presentation on light

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Ray theories in the ancient world

• Early particle and wave theories
• Reflection and refraction
• Total internal reflection
• Characteristics of waves
• Young’s double-slit experiment
• Thin-film interference
• Diffraction
• Poisson’s spot
• Circular apertures and image resolution
• Atmospheric diffraction effects
• Doppler effect
• Electric and magnetic fields
• Maxwell’s equations
• Electromagnetic waves
• The electromagnetic spectrum
• Sources of electromagnetic waves
• Early measurements
• The Michelson-Morley experiment
• Fundamental constant of nature
• Transverse waves
• Unpolarized light
• Sources of polarized light
• Radiation pressure
• Interactions of light with matter
• Nonlinear interactions
• Blackbody radiation
• Wave-particle duality
• Quantum optics
• Spontaneous emission
• Stimulated emission
• Quantum electrodynamics

Why is light important for life on Earth?

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• Chemistry LibreTexts - The Nature of Light
• NeoK12 - Educational Videos and Games for School Kids - Light and Optics
• University of Colorado Boulder - Department of Physics - Light and Optics
• Berkleley Lab Environment, Health & Safety - Light and Infrared Radiation
• Khan Academy - Introduction to light
• light - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
• light - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

What is light in physics?

Light is electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths less than about 1 × 10 −11 metres to radio waves measured in metres.

What is the speed of light?

The speed of light in a vacuum is a fundamental physical constant, and the currently accepted value is 299,792,458 metres per second, or about 186,282 miles per second.

What is a rainbow?

A rainbow is formed when sunlight is refracted by spherical water droplets in the atmosphere; two refractions and one reflection, combined with the chromatic dispersion of water, produce the primary arcs of colour.

Light is a primary tool for perceiving the world and interacting with it for many organisms. Light from the Sun warms the Earth, drives global weather patterns, and initiates the life-sustaining process of photosynthesis; about 10 22 joules of solar radiant energy reach Earth each day. Light’s interactions with matter have also helped shape the structure of the universe.

What is colour's relation to light?

In physics colour is associated specifically with electromagnetic radiation of a certain range of wavelengths visible to the human eye. The radiation of such wavelengths constitutes that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum known as the visible spectrum—i.e., light.

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light , electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye . Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths , from gamma rays with wavelengths less than about 1 × 10 −11 metre to radio waves measured in metres. Within that broad spectrum the wavelengths visible to humans occupy a very narrow band, from about 700 nanometres (nm; billionths of a metre) for red light down to about 400 nm for violet light. The spectral regions adjacent to the visible band are often referred to as light also, infrared at the one end and ultraviolet at the other. The speed of light in a vacuum is a fundamental physical constant , the currently accepted value of which is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second, or about 186,282 miles per second.

No single answer to the question “What is light?” satisfies the many contexts in which light is experienced, explored, and exploited. The physicist is interested in the physical properties of light, the artist in an aesthetic appreciation of the visual world. Through the sense of sight, light is a primary tool for perceiving the world and communicating within it. Light from the Sun warms the Earth , drives global weather patterns, and initiates the life-sustaining process of photosynthesis . On the grandest scale, light’s interactions with matter have helped shape the structure of the universe . Indeed, light provides a window on the universe, from cosmological to atomic scales. Almost all of the information about the rest of the universe reaches Earth in the form of electromagnetic radiation. By interpreting that radiation, astronomers can glimpse the earliest epochs of the universe, measure the general expansion of the universe, and determine the chemical composition of stars and the interstellar medium . Just as the invention of the telescope dramatically broadened exploration of the universe, so too the invention of the microscope opened the intricate world of the cell . The analysis of the frequencies of light emitted and absorbed by atoms was a principal impetus for the development of quantum mechanics . Atomic and molecular spectroscopies continue to be primary tools for probing the structure of matter, providing ultrasensitive tests of atomic and molecular models and contributing to studies of fundamental photochemical reactions .

Light transmits spatial and temporal information. This property forms the basis of the fields of optics and optical communications and a myriad of related technologies, both mature and emerging. Technological applications based on the manipulations of light include lasers , holography , and fibre-optic telecommunications systems .

In most everyday circumstances, the properties of light can be derived from the theory of classical electromagnetism , in which light is described as coupled electric and magnetic fields propagating through space as a traveling wave . However, this wave theory, developed in the mid-19th century, is not sufficient to explain the properties of light at very low intensities. At that level a quantum theory is needed to explain the characteristics of light and to explain the interactions of light with atoms and molecules . In its simplest form, quantum theory describes light as consisting of discrete packets of energy , called photons . However, neither a classical wave model nor a classical particle model correctly describes light; light has a dual nature that is revealed only in quantum mechanics. This surprising wave-particle duality is shared by all of the primary constituents of nature (e.g., electrons have both particle-like and wavelike aspects). Since the mid-20th century, a more comprehensive theory of light, known as quantum electrodynamics (QED), has been regarded by physicists as complete. QED combines the ideas of classical electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, and the special theory of relativity .

This article focuses on the physical characteristics of light and the theoretical models that describe the nature of light. Its major themes include introductions to the fundamentals of geometrical optics, classical electromagnetic waves and the interference effects associated with those waves, and the foundational ideas of the quantum theory of light. More detailed and technical presentations of these topics can be found in the articles optics , electromagnetic radiation , quantum mechanics , and quantum electrodynamics . See also relativity for details of how contemplation of the speed of light as measured in different reference frames was pivotal to the development of Albert Einstein ’s theory of special relativity in 1905.

Theories of light through history

While there is clear evidence that simple optical instruments such as plane and curved mirrors and convex lenses were used by a number of early civilizations, ancient Greek philosophers are generally credited with the first formal speculations about the nature of light. The conceptual hurdle of distinguishing the human perception of visual effects from the physical nature of light hampered the development of theories of light. Contemplation of the mechanism of vision dominated these early studies. Pythagoras ( c. 500 bce ) proposed that sight is caused by visual rays emanating from the eye and striking objects, whereas Empedocles ( c. 450 bce ) seems to have developed a model of vision in which light was emitted both by objects and the eye. Epicurus ( c. 300 bce ) believed that light is emitted by sources other than the eye and that vision is produced when light reflects off objects and enters the eye. Euclid ( c. 300 bce ), in his Optics , presented a law of reflection and discussed the propagation of light rays in straight lines. Ptolemy ( c. 100 ce ) undertook one of the first quantitative studies of the refraction of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another, tabulating pairs of angles of incidence and transmission for combinations of several media.

With the decline of the Greco-Roman realm, scientific progress shifted to the Islamic world . In particular, al-Maʾmūn , the seventh ʿAbbāsid caliph of Baghdad, founded the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma) in 830 ce to translate, study, and improve upon Hellenistic works of science and philosophy. Among the initial scholars were al-Khwārizmī and al-Kindī . Known as the “philosopher of the Arabs,” al-Kindī extended the concept of rectilinearly propagating light rays and discussed the mechanism of vision. By 1000, the Pythagorean model of light had been abandoned, and a ray model, containing the basic conceptual elements of what is now known as geometrical optics, had emerged. In particular, Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized as Alhazen), in Kitab al-manazir ( c. 1038; “Optics”), correctly attributed vision to the passive reception of light rays reflected from objects rather than an active emanation of light rays from the eyes. He also studied the mathematical properties of the reflection of light from spherical and parabolic mirrors and drew detailed pictures of the optical components of the human eye. Ibn al-Haytham’s work was translated into Latin in the 13th century and was a motivating influence on the Franciscan friar and natural philosopher Roger Bacon . Bacon studied the propagation of light through simple lenses and is credited as one of the first to have described the use of lenses to correct vision.

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Welcome to a power point presentation on LIGHT.

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Presentation on theme: "Welcome to a power point presentation on LIGHT."— Presentation transcript:

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

How do you LIGHT Up your world ? Part I-Virginia SOL 5.3 Examining Light 2004 with Hands-On Activities Compiled by, Marjorie Anne Wallace Elementary Science.

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A Lesson Plan in Physics

SOL 5.3 Hosted by Ms. McKay CharacteristicsLight TravelROYGBIVMediums

Light Chapter 19.

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Light and Its Properties

Abstract light pattern (teekid, iStockphoto)

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Learn about light and its properties.

Introduction

Light is all around us - even when it seems dark! Reflections in rear-view mirrors of cars help to keep us safe. Refraction through lenses of eyeglasses or contact lens’ helps some people see better.

Light part of the  electromagnetic spectrum . The radio waves that let us listen to music are on this spectrum as are the infrared waves that let us communicate with our TVs.

Shown is a colour illustration of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength, frequency and energy.  Three parallel horizontal scales illustrate aspects of the spectrum. The first, on top, is a black line divided by thin vertical ticks. There are arrows at both ends, one pointing left and one right. Starting on the left,  The first section is labelled "gamma ray." The next is "X-ray." Third is "ultraviolet." The central section of the spectrum is the smallest. It is labelled "visible." This section is enlarged below the scale to show the colours of visible light. This section goes from white on the left, through magenta, violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow and red.  To the right, the next section is labelled "infrared." Then "microwave," then "radio," on the right.  The second scale is a long line illustrated in the same colours as the visible light spectrum, with arrows at each end. The left end of the line, near the arrow pointing left, is labelled "shorter wavelength, higher frequency, higher energy." The right end of the line, near the arrow pointing right, is labelled "longer wavelength, lower frequency, lower energy." The third scale, at the bottom of the illustration, is a black line that curves up and down, over and over again. On the left, the curves are very close together, like zigzags. They get wider, gradually, as the line moves to the right side of the image. At the right end of the line, the last curve is wide and gentle, like a rolling hill.

This backgrounder is all about visible light and how we interact with it.

Speed of Light

In a  vacuum , visible light travels at the speed of approximately 299 792 458 metres per second (m/s). This is known as the  speed of light . It is the fastest that anything in the universe is able to move! For comparison, the speed of sound is only approximately 300 m/s. This is why during a storm you always see lightning before hearing thunder.

Did you know? It only takes 8 minutes and 17 seconds for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.

Waves of Light

Light has the properties of waves. Like ocean waves, light waves have crests and troughs.

The distance between one crest and the next, which is the same as the distance between one trough and the next, is called the  wavelength .

The  frequency  of a wave is the number of crests (or troughs) that pass a point in one second. The wavelength multiplied by the frequency equals the  speed  at which the wave travels.

Shown are colour diagrams illustrating the difference in wavelengths between violet and red light. The top diagram is a violet line that curves up and down, over and over, across the image. The curves are quite sharp. The peaks of the curves are labelled "Crests." The valleys are labelled "Trough." The length between two troughs is marked with a square bracket labelled "Wavelength." The bottom diagram is a red, curving line. The curves here are wider and gentler than the violet line. Again, the crests and troughs are labelled. The length between two troughs is marked with a much wider bracket, labelled "Wavelength." This shows that the wavelength of red light is at least twice as long as violet light.

These different colours of light have different wavelengths and frequencies. Red light has the longest wavelength, and the lowest frequency of the visible spectrum. Violet has the shortest wavelength, and the highest frequency of the visible spectrum.

Colours of Light

You will remember from art class that the primary colours are red, yellow and blue.

You can mix these to form the secondary colours orange, green and purple.

Red, yellow and blue are called “primary” because they are said to be colours that cannot be made by mixing other colours. This is technically not true.

The colour “red” can be made by mixing the colours magenta and yellow. The colour “blue” can be made by mixing cyan and magenta. When these three primary colours are mixed together, they form black. While scientifically true, in reality black is nearly impossible to mix using other colours. This is because the pigments of paints, markers, etc. are not perfectly cyan, magenta or yellow.

Shown is a colour diagram illustrating how primary colours of pigment are mixed to create secondary colours. Three different coloured circles are arranged in a triangle shape on a white background. They overlap in the centre of the illustration. Each circle is labelled, as is each overlapping section. Starting on the top left, the first circle is cyan. The top right is yellow. The bottom is magenta.  The area where cyan and yellow overlap is green. The area where yellow and magenta overlap is red. The area where magenta and cyan overlap is blue. The centre, where all three circles overlap, is black.

Mixing coloured materials, such as paint, is an example of  subtractive  colour mixing. Red paint appears red to us because when white light strikes it, the red pigments  reflect  the red wavelengths of light and  absorb  all of the wavelengths. This reflected light is what is seen by our eyes. The same is true for all of the other colours. So what about black? Black absorbs all of the colours of light and does not reflect any colours. We perceive this lack of light as black!

Light has primary colours as well. But these are different colours than the colours we use in paint and markers. The primary colours of light are  red ,  green  and  blue .

The secondary colours of light are  cyan ,  magenta  and  yellow . Cyan is made by combining blue and green. Magenta is made by combining blue and red. Yellow is made by combining green and red.

Computer screens and TV screens use these colours of light to make all of the colours that you see.

Shown is a colour diagram illustrating how primary colours of light mix to create secondary colours. Three different coloured circles are arranged in a triangle shape on a black background. They overlap in the centre of the illustration. Each circle is labelled, as is each overlapping section. Starting on the top left, the first circle is blue. The top right is green. The bottom is red. The area where blue and green overlap is cyan. The area where green and red overlap is yellow. The area where red and blue overlap is magenta. The centre, where all three circles overlap, is white.

Mixing colours of light is an example of  additive  colour mixing. Red appears red to us because right wavelengths of light are sent towards our eyes. The same is true for all of the other colours. White is created by sending out all of the wavelength of light. So what about black? In additive colour mixing, black is the absence of light. In other words, no wavelength of light is sent out. We perceive this lack of light as black!

Light from the Sun is a natural example of  white light .

