many people wore wigs. Men often wore beards, and a false beard made of metal was worn by the ruler—even a female ruler.

The ancient Egyptians worshiped many gods. The main god of the sun was Re (or Ra). Each city had its own special gods. When the city of Thebes grew in importance, its special god Amon did also. Eventually, the Egyptians combined Amon with Re. Amon-Re was considered the king of the gods.

Because the ancient Egyptians believed in life after death, Osiris , one of the gods of the dead, was also important. His wife Isis and his son Horus were worshiped alongside Osiris.

Some Figures of Egyptian Mythology name description one of the chief gods Bastet goddess of music and pregnant women; cat headed Hathor goddess of women and love; cow-headed Horus god whose eyes were the Sun and the Moon; appeared as a falcon important goddess; wife of Osiris and mother of Horus Mont god of war; falcon-headed Nut goddess of the sky important god of the underworld chief Sun god Seth god of disorder; had some features of a dog Thoth god of the Moon, wisdom, and writing; ibis-headed

The ancient Egyptians were a very practical people. They learned the principles of engineering that enabled them to build vast structures such as the pyramids. They did not have pulleys to aid in lifting heavy weights, but they were able to move large stone blocks by means of sledges, rollers, and ramps. The Egyptians observed the stars and worked out calendars based on the phases of the Moon and on the solar year ( see astronomy ). They also developed a complicated system of irrigation , which was based on the flooding times of the Nile.

Earliest Egypt

In about 2900 bce a king named Menes united the two parts of Egypt. Menes built the capital city of Memphis. The site of Memphis is near Cairo , the capital of modern Egypt.

Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms

After Menes, many kings, called pharaohs , ruled ancient Egypt. During the long history there were more than 30 dynasties, or ruling families, of pharaohs. Historians have grouped several of these dynasties into three important periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

The Old Kingdom lasted from 2575 to 2130 bce . It was during this period that the Egyptians built their great pyramids . The best-known remains in Egypt are the three pyramids of Giza, built by Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaure beginning in about 2550 bce , during the 4th dynasty. It is still not completely understood how the Egyptians were able to build such huge stone structures with the simple means of their time. Near the second pyramid, partly cut in the rock and partly built of masonry, is the Great Sphinx. The Sphinx has the facial features of a man but the body of a lion; it is approximately 240 feet (73 meters) long and 66 feet (20 meters) high. The pyramids were part of an architectural complex, or collection of buildings that included temples and other monuments.

After 2130 bce Egypt suffered civil wars. The country was split up until about 1938 bce . Then the rulers of Thebes, a city far up the Nile in Upper Egypt, defeated their enemies and reunited Egypt. This began the Middle Kingdom, which lasted until 1630 bce . During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian rule was extended into the neighboring country of Nubia (modern Sudan) and into Syria and Palestine. The capital was moved south to Thebes, far up the Nile in Upper Egypt. This was a period of great art and architecture, but few buildings from this period survive today.

A second period of weakness followed the Middle Kingdom. An Asian people known as the Hyksos invaded Egypt. The Egyptians finally forced out the Hyksos by 1539 bce . This began the New Kingdom, which lasted until 1075 bce .

During the 19th dynasty strong kings protected Egypt. Ramses II, who ruled from 1279 to 1213 bce , carried out a vast building program. The kingdom fell apart because the kings who followed Ramses had to use the army to defend Egypt against invaders. The country split in two parts, riots and strikes were common, and disorder spread throughout the land.

Alexander and the Ptolemies

Peoples from Asia, first Assyrians and then Persians, later took over Egypt. Then in 332 bce Alexander the Great of Macedonia (a country near Greece) conquered Egypt. He founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile.

After Alexander’s death, Ptolemy, one of his generals, seized the throne. In 323 bce Ptolemy founded a new dynasty of Egyptian kings, called the Ptolemies. The Ptolemies were Macedonians who spoke Greek, and many Egyptians disliked having foreign rulers.

Nevertheless, under the Ptolemies Egypt grew rich and powerful. They built the Pharos, a huge lighthouse, at Alexandria. Like the great pyramids, the Pharos was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Ptolemies also built a famous library at Alexandria. Scholars came from all over the Greek-speaking world to study there.

Roman and Muslim Conquests

The last of the Ptolemies was Queen Cleopatra . Roman forces defeated her navy at the Battle of Actium in 31 bce . In 30 bce Egypt lost its independence to Rome. After the Roman Empire split in half in the 300s ce , Egypt became a part of the eastern half, called the Byzantine Empire .

Finally, in the 600s ce Muslim Arabs took over Egypt . Egypt is still a Muslim country today.

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6th May 2020

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilisation that is known for it’s pyramids and pharaohs but life for ordinary people in Ancient Egypt wasn’t all about that.

Life in Ancient Egypt

In early Ancient Egypt, houses were made of mud and papyrus (a thick paper-like material) but they realised this wouldn’t work: the River Nile flooded every 3 months and washed the houses away.

The Egyptians then discovered that bricks could be made out of clay and mud from the riverbank. To make these bricks, they poured a clay/mud mixture into moulds and allowed them to dry in the sun. They lasted a lot longer than the old houses!

There were many jobs you could do in Ancient Egypt. Most people worked as farmers or labourers, but there were also other jobs, such as brewers and scribes. Workers would be paid in goods rather than in money, something known as a “barter economy.”

The pharaoh was fairly relaxed on what Egyptians could eat. Apart from a few sacred animals, there were no restrictions on what people could grow or kill.

The most common animals that Egyptians ate included pigeon, ducks, geese, pork and fish. They avoided beef because cows were thought to be sacred, although researchers have found workers building the Great Pyramid may have been fed beef.

Fruit and vegetables

The Ancient Egyptians ate many types of fruit and vegetables, most of which we still eat today. Peas, chickpeas and lentils were sources of protein. Grapes and raisins were also eaten, as well as palm nuts, which were processed to make juice.

Bread and beer

Egyptian bread was made of a species of wheat that was harder to make into flour than other types of wheat. The way that they made bread changed over the centuries. In early Ancient Egypt, they used pottery moulds, but in later years they used a topless clay oven to bake the bread.

Beer was drunk in Ancient Egypt because it was nutritious (it’s different to the beer that you find today.) Sometimes, it was even used as a currency! Egyptian beer was made by making a special type of bread, called “beer bread”. The bread was then crumbled, washed and left to ferment.

Woodlands Primary P4/5

Ancient Egypt

Welcome back Primary 5! I hope you all had a lovely break!

As you all know, this term our topic is ancient Egypt.  If you have a chance, I have listed several websites below that are helpful in learning about this topic.

https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/topics/zg87xnb/resources/1

http://www.historyforkids.net/ancient-egypt.html

https://www.ducksters.com/history/ancient_egypt.php

https://www.dkfindout.com/uk/history/ancient-egypt/

https://www.theschoolrun.com/homework-help/egyptian-life-and-culture

If you do learn anything interesting, let me know and you can share your information with the rest of the class.  Have fun researching!

Miss Donaldson  🙂

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Homework Projects - Ancient Egypt

Subject: History

Age range: 7-11

Resource type: Unit of work

Last updated

28 January 2021

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A series of homework projects headed under:

Word Smart Science, Maths, ICT Smart Art, Design & Creativity Smart

Each activity compliments the children’s study of Ancient Egypt and encourages them to have fun doing them at home, hopefully furthering their passion or interest in the subject.

*The included file is a Word Document and every part is fully editable, including the year group logo. *

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A pack of five different worksheets and activities relating different aspects of Ancient Egypt.

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Woodlands homework help ancient egypt

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