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This paper focuses on "cheating" in modern day athletics from youth through professional sports. We briefly summarize a history of cheating in the sports world. We examine the current role cheating plays in sports as well as its causes including, psychodynamic issues, the development of personality disorders and how personality traits become pathological resulting in deception, dishonesty, and underhandedness. We describe management and treatment including psychotherapeutic intervention as well as medication. Finally we discuss a systems approach involving outreach to coaches, families, and related sports organizations (like FIFA, WADA, etc) or the professional leagues which have institutional control and partial influence on the athlete.
Keywords: Athletes; cheating; coach; gamesmanship; mastery climate; sports psychiatry.
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While sports fans debate the fairness of Tom Brady's punishment for " deflategate " and whether Manny Pacquiao really would have kept his shoulder injury a secret to stay in the multimillion-dollar Mayweather matchup (and take second-place purse), these events underscore an issue that erupts from time to time: Athletes cheat. Often brazenly. (Just consider that three pro cyclists and 9 pro track and field athletes were sanctioned by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency last year.)
Dishonest behavior might be understandable, if not justifiable, when large sums of money and high-profile reputations are at stake. But it isn't just limited to the pros. Last month, 26-year-old runner Kendall Schler allegedly waited on the sidelines of the GO! St. Louis Marathon course and jumped ahead of the pack after the last course checkpoint. She was the first woman to cross the finish line–and was celebrated as the winner who she wasn't. Race officials soon disqualified Schler after they couldn't find any of her chip-recorded splits or photos of her running the course. Oddly, such an event isn't anomalous: In recent years, marathoners Cristina Noble and Tabatha Hamilton were also stripped of their race titles for taking shortcuts. (At the time of their races Noble and Hamilton maintained they had run full marathons, but the DQs still stand. Attempts to reach all three women for comment were unsuccessful.)
What might drive an athlete to dishonesty? According to Maurice Schweitzer, Ph.D., professor at The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of Friend and Foe: When to Cooperate, When to Compete, and How to Succeed at Both , a combination of personality traits particular to high-achievers and external pressures can lead to unscrupulous behavior. In fact, the same factors may be at play on a smaller scale when a weekend athlete calls an opponent's ball out in tennis, nudges a golf ball forward or fakes a foul in basketball. Here are a few explanations for why cheaters do what they do.
Cheating is usually situational, says Jack J. Lesyk, Ph.D., CC-AASP, director of the Ohio Center for Sports Psychology. One person might not feel bad about fibbing on their taxes, but would never consider taking a shortcut in a race. Others might be law-abiding, but view recreational sports as silly games where cheating would have little impact. This mindset is about how much they can justify, Lesyk says. If a runner has been training for 10 years to make a Boston Marathon qualifying time, and knows they're going to be just over the cutoff unless they take a barely noticeable shortcut, they're facing a lot of temptation, he says, and could make the choice seem "right" in their head.
If you're not super competitive, you're unlikely to take the risks that come with cheating. But "if part of your identity is expecting to win, then winning is way more important to you than to the average person," says Schweitzer. In other words, if you believe you're a better basketball player than your opponent, but the game isn't going your way, you might be more vulnerable to cheat to maintain that personal identity. Schweitzer says if people perceive a sport as a game or as challenge to outsmart, rather than as a true measure of ability, they'll look to cheating as the smart, winning tactic.
Strange as it may sound, cheaters are often the first to justify their actions as a matter of fairness. Here's the logic: They believe they have some natural disadvantage or deficit, and by cheating, they're simply leveling the playing field. "If we believe, in extreme cases, that other people are taking steroids or, in amateur cases, that the other person called my ball out, that justifies my behavior," Schweitzer says. "If we even believe [the other person] might cheat, we're more likely to cheat. We get this 'everybody else is doing it' mentality, and think 'this gives me the recourse to sort of balance things.'"
Women who thrive on measurable achievements and the reactions of others—racking up titles, medals and accolades in the hopes of impressing friends and family—are more likely to cheat, Lesyk says. (Relatedly, a 2001 study of college students linked higher extrinsic motivation to courses in which they cheated.) Intrinsically motivated people, though, would be less likely to cheat, since their sense of accomplishment comes from reaching their personal goal. So taking the easy way out would undermine that.
Cheaters typically aren't concerned with the long-term consequences of their actions–if they were, they'd be deterred by the potential humiliation of being caught. Instead, the short-term benefits blind their long-term sight, Lesyk says. "It's the same thing as speeding. When you go a little over, you think you'll get away with it, and then you're surprised when a cop pulls up." Adds Schweitzer, "We get started in something and before we know it we've escalated into much bigger trouble. Some people will take one step, and then another, and then they've dug themselves into a hole."
During a big race or other physically taxing exercise, our physical and mental capacity starts to diminish. "Research has looked at depletion and cheating, and when we feel depleted mentally, we're more likely to do what we want," Schweitzer says. "There's constant tension between what we want to do and what we ought to do; we might think 'I'd like to win with lower effort,' and if we're tempted to do those things and depleted at the same time, we're more likely to do it."
Social media means there's more pressure on women than ever to perform well, even in recreational sports. You've likely posted about your race or competition, and fantasized about the Instagram shot with your finisher's medal. Not finishing doesn't even seem like an option. "Broadcasting our success makes the psychological benefits of winning even greater," Schweitzer says. "And the constant comparison pressure we face makes us more likely to cheat."