Sometimes white light from the Sun is split apart so that we can see the colours that make it up. A good example of this are rainbows. Small water droplets split the waves of light so that we can see each.

Can you remember the order of the colours of a rainbow? Some people use the phrase ROY G BIV to remember it. These are the first letters of the colours red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

We can also split light using a prism. Try it yourself!

Shown is a colour photograph of a rainbow in the sky over a lake. The rainbow is a bright stripe of light across dark grey sky. It contains narrow parallel stripes of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The bottom of the rainbow is at the top of the lake in the lower middle part of the image. It stretches up over the trees to the top right corner. Another faint rainbow can be seen some distance to the right of the first.  The colours of the rainbow are reflected in the smooth, greyish blue water in the foreground. The lake is surrounded by green grass, shrubs and trees that fade into mist behind the rainbow.

Waves of light being split by a prism (Source: Lucas Vieira [public domain] via Wikimedia Commons ).

Shown is a colour animated GIF of light splitting into separate colours by travelling through a prism. The prism is a large dark grey triangle on a black background, outlined in white. The light starts as a thick white stripe. It comes in from the lower left and hits the edge of the prism at an angle.  Inside the prism, the light is shown as seven overlapping, wavy, coloured lines constantly moving from left to right. The lines are dense tangle on the left inside the prism. They are further apart, but still touching at the right edge.  Outside the prism, on the right, the lines become separate. Starting from the top, they are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The red line has the longest waves. The waves in each coloured line get shorter and shorter. The violet line has the shortest waves.

Check out this backgrounder for more about  how we see colour  and different types of colour blindness.

How Light Travels

The final important property of light to remember is that light always travels in a straight line. We get shadows when light is blocked by an object. Light can pass through some but not all objects. We call objects and materials that light can pass through  transparent . We can objects and materials that light cannot pass through  opaque . We call objects that let some, but not all light pass through  translucent .

Shown is a colour illustration of the same view through windows made of transparent, translucent and opaque glass. Starting on the left, the first window is labelled "Transparent." The view through this is clear. Green, leafy trees can be seen in the lower part of the window, and the sky above is bright blue.  The second window is labelled "Translucent." The view through this looks foggy or misty. The trees and sky are faded colours. The third window is labelled "Opaque." The view through this is completely black. No trees, sky, or any colours can be seen.  Each window has the same wooden frame with six panes of glass. All three are labelled underneath in black letters.

To Summarise

• Light travels very fast - at the speed of light in fact!
• Light travels as waves.
• Light travels in straight lines.

Is Light a Particle or a Wave? - Colm Kelleher (2013)

This video by TED-Ed (4:23 min.) explores how scientists understand how light works - where it comes from, how we see it and how it behaves.

Wave Behaviour (2018)

This video by Fuse School (4:14 min.) demonstrates how waves behave when they encounter different materials. These behaviours include transmission, reflection, refraction, diffraction, absorption and scattering.

Tour of the Electromagnetic Spectrum 01 - Introduction (2010) 

This video by NASA (5:03 min.) gives an overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and the ways we use it every day.

BBC Bitesize Science. (n.d.). Electromagnetic waves .

Laws, J. M. (2017).  Reinventing the Wheel: Why Red is not a primary color .  John Muir Laws . 

NASA BestofScience. (2010). The electromagnetic spectrum .

NASA Godard Space Flight Centre. (2013). Electromagnetic spectrum .

Panagiotakopoulos, G. (2012).  Experiments on refraction, reflection and total internal reflection .  [Video] YouTube. 

University of Toronto. (n.d.). Reflection and refraction .

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Science Subject for Middle School: Light Energy

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Light energy is a type of energy that is produced by objects that give off light, such as the sun, light bulbs, and fire. It's very important for life on Earth (sunlight makes photosynthesis possible), but... is it a wave or a particle? Both? This, and other questions, might arise during your science class, so get ready to teach all about light energy! Let us help you with this template, which has tones of blue, some wavy shapes and illustrations of light bulbs, the sun and fire. There are also some activities that you can use as is, or you can adapt them according to your needs.

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Light, Optics

Free presentations in powerpoint format.

Light & Optics (several)

Nature of Light and Optics

Mirrors and Lenses

Reflection and Scatter

Light and Optics in a Prism

Light and Optics reflection

Light: Geometric Optics

Optical Filter Properties

Wave Optics: Interference, Diffraction, Rayleigh Criterion, and More

Light and Ion Optics

Light Polarization

Visible Light

Mixing Colors

Measuring Color

Color Spectrum and Light

Light and the Color Spectrum

Light Optics and More

Optics and Mirrors

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Fiber Optics

Infrared Light

See Also: Optical Illusions , The Human Eye , Rainbows , The Color Spectrum , Electromagnetic Spectrum , Lighthouses

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Properties of Light - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Properties of Light

Properties of light * ask the students how long they think it would take light to travel all the way around the earth, if light could travel in a curved path. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Describe the seven properties of light.
• Describe the characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Describe how the intensity of light changes with distance from the source.
• electromagnetic radiation
• luminous (emitting light)
• illuminated (reflecting light)
• Light travels very fast.
• Light has a dual nature.
• Light travels in straight lines.
• Light can vary in intensity.
• Light interacts with matter.
• Light is comprised of many colors.
• Light carries energy and information.
• The intensity of light from a source depends on how close you are to it.
• When you are close to the source, the light is more intense.
• When you are far from the source, the light is less intense.
• Light from this bulb spreads out in every direction.
• At radius r, it passes through surface area A1 4pr2.
• At radius 2r, it passes through surface area A2 4p (2r)2 16 pr2
• Light Carries Energy and Information
• 1. Which of these is NOT a property of light?
• Light has constant intensity.
• Light exhibits both wave and particle behavior.
• Light travels in straight lines. Can you name two ways to get a light beam to change direction?
• Name at least three types of radiation that are part of the electromagnetic spectrum but are NOT visible.
• 4. Why is it that we can see the Moon?
• It is luminous (emits light).
• It is illuminated (reflects light from another source).
• Assume that the light intensity 1.0 meter from a light bulb is 9.0 W/m2.
• What is the light intensity 2.0 meters from the bulb?
• b) What is the light intensity 3.0 meters from the bulb?

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SAN LUIS, Ariz. (KYMA, KECY) - The City of San Luis, Arizona has received an award by the Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA).

This is the second time the City received the Distinguished Budget Presentation Award for the Fiscal Year 2024.

The award reflects the commitment made to meet the highest principles of governmental budgeting.

“This award represents a significant achievement for our department,” said Roula Encinas, Acting Director of Finance. “This recognition is a testament to the City of San Luis Finance Department's collective efforts, and it reinforces the City’s ongoing commitment to fiscal responsibility and transparency as we continue to excel in financial management."

For more information on the award, go to GFOA's website here .

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Landmark Event: $50 Million Choice Neighborhoods Grant Presentation!

By Jo-Carolyn Goode

Click here for updates on this story

    July 24, 2024 ( Houston Style Magazine ) — Mark your calendars for a historic occasion on **Friday, July 26, 2024**, as we celebrate the official presentation of a groundbreaking **$50 million Choice Neighborhoods Implementation Grant** from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to the Houston Housing Authority (HHA) and the City of Houston! 🎉🏠

This monumental grant will fuel the revitalization of **Cuney Homes** and the broader **Third Ward** neighborhood, ushering in transformative changes that will enhance housing, healthcare, education, and job opportunities for countless residents. 🌟

📅 Event Details:

Date: Friday, July 26, 2024

Time: 2:00 PM – 3:00 PM

Location: Cuney Homes, 3260 Truxillo St., Houston, TX 77004 (South Side Basketball Court)

🎤 Featured Speakers:

Julia R. Gordon: Assistant Secretary for the Office of Housing and FHA Commissioner

Candace Valenzuela: HUD Regional Administrator for Region VI

John Whitmire: City of Houston Mayor

Tiffany Thomas: Council Member, City of Houston

Carolyn Evans-Shabazz: Council Member, City of Houston

David A. Northern Sr.: HHA President and CEO

Jody Proler: Chairman, HHA Board of Commissioners

Delores Ford: President, Resident Council Board

Pastor Rudy Rasmus: Co-Founder and Executive Director of Bread of Life Inc., St. John’s Downtown, and Temenos CDC

This grant is a game-changer for our community, paving the way for a brighter and more prosperous future. Join us in celebrating this pivotal moment that promises to elevate the quality of life for residents and energize the Third Ward neighborhood.

Come be part of this exciting celebration and witness the beginning of a new era for Cuney Homes and beyond!

For more info, visit housingforhouston.com and/or hud.gov

Please note: This content carries a strict local market embargo. If you share the same market as the contributor of this article, you may not use it on any platform.

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Union Budget 2024: When And Where To Watch Live

This will be Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman's seventh consecutive Budget presentation since taking office in 2019.

Tune in tomorrow at 11 am to watch the Budget 2024 presentation live. (File)

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present the Union Budget 2024 on Tuesday, July 23. The Budget Session of the Parliament started On Monday and will continue until August 12. Ahead of the Budget presentation, the Economic Survey 2023-24 was tabled in both Houses of Parliament on July 22, 2024, giving an overview of the economy's performance.

Budget 2024: Date and Time

The Union Budget 2024 will be presented on July 23, 2024, at 11:00 am IST.

When and Where to watch the Budget LIVE

Tune in tomorrow at 11 am to watch the Budget 2024 presentation live. The event will be streamed on various platforms, offering viewers a range of options to choose from. You can watch it live on the NDTV news channel.

The Finance Minister's address will also be available to stream live via the NDTV app and live TV . The NDTV YouTube channel will also broadcast the Budget 2024 live on July 23. For more updates, track the NDTV live blog coverage .

In her previous budget speeches, Ms Sitharaman has focused on various themes and initiatives. Her debut budget speech in 2019 focused on "ease of living" and proposed initiatives like pension schemes for small traders and a boost to the electric vehicle industry. 

The 2020 budget focused on three themes - "aspirational India", "economic development", and "caring society". 

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The 2021 budget was presented amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and prioritised healthcare, infrastructure, and economic growth. The 2022 budget focused on "Digital India" and proposed initiatives like digital currency, digital health ecosystem and a boost to the fintech sector. The 2023 budget was intent on "green growth", "youth power" and "inclusive development". 

The July 23 budget speech is expected to focus on infrastructure development, social welfare schemes and measures to boost economic growth. With the government's emphasis on "Make in India" and "Aatmanirbhar Bharat", Ms Sitharaman may announce initiatives to support domestic manufacturing and self-reliance.

Track Budget 2023 and get Latest News Live on NDTV.com.

Track Latest News Live on NDTV.com and get news updates from India and around the world .

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Budget 2024 highlights: New employment-linked incentives for employees; ₹1.48 lakh crore allocation for education, employment, skill

The budget for education scheme for madrasas and minorities has gone down from ₹10 crore to ₹2 crore; standard deduction for salaried taxpayers hiked to ₹75,000 from ₹50,000.

Updated - July 23, 2024 09:10 pm IST

Published - July 23, 2024 07:26 am IST

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman addressing the post-Budget press conference at National Media Center. | Photo Credit: Sushil Kumar Verma

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented her seventh straight Budget on July 23 for the fiscal 2024-25, surpassing the record of former Prime Minister Morarji Desai. This the first Budget by the BJP-led NDA government since it was re-elected in June. Read the Budget highlights here.

What are the most significant announcements?

Presenting the Budget, Ms. Sitharaman said the standard deduction for salaried employees will be hiked to ₹75,000, from ₹50,000 under the new income tax regime in FY25. The Union Budget 2024-25 identified nine priorities for generating ample opportunities — Productivity and Resilience in Agriculture, Employment and Skilling, Inclusive Human Resource Development and Social Justice, Manufacturing and Service, Urban Development, Energy Security, Infrastructure, Innovation, Research and Development and Next Generation Reforms.

Also read | Budget 2024: Mobile phones, gold and silver jewellery to get cheaper

India-funded projects in the neighbourhood received the bulk of the allocation for the Ministry of External Affairs under the Union Budget. Nepal secured an allocation of ₹700 crore, which is a jump of ₹150 crore from previous year’s allocation of ₹550 crore. Sri Lanka, which has a number of India-funded projects, has received ₹245 crore, an improvement of ₹95 crore over last year’s funding of ₹150 crore. 

Also read | Budget in Focus: The Hindu’s series on pre-Budget expectations

Benchmark Sensex and Nifty settled marginally lower in volatile trade on July 23 as the government proposed to hike securities transaction tax on futures & options in the Budget for 2024-25. Recovering most of its intra-day losses of over 1,200 points, the 30-share BSE Sensex settled lower by 73.04 points or 0.09% 80,429.04.

Key Updates

• Budget 2024: Understanding the allocation for Southern States
• Defence budget pegged at ₹6.21 lakh crore for 2024-25
• In charts: Key takeaways from Union Budget 2024-25
• Budget 2024 highlights
• Catch the latest political and industry reactions on Union Budget 2024-25
• Union Budget 2024-25: What is cheaper, what is costlier?
• Stock markets give a thumbs down to Budget
• Revisions in new tax regime
• What does the Union Budget say on personal Income Tax?

Allocation for Space projects - Union Budget 2024-25

A Flourish data visualization by Graphics Team 2

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated about ₹ 1.50 lakh crore to the agriculture sector. Almost all major schemes for farmers see an increase in allocation compared to previous budgets.

However, the fertilisers subsidy is down by about ₹1 lakh crore when compared to the actual expenditure in 2022-23. To address the price rise, the Finance Ministry has also provided ₹10,000 crore to the price stabilisation fund. In the last budget, the allocation was just ₹10 lakh.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s Budget speech has for the first time signalled that polluting industries, such as iron, steel, and aluminium will have to conform to emission targets.

“A roadmap for moving the ‘hard to abate’ industries from ‘energy efficiency’ targets to ‘emission targets’ will be formulated. Appropriate regulations for transition of these industries from the current ‘Perform, Achieve, and Trade’ mode to ‘Indian Carbon Market’ mode will be put in place,” Ms. Sitharaman said in her address.

For deepening tax base the Finance Minister has proposed to increase Securities Transaction Tax on Futures and Options contracts to 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. This was expected to curb volatility in the market for which everyone including SEBI was concerned. 

Also now income received on buyback of shares will be taxed in the hands of the recipient. As per the budget proposals now unlisted bonds and debentures, debt mutual funds and market-linked debentures will attract tax on capital gains irrespective of holding period.

Budget 2024: Allocation for MGNREGS scheme lower than last year’s actual expenditure, despite BJP’s poll losses in rural India

Union Budget 2024: Despite BJP’s significant losses in rural seats, Budget did not contain any shift for the rural jobs scheme - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act scheme (MGNREGS).

Union Budget 2024 - Rupee goes to

To address the housing needs of urban poor and middle class families, the Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has announced an investment of ₹10 lakh crore under the PM Awas Yojana-Urban 2.0, including the Central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years.

While tabling the Union Budget 2024-25, the Finance Minister said that under the PM Awas Yojana Urban 2.0, housing needs of 1 crore urban poor and middle-class families will be addressed with an investment of ₹10 lakh crore. This will include the Central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years.

The Department of Space received an 18% hike over its expenses in 2023-2024 in the 2024-2025 Union Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday. The bulk of the hike goes towards the development of space technologies. The allocation increased marginally for space applications, decreased for space sciences, and almost halved for INSAT satellite systems over the budgeted amount in 2023-2024. 

Since successfully concluding the Chandrayaan-3 mission in August 2023, the future road map of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has expanded to include a new ‘next generation’ launch vehicle, more ambitious missions to the moon, and an Indian space station. ISRO is also working on its ambitious human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan. 

The Union government has continued its emphasis on tackling non-communicable diseases, and allocating funds for research in the healthcare sector, with Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 announcing customs duty exemptions on three cancer treatment drugs — Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, Osimertinib, and Durvalumab.

“To provide relief to cancer patients, I propose to fully exempt three more medicines from customs duties. I also propose changes in the BCD (basic customs duty) on X-ray tubes and flat panel detectors for use in medical X-ray machines under the phased manufacturing programme,” the Finance Minister said.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed legislative support to provide financing for leasing aircraft and ships in India in a bid to protect airlines from foreign exchange risks.

“We will seek the required legislative approval for providing an efficient and flexible mode for financing leasing of aircrafts and ships,” the Minister said in her Budget speech on July 23. She said legislative backing for “pooled funds of private equity through a variable company structure” would also be explored. 

Union Budget 2024-25: Major expenditures

Railways has been allocated ₹2.62 lakh crore in the Budget 2024-25, which Union Minister for Railways Ashwini Vaishnaw has termed as ‘historic’ and highest ever allocation.

Mr. Vaishnaw said that even as the Kavach roll out has been low (merely 2.14% of the entire railway network), after the approvals for Kavach 4.0 work on deployment of Kavach will be rapid. He also focused on creation of up to 40,000 new railway jobs.

“Recruitments are in progress, railways focus will be on new projects, connectivity with Kashmir and capitals of Northeastern States,” Mr. Vaishnaw said.

The Budget for Ministry of Minority Affairs saw a menial hike of 2.7% but the coaching and allied schemes for minorities was slashed from the allocated ₹30 crore to ₹10 crore this year.

The interest subsidy on educational loans for overseas education for minorities was also reduced. The budget for education scheme for Madrasas and Minorities has gone down from ₹10 crore to ₹2 crore in the budget of 2024-25.

The government has proposed the allocation of ₹1.28 lakh crore for telecom projects and public sector firms under the Telecom Ministry with a majority of funds earmarked for State-owned BSNL.

Of the total proposed allocation, over ₹1 lakh crore is meant for BSNL and MTNL-related expenses, including ₹82,916 crore infusion in BSNL for technology upgradation and restructuring at BSNL.

“The total net allocation for this demand in BE (Budget Estimate) 2024-25 is ₹1,28,915.43 crore (₹1,11,915.43 crore plus ₹17,000 crore). The additional provision of ₹17,000 crore is met from the balances available under Universal Service Obligation Fund and will be utilised for schemes viz., Compensation to Telecom Service Providers, Bharatnet and Research and Development,” the Budget document said.

Kerala’s much-anticipated and decades-long dream of having an All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)-like institution on its soil was dashed yet again when the proposal found no mention in the Union Budget 2024-25 presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23.

Unlike in the previous years, the anticipation this year that the project might finally come through was intense, particularly because of the presence of two Union Ministers of State from Kerala at the Centre, one of whom is the BJP’s first-ever elected MP from the State.

West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on July 23 dubbed the Union Budget 2024-25 as “politically biased and anti-poor” and slammed the Centre for “depriving” the State. The Chief Minister wondered what wrong West Bengal committed that it had been “deprived” by the Centre.

“Bengal has been completely deprived in this Union budget. This doesn’t look into the interest of the poor. The Budget is politically biased. This is directionless and has no vision. It is only to serve a political mission,” she told reporters on the State Assembly premises.

Khelo India, which is the government’s flagship project to promote sports at the grassroots level, was once again the biggest beneficiary in the union budget for the sports ministry as it was assigned ₹900 crore from the overall allocation of ₹3,442.32 crore on July 23.

Khelo India’s share, announced in the budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in New Delhi, is ₹20 crore more than the revised allocation of ₹880 crore during the previous financial year.

Read details here

The Budget 2024-24 on July 23 allocated ₹1,309.46 crore for census, a significant reduction from 2021-22 when ₹3,768 crore was allocated for the decadal exercise, an indication that it may not be carried out even after a significant delay.

A meeting of the Union cabinet on December 24, 2019 had approved the proposal for conducting census of India 2021 at a cost of ₹8,754.23 crore and updating the National Population Register (NPR) at a cost of ₹3,941.35 crore.

Read the full story here

Budget 2024-25: Taxes

Union Budget 2024-25: Here is a collection of all stories from The Hindu relating to the changes in direct taxes and custom duties.

On Rahul Gandhi’s allegation that that generosity shown towards States like Bihar and Andhra Pradesh is a way to save ‘ kursi ’, FM Nirmala Sitharaman said that the INDIA alliance members couldn’t cross 230 votes but BJP alone reached 240 votes, and with the pre-election alliance, could form the government for the third term. 

“PM Modi is leading free India for the third time. Something that has not happened in the last 60 years has happened now. Party’s that are talking about saving his ‘ kursi ’ should maybe think. Their alliance of almost 37 party’s could not make even 230 (seats) and they are saying that he is doing it to save his ‘ kursi ’. When Mr. Modi became PM for the third time and has been ‘announcing’ to the world about India, putting us at the forefront of the world, helping in development. This time in the Budget, we have allotted ₹1.50 lakh crore for States without any interest for the next 50 years for free. Finance commission did not mention this at all, but we are,” she said.

On TMC’s allegation that the Union Budget reflects the political bankruptcy of Modi Government, FM Sitharaman said if the name of the State is not mentioned in the Budget it doesn’t mean they don’t get anything at all. “As per the proposals, schemes, different projects in different States, every State will get what they have proposed for,” she said.

In a social media post, TMC dismissed the term ‘Union Budget 2024’, renaming it as the ‘Andhra-Bihar Budget’. TMC national general secretary Abhishek Banerjee told reporters in New Delhi that “the net result is zero because Bengal has been constantly tortured and deprived.” “You have seen how Bengal has been consistently deprived by this BJP Government. Has there been a positive outcome of 12 BJP MPs elected from Bengal?,” Ms. Banerjee said outside the Parliament complex.

Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar said the “special help” announced in the Union Budget addressed the State’s concerns, which had previously led to demands for special category status.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman skipped any mention of MNREGA, which is one of the biggest rural employment schemes. The allocated budget once again, falls short of the actual expenditure on the scheme in the last financial year. In 2024-25 FY, government has allocated ₹86,000 crore, while in 2023-24, the expenditure including the pending dues to the States, as per the Rural Development Ministry’s website was ₹1.2 lakh crore.

In a first, Home Ministry sets aside a budget of ₹56 crore to establish Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag for development of a platform to facilitate the translation of various languages into Hindi and vice-versa. Around ₹88 crore allocated for holistic development of Islands in Union Territories. ₹700 crore has been set aside for the first time for Modernisation of Forensic Capacity, which is a crucial element of the newly implemented criminal laws. The budget for rehabilitation and Relief for migrants, which includes Sri Lankan refugees and Tibetans has been slashed. SPG which only protects the Prime Minister has seen an increase of ₹73 crore in budget allocation.

Over ₹200 crore have been earmarked for expenditure on “examination and selection” of the civil servants by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in the 2024-25 Budget announced.

The Commission conducts the civil services examination annually in three stages -- preliminary, main and interview -- to select officers of Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and Indian Police Service (IPS), among others.

The UPSC has been given ₹425.71 crore for the ongoing fiscal in the Budget presented by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.

The 2024-25 Union Budget has allocated ₹1,248.91 for expenses incurred by the Council of Ministers, the Cabinet Secretariat and the Prime Minister’s Office, and for hospitality and entertainment of State guests.

The allocated amount is substantially lower than the ₹1,803.01 crore earmarked in 2023-24. A total of ₹828.36 crore has been given for the expenses of the Council of Ministers. It was ₹1,289.28 crore in 2023-24.

The allocation for defence in the Union Budget was ₹6.2 lakh crore for 2024-25, the same as the allocation in the interim budget presented in February and is just a marginal increase from last year. “The capital outlay of ₹1,72,000 crore will further strengthen the capabilities of armed forces. Earmarking of ₹1,05,518.43 crore for domestic capital procurement will provide further impetus to Atmanibharta ,” Defence Minister Rajnath Singh said on social media.

Benchmark Sensex and Nifty settled marginally lower in volatile trade as the government proposed to hike securities transaction tax on futures & options in the Budget for 2024-25.

Recovering most of its intra-day losses of over 1,200 points, the 30-share BSE Sensex settled lower by 73.04 points or 0.09% 80,429.04.

The index gyrated between highs and lows during the day as Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced Budget proposals for 2024-25.

The barometer tanked 1,277.76 points or 1.58% to hit a low of 79,224.32 as the Minister announced a hike in STT on F&O trade and an increase in long-term capital gains tax on equities. However, tax exemptions and customs duty cuts helped boost consumer durables and FMCG shares, aiding stocks to recover from the day’s lows.

When asked whether the Budget has specified anything about Railways, Dr. T.V. Somanathan said, “The expenditure budget for railways for the coming year is ₹2,55,393 crore, which is the highest ever and is a very substantial increase in recent years.”

After Union Finance Nirmala Sitharaman proposed new tax structures for charities, foreign shipping companies, rationalisation of capital gains, she said the tax has been brought down because the govt wants more investments. She also reduced corporate tax on foreign companies from 40 to 35%.

After FM Sitharaman announced the review of the Income Tax Act, she said the govt is working towards a simpler taxing regime and she can’t say right now if the old tax regime will be removed. “Working towards the goal of a simpler taxing regime, we came up with the new tax regime. We need to review about the sunset of the old tax regime and come to a decision,” she said.

FM Sitharaman clarified that ₹15,000 crore for Andhra Pradesh is coming through the multi-lateral development assistance which we borrow from the multi-lateral banks. She added that further assistance will also be extended, however, there is no definitive amount.

The angel tax was introduced under the UPA Government in 2012, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said. “Money laundering issue was being tackled through a tax measure... there is also PMLA act which will tackle the issue,” Revenue secretary Sanjay Malhotra said stressing that angel tax is not required to keep money laundering in check.

India’s tax net will have to be widened, whether it is direct taxation or indirect. There are also now PSU divisions which have been improving because the valuations have gone up and their performance has also substantially increased, the Finance Minister said addressing the press conference. 

She added that revenue mobilisation is not just tax-based, non-tax revenue mobilisations are also coming up. She stressed on asset monetisation -- optimum utilisation of those assets which are lying in the form of unutilised stadiums or lands with PSUs which can be used for better purposes. She added that govt is also looking at generating resources from newer areas and as a result, the revenue forgone will be made up for.

Budget 2024 key takeaways in charts

Union Budget 2024: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented her seventh consecutive Union Budget for FY 2024-25. Here are some key takeaways

In her seventh budget presentation , Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced allocating ₹11,11,111 crore towards capital expenditure. This would account for 3.4% of the GDP. Enumerating it as among the policy prerogatives towards investment in infrastructure by central government, she told the house that the significant investments made in previous years have triggered a multiplier effect. 

Read the article here

For every rupee in the government coffer, the biggest pie of 63 paise will come from direct and indirect taxes, according to the Union Budget 2024-25 documents. The remaining 27 paise will come from borrowings and other liabilities, 9 paise from non-tax revenue like disinvestment, and 1 paise from non-debt capital receipts, the Budget documents said. In all, 36 paise will come from direct taxes, including corporate and individual income tax. Income tax will yield 19 paise, while corporate tax will account for 17 paise, it said. 

Among indirect taxes, goods and services tax (GST) will contribute the maximum 18 paise in every rupee of revenue. Besides, the government is looking to earn 5 paise out of every rupee from excise duty and 4 paise from customs levy. The collection from “borrowings and other liabilities” will be 27 paise per rupee, as per the Union Budget 2024-25 presented in Parliament by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman. The Budget documents provide a fractional break-up for ₹1 that comes in and gets spent. 