Cheating can be a slippery slope, but there are ways you can rein yourself in before it's too late, Lesyk says. "Ask yourself, 'How am I going to feel about this tomorrow? At the moment this feels good and I could get more recognition, but how will I feel about it later?' You have to transcend the moment and ask what the long-term consequences are," says Lesyk, noting, "the majority of us wouldn't dream of doing this."
Still, it happens. And for every athlete who is caught, we can only guess how many more there are who get away with it.
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Cheating in sports is something that has always happened and will always happen. It is the job of the referee to make sure players do not get away with it. Cheating goes against the very nature of ...
I argue that the question whether cheating can be prohibited in sports is empirical rather than analytic, as is the case for games subject to the thesis. Thus, sports rules do not make cheating impossible and since game officials cannot always detect cheating and punish cheaters, cheating is a part of sports and cheaters sometimes win.
Cheating is an unethical, deceptive behaviour intended to break the rules and make illegitimate gains (Reddiford, 1998). It ranges from large-scale doping (e.g., Russian state-sponsored doping scandal) and match-fixing (e.g., Calciopoli scandal) to individual diving in soccer and "boring in" while scrummaging in rugby.
One of the most prominent examples illustrating the entanglement of cheating in sports is the case of Barry Bonds. Widely considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time, Bonds embarked on a journey marked by both glory and controversy. His career, spanning two decades with the Pittsburgh Pirates and primarily the San Francisco ...
Athletes' perceptions related to cheating in sport were explored by individual semi-structured interviews. Interpretive thematic data analysis was conducted in several stages, beginning with the ...
1397 Words. 6 Pages. Open Document. Cheating in Sports Sports are governed by sets of rules or customs and often, competition. Sports have always been a way to connect us to our past and to build optimism about the future. Sport's a way to bond the people despite differences in race, age and gender. However, today the game that is supposed to ...
The regression analyses showed that gender of athletes was a significant predictor for justification of cheating in sport (β = 0.15, p < 0.01) as male student athletes more justified cheating in ...
7. Thanks to an anonymous reviewer or the editor for pointing out that in the sort of case I have just described, we can imagine that the conduct of play was functionally perfect despite the game being thoroughly corrupted, and so whereas cheating is a form of corruption that presupposes a functional failing in the conduct of a competition, this is not a necessary condition of corruption.
This paper focuses on "cheating" in modern day athletics from youth through professional sports. We briefly summarize a history of cheating in the sports world. We examine the current role cheating plays in sports as well as its causes including, psychodynamic issues, the development of personality disorders and how personality traits ...
The aim of the present study was to give voice to elite athletes exploring their perceptions of. cheating in sport. Methods. Utilizing a purposeful sampling technique, 11 athletes were interviewed ...
This article is more than 8 years old. Cheating in sports is now officially prevalent. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) January 14 issued its report, and confirmed that across the International ...
According to the "Handbook of Sports Psychology," studies have demonstrated relationships between task and ego orientations with sportsmanship and moral functioning. Compared to high task-oriented athletes, research points to how high ego-oriented athletes have lower sportsmanship, more self-reported cheating, and endorsement of cheating.
Athletes' perceptions related to cheating in sport were explored by individual semi-structured interviews. Interpretive thematic data analysis was conducted in several stages, beginning with the exploration of the recorded materials. Credibility of the results was established by member checking.
The Issue Of Cheating In Sports. This essay sample was donated by a student to help the academic community. Papers provided by EduBirdie writers usually outdo students' samples. Usually sport is thought to add to social headway, concordance and agreement, advance shared respect and cognizance, join people and actuate them for essential activities.
6. Russell also appeals to an argument by Susan Wolf (Citation 1982) that consists in claiming that just as in our personal lives we can err by overvaluing morality at the expense of our welfare, so too can morality be overvalued in sports at the expense of what is best for sport:Just as the best sort of human life, a life of fully lived personal well-being, is not achieved through a life ...
This paper focuses on "cheating" in modern day athletics from youth through professional sports. We briefly summarize a history of cheating in the sports world. We examine the current role cheating plays in sports as well as its causes including, psychodynamic issues, the development of personality disorders and how personality traits become ...
Here's the logic: They believe they have some natural disadvantage or deficit, and by cheating, they're simply leveling the playing field. "If we believe, in extreme cases, that other people are ...
Although there is a long history of cheating in sports from the time of the Olympics in Greece, through the White Sox scandals of 1919 to the present - the increased exposure is, in part, an outgrowth of sports becoming big business and the financial rewards far greater than the past. Cheating can somewhat be arbitrarily defined as breaking
Quick answer: The above mentioned statement is a good hypothesis and will work for the paper. You must find examples to prove your theory right or wrong. The following text is from a high-school ...
Results In Study 1, acceptance of cheating was positively related to ego orientation and negatively related to task orientation. In Study 2, cheating in hypothetical sport situations was more ...
Read the excerpt from "The Crab That Played with the Sea." He went North, Best Beloved, and he found All-the-Elephant-there-was digging with his tusks and stamping with his feet in the nice new clean earth that had been made ready for him.