On the expenditure side, the outlay for interest payments and States’ share of taxes and duties, respectively, stood at 19 paise and 21 paise for every rupee. Allocation for defence stands at 8 paise per rupee. Expenditure on central sector schemes will be 16 paise out of every rupee, while the allocation for centrally-sponsored schemes is 8 paise. The expenditure on ‘Finance Commission and other transfers’ is pegged at 9 paise. Subsidies and pension will account for 6 paise and 4 paise, respectively. The government will spend 9 paise out of every rupee on ‘other expenditures’. 

Staffs carry the Budget copies after they arrive at the Parliament House for the Union Budget 2024-25 during the Monsoon Session, in New Delhi on July 23, 2024.

Shares of telecom infrastructure companies on July 23 declined more than 4% after Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government will increase the basic customs duty on specified telecom equipment from 10% to 15%.

On the BSE, shares of HFCL tumbled 4.60% to ₹112.10 apiece, Vodafone Idea plunged 4.15% to ₹15.23, Tejas Networks slumped 2.69% to ₹1,278.95, and ITI declined 2.58% to ₹295.10.

The scrip of Bharti Airtel fell 1.50% to trade at ₹1,442.70 per piece, ADC India Communications slipped 2.14% to ₹1,771.95, and Tata Communications dipped 0.97% to trade at ₹1,768.95 on the bourse.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi reacts during the presentation of Union Budget 2024-25 by Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in Lok Sabha on July 23, 2024.

In the last 10 years, the NDA Government has ensured that the poor and the middle class continue to get tax relief. In this Budget also, a big decision has been taken to reduce income tax and increase standard deduction. TDS rules have also been simplified. These steps will result in additional savings for every taxpayer, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said.

This Budget will give a new scale to education and skill. This is a Budget that will give new strength to the middle class. It has come up with strong plans to empower the tribal society, Dalits and backward classes. It will help in ensuring the economic participation of women, Mr. Modi said.

This Budget will provide a new path of progress for small traders and MSMES. There is a lot of focus on manufacturing and infrastructure in the Budget. This will give new impetus to economic development, the Prime Minister said.

This Budget puts emphasis on manufacturing as well as infrastructure; will speed up growth, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said after Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha on July 23. He cited Budget’s stress on youth and said its measures will open many new opportunities for youngsters.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 announced to fully exempt 25 critical minerals from custom duties, and reduce basic custom duties (BCD) on two of them. “This will provide a major fillip to the processing and refining of such minerals and help secure their availability for these strategic and important sectors,” Ms. Sitharaman said.

Union Budget 2024 highlights: From income tax changes to focus on employment, here are some key takeaways

Union Budget 2024 Highlights: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announces Budget 2024 focusing on employment, skilling, MSMEs, and women-led development with various initiatives.

Simplifying the tax regime for corporate industries, Union Finance Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday, proposed new tax structures for charities, foreign shipping companies, rationalisation of capital gains in her 2024 Budget speech . She also reduced corporate tax on foreign companies from 40 to 35%. Ms. Sitharaman’s speech lasted just shy of ninety minutes

“58% of corporate tax came from the simplified tax regime in 2022-23 and more than 2/3rd of taxpayers have used the new personal tax regime last year,” announced Ms. Sitharaman.

Budget 2024 | What measures were announced for women?

We summarise the various schemes announced for girls and women as part of the Union Budget 2024-25

Click here to read all the political and industry reactions

Budget 2024: What is cheaper, what is costlier in FY25

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposes customs duty cuts in 2024 Union Budget to boost domestic manufacturing and exports.

Seeking to attract more funds into the country, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on July 23 said rules for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) will be simplified. Presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 , the Minister said the government will bring out a five-year vision document for meeting financial needs of the economy.

2024 Union Budget: Nirmala Sitharaman says changes will be made to IBC to strengthen tribunals

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announces changes to IBC, strengthening tribunals, and proposing digital infrastructure for productivity and innovation.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman proposed a reduction in basic customs duty on gold and silver to 6% and platinum to 6.4%. In her budget speech in Lok Sabha, she also proposed reduction of basic customs duty on mobile phones, mobile charger to 15%.

The Congress on said Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has taken a leaf out of its 2024 Lok Sabha polls manifesto by announcing an internship programme but “in their trademark style”, the scheme has been designed to “grab headlines with arbitrary targets” rather than a programmatic guarantee.

Read Congress’s reaction here

In an episode of Budget Focus series from The Hindu , we discussed the Budget projections for the Indian Railways. However, there is no mention of the Railways in the Union Budget 2024-25.

Tune in to the podcast here

Budget 2024 | Land reform measures to be undertaken consulting States, says Finance Minister in Budget speech

In the Union Budget 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced certain measures calculated to improve land and other factors of production

The Finance Minister introduced the Finance Bill in the Lok Sabha. The Budget Session has been adjourned till July 24, 11 a.m.

Stock markets turned highly volatile amid the Union Budget presentation. Sensex tanked 1,266.17 points to 79,235.91 after FM hikes STT on F&O; Nifty tumbles 435.05 points to 24,074.20.

​​ Read the whole story here ​​

In the new tax regime, the tax rate structure is to be revised, the FM announced. For zero to ₹3 lakh - tax rate is zero. For ₹3 lakh to ₹7 lakh - 5%; For ₹7 lakh to ₹10 lakh - 10%; ₹10 lakh to ₹12 lakh - 15%; For ₹12 lakh to ₹15 lakh - 20%; For ₹15 lakh and higher - 30%. With this, a salaried employee stands to save upto ₹17,500 a year in income tax, the FM said.

The government announced the withdrawal of the 2% equalisation levy. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the standard deduction for salaried employees will be hiked to ₹75,000, from ₹50,000 under new income tax regime in FY25. The government raised the deduction limit to 14% from 10% for employers’ contribution for the National Pension System (NPS). 

For those opting for the new tax regime, the standard deduction for salaried employees to be increased from ₹50,000 to ₹75,000. Similarly, deduction for family pension for pensioners to be enhanced from ₹15,000 to ₹25,000. This will provide relief to about 4 crore salaried and pensioner individuals, the FM said. 

Read in detail here

Other major proposals in the Finance Bill relate to withdrawal of an equalisation levy of 2%, expansion of tax benefits to certain funds and entities in the IFSC, and changes to the Benami Transaction Act enforcement.

Securities Transaction Tax on Futures and Options contracts is to be increased to 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively, the FM said. Income received on buyback of shares to be taxed in the hands of the recipient. Tax deduction on NPS contributions to be raised from 10% of salary to 14% of salary. This will cover government employees as well as private companies in the NPS.

The FM said that capital gains taxation is proposed to be hugely simplified. Short-term gains on some financial assets will now attract 20%, while those on all other assets will continue to attract the current rates. “For benefiting lower and middle income classes, I propose to increase the limit of exemption on some financial instruments for capital gains to ₹1.25 lakh a year. Unlisted bonds and debentures, debt mutual funds and market-linked debentures, will attract tax on capital gains irrespective of holding period,” she said.

The TDS rate on e-commerce operators is to be reduced from 1% to 0.1%. I propose to decriminalise delays in payments of TDS upto their filing due date. Simplification of reassessment and reopening of returns. From now, this can be done after three years only if the income involved is ₹50 lakh or more, with a time limit of six years, the FM said. 

The government announced that it will undertake a comprehensive review of the Income Tax Act to make it easy to read. Presenting the Union Budget for 2024-25, Ms. Sitharaman also said the government will come out with SoP (standard operating procedure) for TDS defaults and simplify and rationalise compounding of such offences.

She added that two tax exemption regimes for charitable trusts will be merged into one. Also, 58% of corporate tax have come from simplified tax regime in FY23. More than two-thirds of individuals availed of the new income tax regime, Ms. Sitharaman said in the Lok Sabha. The FM further announced that DPI apps will be developed for credit, e-commerce, education, health, law, MSME service delivery, and urban governance.

To bolster the Indian startup ecosystem, I propose to abolish the so-called Angel Tax for all classes of investors, the FM announced.

For customs, we reduced the number of customs duty rates in 2022-23. I propose to rationalise them after a review over next six months, the FM said. She announced that to provide relief to cancer patients, three more medicines will be fully exempted from customs duty. I propose changes in the basic customs duty on X-ray tubes and flat panel detectors for domestic X-ray machines’ production.

The net tax receipts are estimated at ₹25.83 lakh crore, and the fiscal deficit is estimated at 4.9% of GDP for this year. The gross and net market borrowings through dated securities are estimated at ₹14.01 lakh crore and the ₹11.63 lakh crore, respectively, lower than last year. The government is committed to stay the course on fiscal consolidation, with deficit at below 4.5% of GDP in 2025-26, and with sustained reductions thereafter, the FM said.

She added that GST has reduced compliance burden and logistics costs for trade and industry and enhanced revenues. To multiply its benefits, we will strive to simplify and rationalise the tax structure and expand it to cover more goods, she said.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget speech proposed creation of employment of about 4.1 crore youth over the next five years. Towards it, the Finance Minister has made an allocation of ₹2 lakh crore.

Similarly, for skilling the citizens so as to generate job opportunities, she proposed ₹1.48 crore. 20 lakh youth will be skilled over a five-year period. A total of 1,000 industrial training institutes will be upgraded, she announced.

She proposed in her speech that a one-time wage would be provided to all first time employees in all sectors. The incentive for first-timers would be provided through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) 

The Finance Minister said that the government will launch internship opportunities in 500 companies to one crore youth in five years. 

Interns will get exposure to real-life environment and an allowance of ₹5000 per month, she said. The companies will bear training and 10% of training cost from CSR funds. Ms. Sitharaman said employment, skilling, MSME, and middle class are among key focus areas of this Budget. 

The Budget proposes to earmark a significant part of the 50-year interest-free loan, to work with the States on following reforms - Land related reforms in both urban and rural areas, that cover land administration, planning and urban planning and building bye-laws. “Rural land-related actions will include assignment of a unique Aadhaar for all lands, digitisation of terrestrial maps, survey of lands, and establishment of land registry. On labour related reforms, our govt. will facilitate a range of services for labour, including employment and skilling.”

She added that open architecture databases for the widely changing job market, and connecting potential employees with industry will be covered. Shram Suvidha and Samadhan portal will be revamped to enhance ease of compliance for industry and trade.

The FM announced that for space economy, with the govt’s continued emphasis on expanding it by 5 times in the next ten years, a venture capital fund of ₹1,000 crore will be set up. “We will formulate an economic policy framework to delineate the strategy for sustaining high growth with next generation reforms. These reforms will cover all factors of production, including land, labour and capital. This will require collaboration of the Centre and States,” she said.

“Tourism has always been a part of our civilisation. Our efforts to position India as a global destination will also create jobs and unlock opportunities in other sectors. I propose Vishnupath temple at Gaya, and Mahabodhi temple in Bodhgaya, are of immense spiritual importance. We will develop corridors there on the model of the successful Kashi Vishwanath corridor to make them a world-class tourist destination,” the FM said.

She added that a comprehensive development initiative for Rajgir and Nalanda (in Bihar) will be pursued. “We will support tourism in Odisha that has scenic beauty, temples, craftsmanship, natural landscapes, wildlife sanctuaries and pristine beaches,” she said.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that ₹2.66 lakh crore has been allocated for rural development, including rural infrastructure. She also said that three crore additional houses will be constructed under the PM Awas Yojana in rural and urban areas. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha, she said, “This year I have made a provision of ₹2.66 lakh crore for rural development, including rural infrastructure”.

The FM noted that Bihar has frequently suffered from floods, many of them originating outside the country. “Plans to solve these problems in Nepal have not progressed. We will provide support of ₹11,500 crore for flood mitigation projects. Assam grapples with floods every year from the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries that originate outside India. We will provide support to them. Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh, that suffered due to landslides and floods, will be provided assistance,” she said.

The Finance Minister announced that the Phase 4 of the PM Gram Sadak Yojana will be launched to provide all-weather roads to 25,000 rural habitats.

FM said the Centre has made significant infrastructure investments in years, triggering a multiplier effect. “This will continue over the next five years. This year, I provided ₹11,11,111 crore for capex, which is 3.4% of GDP. We will encourage States to provide support of similar scale for infrastructure development based on their priorities,” she said.

Private investment in infrastructure will be promoted through Viability Gap Funding and a market-based financing framework would be brought out, she added.

Electricity storage solutions will be worked out for renewable energy. Research and Development on smaller nuclear reactors. Our govt. will partner with the private sector for setting up Bharat Small Reactors, and research and development of new technologies for nuclear energy. Advanced Ultra-Super Critical Thermal Power Plants, with much higher efficiency, have been developed indigenously. An 800 MW commercial plant will be set up, with the government providing the required fiscal support, the FM said.

She added that a roadmap for hard-to-abate industries, from energy efficiency targets to emission targets, will be formulated.

We will bring out a document on appropriate energy transition pathways, that balances the needs of employment and development. In line with the Interim Budget announcement, the Rooftop Solar scheme has been launched to enable 1 crore households to get upto 300 units of free electricity every month. The scheme has seen 1.8 crore registrations and 14 lakh applicants.

Read the whole story here

“High Stamp Duty may be lowered, especially for women. This reform will be made essential condition for urban development schemes,” she said.

Building on the PM Swanidhi scheme for street vendors, we plan a scheme over the next 5 years to promote 100 weekly haats in select cities, the FM announced. 

In partnership with States, and MDBs, the Modi-led NDA Government will promote water supply, sewage treatment and solid waste management projects for 100 large cities, the FM announced.

Under the PM Awas Yojana-Urban, the housing needs of one crore poor and middle class families will be addressed with an investment of ₹10 lakh crore. This will include the central assistance of ₹2.2 lakh crore in the next five years.

“For facilitating term loans to MSMEs, a credit guarantee scheme will be introduced. The scheme will operate on the cooling of credit risks of such MSMEs. A self-financing guarantee fund will provide to each applicant cover of up to ₹100 crore while loan amount may be larger...” she said.

Backward region grant will be provided to 3 districts of Andhra Pradesh, the Finance Minister announced. In her Budget for 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Union Government will arrange financial assistance to Bihar through aid from multilateral development agencies.

The government will also set up airports, medical colleges and sports infrastructure in Bihar, she said. The Centre will also formulate plan ‘Purvodaya’ for all-round development of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh .

Ms. Sitharaman further said the government will support industrial corridor for development in the eastern region. The Finance Minister also said the government will provide e-vouchers directly to 1 lakh students every year with interest subvention of 3% of loan amount.

The government said it will launch three employment-linked schemes. While presenting the Union Budget for 2024-25, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the government will provide incentives to 30 lakh youth entering the job market by providing one month’s PF (provident fund) contribution.

She announced that working women hostels will be set up in the country to promote women’s participation in the workforce. She added that the government will provide funds to the private sector, domain experts and others for developing climate-resilient seeds.

An already existing scheme -- MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee) -- aims to provide 100 days of wage employment in a particular fiscal year to at least one member of every household whose adult members seek manual work.

The government will bring a National Cooperation Policy for the overall development of the country, Finance Minister Nirmamala Sitharaman said. Presenting the Budget for 2024-25, she said the Centre will promote digital public infrastructure for agriculture in partnership with states, while Jan Samarth-based Kisan Credit Card will be introduced in five States. Also, the government will provide finance for shrimp farming and marketing, she added.

The FM said that large-scale vegetable production will be developed closer to major consumption centres. “We will promote farmer producer organisations, coops and startups for vegetable supply chains...,” she said.

For achieving self-sufficiency in pulses and oil seeds, the govt will strengthen their production, storage and marketing. A strategy is being put in place to achieve aatanibharta for oil seeds such as mustard, groundnut, sesame, soybean and sunflower, the Finance Minister said in the Lok Sabha, presenting the Union Budget 2024-2025.

Ms. Sitharaman said that in the next two years, one crore farmers across the country will be initiated into natural farming supported by certification and branding. Implementation will be through scientific institutions and willing Gram Panchayats. 10,000 need-based bio input resource centres will be established.

“Transforming agricultural research, our govt will undertake a comprehensive review of the agricultural research setup to bring the focus on raising productivity and developing climate-resilient varieties. Funding will be provided in challenge mode including to the pvt sector, domain experts both from the govt and outside and will oversee the conduct of such research,” Ms. Sitharaman said.

She added that 109 new high-yielding and climate-resilient varieties of 32 field and horticultural crops will be released for cultivation by farmers.

The Finance Minister said that the Budget will focus on employment, skilling, MSME and middle class. “Budget for FY25 to provide ₹1.48 lakh crore for education and employment and skill... Implementation of various schemes announced in Interim Budget in February are still underway,” the Finance Minister said. People of India have reinforced their faith in the government led by Mr. Modi and re-elected it for the third term, she said, while presenting the Budget in Lok Sabha.

India’s economic growth continues to shine while the global economy is still in the grip of policy uncertainty, Ms. Sitharaman added. The country’s inflation continues to be stable and is moving towards 4%, and core inflation stands at 3.1%.

On Budget priorities, the Finance Minister said that in the interim Budget the govt promised to present a detailed roadmap for the pursuit of Viksit Bharat. “In line with the strategy set in the interim Budget, this Budget envisages sustained efforts on the following nine priorities for generating ample opportunities for all -- productivity and resilience in agriculture, employment and skilling, inclusive human resource development and social justice, manufacturing and services, urban development, emergency security, infrastructure, innovation R&D, next-gen reforms. Subsequent Budgets will build on these and more priorities and actions,” she said.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is presenting the Union Budget 2024-2025 in Lok Sabha. India’s inflation continues to be low, stable and moving towards the 4% target, the Finance Minister said.

The Budget Session of the Parliament began at 11 a.m. on July 23. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present her seventh budget in the Lok Sabha today.

New Delhi: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman with a red pouch carrying the Budget documents arrives at the Parliament to present the Union Budget 2024-25, in New Delhi, Tuesday, July 23, 2024. (PTI Photo/Atul Yadav)(PTI07_23_2024_000064B)

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman opted for an off-white checkered handloom saree with a contrasting purple and pink-hued blouse for the presentation of the first Budget on July 23 of the third term of the NDA Government led by PM Narendra Modi.

Indian shares reversed early gains to drop marginally in morning trade on Tuesday, with volatility rising ahead of the union budget, due at 11 a.m. IST, which could have a huge bearing on the trajectory of markets.

The NSE Nifty 50 and S&P BSE Sensex opened about 0.3% higher but were trading about 0.2% lower as of 10:22 a.m. IST. Volatility rose to a six-week-high of 15.79.

“Volatility will remain elevated today as budget announcements will decide the direction of markets in intraday trade,” said ICICI Securities analysts led by Dharmesh Shah.

A market correction cannot be ruled out, given the high valuations, they added.

The Nifty has hit multiple all-time highs through its roughly 13% rally this year, despite a near 6% slide on June 4 when Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party returned to power but by unexpectedly having to rely on allies. Still, the index has risen in each of the seven weeks since.

The Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the full Budget for 2024-25. Following this, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present her seventh budget in the Lok Sabha.

Ms. Sitharaman, the first full-time woman Finance Minister of the country, has presented five full Budgets since July 2019 and an interim budget on February 1, 2024. This is the first Budget of the BJP-led NDA Government in its third term in office.

“I think the problem is that the government is not recognising the real concerns. The real concerns are inflation, especially food inflation, and rampant unemployment and inadequate job creation,” says Economist Jayati Ghosh.

“If you look at the economic survey, the country has achieved, even post covid, a very stable growth pattern in GDP numbers. There is an uptick in manufacturing, agriculture, there is a bit of subsiding in the consumption patterns in country because of lower middle income people getting hurt due to inflation and having lost wealth during COVID,” ASSOCHAM President Sanjay Nayar said in an interview to PTI. 

“The govt has done a tremendous job, looking at the geopolitical, geographic scenario. India looks like a fantastic place to attract investments. The expectation would be to keep catalysing the infrastructure spending. I have told this to PTI that another couple of years of heightened spending on infrastructure is a good idea,” he added.

Emphasising the need for measures to address inflation, particularly the soaring prices of essential commodities and life-saving drugs, Uttar Pradesh Congress President Ajay Rai has voiced the expectations of the middle class for the Union Budget 2024-25.

Expressing his expectations from the budget, Congress leader Ajay Rai said on Tuesday, “In this budget, inflation should be controlled. The price of garlic is ₹500 per kg, and the prices of vegetables and medicines have gone up. The price of life-saving drugs has increased.

Employment opportunities also need to be generated. All these factors need to be worked upon.”

Shiv Sena Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray’s (UBT) faction leader, Priyanka Chaturvedi, echoed similar expectations, stating that the finance minister should concentrate on tackling unemployment and inflation.

More tax benefits for health insurance under the new tax regime, relaxation in payment norms for MSMEs and incentives for the agri-tech sector are among the expectations of stakeholders from the first budget of the Modi 3.0 government .

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the full Budget for fiscal 2024-25 on July 23, which will be the first major policy document of the new government.

Anup Rau, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Future Generali India Insurance Company, said the deduction limit on health insurance premiums under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act has remained unchanged for the past nine years despite the fact that there has been a significant rise in healthcare costs across the country.

Watch what women can expect from Budget here

Union Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi met in Parliament on Tuesday to approve the Union Budget ahead of its presentation by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Parliament this morning to attend the cabinet meeting.On Monday, Prime Minister said the Economic Survey highlighted the prevailing strengths of the economy and identifies areas for further growth and progress as the government “moves towards building a Viksit Bharat”.

Union Ministers Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh and Pralhad Joshi were also seen arriving in the Parliament earlier for the Cabinet meeting today.

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman met President Droupadi Murmu ahead of presenting the Union Budget 2024 in Parliament, as per tradition.

The Finance Minister and her team briefed the President about the provisions of the Budget.

President Murmu then fed the Finance Minister ‘Curd and Sugar’ which is a symbol of wishes for good luck.

GTJVNmibQAE5JC1.jpg

All eyes will be on whether Sitharaman provides the much-expected tax relief for the middle class, leaving more money in their hands, as there is tax buoyancy. Besides, the market also expects staying on the fiscal glide path to lower the fiscal deficit to 4.5 per cent of GDP by 2025-26.

Fiscal Deficit: The budgeted fiscal deficit, which is the difference between the government expenditure and income, for the current fiscal is 5.1 per cent as projected in the Interim Budget in February, against 5.8 per cent in the last fiscal year. The full Budget is expected to provide better-than-earlier projections as there has been tax buoyancy.

Capital Expenditure: The government’s planned capital expenditure for this fiscal year is budgeted at ₹11.1 lakh crore, higher than ₹9.5 lakh crore in the last fiscal year. The government has been pushing infrastructure creation and also incentivising states to step up capex.

Tax Revenue: The Interim Budget had pegged gross tax revenue at ₹38.31 lakh crore for 2024-25, an 11.46 per cent growth over the last fiscal. This includes ₹21.99 lakh crore estimated to come from direct taxes (personal income tax + corporate tax), and ₹16.22 lakh crore from indirect taxes (customs + excise duty + GST).

GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection in 2024-25 is estimated to rise to ₹10.68 lakh crore, an increase of 11.6 per cent. The tax revenue figures will have to be watched out for in the final Budget for the 2024-25 fiscal year.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is set to create history when she presents her seventh straight budget on Tuesday for 2024-25, surpassing the record of former prime minister Morarji Desai.

Setting the tone for the third term of the Modi government, its focus areas may be boosting consumption by giving tax benefits to the middle class. Other priority areas may include agriculture, capex and infra spending and manufacturing push..

With India emerging as the biggest sweet spot in global growth, the budget is expected to address three major trends: global offshoring, digitalization, and energy transition.

Sitharaman, who will turn 65 next month, was in 2019 appointed as India’s first full-time woman finance minister when Prime Minister Narendra Modi won a decisive second term. Since then, she has presented six straight budgets, including an interim one in February this year.

A total of 39 shipyards have registered, and 18 shipyards utilised the benefits under the Centre’s scheme to provide financial support to Indian shipyards for shipbuilding contracts signed between April 1, 2016, and March 31, 2026, according to the Economic Survey. 

“India’s Maritime Vision 2030 outlines over 150 initiatives to improve ports, shipping, and inland waterways and envisions investments of ₹3-3.5 lakh crore. The Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 outlines over 300 initiatives across 11 key areas to drive growth and development in India’s coastal regions,” according to the Economic Survey 2023-24 tabled in the Parliament on Monday.

“Its vision aims to reduce the average vessel turnaround time (containers) from 25 hours in 2020 to less than 20 hours in 2030. Likewise, it also aims to increase the average ship daily output (gross tonnage) from 16,000 in 2020 to more than 30,000 in 2030.”

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present the estimated receipts and expenditure (2024-25) of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (with legislature) in Parliament today.

“I hope that the Budget will face the country’s economic realities. The biggest economic reality is that unemployment rate in 9.2% in the country, inflation is at all time high. Food inflation is particularly very high. Private sector investment is falling. I hope that the government and the Budget will project ways to improve this situation,” TMC MP Saugata Roy.

Indian shares opened higher on July 23, led by financials and public sector companies, as investors brace for policy announcements in the Union Budget due at 11 a.m., which could have a huge bearing on the trajectory of markets.

The NSE Nifty 50 rose 0.24% to 24,568.9, while the S&P BSE Sensex added 0.28% to 80,724.3, as of 9:15 a.m. IST.

• July 23, 2024 09:26 Rupee rises 3 paise to 83.63 against U.S. dollar in early trade

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Tuesday again took a digital tablet wrapped in a traditional ‘bahi-khata’ style pouch as she headed for Parliament to present the full Budget 2024-25 in a paperless format just like the previous years.

Draped in a white silk saree with magenta border, she posed for the traditional ‘briefcase’ picture outside her office, along with her team of officials, before heading to meet the President.

With the tablet carefully kept inside a red cover with a golden-coloured national emblem embossed on it instead of the briefcase, Parliament will be her next destination after the call on President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhawan.

Sitharaman, India’s first full-time woman Finance Minister, had in July 2019 ditched the colonial legacy of a Budget briefcase for the traditional ‘bahi-khata’ to carry Union Budget papers. She used the same in the following year, and in a pandemic-hit 2021, she swapped traditional papers with a digital tablet for carrying her speech and other Budget documents.

“There is no direction in the Budgets presented in the last 10 years. Inflation is skyrocketing, unemployment is high, the growth rate is declining fundamentally. This indicates that the economy isn’t in a healthy situation,” says AAP MP Sandeep Pathak says. 

The government’s steps such as mandatory quality norms and increase in customs duties have significantly helped the domestic toy players to boost exports and reduce dependence on Chinese imports, Economic Survey said on July 22.

It said that India’s emergence as a toy exporting nation can also be attributed to its integration into the global value chain and zero-duty market access for domestically manufactured toys in critical countries such as the UAE and Australia.

The industry has long faced challenges in the global trade landscape, consistently being a net importer of toys for many years.

“Rising exports, coupled with declining imports, transformed India from a deficit to a surplus nation in the trade of toys,” it said.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman arrived at the Ministry of Finance ahead of the Union Budget presentation on Tuesday.

The Finance Minister was pictured wearing a white saree with a violet border as she arrived at the Ministry.

Nirmala Sitharaman is set to present the Union Budget 2024 in Parliament today, marking her seventh consecutive budget and eclipsing the late Moraji Desai’s record of six consecutive budgets, which is likely to focus on changes in the income tax structure and improving the ease of doing business in India.

Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2023-24 along with the statistical appendix on Monday.

Minister of State for Finance Pankaj Chaudhary said that the first Union Budget of the third Modi government will be based on his mantra of “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas”.

“This budget is based on PM Modi’s mantra of Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,” MoS Chaudhary said.

Chaudhary was among the first from FM Nirmala Sitharaman’s team to reach the North Block offices of the Finance Ministry ahead of the Budget Presentation. Vivek Joshi, Secretary, of the Department of Financial Services and Chief Economic Advisor V. Anantha Nageswaran have also reached the ministry ahead of FM Sitharaman.

Extreme weather, lower reservoir levels and crop damage have affected farm output and led to higher food prices over the past two years, the Economic Survey 2023-24 said on July 22.

Unfavourable weather conditions particularly impacted the production prospects of vegetables and pulses, it said.

“In FY23 and FY24, the agriculture sector was affected by extreme weather events, lower reservoir levels, and damaged crops that adversely affected farm output and food prices. So, food inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) increased from 3.8% in FY22 to 6.6% in FY23 and further to 7.5% in FY24,” read the consolidated report on the state of the economy in the previous year.

The fiscal deficit for FY 2023-24 was 5.63% of GDP with a target of 5.1% for FY 2024-25. Given the significant share of personal tax in overall direct-tax collections, the government is unlikely to introduce measures that would greatly reduce tax revenue. Here are key expectations from individual taxpayers and potential government changes to minimise fiscal deficit impact:

Changes in simplified tax regime

• Standard deduction
• NPS employee contribution deduction
• Reintroduction of deduction for investment in infrastructure bonds

Changes in old tax regime

• Affordable housing deduction for interest paid on loan
• Metro cities for HRA

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2023-24 in both Houses of Parliament on July 22. The Economic Survey is a comprehensive review or annual report of Indian economy during the closed financial year, prepared by the Economics Division of the Department of Economic Affairs of the Finance Ministry under the guidance of the India’s Chief Economic Advisor (CEA).

Here are the charts that show key numbers from the Economic Survey 2023-24:

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is scheduled to present the Budget for 2024-25 in the Lok Sabha on July 23 . Parliament Session begins on July 22 and will conclude with the passage of the Finance Bill on August 12.

In this series, experts from various fields suggest what the focus of Narendra Modi-led NDA government’s third term should be. Read what the experts have told The Hindu .

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey of India 2023-24 , along with a statistical appendix, in both Houses of Parliament on July 22. 

The survey said that the outlook for India’s financial sector appears bright , but it needs to brace for likely vulnerabilities. The Indian financial sector is at a “turnpike moment”, it said, adding that the dominance of banking support to credit is being reduced, and the role of capital markets is rising. 

According to the report, India’s GDP is likely to grow at 6.5 to 7% in the current fiscal year amid global challenges which may impact exports. The growth projected for 2024-25 is lower than the economic growth rate of 8.2% estimated for the previous financial year.

India saw 92 lakh foreign tourist arrivals in 2023, signifying a positive post-pandemic revival, the Chief Economic Advisor has said in the Economic Survey released on July 22.

The survey, which was tabled in Parliament, said India’s tourism industry showed positive signs of revival post-pandemic with an year-on-year increase of 43.5%. The hospitality industry has also met the needs of the increasing numbers of tourists successfully. “In 2023, the highest amount of new supply was created with the addition of 14,000 rooms, bringing the total inventory of chain-affiliated rooms to 183,000 in India,” the survey said.

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will present the Union Budget 2024 on July 23 at 11 a.m. It will be a record seventh consecutive Budget presentation for Ms. Sitharaman.

The Budget 2024 presentation will be streamed on various platforms. Viewers can watch the Budget 2024 speech by Nirmala Sitharaman live at The Hindu . Follow our liveblog for all the latest news, reactions, and analysis of Budget 2024. The Finance Minister’s address will also be available to stream live via the Sansad TV .

Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman will be presenting the Union Budget 2024-25 on July 23, 2024.

It will be a record seventh consecutive Budget presentation for Ms. Sitharaman.

Previously, Morarji Desai presented the Union Budget for six times consecutively. Interestingly, Morarji Desai presented budgets for record 10 times followed by former Finance Minister P. Chidambaram 9 times.

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Johnson Controls to Sell Residential and Light Commercial HVAC Businesses

Jul 23, 2024

Divestiture Advances Johnson Controls' Transformation into a Pure-Play Provider of Comprehensive Solutions for Commercial Buildings

Transaction Valued At $8.1 Billion ; JCI Consideration of $6.7 Billion

Company Provides Preliminary 2024 Third Fiscal Quarter Earnings Update

CORK, Ireland , July 23, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Johnson Controls International plc (NYSE: JCI) ("Johnson Controls" or the "Company"), the global leader in smart, healthy, safe and sustainable buildings, today announced it has reached a definitive agreement to sell its Residential and Light Commercial (R&LC) HVAC business in an all-cash transaction to the Bosch Group ("Bosch").  The transaction includes the North America Ducted business and global Residential joint venture with Hitachi, Ltd. ("Hitachi"), of which Johnson Controls owns 60% and Hitachi owns 40%. The total transaction is valued at $8.1 billion , and the Company's portion of the consideration is approximately $6.7 billion . As part of the transaction, Hitachi will retain certain ductless HVAC assets located in Shimizu, Japan .

Following the close of the transaction, the Johnson Controls portfolio will be substantially simplified with enhanced strategic focus, aligned with the Company's objective to be a pure-play provider of comprehensive solutions for commercial buildings. Johnson Controls delivers a unique value proposition to customers, with its unmatched service and digital offerings that improve commercial building efficiency and reduce operational costs through its OpenBlue digital platform. The transaction represents a significant portion of the Company's previously announced strategic evaluation of non-core product lines.

"We are pleased to have reached this pivotal milestone, which accelerates our transformation and positions Johnson Controls as a simpler, higher-growth company," said Johnson Controls Chairman and CEO George Oliver. "Johnson Controls is already benefiting from our transformation, which enables the unparalleled value proposition we provide to customers, and exposure to rapidly accelerating demand in the data center market and other key macro-economic tailwinds. We believe Johnson Controls is well-positioned for its next phase of growth to deliver enhanced, long-term value to shareholders."

Johnson Controls' R&LC HVAC business, which is reported in the Global Products segment, engineers and manufactures ducted and ductless HVAC equipment and components globally for both residential and light commercial applications. In fiscal 2023, the R&LC HVAC business generated approximately $4.5 billion in consolidated revenue. Following the close of the transaction, the R&LC HVAC business will continue to provide residential and light commercial HVAC products under the York and Hitachi brands as well as Coleman, Champion, Luxaire, Guardian, Evcon, TempMaster and others.

Christian Fischer, the deputy chairman of the board of management of Robert Bosch GmbH, said: "Johnson Controls' Residential & Light Commercial business has a consistent track record of excellence within the HVAC industry. Together with our future colleagues in the acquired business, we want to seize the huge opportunities offered by the market for the further growth of this new unit. The acquired entities will strengthen Bosch's Home Comfort Group in an extremely attractive segment and will become part of the Bosch core business."

Transaction Details and Use of Proceeds

The total consideration of approximately $6.7 billion to Johnson Controls includes approximately $4.6 billion for its North America Ducted business representing a multiple of 16.7x fiscal 2023 EBITDA and includes approximately $2.1 billion for its interest in the Johnson Controls-Hitachi Air Conditioning joint venture representing a multiple of 7.5x fiscal 2023 EBITDA. The transaction is expected to be accretive to profit margins adjusted for the impact of equity income.

Net cash proceeds to Johnson Controls is expected to be approximately $5.0 billion after tax and transaction-related expenses.

Consistent with its capital allocation policy, Johnson Controls expects to pay down debt to the extent required to retain its investment grade rating with the remaining proceeds available to be returned to shareholders.

In conjunction with its ongoing transformation and this transaction, the Company has begun working on a comprehensive restructuring plan to minimize dilution post-close.  The plan will utilize the work that has been done on functionalization over the past few quarters and leveraging a more streamlined business model focused on growing the Company's commercial buildings solutions franchise.

The transaction is expected to close in approximately 12 months, subject to required regulatory approvals and other customary closing conditions. The Company expects to report the operating results of the R&LC HVAC business in discontinued operations beginning in the fourth fiscal quarter of 2024.

Johnson Controls Fiscal Q3 2024 Earnings Update

Johnson Controls expects 2024 third fiscal quarter adjusted earnings per share to be slightly ahead of its previously issued guidance range. The Company will report third fiscal quarter earnings on July 31, 2024.

Centerview Partners and Citi served as financial advisors to Johnson Controls, Simpson Thacher served as legal advisor, and Joele Frank served as investor relations advisor.

Preliminary Information

Information concerning 2024 third fiscal quarter adjusted earnings per share presented in this press release is preliminary and may change. Johnson Controls financial closing procedures with respect to the preliminary financial information provided in this press release is not yet complete, and as a result, Johnson Controls final adjusted earnings per share may vary materially from the preliminary outlook included in this press release. Johnson Controls undertakes no obligation to update or supplement the information provided in this press release until Johnson Controls releases its financial statements for the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024. The preliminary adjusted earnings per share outlook included in this press release reflects Johnson Controls current estimates based on information available as of the date of this press release and has been prepared by management. This preliminary outlook should not be viewed as a substitute for full financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP and is not necessarily indicative of the results to be achieved for any future periods. This preliminary outlook could be impacted by the effects of financial closing procedures, final adjustments, and other developments.

Non-GAAP Financial Information

This press release contains disclosures regarding adjusted earnings per share, which is a non-GAAP performance measure. Management believes that adjusted earnings per share is useful to investors in understanding period-over-period operating results and business trends of Johnson Controls. Management may also use adjusted earnings per share as a guide in forecasting, budgeting and long-term planning processes and for compensation purposes. Adjusted earnings per share should be considered in addition to, and not as replacements for, GAAP EPS the most comparable GAAP measure.

Johnson Controls International plc Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements   

Johnson Controls International plc has made statements in this press release that are forward-looking and therefore are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements in this document other than statements of historical fact are, or could be, "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates" or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. However, the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to the sale of the RL&C business, the satisfaction of closing conditions and the likelihood of consummation of the transaction, the expected time period to consummate the transaction, the anticipated benefits of the transaction, Johnson Controls strategy, the anticipated use of proceeds from the transaction, Johnson Controls restructuring plans and Johnson Controls future financial performance. Johnson Controls cautions that these statements are subject to numerous important risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors, some of which are beyond Johnson Controls' control, that could cause its actual results and performance, including the expected impact of the divestiture of the RL&C business, to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, include, among others, risks related to the ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the divestiture, including the possibility that expected benefits of portfolio simplification will not be realized or will not be realized within the expected time frame; delays in the closing of the transaction due to regulatory approvals or other closing conditions; unfavorable reaction to the divestiture by customers, competitors, suppliers and employees, disruption from the transaction, making it more difficult to maintain business and operational relationships; significant transaction costs; and other unknown liabilities.

Other factors that could cause Johnson Controls' actual results to differ materially from those expressed include, among others, risks related to: Johnson Controls ability to develop or acquire new products and technologies that achieve market acceptance and meet applicable quality and regulatory requirements; the ability to manage general economic, business and capital market conditions, including the impact of recessions, economic downturns and global price inflation; fluctuations in the cost and availability of public and private financing for its customers; the ability to innovate and adapt to emerging technologies, ideas and trends in the marketplace, including the incorporation of technologies such as artificial intelligence; the ability to manage macroeconomic and geopolitical volatility, including shortages impacting the availability of raw materials and component products and the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and Israel and Hamas; managing the risks and impacts of potential and actual security breaches, cyberattacks, privacy breaches or data breaches, including business, service, or operational disruptions, the unauthorized access to or disclosure of data, financial loss, reputational damage, increased response and remediation costs, legal, and regulatory proceedings or other unfavorable outcomes; Johnson Controls ability to remediate its material weakness; maintaining and improving the capacity, reliability and security of Johnson Controls enterprise information technology infrastructure; the ability to manage the lifecycle cybersecurity risk in the development, deployment and operation of Johnson Controls digital platforms and services; changes to laws or policies governing foreign trade, including economic sanctions, tariffs, foreign exchange and capital controls, import/export controls or other trade restrictions; fluctuations in currency exchange rates; changes or uncertainty in laws, regulations, rates, policies, or interpretations that impact Johnson Controls business operations or tax status; the ability to adapt to global climate change, climate change regulation and successfully meet Johnson Controls public sustainability commitments; risks and uncertainties related to the settlement with a nationwide class of public water systems concerning the use of AFFF; the outcome of litigation and governmental proceedings; the risk of infringement or expiration of intellectual property rights; Johnson Controls ability to manage disruptions caused by catastrophic or geopolitical events, such as natural disasters, armed conflict, political change, climate change, pandemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments; the ability of Johnson Controls to drive organizational improvement; any delay or inability of Johnson Controls to realize the expected benefits and synergies of recent portfolio transactions; the ability to hire and retain senior management and other key personnel; the tax treatment of recent portfolio transactions; significant transaction costs and/or unknown liabilities associated with such transactions; labor shortages, work stoppages, union negotiations, labor disputes and other matters associated with the labor force; and the cancellation of or changes to commercial arrangements. Investors are therefore cautioned not to place undue resilience on any forward- looking statements. A detailed discussion of risks related to Johnson Controls business is included in the section entitled "Risk Factors" in Johnson Controls Annual Report on Form 10-K for the 2023 fiscal year filed with the SEC, which is available at www.sec.gov and www.johnsoncontrols.com under the "Investors" tab. Shareholders, potential investors and others should consider these factors in evaluating the forward-looking statements and should not place undue reliance on such statements. The forward-looking statements included in this press release are made only as of the date of this document, unless otherwise specified, and, except as required by law, Johnson Controls assumes no obligation, and disclaims any obligation, to update such statements to reflect events or circumstances occurring after the date of this press release.

About Johnson Controls

At Johnson Controls (NYSE: JCI), we transform the environments where people live, work, learn and play. As the global leader in smart, healthy and sustainable buildings, our mission is to reimagine the performance of buildings to serve people, places and the planet.

Building on a proud history of nearly 140 years of innovation, we deliver the blueprint of the future for industries such as healthcare, schools, data centers, airports, stadiums, manufacturing and beyond through OpenBlue, our comprehensive digital offering.

Today, with a global team of 100,000 experts in more than 150 countries, Johnson Controls offers the world's largest portfolio of building technology and software as well as service solutions from some of the most trusted names in the industry.

Visit www.johnsoncontrols.com for more information and follow @Johnson Controls on social platforms.

About the Bosch Group*

The Bosch Group is a leading global supplier of technology and services. It employs roughly 429,000 associates worldwide (as of December 31, 2023). The company generated sales of 91.6 billion euros in 2023. Its business operations are divided into four business sectors: Mobility, Industrial Technology, Consumer Goods, and Energy and Building Technology. Through its business operations, the company wants to help give technological shape to universal trends such as automation, electrification, digitalization, and connectivity, as well as an orientation to sustainability. Bosch's broad diversification across regions and industries strengthens its innovativeness and robustness.

Bosch uses its proven expertise in sensor technology, software, and services to offer customers cross-domain solutions from a single source. It also applies its expertise in connectivity and artificial intelligence in order to develop and manufacture user-friendly, sustainable products. With technology that is "Invented for life," Bosch wants to help improve quality of life and conserve natural resources. The Bosch Group comprises Robert Bosch GmbH and its roughly 470 subsidiary and regional companies in over 60 countries. Including sales and service partners, Bosch's global manufacturing, engineering, and sales network covers nearly every country in the world. Bosch's innovative strength is key to the company's further development. At 136 locations across the globe, Bosch employs some 90,000 associates in research and development, of which nearly 48,000 are software engineers.

About Hitachi, Ltd.*

Hitachi drives Social Innovation Business, creating a sustainable society through the use of data and technology. We solve customers' and society's challenges with Lumada solutions leveraging IT, OT (Operational Technology) and products. Hitachi operates under the 3 business sectors of "Digital Systems & Services" – supporting our customers' digital transformation; "Green Energy & Mobility" – contributing to a decarbonized society through energy and railway systems, and "Connective Industries" – connecting products through digital technology to provide solutions in various industries. Driven by Digital, Green, and Innovation, we aim for growth through co-creation with our customers. The company's revenues as 3 sectors for fiscal year 2023 (ended March 31, 2024) totaled 8,564.3 billion yen , with 573 consolidated subsidiaries and approximately 270,000 employees worldwide. 

For more information on Hitachi, please visit the company's website at   https://www.hitachi.com .

* Certain information contained herein has been obtained from third parties, and in certain cases have not been updated through the date hereof. While these third-party sources are believed to be reliable, Johnson Controls does not give any representation or warranty as to the accuracy, adequacy, timeliness or completeness of any of such information, assumes no responsibility for independent verification of such information, and expressly disclaims any responsibility or liability thereof.

Investor Contacts: Jim Lucas Direct: 1-414-340-1752 Email: [email protected]

Media Contact: Danielle Canzanella Direct : 1-414-524-8687 Email : [email protected]

SOURCE Johnson Controls, Inc.

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• Cybersecurity

What we know about CrowdStrike’s update fail that’s causing global outages and travel chaos

A faulty software update issued by security giant CrowdStrike has resulted in a massive overnight outage that’s affected Windows computers around the world , disrupting businesses, airports, train stations, banks, broadcasters and the healthcare sector.

CrowdStrike said the outage was not caused by a cyberattack, but was the result of a “defect” in a software update for its flagship security product, Falcon Sensor. The defect caused any Windows computers that Falcon is installed on to crash without fully loading.

“The issue has been identified, isolated and a fix has been deployed,” said CrowdStrike in a statement on Friday . Some businesses and organizations are beginning to recover, but many expect the outages to drag on into the weekend or next week given the complexity of the fix. CrowdStrike CEO George Kurtz told NBC News that it may take “some time for some systems that just automatically won’t recover.” In a later tweet , Kurtz apologized for the disruption.

Here’s everything you need to know about the outages.

What happened?

Late Thursday into Friday, reports began to emerge of IT problems wherein Windows computers were getting stuck with the infamous “blue screen of death” — a bright blue error screen with a message that displays when Windows encounters a critical failure, crashes or cannot load.

The outages were first noticed in Australia early on Friday, and reports quickly came in from the rest of Asia and Europe as the regions began their day, as well as the United States.

Within a short time, CrowdStrike confirmed that a software update for Falcon had malfunctioned and was causing Windows computers that had the software installed to crash. Falcon lets CrowdStrike remotely analyze and check for malicious threats and malware on installed computers.

At around the same time, Microsoft reported a significant outage at one of its most used Azure cloud regions covering much of the central United States. A spokesperson for Microsoft told TechCrunch that its outage was unrelated to CrowdStrike’s incident .

Around Friday noon (Eastern time), Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella posted on X saying the company is aware of the CrowdStrike botched update and is “working closely with CrowdStrike and across the industry to provide customers technical guidance and support to safely bring their systems back online.”

What is CrowdStrike and what does Falcon Sensor do?

CrowdStrike, founded in 2011, has quickly grown into a cybersecurity giant. Today the company provides software and services to 29,000 corporate customers, including around half of Fortune 500 companies, 43 out of 50 U.S. states and eight out of the top 10 tech firms, according to its website .

The company’s cybersecurity software, Falcon, is used by enterprises to manage security on millions of computers around the world. These businesses include large corporations, hospitals, transportation hubs and government departments. Most consumer devices do not run Falcon and are unaffected by this outage.

One of the company’s biggest recent claims to fame was when it caught a group of Russian government hackers breaking into the Democratic National Committee ahead of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. CrowdStrike is also known for using memorable animal-themed names for the hacking groups it tracks based on their nationality, such as: Fancy Bear , believed to be part of Russia’s General Staff Main Intelligence Directorate, or GRU; Cozy Bear , believed to be part of Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, or SVR; Gothic Panda , believed to be a Chinese government group; and Charming Kitten , believed to be an Iranian state-backed group. The company even makes action figures to represent these groups, which it sells as swag .

CrowdStrike is so big it’s one of the sponsors of the Mercedes F1 team , and this year even aired a Super Bowl ad — a first for a cybersecurity company. 

Who are the outages affecting?

Practically anyone who during their everyday life interacts with a computer system running software from CrowdStrike is affected, even if the computer isn’t theirs. 

These devices include the cash registers at grocery stores, departure boards at airports and train stations, school computers, your work-issued laptops and desktops, airport check-in systems, airlines’ own ticketing and scheduling platforms, healthcare networks and many more. Because CrowdStrike’s software is so ubiquitous, the outages are causing chaos around the world in a variety of ways. A single affected Windows computer in a fleet of systems could be enough to disrupt the network. 

TechCrunch reporters around the world are seeing and experiencing outages, including at points of travel, doctors’ offices and online. Early on Friday, the Federal Aviation Administration put in effect a ground stop, effectively grounding flights across the United States, citing the disruption. It looks like so far the national Amtrak rail network is functioning as normal. 

What is the U.S. government doing so far?

Given that the problem stems from a company, there isn’t much that the U.S. federal government can do. According to a pool report, President Biden was briefed on the CrowdStrike outage, and “his team is in touch with CrowdStrike and impacted entities.” That’s in large part because the federal government is a customer of CrowdStrike and also affected.

Several federal agencies are affected by the incident, including the Department of Education , and Social Security Administration, which said Friday that it closed its offices as a result of the outage.

The pool report said Biden’s team is “engaged across the interagency to get sector by sector updates throughout the day and is standing by to provide assistance as needed.” 

In a separate tweet, Homeland Security said it was working with its U.S. cybersecurity agency CISA, CrowdStrike and Microsoft — as well as its federal, state, local and critical infrastructure partners — to “fully assess and address system outages.”

There will no doubt be questions for CrowdStrike (and to some extent Microsoft, whose unrelated outage also caused disruption overnight for its customers) from government and congressional investigators. 

For now, the immediate focus will be on the recovery of affected systems.

How do affected customers fix their Windows computers?

The major problem here is that CrowdStrike’s Falcon Sensor software malfunctioned, causing Windows machines to crash, and there’s no easy way to fix that. 

So far, CrowdStrike has issued a patch, and it has also detailed a workaround that could help affected systems function normally until it has a permanent solution. One option is for users to “reboot the [affected computer] to give it an opportunity to download the reverted channel file,” referring to the fixed file.

In a message to users , CrowdStrike detailed a few steps customers can take, one of which requires physical access to an affected system to remove the defective file. CrowdStrike says users should boot the computer into Safe Mode or Windows Recovery Environment, navigate to the CrowdStrike directory, and delete the faulty file “C-00000291*.sys.”

The wider problem with having to fix the file manually could be a major headache for companies and organizations with large numbers of computers, or Windows-powered servers in datacenters or locations that might be in another region, or an entirely different country.

CISA warns that malicious actors are ‘taking advantage’ of the outage

In a statement on Friday, CISA attributed the outages to the faulty CrowdStrike update and that the issue was not due to a cyberattack. CISA said that it was “working closely with CrowdStrike and federal, state, local, tribal and territorial partners, as well as critical infrastructure and international partners to assess impacts and support remediation efforts.”

CISA did note, however, that it has “observed threat actors taking advantage of this incident for phishing and other malicious activity.” The cybersecurity agency did not provide more specifics, but warned organizations to stay vigilant.

Malicious actors can and will exploit confusion and chaos to carry out cyberattacks on their own. Rachel Tobac, a social engineering expert and founder of cybersecurity firm SocialProof Security, said in a series of posts on X to “verify people are who they say they are before taking sensitive actions.”

“Criminals will attempt to use this IT outage to pretend to be IT to you or you to IT to steal access, passwords, codes, etc.,” Tobac said.

What do we know about misinformation so far?

It’s easy to understand why some might have thought that this outage was a cyberattack. Sudden outages, blue screens at airports, office computers filled with error messages, and chaos and confusion. As you might expect, a fair amount of misinformation is already flying around , even as social media sites incorrectly flag trending topics like “cyberattack.”

Remember to check official sources of news and information, and if something seems too good to be true, it might just well be.

TechCrunch will keep this report updated throughout the day.

TechCrunch’s Ram Iyer contributed reporting.

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Far-red fluorescent proteins: tools for advancing in vivo imaging.

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2. far-red fluorescent proteins, 2.1. far-red fps from reef coral discosoma sp..

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2.2. Far-Red FPs from Sea Anemone Entacmaea Quadricolor

2.3. far red fluorescent proteins from other species, 3. far-red fp-based biosensors, 3.1. fret-based biosensors, 3.2. split protein-based biosensors, 3.3. circularly permuted protein-based biosensors, 3.4. ph indicator, 4. far-red fps in multi-color imaging, 5. far-red fps in enhanced resolution imaging, 5.1. photoacoustic imaging, 5.2. fluorescence nanoscopy imaging, 6. perspective, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Shang, A.; Shao, S.; Zhao, L.; Liu, B. Far-Red Fluorescent Proteins: Tools for Advancing In Vivo Imaging. Biosensors 2024 , 14 , 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080359

Shang A, Shao S, Zhao L, Liu B. Far-Red Fluorescent Proteins: Tools for Advancing In Vivo Imaging. Biosensors . 2024; 14(8):359. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080359

Shang, Angyang, Shuai Shao, Luming Zhao, and Bo Liu. 2024. "Far-Red Fluorescent Proteins: Tools for Advancing In Vivo Imaging" Biosensors 14, no. 8: 359. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080359

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Reflection of Light

Jul 22, 2014

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Reflection of Light. What is light?. A form of energy Travels at a speed of 3 x 10 8 m/s Light can either be directly obtained from a luminous source or reflected off a non-luminous source into our eyes.

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• reflection state
• convex mirror
• concave mirror
• virtual image
• constructing ray diagrams textbook
• blind corner mirror

Presentation Transcript

What is light? • A form of energy • Travels at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s • Light can either be directly obtained from a luminous source or reflected off a non-luminous source into our eyes. • The wave-particle duality of light means it possesses both wave-like or particle-like properties. • Light travels in a straight line

Reflection of light • When a ray of light strikes any surface, it changes its direction of travel by following the law of reflection.

Laws of Reflection The laws of reflection state that • The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane • The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Types of reflection

Specular and diffused reflection activity • Go to http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/reflection/specular/index.html

Specular (Regular) reflection • Parallel light rays of an object fall on the surface at the same angle of incidence. • As the surface is smooth, the angles of reflection of all the rays are parallel. • A clear image is formed • Eg. Mirrors or water surface of calm lakes.

Diffused reflection • Parallel light rays of an object fall on the surface at different angles of incidence as the surface is rough. • The rays will all reflect off the surface at different angles and no clear image will be formed • E.g. sandy surface or rippled water bodies

Characteristics of a plane mirror image • Same size as the object • Laterally inverted • Upright • Virtual (represented by dotted line) – virtual image is an image that cannot be projected or captured on a screen. It is produced by rays which seem to come from the image but do not actually pass through it. • Distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror.

Constructing Ray Diagrams Textbook – page 224 - 225 • Measure accurate the perpendicular distance between object O and the mirror surface • Locate image I by marking off the same distance behind the mirror

Constructing Ray Diagrams Join the image I to the eye by drawing the straight lines as shown. • Use dotted line for the lines behind the mirror surface • Use solid lines for lines that are in front of the mirror surface

Constructing Ray Diagrams Join the object O to the points of incidence on the mirror surface, that is the surface touching the plane mirror. • Draw the incident rays from the object O to the points of incidence on the mirror surface. By doing so, you can see that for each ray, the angle of incidence and angle of reflection are equal.

Applications of mirrors • Blind corners • A convex mirror is used in the blind corner mirror to widen the angle of view

Applications of mirrors • Instrument scales • A plane mirror is used in the instrument to avoid parallex error. If the eye is vertically above the pointer, the image of the pointer cannot be seen.

Applications of mirrors • Magnified mirror • A concave mirror in a dentist’s mirror magnifies the upright images.

Applications of mirrors • Reflector • A concave mirror is used in car headlights and torchlights as reflectors. It produces a beam of parallel light rays so that the light rays can travel for a longer distance.

Applications of mirrors • Periscope • Two plane mirrors are used in the periscope to reflect and change the direction of light rays

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Reflection of Light. Definitions. Luminous objects – generate their own light (the sun) Illuminated objects – reflect light (the moon) Line of Sight – a line from an object or image to your eyes (light from the object travels along this line to your eyes). Line of Sight.

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Animations courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University. Reflection of Light. Reflection: the turning back of a wave after meeting the boundary of a medium. Types of Behaviors:. Scattered reflection. Regular Reflection. transmitted. absorbed.

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Reflection of light - mirrors

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“Light and Reflection”. Ch.13 “Light and Reflection”: Preview. Section 1 Characteristics of Light Section 2 Flat Mirrors Section 3 Curved Mirrors Section 4 Color and Polarization. Ch. 13 “Light and Reflection” Section 1 Characteristics of Light. What is Light?.

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Reflection of Light. Regular Reflection of Light. The reflection of light from smooth, shiny surfaces, such as mirrors, is called regular reflection. Light that travels towards a mirror is called the incident light. Light that is reflected from a mirror is called the reflected light .

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REFLECTION OF LIGHT AND ABSORPTION OF LIGHT

REFLECTION OF LIGHT AND ABSORPTION OF LIGHT. BY: IRELYNN, DESTANY, ALYSSA, AND WONDER. REFLECTION OF LIGHT. REFLECTION IS WHEN LIGTH BOUNCES OFF OF OBJESTS AND COMES BACK. LIGHT REFLECTS EASIER OF OFF SMOOTH AND SHINY OBJECTS. EXAMPLES! ALUMINUM FOIL, GLASS, AND CALM WATER.

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Light and Reflection. Electromagnetic Waves. All EM waves are essentially the same. The only difference is frequency and wavelength. c=3.0x10 8 m/s=speed of light in a vacuum. Sample Problems. What is the wavelength range for the FM radio band (88 MHz – 108 MHz)?

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Light reflection

Light reflection. Project made by Victor D Ioana Diana N Andreea Maria S. The reflection of Mount Hood in Trillium Lake. Laws of reflection. Specular reflection.

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Reflection of light.

Reflection of light. Specula Reflection. Specula Reflection. Reflection from a mirrored or glossy surface. Simple flat mirror. Incident Ray. Incident Ray. The Perpendicular. Incident Ray. The Perpendicular. Incident Ray. The Perpendicular. Incident Ray. Angle of Incidence.

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Reflection of light. Specular and diffused reflection. Smooth or gloss surface. (Mirror, glass or still body of water). Rough or matt surface. (bricks, wood, wall paint or skin). Specular reflection. Diffused reflection. Specular reflection. Diffused reflection. Allows us to see ourselves.

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Reflection of Light. Electrons in a material respond to light striking the material The energy is either absorbed or reemitted For shiny surfaces like mirrors the reflection obeys a law The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. Law of Reflection. Creating Images.

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Reflection of Light Waves. Refleted wave momentum.  i.  r. Incident wave momentum. What direction will the reflected wave be?. No sideways force acts on the light beam. Parallel momentum will be conserved. Total energy is conserved. Perpendicular momentum must be equal and opposite.

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Reflection and Refraction of Light. Reflection of Light. Refraction of Light. Definitions. Incident wave -_____________________________________. _______________wave that is bounced away from the surface. Refracted -_________________________________________.

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Reflection and Refraction of Light. Reflection of Light. Refraction of Light. Definitions. Incident wave -the incoming light wave. Reflected wave -the wave that is bounced away from the surface. Refracted -light waves are bent.

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Light and Reflection. Light. Characteristics of Light. Not all light is visible to the human eye. What your eyes recognize as “white” light is actually light that can be separated into six elementary colors of the visible spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.

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Bladder Cancer: Long-Term Benefits of Blue Light Cystoscopy and Enhanced Detection with HD Technology Unveiled at AUA 2024

Photocure asa, the bladder cancer company, announces its participation in the congress, and two abstract presentations at the aua 2024: the american urological association annual congress 2024 was held may 3-6, 2024, in san antonio, tx, usa..

OSLO, Norway, May 7, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Photocure ASA (OSE: PHO) , the Bladder Cancer Company, announces its participation in the congress, and two abstract presentations at the AUA 2024: the American Urological Association Annual Congress 2024 was held May 3-6, 2024, in San Antonio, TX, USA. The results of the BRAVO study performed within the VA healthcare system showed significant decreases in the risk of recurrence and progression, as well as the potential for improved overall survival in patients who received a blue light cystoscopy (BLC ® ) compared to patients whose cystoscopy was only performed under white light. Another comparison of BLC with Hexvix ® /Cysview ® and white light cystoscopy (WLC), for the detection of bladder cancer using modern HD 4K equipment, was presented in an abstract from the multicenter phase III study of Hexvix in China, including new real world evidence data.

On Sunday, May 5 th , Dr. Sanjay Das presented the study, “Use of Blue Light Cystoscopy Among Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients and Outcomes in an Equal Access setting: A Propensity Scored Matched Analysis.”

The study, known as BRAVO ( B ladder Cancer R ecurrence A nalysis in V eterans and O utcomes), is a retrospective, propensity score matched analysis that evaluated oncologic outcomes following BLC compared to WLC alone in patients from the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. The study addresses a lack of practical real-world data comparing the impact of BLC versus WLC, specifically for recurrence, progression, and survival. The results of this study confirm that BLC use is associated with positive and statistically significant impacts on these outcomes. The Veterans’ Affairs (VA) Healthcare system accepts all U.S. Veterans, regardless of financial background, and retains its patients, allowing for high-quality data capture over a long-term follow-up period, therefore serving as a robust real-world model for equal access.

626 patients were included in this study, 313 in each study arm (WLC versus BLC). Recurrence and progression data for BRAVO was measured at a 3-year time point. Overall survival follow-up was for 10 years.

Study results include:

• Risk of recurrence was significantly lower following BLC (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.29-0.61) – 40% reduction in risk of recurrence. This confirms data from multiple RCT studies.
• Patients who underwent BLC had significantly reduced risk of progression (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.99) compared to patients who underwent WLC.
• There was improved overall survival among BLC vs. WLC (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.30-0.72)
• Additionally, in the equal-access setting of the VA Healthcare System, benefits of BLC were equitably shared between race/gender.

The Principal Investigator of the BRAVO Study, Dr. Steven Williams, commented: “ The results of the BRAVO study performed within the VA healthcare system showed significant decreases in the risk of recurrence and progression, as well as the potential for improved overall survival in patients who received a BLC compared to patients who received WLC only. These findings demonstrate the benefit of BL-enhanced cystoscopy as part of comprehensive care for NMIBC* patients, especially as improved tumor visualization helps to appropriately make determination of intravesical therapy use, such as BCG. The results are encouraging and consistent with prior clinical trial long-term oncological outcomes. It supports the generalizability of prior clinical trial results in the real-world clinical practice setting. The demonstrated impact on overall survival warrants future studies to better understand the oncologic benefit of BLC in NMIBC. ”

Read the abstract: https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/01.JU.0001008712.53259.7d.05

On Monday, May 6th, a Poster presentation by Dr. Hailong Hu: Blue Light Cystoscopy versus White Light Cystoscopy for the Detection of Bladder Cancer using modern HD 4K equipment: An Analysis of Pivotal Trial and Real-World Data

This pooled meta-analysis presented data from a randomized clinical trial and a supporting real-world evidence study conducted in China. Both studies enrolled patients with known or suspected bladder cancer. A total of 177 patients were enrolled, 128 patients underwent blue light cystoscopy (BLC) with Cysview (HAL) and were included in the full analysis set. Among patients diagnosed with Ta, T1, or CIS, 46 out of 109 patients (42.2%) had at least one lesion detected by BLC but not by white light cystoscopy (WLC) (p<0.0001). Fifteen patients had CIS of which 12 (80%) showed at least one additional CIS lesions found by BLC but not by WLC. The BLC detection rates for CIS, Ta, T1, and T2-T4 tumors were 95.2%, 100%, 98.3%, and 100%, respectively, while the WLC detection rates were 42.9%, 76.5%, 91.7%, and 100%, respectively.

This study confirms the superiority of HAL BLC over WLC in the detection of bladder cancer even if improved WLC using HD 4K equipment is utilized. In particular, additional high-risk difficult to see CIS lesions have been identified in 80% of CIS patients only by HAL BLC. The quality of resection is still a key cornerstone in the treatment of NMIBC of which BLC remains a crucial part despite the further development of WLC imaging.

Read the abstract: https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1097/01.JU.0001009548.76580.ba.18

Beyond this groundbreaking data on BLC/WLC comparison, Photocure provided attendees with hands-on experience in the blue light cystoscopy with Cysview procedure on its congress booth, that featured a Saphira HD equipment tower.

*NMIBC: Non muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Note to editors:

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About Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer ranks as the 8 th most common cancer worldwide – the 5 th most common in men – with 1 949 000 prevalent cases (5-year prevalence rate) 1a , 614 000 new cases and more than 220 000 deaths in 2022. 1b Approx. 75% of all bladder cancer cases occur in men. 1 It has a high recurrence rate with up to 61% in year one and up to 78% over five years. 2 Bladder cancer has the highest lifetime treatment costs per patient of all cancers. 3 Bladder cancer is a costly, potentially progressive disease for which patients have to undergo multiple cystoscopies due to the high risk of recurrence. There is an urgent need to improve both the diagnosis and the management of bladder cancer for the benefit of patients and healthcare systems alike. Bladder cancer is classified into two types, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), depending on the depth of invasion in the bladder wall. NMIBC remains in the inner layer of cells lining the bladder. These cancers are the most common (75%) of all BC cases and include the subtypes Ta, carcinoma in situ (CIS) and T1 lesions. In MIBC the cancer has grown into deeper layers of the bladder wall. These cancers, including subtypes T2, T3 and T4, are more likely to spread and are harder to treat. 4

1 Globocan. a) 5-year prevalence / b) incidence/mortality by population. Available at: https://gco.iarc.fr/today , accessed [February 2024]. 2 Babjuk M, et al. Eur Urol. 2019; 76(5): 639-657 3 Sievert KD et al. World J Urol 2009;27:295–300 4 Bladder Cancer. American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer.html

About Hexvix ® /Cysview ® (hexaminolevulinate HCl)

Hexvix/Cysview is a drug that preferentially accumulates in cancer cells in the bladder, making them glow bright pink during Blue Light Cystoscopy (BLC ® ). BLC with Hexvix/Cysview, compared to standard white light cystoscopy alone, improves the detection of tumors and leads to more complete resection, fewer residual tumors, and better management decisions. Cysview is the tradename in the U.S. and Canada, Hexvix is the tradename in all other markets. Photocure is commercializing Cysview/Hexvix directly in the U.S. and Europe and has strategic partnerships for the commercialization of Hexvix/Cysview in China, Chile, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. Please refer to https://photocure.com/partners/our-partners for further information on our commercial partners.

About Photocure ASA

Photocure: The Bladder Cancer Company delivers transformative solutions to improve the lives of bladder cancer patients. Our unique technology, making cancer cells glow bright pink, has led to better health outcomes for patients worldwide. Photocure is headquartered in Oslo, Norway and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (OSE: PHO). For more information, please visit us at www.photocure.com , www.hexvix. com , www.cysview.com

For further information, please contact: Dan Schneider President and CEO Photocure ASA Email: [email protected]

Erik Dahl CFO Photocure ASA Tel: +4745055000 Email: [email protected]

David Moskowitz Vice President, Investor Relations Photocure ASA Tel: +1 202 280 0888 Email: [email protected]

Media and IR enquiries: Geir Bjørlo Corporate Communications (Norway) Tel: +47 91540000 Email: [email protected]

This information was brought to you by Cision http://news.cision.com

https://news.cision.com/photocure/r/bladder-cancer--long-term-benefits-of-blue-light-cystoscopy-and-enhanced-detection-with-hd-technolog,c3974099

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SOURCE Photocure

Company Codes: Bloomberg:PHO@NO, ISIN:NO0010000045, Oslo:PHO, RICS:PHO.OL